The Indian Journal of Agroforestry is an official publication of the Indian Society of Agroforestry and publishes regularly twice a year since 1998.
Indian Society of Agroforestry deemed to have copyright on all the articles published in Indian Journal of Agroforestry.
Economic implications and quality assessment of biochar-enriched potting media: A case study on Terminalia bellerica seedlings
Terminalia bellerica Roxb. is a tall, deciduous, indigenous tree species widely recognized for its medicinal value and is a key ingredient in Triphala, a traditional Ayurvedic formulation that also includes Terminalia chebula and Emblica officinalis. Adapted to specific climatic conditions, it plays an important role in local economies, highlighting its ecological and economic significance in India’s forest ecosystems. Among the treatments, conventional media (T1: soil + sand + FYM, 1:1:1) was compared with various biochar-based combinations, particularly T2 (soil + biochar + FYM, 1:1:1). Biochar, known for its low bulk density, porous structure, and nutrient-retention capacity, significantly reduced the filled polybag weight and enhanced water retention. Water retention analysis across all treatments demonstrated the effectiveness of biochar as a sustainable nursery media amendment. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of biochar as a substrate on the growth and development of selected tree species seedlings and to assess the influence of varying biochar proportions on seedling quality parameters.
Morphometric and qualitative response of onion varieties in Poplar-vegetable based agroforestry system
Vegetable-based agroforestry has prompted deep interest, considering the dietary, economic, and multifarious utility of onion (Allium cepa L.) which is an important vegetable crop; the present study was conducted at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India for two years, 2018-19 and 2019-20 under split-split plot design. The six onion varieties (POH-1, PRO-6, PRO-7, PWO-2, PYO-1 and Punjab Naroya) were planted in two environments (poplar and open) at three planting times (mid-December, end-December and mid-January). The morphological and qualitative performance of onion varied significantly with transplanting time and amongst the varieties. With the advancement of planting time, the height no. of leaves and neck thickness showed a declining trend. The mid-December planted seedlings shown taller plants (64.69 and 65.18) with maximum leaves (7.41 and 6.08) and neck thickness (1.25 cm and 1.56 cm) followed by end December. Among the six onion varieties, PRO-7 was significantly taller (65.71cm and 61.37cm) with maximum no. of leaves (7.28 and 6.16) and took minimum number of days to bulb initiation (68) and maturity (122). PYO-1 recorded significantly more neck thickness than other varieties but at par with Pb. Naroya. Nevertheless, PWO-2 produced significantly higher mean dry matter content (15.14%) as well as total soluble solids, (13.11%) thus better variety in quality in both the years. Conversely, the variety PYO-1 performed poorly both in terms of growth and quality (DMC-9.8% and TSS-10.02%) indicating it may not be the most suitable choice for cultivation under poplar. The mean performance of the three planting times showed that maximum DMC was produced in mid-December planted crop and decreased towards mid-January planting time while TSS remained insignificant for transplanting times. Henceforth, variety PWO-2 performed better with poplar for nutritional value while variety PRO-7 has proved better in terms of substantial growth rate.
Influence of biochar amendment on growthattributes of Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn.: A sustainable approach for agroforestrydevelopment
This study explores influence of pre-sowing seed treatments and biochar application on the growth and vigour of Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn. seedlings. Various combinations of biochar (soil, sand, FYM, and biochar) were applied in different ratio, alongside pre-sowing treatments, to evaluate their possible impacts on seedling growth attributes, such as, height, collar diameter, root length, leaf area, fresh and dry weight, and vigour indices like root: shoot ratio, sturdiness quotient, and seedling vigour index (SVI). The results revealed significant variations in seedling growth and vigour among different treatments. Biochar, particularly when combined with sand, demonstrated positive effect on seedling growth, enhancing root and shoot development, leaf area, and overall seedling quality. The study suggests that biochar can play a crucial role in enhancing seedling establishment, particularly in nursery settings for S. mukorossi. The findings point the potential of biochar as a valuable substance for enhancing seedling quality in forestry, agroforestry and land restoration projects. Future research is recommended to assess the long-term effects of biochar on soil health, species-specific responses, and its economic feasibility for sustainable environmental management.
Emulating Indian agroforestry-based wood value chain for improving the wood-basedeconomy in Central Asian Countries
Central Asian Countries (CACs) namely Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan are forest scarce and wood deficit countries as such they largely depend on wood imports for meeting their domestic demand. The region has mainly extra-continental climate with generally low rainfall which makes suitable conditions for forests rare. The forest resources in CACs have historically been overexploited, resulting in low current wood production. Their wood value chains are still in early development, and existing plantation programs would benefit from further improvement. In contrast, India has a large forest area of 72.69 M ha, including 71.53 M ha of forest cover (21.76%) and 1.12 M ha of tree cover (3.41%). However, due to conservation priorities, wood harvests are limited to under 2 M m³—far below the national demand of approximately 100 M m³. Its carefully crafted domestic wood production strategy from agroforestry based plantations and well-developed wood value chains are enabling major wood availability for the bulk of its domestic consumption and some for exports as wood products. Currently 92% of the wood production is produced from agroforestry plantations and small share from other Trees Outside Forests (TOFs). Farmers are increasingly growing trees with agriculture crops in agroforestry for sale of wood. Currently the Poplar-based agroforestry is generating around INR 0.2 M/acre/year (1US$=INR 86) and that of Eucalyptus up to INR 0.1 M/acre/year. Such initiatives of massive agroforestry plantations for wood production are missing in CACs. India and CACs have some commonalities in term of a few similar geographical locations, and tree resources; and common agriculture based economies. The paper identified some potential and successful case studies of Poplar and Willow agroforestry based wood value chains from India and suggests their emulation to increase the wood based economy in CACs.
