Agricultural Economics Research Review
type: channel
description: The Journal regularly publishes refereed research articles, reviews, research notes and communications of high impact in basic and applied research on economic and policy aspects of agriculture and rural development. Comprehensive review articles in the area of agricultural economics (including livestock, horticulture and fisheries), conference/symposia proceedings and book reviews are also published in the Journal. To encourage the young researchers, recent abstracts of M.Sc. and Ph.D. theses in agricultural economics and policy research are also published.
publisher: Agricultural Economics Research Association (India)
language: en
publication name: Agricultural Economics Research Review
issn: 0971-3441
copyright: Permission is required for any commercial use.
items: Environmental efficiency of pork supply chains originating from Punjab
items: Determinants of India’s processed food exports in the post-reforms era
items: Abstract of PhD thesis: Policies for food security in India: Comparative study of ‘In-Kind’ food transfer and ‘In-Cash’ direct transfer in Puducherry
items: Can livestock sector reduce inequality in rural India? An economic analysis of trends and drivers of growth in livestock sector
items: Increasing the fruit growers’ share in the marketing system
items: Export competitiveness of organic food commodities with special reference to Organic Naga King chilli — A revealed comparative advantage approach
items: Public investment in irrigation across the Indian states: Financial recovery and governance
items: Vulnerability of the Indian cashew market to global price shocks
items: Contract farming, farmers’ income and adoption of food safety practices: Evidence from remote areas of Nepal
items: Impact of climate change on agriculture in Indo-Gangetic Plains of India
items: Unveiling the impacts of global uncertainties ITSA Approach for quantifying the impacts of Covid-19 on agricultural trade
items: Exploring carbon dioxide emissions and their drivers in global leading economies A Panel vector autoregression perspective
items: Agricultural wages in India: Trends and structural changes
items: IMPACT of PMKISAN on Crop Yield and Farm Income in Tamil Nadu, India
items: Exploring the Dynamics of Mixed Cropping System: Insights from India’s Semi-Arid Tropics
items: Determinants of rural households’ income inequality in India
items: Nutri-garden for nutritional security and diversity: Some insights from POSHAN Abhiyan
items: Harnessing potential of legumes for sustainable intensification of Indian agriculture
items: Income diversity of agricultural households in Punjab and its determinants: Evidence from the NSSO surveys
items: Understanding price volatility and seasonality in agricultural commodities in India
items: A cross-sectional estimation of total factor productivity of livestock-based farming systems in tribal areas of Odisha
items: Livestock and transitional poverty in rural India
items: Rise of Agritech: A landscape of technology driven agricultural sector in India
items: Dynamics of comparative advantage in India’s agricultural exports
items: Does India have enough feedstock to meet its E20 fuel-blending targets by 2025?
items: Evaluating India's Apple Exports: A Comprehensive Analysis of Comparative Advantage
items: Contract vs. non-contract broiler farming: An evaluation of efficiency and profitability in Punjab
items: Temporal changes in crop diversification: A case study in a Punjab village
items: Agricultural development in recent decades and welfare challenges
items: Essentially derived variety concept in plant variety rights protection system: underlying economic theories, and issues in implementation

Environmental efficiency of pork supply chains originating from Punjab
type: item
description: The present study has been conducted to analyse the marketing efficiency in relation to the environmental efficiency of pork supply chains originating from Punjab. Two distinct markets - local and distant (North-Eastern India) were identified during the study. Results revealed an inverse relationship between the length of pork supply chain and marketing efficiency. Further, a direct relationship was found between marketing efficiency and environmental efficiency. Amount of CO2 released during the delivery of one kilogram of pork in the distant market was nearly double (35-37 kg) in comparison to that released in the local supply chains (15-20 kg). Thus, it is suggested that short supply chains of pork should be promoted.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Simran Kaur
creator: Jasdev Singh
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Agricultural Economics Research Review
date: 2025-02-10
publication date: 2025-02-10

Determinants of India’s processed food exports in the post-reforms era
type: item
description: The purpose of this paper is to provide insights into the determinants of India’s processed food exports, for which there is massive potential for further growth. The paper provides an overview of India’s processed food exports and examines its determinants to the world as well as to its top export destinations using principal component analysis. The results show that the most important determinant of India’s processed food exports is the country’s resource endowment. The results for other factors such as inflation, REER, trade openness index, GDP of India as well as that of the export destination, etc. are varied.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: processed food
  topic: keywords
subject: Agricultural exports
  topic: keywords
subject: Determinants
  topic: keywords
subject: india
  topic: keywords
subject: principal component analysis (PCA)
  topic: keywords
creator: Charu Singh
creator: Dr Meenu
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Agricultural Economics Research Review
date: 2025-02-10
publication date: 2025-02-10

Abstract of PhD thesis: Policies for food security in India: Comparative study of ‘In-Kind’ food transfer and ‘In-Cash’ direct transfer in Puducherry
type: item
description: Abstract of PhD thesis
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: A Mahendran
rights: Copyright (c) 2024
date: 2024-08-08
publication date: 2024-08-08
starting page: 143
ending page: 145

