The Indian Journal of Agroforestry is an official publication of the Indian Society of Agroforestry and publishes regularly twice a year since 1998.
Indian Society of Agroforestry deemed to have copyright on all the articles published in Indian Journal of Agroforestry.
Development of Trees outside Forests Resources in India – Need for Enabling Regulatory Framework
The primary aim of India’s National Forest Policy, 1988 is to ensure environmental stability and maintenance of ecological balance. This brought in a paradigm shift in forest management towards conservation, ecological stability, and ecosystem services. The policy envisaged forest-based industries raising the raw material needed for meeting their requirements, preferably through direct relationships between industries and farmers, while encouraging cultivation of tree species required by industries. This resulted in enhanced focus on Trees Outside Forests (ToF), including agroforestry, to meet the growing demand for wood and wood products. The prevalent regulatory framework is often cited as a hurdle in the growth of tree cultivation on private lands. However, liberal or no transit regulation on tree species grown on non-forest areas or preferred by farmers is only a necessary, not a sufficient, condition for the expansion of ToF and agroforestry. Efficient downstream processing using appropriate technologies, infrastructure development, and awareness regarding the use of wood and wood substitutes from plantation timber and renewable fibres are equally important. A multi-stakeholder committee constituted by the Ministry of Environment and Forests in July 2011, headed by the author, critically analysed state legislations and rules governing felling and transit of tree species grown on private/non-forest lands. The committee recommended relaxation of regulatory provisions for species preferred by farmers and agroforestry practitioners. Referring to this report, the National Agroforestry Policy, 2014 emphasized inclusion of these recommendations in its implementation guidelines and highlighted the need to address regulatory bottlenecks affecting agroforestry growth. This paper analyses the actions taken since the National Agroforestry Policy to liberalize regulations related to tree cultivation on private lands and suggests measures for creating an enabling legal framework for the development of ToF resources and agroforestry systems in India.
The Role of Agroforestry for Livelihood Improvement in Ethiopia
Agroforestry, the intentional integration of trees with crops and/or livestock plays a critical role in enhancing rural livelihoods while addressing environmental challenges in Ethiopia. This review synthesizes evidence from various agroforestry systems, including homegardens, parklands, boundary plantings, silvopastoral, and agrosilvicultural practices, to evaluate their contributions to food security, income diversification, soil fertility, and climate resilience. Studies indicate that agroforestry can contribute up to 40–50% of household income and improve crop yields by 20–30% through soil fertility enhancement. In addition, agroforestry systems sequester approximately 1.5–3.5 Mg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹, significantly higher than conventional croplands (<1 Mg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹), while total carbon storage ranges from 50 to 150 Mg C ha⁻¹ depending on system type and management. Despite its potential, adoption is constrained by land tenure insecurity, limited technical capacity, poor market access, delayed economic returns, climate stresses, and institutional fragmentation. Opportunities for scaling include strengthening research extension farmer linkages, developing value chains, integrating agroforestry into land-use and watershed management, supporting community-based nurseries, and mobilizing climate finance. With coordinated policy support, investment, and capacity building, agroforestry can serve as a transformative pathway toward sustainable livelihoods, ecological restoration, and climate resilience in Ethiopia.