Variability, Association and Principal Component Analysis in Gmelina arborea
Gmelina arborea is commonly known as gamhar belongs to the family lamiaceae is one of the important multipurpose and fast growing tree species highly amenable for multifarious industrial utility. However, this species received little research attention and hence a systematic tree improvement programme has been started with collection of 32 superior progenies from its natural and introduced ranges distributed in three southern states of India. The progeny evaluation test indicated that all progenies exhibited significant variation for height, clean bole height, girth at breast height, basal girth, volume and clean bole volume. Among 32 progenies evaluated, the superiority of progeny viz., FCRI GA 08 and FCRI GA 09 is very well witnessed due to higher growth attributes. The genetic analysis indicated that, phenotypic coefficient of variation was higher than the genotypic coefficient of variation for all the six traits. High heritability with high genetic advance was observed for tree height and Girth at breast height. Basal girth showed positive correlation and direct effect on clean bole volume. The genetic diversity analysis resolved 32 progenies into six clusters and cluster I was largest with 17 progenies. Highest cluster mean for tree height, basal girth and volume was exhibited by cluster V and cluster VI for clean bole height, girth at breast height and clean bole volume. Maximum divergence was contributed by girth at breast height and clean bole volume. Six principal components were grouped in PCA in which PC 1 and PC 2 contributed 86.72% of total variability. In a holistic perspective, the study identified superiority of two progenies viz FCRI GA 08 and FCRI GA 09 for immediate adoption and revealed the existence of wide range of genetic diversity thus extends greater scope for future breeding programme in Gmelina arborea.
Status and Development of Tree Breeding And Improvement of Species Amenable for Industrial Agroforestry
India is a robust producer and consumer of wood and wood products. The growing population, urbanization, industrialization, changes in housing and education policies, etc. have accelerated the wood demand at an alarming rate. The legal and policy guidelines have restricted the availability of wood from natural forest which ushered in a total mismatch between the demand and supply. Considering this into account, the Government of India through its National Forest Policy (1988) and National Agroforestry Policy (2014) have directed all stakeholders to promote industrial agroforestry. However, industrial agroforestry has witnessed wide range of challenges and constraints and among them, the availability of improved genetic resources through tree improvement programme is most significant. Against this backdrop, TNAU has prioritized species amenable for industrial agroforestry and developed genetic stocks through systematic tree breeding protocol and approach. Over a decade of tree improvement programme resulted in development and release of 11 High Yielding Short Rotation (HYSR) clones through State variety Release Committee (SVRC) and over 15 different varieties under pre-release stage which witnessed the adoption by wide range of Wood-based Industries (WBIs) due to their wood quality, productivity and early harvest. The current manuscript elaborates the challenges, species prioritized, breeding plan and approach and development of HYSR varieties amenable for multifunctional industrial utility in association with wide range of Wood-based industries.
Plantation-Based Jhumias Rehabilitation in Tripura: Exploring the Challenges and Traditional Practices in Overcoming Crises
Plantation crop cultivation is becoming a significant occupation in Tripura among the Scheduled Tribes owing to its potential economic viability. The state government adopted a plantation model to rehabilitate the jhumias through various agencies while working with the Tribal Welfare Department and the Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council. However, the cultivation has threats. The beneficiaries met different challenges during plantation development under various models. The present study revealed that the low quality of saplings was considered the foremost challenge during rehabilitation. Besides, strong wind, poor management, insect menace, lack of storage facilities, infrastructure and institutional challenges are other potential risks and difficulties leading to losses. The most common response strategies adopted by the beneficiaries are marketing-based response and production-related mechanisms. They are also using traditional knowledge to avoid economic and farms related problems.
Soil fertility under Asana (Bridelia Retusa) based agroforestry systems in lateritic soil of Konkan
An experimental study was conducted during 2019-20 at the Research Farm of AICRP on Agroforestry, Dr. BSKKV, Dapoli, Maharashtra. The results emerged out indicated that, significantly high soil fertility of Asana based agroforestry were recorded by T6>T5>T7 than other. The soil fertility status was noted slightly improvement in pH (5.94 to 5.97) and EC (0.232 to 0.254 dSm-1) by T6 during the years of 2019 and 2020. The maximum organic carbon (2.18 to 2.27 %), N (343.66 kg ha-1), and (351.33 kg ha-1), available P2O5 (22.30 to 25.20 kg ha-1) and available K2O (439.08 to 455.84 kg ha-1) were recorded in T6 in the year of 2019 and 2020, respectively. Overall, it can be concluded that the improving soil fertility were recorded significantly by T6>T5>T7 than other, it may be due to presence of high amount biomass contribution and addition organic matter in the soil. Thus, T6 –Asana + Jam is the best treatment under asana based agroforestry systems seem to be increased the soil fertility in lateritic soils of Konkan.