Can livestock sector reduce inequality in rural India? An economic analysis of trends and drivers of growth in livestock sector
type: item
description: This paper analyses the development of the livestock sector since independence of India. Using livestock census data, it examines the trends particularly size, structure and compositional changes in the number of livestock held by households. It analyses the various socioeconomic determinants of the number of livestock held by the households in India using the Poisson regression. It highlights the inequality and variations in livestock holdings across households belonging to different socio-economic groups and finally suggests certain policy measures that could overcome the constraints faced by this sector and could help in raising farmers income by reducing inequality in livestock holdings in India.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Livestock holdings
  topic: keywords
subject: landholdings
  topic: keywords
subject: Parameters
  topic: keywords
subject: Poisson regression
  topic: keywords
creator: Devesh Birwal
creator: Anchal Arora
rights: Copyright (c) 2024
date: 2024-08-08
publication date: 2024-08-08
starting page: 133
ending page: 142

Increasing the fruit growers’ share in the marketing system
type: item
description: The growers’ share in consumer rupee is an essential part of agricultural marketing that assures the supply chain’s long-term viability and profitability. This study determines the apple growers’ share in final pricing by evaluating the efficacy of marketing channels predominant in the Kashmir valley, India. The composite index technique has been used to assess the marketing efficiency. The study is based on the interviews of 390 growers, 100 commission agents, 30 wholesalers, 20 contractors, and 20 retailers. The survey identified six apple marketing channels in the study area and has reported most profitable and least profitable channels. By adoption of more efficient marketing channels and marketing strategies, the growers can improve their profitability. The study has suggested that, improvements in the local infrastructure for fruit marketing, better access to market information, and extension of cold storage facilities in the study area would contribute significantly to farmer’s income.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Growers’ share
  topic: keywords
subject: apple marketing
  topic: keywords
subject: marketing channels
  topic: keywords
subject: infrastructure development
  topic: keywords
subject: Kashmir valley
  topic: keywords
creator: Shahbaz Rashid
creator: Ferooz Ahmad Hajam
creator: Javeed Ahmad Rather
creator: Irshad Ahmad Bhat
rights: Copyright (c) 2024
date: 2024-08-08
publication date: 2024-08-08
starting page: 123
ending page: 132

Export competitiveness of organic food commodities with special reference to Organic Naga King chilli — A revealed comparative advantage approach
type: item
description: This paper estimates the competitiveness of India’s organic food export in the world markets. Using Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR), instability index, trend analysis, Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) and forecasting methods, the study has revealed growth in the export of organic wheat, cardamom and Naga king chilli to be positive with an increasing trend, whereas export of organic basmati rice was very low and has shown a declining trend maybe due to the substandard quality of the commodity. Accordingly, the instability in export of organic wheat and organic cardamom has been found to be high due to a rise in their demand in the overseas markets. The study has revealed comparative advantage (RCA) in Naga king chilli export from India with a value of less than unity, which indicated that the share of the Naga king chilli export in the total country’s export was negligible. The study suggests that the Export Inspection Council (EIC) of India should strictly monitor the quality testing of the product before it is exported in the global markets so that the price of the product in the international markets becomes highly competitive.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Organic food commodity
  topic: keywords
subject: Naga King chilli
  topic: keywords
subject: instability
  topic: keywords
subject: Revealed comparative advantage
  topic: keywords
subject: ARIMA
  topic: keywords
creator: Brota Sing Bey
creator: Ram Singh
creator: S M Feroze
creator: Nivedita Deka
rights: Copyright (c) 2024
date: 2024-08-08
publication date: 2024-08-08
starting page: 113
ending page: 122

Public investment in irrigation across the Indian states: Financial recovery and governance
type: item
description: This paper measures the financial recovery from major, medium, and minor irrigation systems in 20 states in India based on the estimates of public expenditure from 1981-82 to 2019-20. The role of governance in improving the performance of public irrigation is also analysed. The irrigation governance index is computed based on 16 important social, economic, and financial indicators collated for each state from 2001-02 to 2015-16. The analysis shows a sizeable increase in the public expenditure on agriculture and allied activities, major, medium, and minor irrigation systems during the 2000s. Agriculturally advanced states spent relatively more on irrigation due to their higher economic growth and hence better spending power. Increasing public capital formation in irrigation has barely corresponded with the outcomes in terms of net irrigated area, potential utilised, and rate of financial recovery. Irrigation financial recovery is positively determined by agricultural income, capital stock, area under rice and wheat.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Agriculture
  topic: keywords
subject: canal irrigation
  topic: keywords
subject: public investment
  topic: keywords
subject: governance
  topic: keywords
creator: Seema Bathla
creator: Elumalai Kannan
creator: Gautam Kumar Das
rights: Copyright (c) 2024
date: 2024-08-08
publication date: 2024-08-08
starting page: 93
ending page: 112