Wood Utilization Prospects of Neolamarckia cadamba Based on Age and Axial Dependent Fibre Morphology
The present study investigates the anatomical characteristics of Neolamarckia cadamba wood with emphasis on age-wise and axial variations in fibre morphology. Wood samples were collected from trees of five different ages (2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 years) and analyzed for fibre length, fibre diameter, lumen width and cell wall thickness using standard microscopic techniques. The results revealed significant variation in fibre morphology with age. Fibre length increased from 1509.00 µm at 2 years to 1854.16 µm at 10 years, indicating improved fibre development with maturity. Fibre diameter also showed a gradual increase, whereas lumen width increased up to 6 years and declined thereafter. In contrast, cell wall thickness increased substantially at older ages, suggesting enhanced fibre strength. Axial variation within the tree indicated that fibre length decreased significantly from base to top, while fibre diameter, lumen width and wall thickness showed non-significant variation along the stem. The findings highlight that age has a stronger influence than axial position on fibre characteristics. Neolamarckia cadamba exhibits favorable fibre properties, particularly at intermediate ages, making it a promising species for pulp, paper and other wood-based industries
Carbon Sequestration potential of Melia dubia progenies and plantations with varied spatial geometries at different age gradations in South Gujarat
We evaluated Melia dubia for carbon sequestration potential under two different studies. First studies comprised of 17 open pollinated progenies planted at 3×3 m and the second one was plantations of same species at 2×2, 3×2, 3×3 and 4×2 m spatial geometries under randomized block design. The progeny evaluation study revealed that at the age of 5 years, progeny GJ09 produced maximum biomass (95.61 t/ha) with average maximum productivity of 19.12 t/ha/year, carbon stocks and carbon sequestration to tune of 48.76 t/ha and 178.95 t/ha, respectively. Further, progeny GJ09 showed carbon stock and carbon sequestration rate of 9.75 t/ha/year and 35.79 t/ha/year, respectively. The spatial geometry evaluation studies deduced that there was significant variation in biomass productivity, carbon stock and carbon sequestration among individuals under different spatial geometries. Although, at the age of 5-years, the individual tree biomass, carbon stock and carbon sequestration was maximum under 4×2 m spacing. However, at the 5-years of age, owing to the maximum tree per hectare 2×2 m spatial configuration provided highest biomass (20.29 t/ha/year), carbon stocks (10.35 t/ha/year) and carbon sequestration potential (24.94 t/ha/year). These studies revealed that M. dubia being fast growing species has great potential for carbon sequestration. The progenies with higher sequestration rate can be utilized for further planation programmes.
Performance of agricultural crops under Eucalyptus tereticornis based agroforestry system in semi-arid ecosystem of Haryana
A field experiment was carried out during 2019-20 and 2020-21 to evaluate the crop productivity and light availability under Eucalyptus tereticornis based agrisilviculture system in semi-arid region of Haryana. Clonal eucalypts was established at 8 × 2 m spacing in October 2016, with initial plant height and basal diameter of 48.9 cm and 3.81 mm, respectively. After 3 and 4 years, the trees attained an average height of 16.5 m and 17.8 m, and diameter at breast height (dbh) of 15.5 cm and 17.1 cm, respectively. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with three replications, incorporating two Kharif crops (moong and cowpea) and three Rabi crops (wheat, mustard, and berseem) grown in interspaces. Results revealed a significant decline in yield of all intercrops under eucalypts based agroforestry system compared to sole cropping. After attaining the age of three years, the maximum yield reduction was recorded in mustard (27.8%) and cowpea (27.7%), followed by moong (22.8%), wheat (17.3%), and berseem (15.8%). However, the reduction was more pronounced at the age of four years plantation, with cowpea showing the highest decline (36.3%), followed by mustard (32.4%), moong (31.0%), wheat (29.2%), and berseem (25.4%). The decrease in crop productivity was mainly attributed to reduced solar radiation and increased competition for moisture and nutrients. Light measurements indicated a substantial reduction (54.9-61.9%) in available light intensity under eucalypts canopy compared to open conditions, with the highest reduction observed during the Kharif season. The findings suggest that while Eucalyptus tereticornis based agroforestry systems significantly affect intercrop yields due to shading and resource competition, they remain a viable land-use option if appropriate management practices are adopted.
Monthly variation in the Nutritional and Antinutritional composition of Morus alba leaves
Morus alba is a multipurpose fodder tree recognized for its nutrient-rich foliage and its role in addressing green fodder deficits in livestock systems. The present study assessed the monthly variation in the nutritional, mineral, and anti-nutritional composition of M. alba leaves sampled at monthly intervals from March to October 2016 under a mulberry-based agroforestry system in the mid-hill region of the North Western Himalayas. Leaf samples from fifteen randomly selected trees were analysed for proximate composition, fibre fractions (NDF, ADF, hemicellulose), minerals (Ca and P), and phenolic constituents (total phenols, condensed tannins, hydrolysable tannins) following standard analytical procedures. The results of the study reported that with advancing leaf maturity, crude protein (18.75-15.14%), nitrogen-free extract (50.45-43.09%), organic matter (87.75-85.34%), and phosphorus (0.35-0.21%) declined significantly (p < 0.05), whereas dry matter (25.54-33.50%), crude fibre (18.69-25.81%), total ash (10.25-13.33%), calcium (1.18-2.74%), and condensed tannins (0.94-1.98%) increased progressively. These findings indicate that early maturing M. alba leaves harvested during March to April possess superior nutritive quality and lower anti-nutritional burden, and therefore represent the optimal harvest stage for maximizing forage value in livestock feeding systems in the North-Western Himalayan agroforestry landscapes.