Agroforestry systems, Available nutrients, Bridelia Retusa, Syzygium samarangense
Melia dubia Cav. leaf fodder has higher volatile phytochemicals during winter: A case study across Satpura and northern western Ghats Mountain ranges, India
Gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of M. dubia leaf elucidated variation in volatile chemical compounds across provenances and seasons. In total, an array of 93 volatile phytochemical compounds was revealed. Winter season leaf samples contained maximum (55) compounds as compared to summer (35). Corroboration of detected chemical compounds with available literature divulged that similar compounds occur in other species of same and other families as well and have one or the other beneficial biological activities. The presence of volatile compounds in M. dubia leaf could be a rich source antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial activity etc. And leaf feeding to small ruminants and livestock may have many biological benefits in terms of favored growth performance, production quality, and enhanced endogenous antioxidant systems.
Sorghum-wheat productivity and soil nutrient status under Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus tereticornis) boundary plantation in semi-arid region
Fast-growing trees, such as eucalyptus (Eucalyptus tereticornis), can be included into agricultural systems to offer a number of advantages over agriculture without trees. In semi-arid regions, windbreaks are typically utilized as a type of agroforestry (AF) to lower the wind speeds for sustainable agricultural production and other ecosystem services. Selecting appropriate crop to reduce competitive interactions in the tree interaction zone is crucial to the sustainability of windbreak agroforestry systems (AFS). It is recommended that well-modified tree-crop integration be established by reducing resource competition and leveraging coactions in order to increase AFS efficiency. A field experiment was carried out with the objective to assess the green fodder yield of sorghum and grain yield of wheat at varying distances (0-3 m, 3-6 m, 6-9 m, 9-12 m, 12-15 m, and 15-18 m) from tree line as affected by six year old eucalyptus boundary plantation in East-West and North-South directions (E-W tree line divide farmlands into two aspects i.e. Northern and Southern and N-S tree line divide into Eastern and western aspects). The green fodder yield of sorghum and grain yield of wheat declined significantly up to 9 and 3 m distance from eucalyptus tree line, respectively in all the four aspects during the study period. The maximum green fodder yield of sorghum and grain yield of wheat (36.2 and 3.33 t/ha) was recorded in north-south row direction of eucalyptus bund plantation. The variable influence of tree line directions on yield in different aspects might be attributed to micro-site enrichment caused by favourable environment due to shade and leaf litter addition. We also quantified the soil pH, EC, available nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) under six year old eucalyptus boundary plantation at varying distances (0-3 m, 3-6 m, 6-9 m, 9-12 m, 12-15 m, and 15-18 m) in East-West and North-South directions. The organic carbon showed a decreasing trend for SOC from 0-3m to 15-18m and higher organic carbon was recorded in western aspect followed by southern aspect. The available N, P and K also showed decreasing trends for N, P and K from tree line to 15-18m of eucalyptus windbreaks AFS.
Eucalyptus tereticornis, Boundary plantation, Soil nutrients, Green fodder yield, Sorghum, Wheat grain yield
Cardboard tubes as potential biodegradable potting containers: an explorative assessment
The increasing environmental concerns associated with plastic waste in agriculture, particularly in seedling nurseries, necessitate the exploration of sustainable alternatives. This study investigates the use of biodegradable cardboard cylinder tubes as a substitute for traditional plastic pots in nurturing seedlings. The reliance on plastic pots contributes significantly to environmental pollution, with millions of seedlings requiring pots that ultimately end up in landfills or natural habitats. The Forest Advisory Committee in India has recognized this issue, advocating for the prohibition of polythene bags in afforestation projects to mitigate plastic waste. This research aims to quantify the decomposition rate of cardboard tubes under natural conditions and assess how environmental factors, such as rainfall and temperature, influence this process. Conducted at the ICAR-Central Agroforestry Research Institute in Jhansi, India, the study involved burying samples of varying sizes of cardboard tubes and monitoring their weight loss over time. Initial soil analyses were performed to evaluate nutrient release potential and its impact on seedling growth. Results indicate that cardboard tubes decompose effectively, with smaller sizes exhibiting faster degradation rates. The study found that temperature significantly affects decomposition, while rainfall had minimal impact. Additionally, the cardboard tubes provide an optimal environment for seed germination and minimize root disturbance during transplantation, enhancing overall plant health. This research underscores the potential of cardboard cylinder tubes as a viable eco-friendly alternative to plastic pots, contributing to sustainable agricultural practices and reducing plastic pollution. The findings highlight the importance of transitioning to biodegradable materials in horticulture to promote ecological balance and sustainability in large-scale planting initiatives
Biodegradable cardboard tubes, Plastic waste, Sustainable alternatives, Seedling nurseries
Altitudinal wise assessment of soil physio-chemical properties of different agroforestry systems in Garhwal Himalaya, India
Agroforestry systems significantly influence soil properties, which are important indicators of soil health. The study was carried out to assess soil properties viz., moisture content, water-holding capacity, soil texture, bulk density, and chemical properties like pH, SOC, SCS and SOM in three prominent agroforestry systems, including agrihorticulture (Scattered fruit crops, agrisilviculture (tree on bunds) agrisilvihorticulture ( homegarden) of western Himalayas, Uttarakhand. Soil samples where collected from three elevations (800-1300m, 1300-1800m, and above 1800m) under agroforestry systems at two depths (0-15cm, 15-30cm). The results show that altitude significantly influences soil texture, with sand content increasing and clay content decreasing with elevation. Higher altitudes exhibited greater soil moisture and organic matter retention. The agrisilvihorticulture system, particularly at higher altitudes demonstrated superior water holding capacity, lower bulk density and higher SOC and SOM, making it most effective for improving soil quality. Converslely, the agrihorticulture system at lower elevation at higher bulk density and lower organic carbon content. Soil organic carbon stock declined with depth with the highest values observed in the top soil. This study emphsizes the potential benefits in enhancing soil fertility, moisture retention and carbon sequestration, emphasizing the importance of selecting appropriate systems for adapting to climate change and promoting sustainable land management in the himalayan region. The findings provide valuable insight for improving agroforestry practices in the region to promote soil health and agricultural productivity.