Vulnerability of the Indian cashew market to global price shocks
type: item
description: The Indian cashew sector is grappling with a severe crisis as numerous processing industries have closed down due to losses and heightened global competition. In this context, we assess the vulnerability of the sector to global price shocks by examining the direction and dynamics of price transmission among import price, domestic price and export price of cashew in India, based on 15 years of data, employing the vector autoregressive model. Results indicate that the import price had positive and immediate effects on both the domestic price and export price of Indian cashew and the relationship was unidirectional, revealing the vulnerability of Indian cashew markets to global price fluctuations.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Granger causality test
  topic: keywords
subject: impulse response analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: raw cashew nut
  topic: keywords
subject: vector autoregressive model
  topic: keywords
creator: Shripad Bhat
creator: Dinesh Kumar
creator: Shiv Kumar
creator: Kiran Kumara T M
creator: H Rajashekara
rights: Copyright (c) 2024
date: 2024-08-08
publication date: 2024-08-08
starting page: 79
ending page: 91

Contract farming, farmers’ income and adoption of food safety practices: Evidence from remote areas of Nepal
type: item
description: In this paper we study the case of contract farming for exports with farmers in remote hilly areas of Nepal. The prospect for contract farming in such areas with accessibility issues owing to underdeveloped markets and lack of amenities is ambiguous. On the one hand, contractors find it difficult to build links in these cases particularly when final consumers have quality and safety requirements. On the other hand however, remoteness makes the contracts more sustainable. The latter happens if there are product specific quality advantages because of agro-ecology and more importantly due to lack of side selling opportunities. At the same time concerns remain about monopsonistic powers of the buyers when remotely located small farmers do not have outside options. This study hence quantifies the benefits of contract farming on remotely located farmers’ income and compliance with food safety measures. Results show that contract farming is significantly more profitable (58% greater net income) than independent production, the main pathway being higher price realization along with training on practices and provision of quality seeds.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Contract farming
  topic: keywords
subject: ginger
  topic: keywords
subject: income
  topic: keywords
subject: food safety
  topic: keywords
subject: small farmers
  topic: keywords
subject: Nepal
  topic: keywords
creator: Anjani Kumar
creator: Devesh Roy
creator: Gaurav Tripathi
creator: Rajendra Adhikari
rights: Copyright (c) 2024
date: 2024-08-08
publication date: 2024-08-08
starting page: 59
ending page: 78

Impact of climate change on agriculture in Indo-Gangetic Plains of India
type: item
description: The agriculture sector is highly vulnerable and sensitive to climatic variations. This study estimates the impact of climate change on the yields of both rabi and kharif crops in the Indo-Gangetic Plains of India. The projected impact on the crop yields under RCP 4.5 climatic scenario has revealed that by 2050 and 2080, the yields of paddy would decline by 24.23 per cent and 30.48 per cent; of maize by 10.09 per cent and 12.51 per cent; of pearl millet by 0.5 per cent and 1.43 per cent; of wheat by 6.06 per cent and 7.43 per cent; of sugarcane by 2.35 per cent and 2.96 per cent, respectively. On the other hand, the yields of chickpea, rapeseed & mustard and cotton would show an increase by 5.55 per cent and 6.52 per cent; 0.75 per cent and 1.31 per cent; and 3.69 per cent and 5.44 per cent, respectively by 2050 and 2080. The study has recommended the development of appropriate adaptation strategies including suitable crop mix to mitigate the negative impact of climate change as well as would ensure food security for the increasing population of India.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Climate change
  topic: keywords
subject: crop yields
  topic: keywords
subject: Indo-Gangetic Plains
  topic: keywords
subject: yield projection
  topic: keywords
subject: 2040
  topic: keywords
subject: 2050
  topic: keywords
subject: 2080
  topic: keywords
creator: Nalini Ranjan Kumar
creator: Abdulla
creator: Shilpi Kapoor
creator: N P Singh
creator: G K Jha
creator: S K Srivastava
rights: Copyright (c) 2024
date: 2024-08-08
publication date: 2024-08-08
starting page: 47
ending page: 58

Unveiling the impacts of global uncertainties ITSA Approach for quantifying the impacts of Covid-19 on agricultural trade
type: item
description: The study quantifies the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the bilateral agricultural trade between India and China using the Interrupted Time Series Analysis (ITSA) technique. India’s agricultural exports to China increased by approximately 48 per cent post-Covid-19. The post-pandemic, cumin exports to China increased significantly due to increasing health concerns. The exports of castor oil and groundnut shot up as well. Conversely, the exports of frozen fish, shrimps, and prawns declined. However, India’s agricultural imports from China, primarily fertilizers, displayed a volatile pattern. An immediate shock was observed in the case of urea and DAP imports, but the declines were not persistent for a long time.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Agricultural trade
  topic: keywords
subject: Interrupted time series
  topic: keywords
subject: China
  topic: keywords
subject: Covid-19
  topic: keywords
subject: Castor oil
  topic: keywords
subject: Fertilizers
  topic: keywords
creator: Raka Saxena
creator: Purushottam Sharma
creator: Devesh Kumar Pant
creator: Ritambhara Singh
creator: Satish Chandra Pant
creator: Neha Joshi
rights: Copyright (c) 2024
date: 2024-08-08
publication date: 2024-08-08
starting page: 35
ending page: 46