Fodder, Leaves, Maturity, Nutritional, Antinutritional
Phenotypic Variability and Selection of Candidate Plus Trees (CPTs) of Terminalia chebula in Western Vidarbha Region of Maharashtra, India
Hirda (Terminalia chebula Retz.) is one of the most important medicinal plants which has got the focus of the world in past few years due to the use of its fruits in ayurvadic medicines. Because of its increasing demands in the holistic health care system, the selection of high yielding genotypes with high value of phytoconstituents is paramount to ensure sustained supply of quality fruits of the species. the variability studies in T. chebula which is a precursor to the selection of high yielding genotypes, are still in initial stage. The present study was carried out to assess the phenotypic variability and for the selection of Candidate Plus Trees (CPT’s) of T. chebula in Western Vidarbha region of Maharashtra. The extensive survey was conducted in all the five districts (i.e. Akola, Amravati, Buldhana, Yavatmal and Washim) of Western Vidarbha region of Maharashtra, but, T. chebula was found only in Akola and Amravati districts (Malghat area). All together twenty-eight candidates plus trees (CPT’s) were selected from the study area. All these fruit samples were analyzed for its phenotypic variability and fruit yield. On the basis of phenotypic variability twenty-eight trees were selected from the Western Vidarbha region of Maharashtra. The maximum fruit yield was recorded in TC-2 (84kg) followed by TC-15 (80kg) and TC-17 (79kg) while maximum fruit and pulp weight was recorded in TC-6 (38.40gm and 25.70gm) followed by TC-24 (24.17 and 16.87gm) and TC-19 (23.45 and 15.58gm). The smallest size fruits and pulp was recorded in TC-12 (5.12 and 3.06gm) fallowed by TC-8 (8.84 and 5.32gm) and TC-9 (9.06 and 5.87gm). The maximum tree height was recorded in TC-2 (21.50m) followed by TC- 10 (17.50m) and TC-12 (16.60m). While maximum DBH was recorded in genotype TC-15 (84cm) followed by TC-22 (82 cm) and TC-15 (81 cm). The selected CPT’s can be utilized to produce quality planting material for farmers to plant this high value multipurpose agroforestry tree species on the farm boundary, to get extra income as there is a high demand for its fruits.
Species composition, utilization pattern, and socioeconomics of Chakma community home gardens in the southwestern part of Mizoram
The present study documented the species composition, utilization patterns, and socioeconomics of Chakma community home gardens in Mizoram. A total of 44 different species were identified in the studied area, of which 23 were trees, 3 were shrubs, and 18 were herb species belonging to 12 genera and 25 families. This distribution showed a relative prevalence of 52.27% for trees, 6.82% for shrubs, and 40.9% for herbs. The studied home gardens exhibited complex structure, both vertically and horizontally. Five vertical strata (emergent, canopy, understorey, shrub, and herb) were identified, with the highest percentage of species in the emergent stratum, 29.55%, followed by 13.64% in the canopy layer, 9.09% in the sub-canopy layer, 6.82% in the shrub layer, and 40.91% in the herb layer. Cultivated food crops and medicinal plants constituted 24.24% of the 50 surveyed gardens. About 21.21% constituted fruit trees in the studied homegardens. Timber and fuel wood species constituted 9.09% and 7.57%, respectively. Others (i.e., species which are used as fodder, charcoal, oil, etc.) constituted 13.63%. the net income from home garden productivity ranged from Rs 113586 to Rs 174511. These homegardens contribute significantly towards livelihood of Chakma community in the study area by catering subsistence needs of daily household needs and also supports agriculture in case of exigencies through diversified income. Choice of superior species with high market value, use of proper planting arrangement, use of high yielding varieties of crops, proper management of woody species, crop protection measures, proper post harvesting equipments, value addition of products and improved marketing and transportation facilities are some of the measures so as to make the existing homegardens highly productive and sustainable.