Assessment of socio-economic status of agroforestry farmers: A case study in eastern Arunachal Pradesh
Understanding the impact of agricultural practices on the livelihood and socio-economic status (SES) of ethnic communities in remote areas is fundamental in developing successful implementation of developmental programmes. The study conducted in Namsai and Tirap districts of Arunachal Pradesh highlights remarkable disparities among farmers of various landholding categories. Most farming households involved in traditional agroforestry practices were recorded in the SES-AF (Socio-economic status of agroforestry farmers) category III (medium), 51% and 63% in Namsai and Tirap districts, respectively. The study also highlights various occupations farmers adopt to improve their livelihood conditions in response to the growing cost of living. The study also assessed the gross return, net return and expenses in TAF practices among farmers of different landholding categories. The scatter plots underscore the complexity of net returns and input costs, extending beyond farm size to encompass management practices, investment extent, crop selection, and marketability among farmers
Impact of Melia composita based agroforestry system under variable spacings on chemical properties and nutrient status of soil
Melia composita Willd. (Burma dek) is a fast-growing tree species widely adopted by Punjab farmers in agroforestry systems. The present study was conducted to examine the improvement in soil chemical properties, available macronutrients, and DTPA-extractable micronutrients in soil under different spacings of Melia composita-based agroforestry system in its 9th year of age. The study was carried out in the experiment having three spacings viz., 5 x 3 m, 7 x 3 m (paired at 2.5 m), and 7 x 3 m along with the fallow land (control). Soil sampling was done at four soil depths (0-15, 15-30, 30-45, and 45-60 cm) for analysis. The tree height and DBH were highest in the 7 x 3 m spacing (20.16 m and 23.81 cm, respectively). Soil pH decreased, whereas EC and CEC increased under trees over control, and the influence was higher in 5 x 3 m than other spacings. The concentration of macronutrients and micronutrients was highest in surface soils and decreased with increasing depth. The available N, P, and K in the system were highest in 5 x 3 m spacing (149.5, 41.95, and 194.8 kg ha-1, respectively in 0-15 cm depth) followed by 7 x 3 m (paired row), 7 x 3 m, and control. The DTPA-extractable Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu were also highest in 5 x 3 m spacing (4.12, 5.98, 13.80, and 0.70 mg kg-1, respectively in 0-15 cm depth) and the lowest were observed under control (1.55, 4.36, 8.03, and 0.41 mg kg-1, respectively in 0-15 cm depth). Based on this study, it is suggested to include Melia composita in cropping systems at 7 x 3 m or 5 x 3 m spacing for good growth of plants and for improvement in soil properties and nutrient content due to the addition of litterfall from the trees.
Impact of Agroforestry on soil fertility and soil carbon: A Review
Agroforestry combines woody perennials with arable crops, grasses and / or livestock, on the same piece of land, promoting more efficient resource utilization when compared to mono-cropping through structural and functional diversification. This integration offers various soil-related ecological services, such as enhancing fertility and improving soil's physical, biological, and chemical properties, while also providing food, wood, and fodder. Agroforestry systems have gained recognition for their potential to enhance soil health and productivity while promoting sustainable land management. Volume of innovative research has led agroforestry to address complex issues related to food security and climate change for wellbeing of the people. This review is an attempt to understand the role of agroforestry in improving soil quality, microclimates and productivity, particularly in degraded areas, when management practices are carefully considered. It also lists some of the researchable gaps and issues for future.
Soil nutrient status and wheat productivity under poplar (Populus deltoides) boundary plantation in Haryana
Fast-growing woody crops like poplar (Populus deltoides) are used in agroforestry systems, which are being incorporated into agricultural land more frequently owing to the benefit of sustainable agricultural practices that provide primary production and other ecosystem services. Using agroforestry land use systems (AFS) can improve an agroecosystem's ability to function as a multifunctional ecosystem and maintain environmental sustainability. To improve AFS efficiency, it is suggested that well-modified tree-crop integration be developed by limiting resource competition and capitalizing on coactions. In the present study, we quantified the soil pH, EC, available nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) under six-year-old poplar (Populus deltoides) boundary plantation varying distances (0-3 m, 3-6 m, 6-9 m, 9-12 m, 12-15 m, and 15-18 m) from poplar trees planted in East-West and North-South orientations, creating Eastern, Western, Northern, and Southern aspects. The soil pH and electrical conductivity showed increasing trends from 0-3 m to 15-18 m in all the aspects of East-West and North-South poplar boundary plantation. Nevertheless, there was a decline in soil organic carbon from the tree line to 15-18 m, with the western and southern aspects recording the highest levels of organic carbon, respectively. Additionally, from the tree line to 15-18 m poplar boundary plantation, the available N, P, and K also showed declining trends. There was a significant reduction in grain yield of wheat as sown in East-West and North-South boundary plantations of poplar at different distances from the tree line. The maximum wheat grain production (3.45 t/ha) was obtained in the North-South row direction of poplar boundary plantation.