Exploring carbon dioxide emissions and their drivers in global leading economies A Panel vector autoregression perspective
type: item
description: This study delves the intricate interplay between carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and economic development in the top 20 CO2-emitting nations from 2011 to 2021. By examining the influential factors such as Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Gross Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF), Temperature Change (TC), and Urbanization (UPop), the study unravels their profound impact on CO2-emissions. The study begins with testing the stationarity of its variables, finding that they become stationary after first-order differencing. The cross-section dependence test highlights the shared common factors among observations. Although the study initially seeks long-term equilibrium relationships, the findings don’t strongly support this. Consequently, the focus shifts to examining short-term dynamics through first-order differences. The study has employed Panel VAR Model to balance temporal dependencies and model simplicity. It has found that lagged CO2-emissions [d(CO2 (-1))] show a significant and positive association with current CO2-emissions , while a two-period lag [d(CO2 (-2))] is not significant, suggesting an immediate CO2 -impact. The GDP has been found negatively related to CO2-emissions, indicating increased GDP leads to slight emission-reduction. The GFCF has shown a positive link, emphasizing capital investments’ emission impact. The temperature change (TC) has shown a nuanced relationship, with short-term increases driving emissions. The Urbanization (UPop) consistently raises CO2-emissions. The impulse response functions (IRFs) have visually illustrated CO2 responses to standard deviation shocks in GDP, GFCF, TC, and UPop, revealing complex relationships over time. The variance decomposition analysis has revealed strong autocorrelation in economic variables, indicating that past values strongly predict future behaviour. The Granger-causality tests have established significant relationships, showing GDP and GFCF causing CO2-emissions, emphasizing economic growth’s impact. The UP…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: CO2-emissions
  topic: keywords
subject: Panel cross-dependence
  topic: keywords
subject: Panel vector autoregression
  topic: keywords
subject: gross domestic product
  topic: keywords
subject: gross fixed capital formation
  topic: keywords
subject: temperature change
  topic: keywords
subject: urbanization
  topic: keywords
creator: K Nirmal Ravi Kumar
creator: Moses Shyam
creator: M S Madhav
creator: K Vijay Krishna Kumar
creator: Adinan Bahahudeen Shafiwu
rights: Copyright (c) 2024
date: 2024-08-08
publication date: 2024-08-08
starting page: 13
ending page: 34

Agricultural wages in India: Trends and structural changes
type: item
description: In India, the rural labour market is transitioning from the agricultural to non-agricultural sectors. This transition is accompanied by the changes in agricultural wages and labour availability for farm operations due to employment generation schemes like Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) or the disequilibrium in the labour market due to the COVID pandemic. This study has analyzed the trajetorey of agricultural wages and has assessed the impact of MGNREGS and Lockdown to curb COVID infections on these wages at the national and sub-national levels. The study has used the gender-disaggregated monthly labour wages data for three major agricultural operationsharvesting, sowing, and ploughing for the period 1995-2022. The results have revealed a structural change, seasonality, and disparity in agricultural wages across gender and states. Further, the ARIMA-intervention modelling has indicated that the implementation of MGNREGS from 2006 to 2008 contributed significantly to the sharp increase in the real farm wages, and its impact increased over time. The imposition of Lockdown to curb the COVID infections did not cause any significant impact on agricultural wages. Thus, the COVID-led disequilibrium in labour market was only short-lived without any significant impact on agricultural wages in India.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Agricultural wages
  topic: keywords
subject: ARIMA
  topic: keywords
subject: intervention
  topic: keywords
subject: COVID
  topic: keywords
subject: MGNREGS
  topic: keywords
creator: Sneha S B
creator: S K Srivastava
creator: Mrinmoy Ray
creator: Praveen K V
creator: Alka Singh
rights: Copyright (c) 2024
date: 2024-08-08
publication date: 2024-08-08
starting page: 1
ending page: 11

IMPACT of PMKISAN on Crop Yield and Farm Income in Tamil Nadu, India
type: item
description: Agricultural subsidy and direct benefit transfer are considered as policy instruments for ensuring adoption of modern technologies in protecting the income of small and marginal farmers. Hence, measuring the impact of farm subsidies is important to continue these policies and to protect the income of farmers. This study was conducted in Tamil Nadu and sample size was 360 households. Data were collected from the beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries and impact was estimated using Propensity Score Matching (PSM). Our findings show that the total number of beneficiaries in Tamil Nadu was 4.75 lakhs (3.79 %). The average spending of beneficiaries towards crop production from PMKISAN assistance was Rs. 3300 and there was an increase in income among the PMKISAN beneficiaries compared with the non-beneficiaries. The study also found that addressing issues related to land records and ease of e-KYC registration and post offices can validate addresses and make payments/money transfers may increase the number of beneficiaries.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: PMKISAN, impact assessment, cash transfer and paddy
  topic: keywords
creator: Jagadeshwaran P
creator: Ashok K R
creator: Vidhyavathi A
creator: Prahadeeswaran M
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Agricultural Economics Research Review
date: 2025-02-10
publication date: 2025-02-10