Incorporating Gender Dimensions in the Multi-Criteria Management of Homestead Agroforestry in the Kashmir Himalayas
Women play a pivotal yet often underrecognized role in sustaining homestead agroforestry systems. Despite their significant contributions, they continue to face systemic barriers, such as wage disparities, limited access to resources, unfavourable working conditions, and the undervaluation of their labour, which is commonly perceived as unskilled and routine. This study aims to integrate gender perspectives into the multi-criteria management of homestead agroforestry in District Anantnag, Jammu & Kashmir. A multi-stage random sampling approach was adopted to select representative villages, blocks, and 171 households (10% sampling intensity). Primary data were gathered through structured, pre-tested interview schedules and non-participant observation, followed by analysis using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results indicated that material benefits of homestead agroforestry, such as fuelwood, food, and fodder, were rated highest by respondents, whereas non-material benefits (environmental and cultural) were considered moderately important. Approximately 70.18% of women independently managed agroforestry activities, and 52.05% were responsible for organising fruit-related inputs. In contrast, male participation in input planning was 29.24%), and joint family involvement was minimal (2.34%). Women performed nearly 70% of operational tasks (weeding, mulching, cleaning, etc.), yet men dominated income-related decision-making (76.02%), with women contributing only 12.28%). Women also exhibited strong leadership in livestock management (91.23%) and household gardening, participating actively in production (67.25%) and harvesting (50.29%). The major constraints identified were small landholdings, long gestation periods, limited technical knowledge, and the complexity of agroforestry systems. Addressing these gender-specific challenges is crucial for enhancing women’s agency, ensuring equitable participation, and strengthening the overall sustainability of homestead agroforestry systems in the region.
Gender dynamics; Environmental sustainability
Radiation interception, extinction coefficient of radiation and leaf area index of wheat under open and poplar plantation
The study was conducted during the rabi season of 2023-24 at the Research Farms of the Department of Climate Change and Agricultural Meteorology and the Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. The experiment was laid out with split plot design incorporating three sowing dates (20th October, 5th November and 20th November) in main plots and three wheat varieties (PBW 826, HD 3086 and PBW 677) were included in the sub plots and was replicated thrice. The photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and leaf area index were monitored at regular intervals in both growing environments at different phenological stages. PAR interception remained higher under open conditions by 20-29%, than under poplar plantation. The leaf area index was consistently recorded highest in first sowing, under both open (4.45) and poplar plantations (4.19). Among the varieties, PBW 826 exhibited the highest LAI, with 4.65 in open conditions and 4.38 under poplar plantations, outperforming HD 3086 and PBW 677 across all conditions. The extinction coeffecicient (k) was maximum (0.60, 0.45) at anthesis and hard dough stage in first date of sowing followed by second and third date of sowing. Among varieties k value was maximum (0.58,0.41) in variety PBW 826 followed by HD 3086 and PBW 677 at both growth stages. The k value was comparatively lower under poplar plantation at both phenological stages in different treatments. The relationship developed between PAR interception and LAI under both environments exhibited significant R2 value (0.77 & 0.92).
ETHNOBOTANICAL DOCUMENTATION OF MEDICINAL EDIBLE TUBERS USED BY THE KADAR TRIBE IN KALLAR, THIRUVANANTHAPURAM DISTRICT, KERALA
Edible tubers play a vital role in the human diet, particularly in tropical regions, where root and stem tubers serve as important staple energy sources next to cereals. These crops are characterized by their bulky nature and high moisture content (60–90%), which results in high transportation costs, short shelf life, and limited market value, despite being predominantly cultivated in developing countries. The Kadar tribe, a small indigenous community of southern India, traditionally inhabits the hilly forest regions between Cochin in Kerala and Coimbatore in Tamil Nadu. A section of this community has migrated and now resides in the Aranakuzhy settlement of Kallar, located along the foothills of the Ponmudi ranges, from where the present information was documented. The Kadar people are highly dependent on tubers as a major component of their daily diet. While tubers are often regarded as “food of the poor” and commonly consumed varieties include cassava, yams, and taro, the Kadar community follows distinct traditional practices. Notably, they attribute significant medicinal value to edible tubers and deliberately use them not only as food but also as remedies for various ailments, reflecting their rich ethnomedicinal knowledge.