Agroforestry for improving soil physical, chemical, and biological properties
Incorporation of forest vegetation in agriculture assures natural resource conservation and higher carbon sequestration. Soil and runoff losses are reduced in agroforestry system because of better land cover management. Soil fertility is improved gradually after planting trees or shrubs among agricultural crops. Reduced soil and water losses in agroforestry system protects the soil quality and fertility. Continuous litter-fall and root biomass increases the soil carbon content in agroforestry systems and it improves soil physical, chemical and biological properties. The system efficiency increases in agroforestry, in turn, it increases productivity and sustainability of agriculture. Carbon sequestration occurs at higher level in agroforestry compared to agriculture alone and it could be a best climate change mitigation option
Horizontal and vertical variations in soil properties under different pruning regimes in Albizia procera based agroforestry system
Trees' canopy pruning is one of the most important management strategies in agroforestry that allows understory crops to receive adequate sunlight for better growth and productivity. The effect of pruning on the productivity of intercrops is well known; however, information on its effect on soil properties is scanty. Hence, a study was conducted to determine whether canopy pruning has any effect on soil properties and what level of pruning should be adopted in agroforestry systems. The study was conducted in a 10-year-old Albizia procera (commonly known as white siris) based agroforestry system which included three factors: pruning level (0, 50, and 75%), sampling location (under and outside canopy), and soil depth (0–15 and 16–30 cm), replicated three times in a completely randomized block design. Canopy pruning, sampling location, and soil depth yielded varying effects on the studied soil parameters. The findings revealed that unpruned trees of A. procera caused maximum improvement in soil, followed by trees subjected to 50 and 75% crown pruning. Improvement under 75% pruning over 50% was not so prominent, implying that heavy pruning (75%) should be avoided to keep evapotranspiration under control. The study concludes that a moderate level of pruning (50%) is desirable in A. procera based agroforestry under semi-arid conditions for efficient use of above- and below-ground resources and improved soil health.
Integrated nutrient management in apple-based horti- olericulture system enhances yield of apple and intercrops and improves soil health in Kumaon region of Himalaya, Uttarakhand
An experiment was carried out to assess the impact of integrated plant nutrient management on apple and intercrop productivity, soil physicochemical properties, and their interrelationships in an apple-based horti-olericulture system from 2012 to 2017. Two types of intercrops viz. cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. Botrytis) (Experiment I) and garden pea (Pisum sativum) (Experiment II) were used for the experiment with a combination of different sources of nutrients like chemical fertilizers, farmyard manure (FYM), vermicompost, and biofertilizer (Azotobacter and Rhizobium). Intercropping with integrated plant nutrient management (IPNM) showed a significant (P <0.01) improvement in apple and yield of both intercrops compared to no intercropping. Results showed that an integration of recommended dose of chemical fertilizers, FYM, vermicompost, and biofertilizer appeared to be superior in maximizing apple (81.7 and 91.3 q ha⁻¹ in Experiment I and II, respectively), cauliflower (163.1 q ha⁻¹) and garden pea (51.4 q ha⁻¹) yield, crop equivalent yield, land equivalent ratio, and improving soil organic C (SOC) and availability of N, P, and K. Results also showed that apple yield was significantly and positively correlated to cauliflower (r= 0.967; P <0.01) and garden pea yield (r= 0.936; P <0.05); however, the measured soil properties were poor predictors of intercrop and apple yield. Therefore, an integrated use of chemical fertilizers, organic manures, and biofertilizers is recommended for yield maximization in apple-based horti-olericulture system that sustains long-term soil fertility in erosion-prone fragile lands of Kumaon region of Himalaya, Uttarakhand.
Agroforestry for Nutrient Cycling and Soil Health Improvement
The agroforestry systems often considered as a solution to mitigate climate change and to combat soil degradation. The practice of agroforestry creates sustainable and diverse land use systems with improved productivity, profitability, healthy and resilient ecosystem. The inclusion of trees in agroforestry system leads to modify the ecological processes mainly due to addition of tree litters and decomposition processes that adds to nutrient availability for the crops and efficient nutrient cycling. Growing of trees in conjunction with crops or pastures believed to provide sufficient plant cover to restrict the soil erosion and deep and prolific root architecture enhance the nutrient cycling in soils. Moreover, the amount of nutrient release from the litter depends on the soil types, characteristics of species, soil biota, climatic variables, land use pattern and management practices. Further, the nutrient inputs in agroforestry systems plays important role for soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration and thus creates co-benefits for climate change mitigation and agricultural production. In addition, tree roots translocates the nutrients deep into the soil layer beyond the reach of annual crops or pastures. Thus, it is quite pertinent to know or to gain more knowledge as to how agroforestry system in varying complexity perform in diverse habitat and perform nutrient cycling that in turn influence the biomass production and making the nutrients available to the soil.