Exploring the Dynamics of Mixed Cropping System: Insights from India’s Semi-Arid Tropics
type: item
description: Pursuing Antle (1983) and Correlated Random Effects (CRE) framework, this study focuses on examining the impacts of mixed/intercropping system on the risk profile of agricultural households. To capture the risk profile of the households, we have focused on mean, variance, skewness, and kurtosis. We found that mixed cropping increases the risk exposure to the households when we do not put any condition on the combinations. However, we find that it might reduce the risk exposure to the agricultural households when we restricts to a particular crop combinations. In nutshell, the combination that farmers will choose might increase and stabilise their crop yields.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Mixed cropping
  topic: keywords
subject: Risk Exposure
  topic: keywords
subject: Agricultural Households
  topic: keywords
subject: Semi-arid
  topic: keywords
creator: Hardeep Singh
creator: Poonam Rani
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Agricultural Economics Research Review
date: 2025-02-10
publication date: 2025-02-10

Determinants of rural households’ income inequality in India
type: item
description: This study has identified the drivers of income inequality in rural India using IHDS 2011–12 national-level survey. The inequality decomposition methodology developed by Fields (2003) based on a two-way regression methodology has been used. The study has modified on the previous regressionbased inequality decomposition technique by accounting for diverse income sources and regimes as well as by effectively correcting for selectivity in the various income regimes. The CLAD model has been used to distinguish the determinants of income inequality in rural India. The study has indicated that income inequality in farm households can be attributed to the level of education, family size, caste/social group composition, and composition in land ownership, and that family size and land ownership are instrumental primarily due to off-farm labour income. The study has shown that education is a significant factor in income inequality due to its impact on off-farm work income. The study has suggested that a continued increase in variability in land distribution may exacerbate income inequality in households in rural India.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Income
  topic: keywords
subject: determinants
  topic: keywords
subject: Gini
  topic: keywords
subject: inequality
  topic: keywords
subject: CLAD model
  topic: keywords
subject: India
  topic: keywords
creator: Ghanshyam Pandey
creator: Bisla Devi
rights: Copyright (c) 2024
date: 2024-04-15
publication date: 2024-04-15
starting page: 213
ending page: 225

Nutri-garden for nutritional security and diversity: Some insights from POSHAN Abhiyan
type: item
description: To combat the challenges of malnutrition, the government initiatives such as the POSHAN Abhiyan are emphasized, particularly the introduction of Poshan Vatika (Nutri-Gardens), which is on empowering the women to cultivate nutritious foods and enhance quality of family diets. Data from 1710 farm families across 12 states, has been analyzed through Partial Least Squares Path Modelling and logistic regression, indicates that Nutri-Gardens positively impact the family nutrition. In conclusion, Nutri-Gardens offer a holistic approach to improving nutrition in rural India, empowering women, raising their socio-economic status, and promoting nutrition education and community participation. The collaboration among various stakeholders is essential to disseminate information effectively and ensure the success and sustainability of Nutri-Gardens as a cost-effective and sustainable approach to mitigate malnutrition in the rural households.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Nutritional security
  topic: keywords
subject: Nutri-gardens
  topic: keywords
subject: rural India
  topic: keywords
subject: malnutrition
  topic: keywords
subject: women farmers
  topic: keywords
creator: R C Agrawal
creator: Lipi Das
creator: Rajni Jain
creator: Prabhat Kishore
creator: V R Nikam
creator: Mridula Devi
rights: Copyright (c) 2024
date: 2024-04-15
publication date: 2024-04-15
starting page: 227
ending page: 235

Harnessing potential of legumes for sustainable intensification of Indian agriculture
type: item
description: The inclusion of legumes in the cropping systems is recognized as a pathway for sustainable agricultural production with substantial environmental benefits. The legumes provide multiple ecosystem services to societies and agroecosystems, such as providing food, supplying nitrogen to crops through biological nitrogen fixation, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, improving carbon sequestration and soil fertility, and reducing water use and disease and pest infection. Despite these enormous benefits, the adoption level of legume crops is not very inspiring at the field level. The paper has highlighted the potential of legume-based cropping systems through a meta-analysis, using 555 pair observations from 134 studies, in generating additional ecosystem services in terms of physical quantity and monetary terms. Further, the study has identified reasons for the low adoption of legume crops and has provided some policy suggestions to improve the cultivated area under legumes.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Legumes
  topic: keywords
subject: pulses
  topic: keywords
subject: ecosystem services
  topic: keywords
subject: payment for ecosystem services
  topic: keywords
subject: India
  topic: keywords
creator: Dinesh Chand Meena
creator: Kiran Kumara TM
creator: Anjani Kumar
rights: Copyright (c) 2024
date: 2024-04-15
publication date: 2024-04-15
starting page: 201
ending page: 212