Cross-species infestation and risk of Polyphagozerra coffeae (Nietner, 1861) in sandalwood agroforestry
Globally, the economic potential of Indian sandalwood (Santalum album L.) has attracted increasing interest from countries, government agencies, and industries, leading to significant investments in its cultivation and trade. In India, species has undergone a transition from a strictly protected forestry resource to an agroforestry crop. However, multidimensional challenges such as limited availability of quality planting material, inadequate awareness about cultivation practices, trade regulations and new pest and diseases emergences hampering the wide scale adaptation of this species. Polyphagozerra coffeae, once minor pet turned into major pest over the last decade has started causing severe damage in large-scale plantations, often going undetected during early stages due to lack of awareness about its biology and symptoms of infestation. This review presents a comprehensive overview of P. coffeae with emphasis on its pest status shift, biology, damage symptoms, host range, and distribution, particularly in the context of sandalwood plantations. The pest's occurrence in countries currently expanding S. album cultivation raises concerns over its cross-border threat potential. Due to medicinal applications of sandalwood chemical pesticide, usage to control the insect is forbidden making Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is only possible approach. Key strategies for this is early pest identification and detection, host plant monitoring, plantation hygiene, intercrop planning, Visual diagnostic features and field-level indicators are also provided to aid growers in timely and accurate identification. The insights presented aim to support sustainable sandalwood cultivation and mitigate the growing risks posed by P. coffeae in diversified agroforestry systems.
Influence of plant morphology on microclimate dynamics and resource optimization in multitier Agroforestry systems
Agroforestry systems offer a sustainable approach to enhance microclimate regulation, yet the role of plant morphology in this process remains inadequately explored. The present study aimed to assess the influence of tree morphology on microclimatic modifications under a multitier agroforestry system (AFS) comprising Teak (Tectona grandis) and Karanj (Pongamia pinnata) with intercrops like Pigeon pea and Chickpea. Significant variations were observed in tree height, canopy spread, and basal girth across different treatments, which directly influenced microclimatic parameters such as Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR), temperature, and relative humidity (RH). A positive correlation was recorded between tree height and PAR, similarly between canopy spread and PAR. Maximum RH improvement (10.90%) was observed under Karanj in the Teak+Karanj system, highlighting the role of canopy structure in moisture retention. However, there were significant decreases (maximum by 9.68%) in air temperature under multitier AFS over control. The findings emphasize that appropriate tree selection and spatial arrangement can optimize light availability, air temperature moderation, and humidity regulation, thereby improving the overall microclimatic conditions. It is recommended to promote agroforestry models with species exhibiting suitable morphological traits to maximize ecological and production benefits, particularly in regions prone to climatic stress.
Economic returns of apricot- and cherry-based agroforestry systems with garlic and onion intercrops in the Kashmir Himalayas
Fruit-based agroforestry systems in Kashmir have the potential to improve farm productivity and profitability, yet their performance under different intercrop combinations requires systematic evaluation. The present study was conducted at the experimental field of the Division of Silviculture and Agroforestry, Faculty of Forestry, SKUAST-K, Benhama, Ganderbal, from October 2022 to June 2023. A randomized block design (RBD) was used with three replications and ten treatment combinations involving 3-year-old Apricot (Prunus armeniaca) and Cherry (Prunus avium) plantations. Two intercrops garlic (Allium sativum) and onion (Allium cepa) were grown in different combinations: sole fruit trees, sole intercrops, and integrated tree–crop systems. Growth and yield attributes of garlic and onion, including total biomass, bulb diameter, weight per bulb, and related parameters, were generally higher under sole cropping compared to agroforestry conditions. In contrast, fruit yields of apricot and cherry were higher when both intercrops were grown together, particularly under Apricot + Garlic + Onion (7.57 t ha⁻¹) and Cherry + Garlic + Onion (6.74 t ha⁻¹) treatments. The findings demonstrate that integrating garlic and onion with young apricot and cherry plantations can substantially improve the economic performance of the system. The diversified combinations, particularly Apricot + Garlic + Onion, consistently generated higher returns, indicating that such integrations offer a practical and profitable option for farmers in temperate agroforestry regions.