Soil Organic Carbon Dynamics during Shifting Cultivation –Forest Regrowth Chronosequence in Eastern Ghats and North-Eastern Hills of India
Shifting cultivation (Jhum) is widely practiced by tribes in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. This system is predominant in the Eastern Ghats and North-Eastern states of India. Although this practice leads to deforestation, soil erosion, and land degradation, the fallow period offers an opportunity for vegetation and soil fertility recovery. This study aimed to assess soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics during the fallow period and determine the optimal fallow length for SOC recovery. The SOC stock recovery rates down to 0.5 m soil depth were quantified among different treatments involving fallow periods of increasing age, abandoned after the practice of shifting cultivation. Seven different-aged fallow sites (ranging from 5 to 50+ years) across seven shifting cultivation locations representing three different states were selected, and the SOC stocks in these sites were compared with those in natural forests and current shifting cultivation sites. Results showed that short-term cultivation after clearing natural or secondary forests sharply decreased SOC stocks, with losses in SOC to the tune of 55–71% in the Eastern Ghats and 39–41% in the North-Eastern states. The SOC recovery showed a positive relationship with fallow duration. In the Eastern Ghats, after 50-year fallow periods, SOC stock recovered 60–86% compared to natural forests. Recovery was faster in North-East India, with 50-year fallow SOC comparable to natural forest stocks. The study demonstrated that SOC stock recovery positively correlates with fallow duration, but recovery rates vary with topographic and climatic factors. During recovery, adjacent natural forests act as seed sources, contributing to vegetation establishment and faster SOC stock recovery. The findings suggested that among the study sites, SOC stock recovery was significantly higher and faster in the North-Eastern Hills than in the Eastern Ghats region.
Potential of agroforestry systems for improvement of soil health in arid ecosystem of western Rajasthan
Drylands are characterized by hot and dry weather conditions, low rainfall, and poor soil fertility, which limit the production systems in the region. In spite of these limitations, large populations in the world are heavily dependent on drylands. Therefore, anthropogenic pressure on the fragile resource base of drylands has increased to meet the demand for food and livelihood, often leading to land degradation. Hence, there is a need to identify and adopt suitable land use options for sustainable production while maintaining ecosystem balance in drylands. With this background, the present study was carried out to assess soil properties in selected agroforestry systems of the arid region vis-à-vis arable croplands. For this purpose, soil samples from 262 locations in selected blocks of experimental farms of the ICAR-Central Arid Zone Research Institute, covering different agroforestry systems and arable croplands, were collected. The agroforestry systems included Prosopis cineraria, Melia dubia, Gmelina arborea, Ailanthus excelsa, Dalbergia sissoo, and Moringa oleifera. Processed soil samples were analyzed in the laboratory to determine pH, electrical conductivity (EC), soil organic carbon (SOC) content, phosphorus (P) content, and potassium (K) content. Digital soil maps were prepared to spatially assess soil properties across different agroforestry systems and arable croplands. It was observed that soil pH and EC were lower in agroforestry systems compared to irrigated croplands, whereas SOC content was higher in agroforestry systems than in irrigated croplands. Moreover, agroforestry systems help maintain the soil nutrient reserve in the long term. Therefore, agroforestry systems are considered a potential land use option to maintain soil health in drylands
Temporal dynamics in the abundance of soil fauna, microflora, and soil biochemical properties in different agroforestry systems of Central India
Despite an increasing body of literature on the importance of soil biodiversity, the effects of different agroforestry types and seasons on soil-dwelling fauna and microflora communities, as well as mycorrhizal glomalin and dehydrogenase activity, remain underexplored. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of land use systems, including Zizyphus mauritiana (ber), Phyllanthus emblica (aonla), Bamboosa vulgaris (bamboo), and Dalbergia sissoo (shisham)-based agroforestry systems, alongside a cultivated crop field, and seasons (summer, monsoon, and winter) on the diversity and abundance of soil fauna and microflora, dehydrogenase activity, glomalin content, and soil organic carbon (SOC) content during 2016-2019. Soil meso- and macro-fauna were collected using faunal traps, while surface soil (0-20 cm) samples were analyzed to quantify microflora counts, dehydrogenase activity, glomalin, and SOC content using standard protocols. The abundance of soil meso-fauna was highest in winter, while macro-fauna peaked during the monsoon, with both types showing the least abundance in summer. Among the agroforestry systems, shisham-based AF recorded significantly (P < 0.05) higher faunal diversity, total bacterial counts (6.57 × 10⁶ g⁻¹ soil), and SOC content (10.13 g kg⁻¹). Averaged across seasons, bamboo-based AF showed significantly (P < 0.05) higher counts of total fungi (8.30 × 10⁴ g⁻¹ soil), actinobacteria (10.41 × 10⁶ g⁻¹ soil), and Pseudomonas (65.60 × 10⁴ g⁻¹ soil). Ber-based AF had significantly (P < 0.05) higher glomalin content (755.87 μg g⁻¹ soil) and dehydrogenase activity (2.45 μg TPF g⁻¹ soil h⁻¹). The monsoon season exhibited significantly (P < 0.05) higher soil microflora abundance, followed by winter, whereas glomalin content and dehydrogenase activity showed an inverse trend, being higher in winter. In conclusion, agroforestry systems broadly supported specific soil fauna and microflora, enhancing soil enzyme activity and SOC content compared to cropland. These findings highlight the potential of agroforestry in promoting soil health and biodiversity across seasons.