Income diversity of agricultural households in Punjab and its determinants: Evidence from the NSSO surveys
type: item
description: The present study has identified the extent and pattern of income diversification, the factors affecting it, and the impact of income sources on inequality among agricultural households in the state of Punjab. The study has found widespread income inequality among various categories of rural households. The relationship between income diversification and rural household income has pointed towards distress diversification by the relatively poor households. During the period 2002-03 to 2018-19, the semi-medium agricultural households have diversified more. From 2002-03 to 2012-13, the large and small farmers became more specialized, but from 2012-13 to 2018-19, they diversified again. The diversification of rural household income has been found to be significantly influenced by non-farm income, landholding size, and irrigation facilities. The crop income has been found to be inequality inducing and has contributed maximum to income inequality. However, income from livestock, wages, and salaries are found to be viable options for reducing the income inequality.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Income diversity
  topic: keywords
subject: income inequality
  topic: keywords
subject: NSS Survey
  topic: keywords
subject: agricultural households
  topic: keywords
subject: Punjab
  topic: keywords
creator: Souradipta Das
creator: Kamal Vatta
creator: Laishram Priscilla
rights: Copyright (c) 2024
date: 2024-04-15
publication date: 2024-04-15
starting page: 189
ending page: 199

Understanding price volatility and seasonality in agricultural commodities in India
type: item
description: The volatility in prices of agricultural commodities is a major concern for policymakers, researchers, and value chain participants, including farmers. The study examines the trend and pattern of agricultural price volatility and its seasonality using monthly data from January 2010 to December 2022. The fixed effects model has been used to decipher the effect of market arrivals, rainfall and pandemic shock on the prices. The results have revealed that prices of vegetables were most volatile, followed by oilseeds and pulses. The seasonality pattern of volatility has shown general peaks during the pre-harvest and harvest periods and troughs during the post-harvest period. The rainfall affected the prices of mainly rainfed crops and the effect of the pandemic has been found to be positive for many of the agri-commodities. Strengthening post-harvest value chain institutions and related infrastructure, and increasing of competition in the markets would help integrate markets and reduce price volatility.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Price volatility
  topic: keywords
subject: seasonality
  topic: keywords
subject: food commodities
  topic: keywords
subject: GARCH
  topic: keywords
subject: fixed effects model
  topic: keywords
creator: Md Yeasin
creator: Purushottam Sharma
creator: Ranjit Kumar Paul
creator: Dinesh Chand Meena
creator: Md Ejaz Anwer
rights: Copyright (c) 2024
date: 2024-04-15
publication date: 2024-04-15
starting page: 177
ending page: 188

A cross-sectional estimation of total factor productivity of livestock-based farming systems in tribal areas of Odisha
type: item
description: The total factor productivity (TFP) of some livestock-based farming systems has been estimated using cross-sectional data and Cobb-Douglas production function. The determinants of TFP in tribal areas of Odisha have also been analysed. The average value of TFP has been observed highest (3.22) for C1 farming system, followed by the C2 (3.19), G1 (3.18), G2 (3.17), P2 (3.14), P1 (3.13) and G3 (3.11) farming systems. It means that the effect of factors other than inputs was more under C1 in comparison to other farming systems. The value of TFP could be increased with a better management of resources and enterprises. The transfer of technology to the farmers could also play a major role in increasing the TFP value of the systems as access to farm extension services has shown a positive and significant effect on TFP. The study has also revealed that the land size has a positive and significant effect on the TFP value. Therefore, collective farming needs to be propagated in this area. For this, farmers should be sensitized through demonstrations and awareness campaigns.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Total factor productivity
  topic: keywords
subject: livestock
  topic: keywords
subject: farming systems
  topic: keywords
subject: tribal areas
  topic: keywords
subject: Odisha
  topic: keywords
subject: cross-sectional data
  topic: keywords
creator: Tulika Kumari
creator: A K Chauhan
creator: B S Chandel
rights: Copyright (c) 2024
date: 2024-04-15
publication date: 2024-04-15
starting page: 169
ending page: 176

Livestock and transitional poverty in rural India
type: item
description: With high economic growth, poverty in India has declined from 35 per cent in1993-94 to 22 per cent in 2011-2012, and further to 10 per cent in 2020-21. The majority of poor reside in the rural regions for whom agriculture is the main source of livelihood. The growth in agriculture has been identified more pro-poor than the growth in other economic sectors. The livestock is an important component of agriculture, and its contribution to agricultural gross domestic product has been growing faster than the overall agricultural growth. The reduction in rural poverty is driven by the growth in livestock. Nevertheless, the evidence on the relationship between livestock and poverty is scarce. Using a panel data on 28205 households, this paper assesses the impact of livestock on the rural poverty. The findings show that ownership of livestock, specifically bovine, significantly contributes to poverty reduction in rural India.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Livestock
  topic: keywords
subject: herd size
  topic: keywords
subject: bovine
  topic: keywords
subject: ovine
  topic: keywords
subject: poverty
  topic: keywords
subject: India
  topic: keywords
creator: Shweta Bijla
creator: P S Birthal
creator: R Malhotra
creator: A K Dixit
creator: Gopal Sankhala
creator: Pawan Singh
creator: Sanjit Maiti
rights: Copyright (c) 2024
date: 2024-04-15
publication date: 2024-04-15
starting page: 155
ending page: 168