Evaluation of growth and yield of lemon grass varieties under Arecanut based agroforestry system in Konkan region
Lemon grass (Cymbopogon flexuosus L.) is an aromatic grass belonging to family Poaceae. The present investigation carried out to evaluation of growth and yield of lemon grass varieties under Aracanut based plantation in Konkan region of Maharashtra during year 2019-20 to 2021-22. The experiment consisted of 5 x 5 m of Ten year old Arecanut block plantation with combination of Six varieties of the lemon grass V1 (Chirharita), V2 (Nima), V3 (CKP-25), V4(Krishna), V5(Praman) and V6 (Kaveri ). From the present investigation it can be result revealed that with respect to morphological growth and herbage yield parameter statically significant at 5 % level. The growth and yield parameters such as Plant height, Number of leaves, Number of tillers, essential oil content and herbage yield per plant and per hectare ,T1 (Krishna) variety of lemongrass shows better results when compared to other varieties. A significant variation in areca nut yield (t/ha) was observed among the six lemon grass varieties intercropped with Arecanut during the years 2019–20, 2021–22 and 2022–23 as well as in the pooled data. The results clearly demonstrate that the Krishna (V₄) variety had a pronounced positive influence on areca nut productivity in the intercropping system. Its superior performance across all years indicates a favorable growth compatibility and resource-use efficiency in the arecanut-based agroforestry system
Distribution and diversity of native entomogenous nematodes in Poplar based agroforestry
The identification of native insect associated nematodes that are adapted to local climatic condition is essential for the insect pest control in forestry, agroforestry and agriculture. To find out the distribution and diversity of EPNs and parasitic nematodes, soil samples were collected from Poplar growing regions of Northern provinces of India. The nematodes were isolated from collected soil samples using larvae of greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella. Entomogenous nematodes were recovered from 7.92% soil samples. The nematode species were identified by DNA barcoding procedure using D2/D3 expanse of 28S rDNA region. Out of the recovered nematode samples 78.9% were from Rhabditidae and 21.0% were from Cephalobidae family. A total six nematode species were recovered. Among these, three species namely Metarhabditis rainai, Metarhabditis amsacte and Oscheius myriophilus were facultative EPNs, two species namely Acrobeloides saeedi and Distolabrellus veechi were insect parasitic and one Mesorhabditis sp. was insect phoretic nematode. Diversity indices such as Simpson, Shannon- Weiner, Pielou’s and Margalef’s index were calculated and result revealed that the species richness was the same in all the three states under study, with four species recorded in each state. The obtained native facultative EPNs viz. M. rainai, M. amsacte and O. myriophilus and insect parasitic nematode A. saeedi and D. veechi may be considered as potential bio-control agent against various insect pest in forestry, agroforestry and agriculture. However, field trials are required to validate their effectiveness in the location of their occurrence in the present case.
Dr. Vishal Singh Somvanshi Dr. Vishal Singh Somvanshi
Revolutionizing presentations: The POSTRAL method: A novel approach to effective communication
In the era of digital transformation, the traditional methods of presentation are undergoing a significant shift. On 11.03.2025, R.P. Dwivedi and A. Arunachalam from ICARCAFRI, Jhansi have coined the new term "POSTRAL" to describe a novel presentation method. The term, POSTRAL, a hybrid presentation method, is a ground-breaking approach which combines the benefits of both POSTER and ORAL presentations methods. This article delves into the concept, features, and advantages of the POSTRAL method, highlighting its potential to revolutionize the way we communicate complex information.