Nutrient cost of soil carbon sequestration and its implication in nutrient turnover
Soil carbon sequestration is an underexplored potential of soils, which are capable of acting as carbon sinks and locking carbon to mitigate the impacts of global warming. Both agroforestry and agricultural systems hold significant potential for carbon sequestration. However, the conversion of added carbon into a stable humified fraction requires not only carbon but also essential building blocks such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), and several micronutrients. It is estimated that for the sequestration of 10,000 kg of carbon in stable humus, approximately 833 kg of nitrogen, 200 kg of phosphorus, and 143 kg of sulfur are needed, based on a carbon-to-nitrogen ratio of 12:1, a carbon-to-phosphorus ratio of 50:1, and a carbon-to-sulfur ratio of 70:1. A lack of these nutrients can not only limit plant biomass production but also restrict the assimilation of carbon into the stable fraction of soil organic matter (SOM) in the absence of the additional nutrients required beyond those needed for crop growth. Therefore, to fully harness the potential of soil carbon sequestration, additional nutrients must be supplied to the soil to facilitate the conversion of added carbon from residues into more stable and humified products. Unfortunately, the cost of these nutrients is often overlooked in studies on carbon sequestration. This article highlights the importance of carbon sequestration, its potential, and the nutrient inputs required alongside residue addition to ensure the effective conversion of carbon into the stable, humified fraction in the soil.
Effect of light and shade on performance of different grass species in sub-tropical conditions of Jammu
A study was carried out from 2021 to 2023 at the Experimental Farm of Division of Silviculture and Agroforestry, Chatha, SKUAST – Jammu (J&K). The experiment included 7 treatments (grass species): T1- Setaria anceps (var. S-25), T2 - Sorghum bicolor, T3 - Setaria anceps (var. PSS-1), T4 - Pennisetum purpureum, T5 - Paspalum notatum, T6 - Bracharia decumbens and T7 - Natural grass grown under the shade of Terminalia chebula trees as well as in open conditions i.e., tree-less plots. The experimental trial was laid out using Randomized Block Design with 3 replications. Results indicated that values of growth parameters such as plant height, leaf length, and leaf area were higher when grass species were grown under the trees compared to open conditions. Specifically, T2 (Sorghum bicolor) exhibited maximum plant height, leaf length, and leaf area under shaded conditions. Conversely, the number of tillers and leaves per plant were recorded higher under open conditions, with T3 (Setaria anceps, var. PSS-1) showing the highest values among all grass species. Yield parameters including fresh and dry forage yield, were significantly higher in open conditions compared to those under the shade of Terminalia chebula trees consistently during the study period. Among all the grass species, T3 (Setaria anceps var. PSS-1) exhibited the maximum fresh and dry forage yield under open conditions.
Agroforestry system, Forage, Grasses, Terminalia chebula, Tillers and Yield
Characterization of Senegalia senegal (L.) Britton gum planting in the Ouaddaï province, Chad
The study was carried out in a 25 hectare plantation set up in the Sahelian zone of Abougoudam in the Ouaddaï Province in Chad. The objective of the study was to determine the structure, fruiting and the correlation between the structure and fruiting of Senegalia senegal (L.) Britton. A sample of 101 individuals chosen at random from 253 in a demarcated plot of 4 hectares was monitored from May to September 2015. The experimental setup is a complete block made up of 5 simple linear transects, each 200 m long and 20 m wide, separated from each other by a gap of 20 m wide. The choice of experienced individuals was made randomly in the five transects. The results obtained showed that young plants are very poorly represented (3%) as are adult individuals (12%). However, individuals of average height (between 3 m and 7 m) are more represented (85%), thus demonstrating a shrubby structure of the plantation. The low proportion of young individuals and adult individuals explains low regeneration and intense anthropization. The arrangement according to the circumference and the diameter of the crown allows us to see that individuals from the middle classes are better represented than those from the large and small classes. The average distance separating individuals from each other is maximum (17.03 m), thus demonstrating a low density of the Senegalia senegal population per hectare. Fruiting is remarkable at stage Fr5 (98%) in May, low at stage Fr1 in June (2%) and average at stage Fr2 (38%) in June. In August and September, it is estimated at 79% and 91% at the Fr3 stage. There is a positive correlation between dendrometric parameters and stages Fr2 and Fr3.
Acacia senegal, structure, fruiting, planting, Ouaddaï, Chad
Assessment of seasonal variability in gum exudation and gum yield in Palash (Butea monosperma L.) in semi-arid region of Central India
Gum-butea (known as kamarkas) exuded from palash tree (Butea monosperma L.) is one of the key livelihood option for tribes particularly the Saharia community in Central India. In literature, sufficient information is available on tapping possibilities of B. monosperma for gum production, however, scientific information is lacking on gum exudation from Butea trees in different months and seasons of the year. Therefore, a study was conducted at ICAR-Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi to assess the variability in gum exudation and gum yield in different months and seasons of the year for suggesting best gum tapping month or season. A field trial was conducted on fully grown palash trees existing on research farm of the institute. For tapping trees every month throughout the year, 36 trees of palash were selected. Every month three trees were tapped. To induce gummosis, a sample stem area (SA) of 0.09m2 (30*30cm) on every tree was knotched with the help of special billhook keeping the density of 45 cuts or knotches per SA and exuded gum when dried was collected after 3-4 days of making incisions. The trial was started in December 2021 and concluded in November 2022 and repeated in 2022-23. Findings based on two year’s experimental data revealed that exudation and gum yield varied significantly in different months and seasons of the year. Maximum gum yield was obtained in the month of December (40.80g/ SA) followed by January (39.5g) and February (26.1g). From December to June the gum yield declined reaching to the minimal in the month of July, August and September. The maximum potential total gum yield (613.5g/tree) was obtained in winter season (November to February) followed by summer (March to June) (223.4g/tree) and minimum (38.9g/tree) in rainy or monsoon season (July to October). The gum yield exponentially declined (R2 0.851) with the increase in rainfall. Conclusively, months of December and January of winter season are the best time to tap butea trees for maximum gum yield.