Rise of Agritech: A landscape of technology driven agricultural sector in India
type: item
description: The rising demand for innovation in agriculture and the decreasing last-mile delivery to farmers have led to introduction of new technologies in the agriculture ecosystem. With advancements in and application of information technology in agriculture, agritech has been increasingly gaining attention. The present study has investigated the geographical and funding landscape of agritech companies in India. It has identified the technological and business models that are predominant in the Indian scenario. The study is based on the secondary data of 253 agritech companies in India (till 2022) collected from the CrunchBase database. The study has presented summary statistics, tabular and graphical representation, and content analysis for these business models. The results have revealed that the incorporation trend has increased in India over the past few years. The total funding has also shown an increasing trend over the years. Among states, Karnataka has emerged as the hotspot of agritech companies in India, followed by Maharashtra. With the help of Inductive content analysis of the textual data, the study has identified the supply chain technology and output market linkages, followed by the farm management and analytics as the most promising business models in the Indian context.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Agritech
  topic: keywords
subject: agriculture
  topic: keywords
subject: technology
  topic: keywords
subject: funding
  topic: keywords
subject: Agri-tech companies
  topic: keywords
subject: content analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: CrunchBase database
  topic: keywords
subject: India
  topic: keywords
creator: Haritha K
creator: Akriti Sharma
creator: P Venkatesh
creator: Asha Devi
creator: P Anbukkani
creator: Abhinandan Kumar
rights: Copyright (c) 2024
date: 2024-04-15
publication date: 2024-04-15
starting page: 145
ending page: 154

Dynamics of comparative advantage in India’s agricultural exports
type: item
description: This paper analyses the dynamics of comparative advantage in agricultural exports of India over the period 2001 to 2019. We use the revealed comparative advantage index, and its variant, the revealed symmetric comparative advantage index, to analyze the pattern of export specialization and the Markov transition matrix to examine the product mobility of comparative advantage. The study has shown that the extent of agricultural trade openness has remained constant over time and that there has been little change in the composition of agricultural exports. Analysis of the mobility of comparative advantage reveals little mobility of products from the lowest to the highest decile. There is a 65.8 per cent probability that a product will stay in the first decile even after nearly two decades. A high degree of persistence of export specialization implies a higher probability of starting and ending-up in the highest decile. The study suggests that India should aim at diversification of the agricultural export basket through a product-specific focus based on export demand and the exploration of new global markets.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Agricultural exports
  topic: keywords
subject: trade openness
  topic: keywords
subject: revealed comparative advantage
  topic: keywords
subject: mobility of comparative advantage
  topic: keywords
subject: diversification of export basket
  topic: keywords
subject: India
  topic: keywords
creator: K Elumalai
creator: Anjani Kumar
rights: Copyright (c) 2024
date: 2024-04-15
publication date: 2024-04-15
starting page: 123
ending page: 143

Does India have enough feedstock to meet its E20 fuel-blending targets by 2025?
type: item
description: The Indian Government has set the target of achieving 20 per cent blending of ethanol (E20) in petrol by 2025-26. This is projected to achieve savings of about $4 billion in country’s annual oil import bill. The NITI Aayog projects country’s annual ethanol requirement at 10.16 billion litres to achieve the E20 mandate and an additional 3.34 billion litres to meet the demand from other industries. This paper estimates the requirement and availability of feedstock (sugarcane, rice, and maize) to meet these E20 mandates. The study reveals that India is not likely to have enough feedstocks to meet the E20 blending target by 2025-26. Besides, with climate change and growing pressures on land coupled with the country’s growing nutritional requirements, the government may do well to rethink its land-use policy, water-use policy and even its climate-related plans. It should define a medium to long-run roadmap of providing enough crops for fuel blending targets.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: E-20 mandate
  topic: keywords
subject: ethanol
  topic: keywords
subject: feedstock availability
  topic: keywords
subject: sugarcane
  topic: keywords
subject: rice
  topic: keywords
subject: maize
  topic: keywords
subject: energy security
  topic: keywords
subject: atmanirbharta
  topic: keywords
subject: food security
  topic: keywords
subject: fuel blending
  topic: keywords
subject: India
  topic: keywords
creator: Shweta Saini
creator: Siraj Hussain
rights: Copyright (c) 2024
date: 2024-04-15
publication date: 2024-04-15
starting page: 111
ending page: 122

Evaluating India's Apple Exports: A Comprehensive Analysis of Comparative Advantage
type: item
description: Apple (Malus pumila) stands as a paramount fruit in the temperate category, ranking fourth globally in production after Banana, Orange, and Grapes according to NHB (2020). Evolving into a significant player in the international fruit trade, apples from India have experienced a surge in exports, propelling the nation to a noteworthy position in the global apple market. In light of this, the current study, titled "Evaluating Indian Apple Exports: A Comprehensive Analysis of Comparative Advantage," seeks to comprehend the export performance of Indian apples, aiming to discern the country's comparative advantage or disadvantage in the global apple trade. Data sourced from credible sources such as UN Comtrade and APEDA Agri-exchange underwent meticulous analysis employing the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) and Revealed Trade Advantage (RTA) indices. The findings of the study highlight a noteworthy discrepancy, indicating that the rate of increase in apple exports has been relatively lower compared to imports. This disparity suggests a trade disadvantage for the country, leading to a potential loss of competitiveness in the global apple trade arena. Therefore, these results not only reveal India's position in the international market but also provide insights into its competitiveness within the global apple trade scenario.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Eva Sharma
creator: Sumit Sutradhar
creator: Anil Bhat
creator: Jyoti Kachroo
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Agricultural Economics Research Review
date: 2025-02-10
publication date: 2025-02-10