Evaluation of turmeric varieties under neem-based agroforestry system in the semi-arid region of Bundelkhand
This study evaluated the performance of five turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) varieties (C1–C5) under a neem-based agroforestry system in the semi-arid region of Bundelkhand across two growing seasons (2023–24 and 2024–25). The experiment compared two growing conditions, G1 (neem-based agroforestry) and G2 (open field), to assess their influence on growth, leaf area, and yield attributes. Results revealed that G1 consistently outperformed G2 in all measured parameters, likely due to a more favourable microclimate under neem shade. Variety C3 emerged as the top performer, recording the highest plant height, leaf area per plant (LAP), and rhizome yield per hectare (RYPH). In 2024–25, C3 under G1 achieved a maximum plant height of 174.50 cm at 170 DAS, LAP of 4958.60 cm², and RYPH of 15.272 t/ha, significantly surpassing other combinations. Statistical analysis confirmed highly significant differences among varieties and growing conditions for most traits. The study highlights strong genotype × environment interactions, with partial shade enhancing vegetative growth and rhizome productivity. These findings underscore the potential of integrating high-performing turmeric varieties like C3 with neem-based agroforestry systems as a sustainable approach to improve turmeric yield and quality in semi-arid regions.
Assessment of agroforestry systems existing in farmers field of Narsinghpur district (Madhya Pradesh)
Agroforestry systems are becoming popular among farmers due to their multiple products and their ability to improve soil productivity and income. Various agroforestry systems have been adopted by farmers in their fields and field bunds. The present study assesses the adoption level of existing agroforestry systems by farmers. A total of 135 farmers from three blocks of Narsinghpur district in the Central Narmada Valley Agroclimatic Zone of Madhya Pradesh were selected using a multistage random sampling method. An extensive survey was conducted to document tree and crop preferences, reasons for adoption, problems associated with agroforestry, and awareness of tree farming using a pretested questionnaire, with data recorded from small, medium, and large farmers. Results indicated that most small farmers practiced the Horti-Agri system (10.37%), while medium (8.15%) and large (8.89%) farmers practiced the Silvi-Agri system. The primary motive for adopting agroforestry was to obtain multiple products (20.74%) to improve livelihood security. After adopting fourteen different agroforestry systems, most farmers reported shade effects (25.19%) on crop yield as the major constraint. Based on landholdings, small, medium, and large farmers adopted bund plantations (30.37%, 14.07%, and 16.30%) and block plantations (2.96%, 1.132%, and 1.71%), respectively. The study concludes that farmers are increasingly inclined toward adopting diverse agroforestry systems.
Impact of soil moisture dynamics on yield of intercrops andnatural gum exudation in rainfed agroforestry system in semi-arid region
The present investigation was carried out in a seven-year-old agroforestry system based on two gum-yielding trees, Acacia nilotica and Acacia senegal, planted at three spacings (10×10 m, 10×5 m, and 5×5 m) under unirrigated (rainfed) conditions in the semi-arid region of Bundelkhand, Central India. The objective of the study was to assess how soil moisture dynamics across different tree spacings influence the yield of intercrops and natural gum exudation under rainfed semi-arid conditions. The study was conducted during 2019–2020, following a cropping sequence of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) in kharif and taramira (Eruca sativa Mill.) in rabi. Soil moisture content was estimated gravimetrically each month throughout the year. Findings revealed that tree species, planting spacing or tree density, and months significantly influenced soil moisture dynamics in the 0–30 cm depth. Soil under A. senegal retained higher moisture compared to A. nilotica. Closer spacing (5×5 m) maintained higher soil moisture than wider spacings (10×5 and 10×10 m). Rainy-season months recorded higher soil moisture than winter and summer. Maximum soil moisture was observed in A. senegal at 5×5 m in October (82.58 mm), while the minimum occurred in A. nilotica at 10×10 m in April (9.39 mm). Incremental growth in GBH, height, and canopy spread varied with spacing. The yield of both intercrops remained unaffected by tree species but was significantly influenced by spacing, with maximum yield at 10×10 m and minimum at 5×5 m. Both tree species naturally exuded gum during summer (May–June). A. senegal produced higher mean gum yield (33.2 g/tree) than A. nilotica (12.6 g/tree), and both species recorded maximum gum yield at 5×5 m spacing. Moisture content showed positive but weak correlations with tree growth, intercrop yield, and gum exudation. Gum yield was positively correlated with incremental tree growth. Overall, good soil moisture from adequate monsoon rainfall is likely to enhance tree growth, intercrop yield, and gum exudation, and spacing of 10×5 m is recommended for optimum resource use in semi-arid agroforestry systems involving A. nilotica and A. senegal.