Gum exudation, Gummosis in palash, Gum tapping technique and Kamarkas
CO2 mitigation and carbon credit potential of traditional agroforestry at different elevations in Tehri district of North West Indian Himalaya
Agroforestry has sustainable attributes with both tangible and nontangible benefits. In this study carbon mitigation and credits potential of traditional agroforestry at different elevations were evaluated. These traditional agroforestry systems were: Agrihortisilviculture system (AHS), Agrihorticulture system (AH) and Agrisilviculture system (AS).Pant density, living biomass carbon and soil carbon were measured in each sample plot. Stem biomass was estimated by multiplying the stem volume with wood specific gravity using the maximum moisture content method. Branch and leaf biomass was estimated using the fresh and dry weight ratio. Walkley and Black method was used for estimating soil organic carbon percentage. Conversion factors were used for determination of Carbon stock and CO2 mitigation. Results show that Grewia oppositifoila was the predominant tree species occupying most of the agroforestry land use systems. Plant and soil organic carbon were significantly different (P ≤ 0.05) among systems and elevations, and varied with changing elevations and systems, Plant carbon was highest at lower elevations with AHS system, whereas, soil organic carbon was maximum at upper elevations with AH system. Total net carbon, including plant and soil, was significantly higher in the AH system at upper elevations. The total carbon credits and its value were higher at mid-elevations. The total value of C credits was calculated to be 2,036,489.13€ for agroforestry in Tehri District. It can be concluded that agroforestry has good potential for biodiversity conservation, CO2 mitigation and earning of carbon credit. Farmers can improve their livelihoods through carbon credits while concurrently protecting the environment.
Agroforestry systems; biomass; carbon credits
Quantification of biometric growth and litterfall dynamics of four-year-old Dendrocalamus stocksii at differential spacing regime in humid tropics of central Kerala, India
Dendrocalamus stocksii (solid bamboo), a wild bamboo species native to the central Western Ghats of India, holds significant commercial value. Despite being a prioritized species, its productivity performance is still relatively unexplored compared to other bamboo species. Therefore, a praxis-oriented field study was undertaken in the humid tropics of Kerala to evaluate the biometric growth performance, leaf area index (LAI), and litterfall dynamics of four-year-old D. stocksii at differential spacing regime (8 × 8 m, 8 × 6 m, 8 × 4 m). Results revealed that all these attributes were manifested by planting spacings, highlighting the importance of regulating planting spacing/density for optimizing the growth and productivity of D. stocksii. With increase in spacing from 8 × 4m (closest) to 8 × 8m (widest), most growth parameters (culm diameter, girth, crown width, culms/clump) increased, except for culm height and internodal length. Litterfall followed a seasonal bimodal pattern with a major peak in the dry months (Mid-January to Mid-February) and a minor peak in Mid-May to Mid-June. Highest litterfall was observed in closest spacing (10.10 Mg ha–1), while lowest at widest spacing (7.86 Mg ha–1). LAI also followed similar trend. However, management objectives can play a central role in determining the optimal bamboo spacing for farmers. Moreover, its abundant litterfall has the potential to enhance on-site enrichment and improve soil fertility through leaf litter accumulation, particularly in nutrient-poor, degraded soils. Likewise, D. stocksii- compact clump circumference, thornless, easily manageable- is also advisable as a promising bamboo species, in the context of sustainable and resilient multitier agroforestry systems to diversify economic returns and promote the overall usefulness of the species across humid tropics of central Kerala and the Western Ghats.
Performance evaluation of Gmelina arborea in lower Indian Himalayan region for introduction in agroforestry systems
Gmelina arborea, an economically important tree species of northeast India was evaluated for its suitability and performance in lower Himalayan region of Himachal Pradesh and Jammu & Kashmir for introduction in agroforestry system by establishing four demonstration plantations. The seeds were collected from superior sources located in Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and West Bengal from different altitude. The seedlings were raised at two locations in Himachal Pradesh, where highest survival (98.65 %), was recorded from the seed source of Chhattisgarh and minimum (90.28%) was recorded from the seeds collected from West Bengal, at the Johron nursery in district Sirmour (H.P.). The maximum height (42.47 cm) was attained by the seedlings grown from seeds collected from Jharkhand in this nursery. The height of the species varied from 176 to 344 cm with an average survival of 86% after two years of field plantation at four locations of Himachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir. The species was capable of reaching a collar diameter of 9.8 cm after 4 years of planting in Himachal Pradesh. The study suggested that the altitude of the seed source vis-a-vis planting site should not differ significantly (> 350 m) for better survival, growth and enhanced productivity.
Gmelina arborea, Indian Himalayan region, growth, survival, seed source, altitude