Contract vs. non-contract broiler farming: An evaluation of efficiency and profitability in Punjab
type: item
description: This study aims to assess the costs and returns of broiler farming in the Ludhiana district of Punjab. The study area was purposively chosen due to its leading position in broiler production and potential for local market demand. A total of 20 broiler farmers from both contract and non-contract farming systems were randomly selected from two blocks. The study used simple averages to estimate total costs, including variable and fixed costs, and gross returns from broilers, manure, and empty bags. The findings and recommendations of the study on broiler farming in the Ludhiana district of India can offer valuable insights for developing countries worldwide. By addressing the challenges faced by broiler farmers, such as high production costs, feed price fluctuations, and disease outbreaks, the study provides a roadmap for enhancing the efficiency and profitability of broiler farming in developing countries. The results showed that broiler farming is a profitable venture in the Ludhiana district, with potential for further cost reduction and profitability through scientific management and value addition. The policy implications of this study suggest the need for more training for farmers to adopt scientific management practices, subsidies by government to farmers and regulation of prices due to high fluctuation in prices of broilers.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Broiler farming
  topic: keywords
subject: Contract farming
  topic: keywords
subject: Feed efficiency
  topic: keywords
subject: Returns
  topic: keywords
subject: Costs
  topic: keywords
creator: Shaikh Mouzam
creator: Amarjot Singh Chahal
creator: Parminder kaur
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Agricultural Economics Research Review
date: 2025-02-10
publication date: 2025-02-10

Temporal changes in crop diversification: A case study in a Punjab village
type: item
description: Punjab state is enriched with preeminent but unsymmetrical agricultural base. The significant cotton area shifted towards rice due to insect-pest attack. Besides better irrigation facilities, lower yield risk, assured marketing made rice cultivation more attractive. Diversification towards high-value crops is the need of hour to safeguard our valuable and scarce resources as rice-wheat rotation led to depletion underground water and deteriorated soil health. Therefore, there is a need to set up value addition and processing units in rural areas to enhance the profitability of alternative crops as paddy and wheat.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Crop diversification
  topic: keywords
subject: Herfindahl-Hirschman index
  topic: keywords
subject: economics
  topic: keywords
creator: Gagandeep Kaur
creator: Raj Kumar
rights: Copyright (c) 2023
date: 2023-10-16
publication date: 2023-10-16
starting page: 103
ending page: 110

Agricultural development in recent decades and welfare challenges
type: item
description: While economic development is dependent on performance of agriculture sector, rural areas have been facing skewed land distribution, falling agricultural investments and rising cost of cultivation. Land fragmentation forces rural households to straddle between employment in agriculture and nonagricultural activities. The paper examines linkages of agricultural growth with overall economy, performance of agricultural sector and declining support to it. Sectoral labour productivity, wage differentials and income are examined to contextualize wellbeing of households across states and size continuum. Policy focus needs to be on measures to aid inclusivity and wellbeing of rural workers.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Agricultural output
  topic: keywords
subject: non-farm employment
  topic: keywords
subject: labour productivity
  topic: keywords
subject: agricultural investment
  topic: keywords
subject: Agricultural income
  topic: keywords
subject: cultivators
  topic: keywords
subject: sectoral linkages
  topic: keywords
creator: Niti Mehta
rights: Copyright (c) 2023
date: 2023-10-16
publication date: 2023-10-16
starting page: 87
ending page: 101

Essentially derived variety concept in plant variety rights protection system: underlying economic theories, and issues in implementation
type: item
description: Under Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) agreement, World Trade Organization member-countries are mandated to create Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) system for plant varieties. Keeping in view specificities of plant breeding sector, “tailored” IPR system of Plant variety rights/ Plant Breeders’ Right system was developed. The concept of Essentially Derived Variety (EDV) was introduced into plant variety protection system through 1991 UPOV convention. In this backdrop, in the current study an attempt has been made to trace theories underlying, and rationale behind EDV concept by reviewing economic models of innovation. The study documented some challenges in implementation of EDV concept and also examined EDV status in India and future prospects.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Intellectual Property Rights
  topic: keywords
subject: Plant varieties,
  topic: keywords
subject: Essentially Derived Varieties
  topic: keywords
creator: P A Lakshmi Prasanna
creator: L V Subba Rao
creator: A S Hari Prasad
creator: Amtul Waris
creator: S Arun Kumar
rights: Copyright (c) 2023
date: 2023-10-16
publication date: 2023-10-16
starting page: 77
ending page: 86