Effect of Croton macrostachyus trees on yield of maize (Zea mays) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) 22crops in parkland agroforestry in central-Ethiopia
The study was conducted to investigate the effect of scattered Croton macrostachyus trees on the yield of maize and wheat in Miserak Azernat District, Silte Zone, Central Ethiopia, during the 2023–2024 cropping season. The objective was to evaluate the yield and yield components of maize and wheat grown under and outside the canopy of Croton macrostachyus trees. For the crop experiment, two factors were used: crop type (maize and wheat) and three radial distances from the tree (1.5 m, 3.5 m, and 25 m as a control), with each crop replicated four times in an RCBD, giving a total of 24 samples. The three radial distances (1.5 m, 3.5 m, and 25 m) were replicated eight times in a Randomized Complete Block Design. The results revealed that the yield and yield components of wheat and maize were higher under and near the tree canopy than farther from it. Wheat yields increased significantly at 1.5 m by 22 percent, while maize yields were highest at 1.5 m with a 14.6 percent increase compared to 25 m from the tree trunk. The study showed that wheat is a more compatible crop under the canopy of Croton macrostachyus compared to maize. The study concluded that integrating Croton macrostachyus trees with suitable crop combinations could enhance crop yields. The research recommends further studies on tree pollarding, other management practices, and litter quality.
Resilient and sustainable agriculture with enhanced income through agroforestry in Odisha
Agroforestry refers to the intentional integration of trees along with agricultural crops and/or livestock into agricultural landscapes. It represents a multifaceted approach to sustainable land management with profound implications for ecological resilience, economic development, and climate change mitigation. It has good potential to contribute to the achievement of nine Sustainable Development Goals and additional employment generation in rural landscapes through production, processing, and value addition involving a variety of tree products, both wood and non-wood. Globally practiced by around 1.2 billion people, it is getting recognised as a nature-based solution with the ability to mitigate climate change without compromising food security or biodiversity. Describing the contours of agroforestry in India, including actions taken for implementation of the National Agroforestry Policy 2014, this paper deliberates upon the prevalent practices and various initiatives to promote agroforestry in Odisha. Discussing the overall vision and objectives of the Odisha State Agroforestry Policy notified in June 2025, and the strategic initiatives and key stakeholders identified for its implementation, the way forward lists the important action points requiring urgent attention.
Eucalyptus is the most common tree in agroforestry models, with a small percentage also planted on forest lands in India to produce wood for commercial utilization. The tree has come a long way since the 1980s when it was first planted in farmers' fields. Currently, it is the mainstay of wood production in the country. Eucalyptus is an extremely important industrial and commercial tree that needs a detailed assessment of its inventories. The only existing system capturing forest and TOF (Trees Outside Forests) inventories on a regular basis is the FSI biennial reports. Eucalyptus-based agroforestry plantations are often very small in size and fragmented. Eucalyptus is among the prominent trees in many states, for which its inventories related to tree count, growing stock, occurrence in mixed and pure forests, and in agroforestry and non-agroforestry areas are given. This paper reviews Eucalyptus inventories from past FSI biennial reports released to date and supplements FSI data with additional information reported by various states and other reputed institutes, for which some suggestions are made.
Integrated Morphological, Phenotypic, and Biochemical Profiling of Juglans regia Genotypes within Agroforestry Systems of North Western Himalaya
The present investigation, entitled “Morpho-phenotypic and biochemical characterisation of Juglans regia genotypes in the agroforestry systems at Benhama, Ganderbal” was conducted on an eight-year-old walnut plantation with 7m×7m spacing grown along with forage crops. A total of 5 genotypes, CITH-Walnut-1, CITH-Walnut-2, CITH-Walnut-3, Sulaiman and Hamdan were selected as treatments with 4 replications each for the study. The investigations revealed that the cultivar and environment have an impact on flowering characteristics. For all five types of walnuts, the peak blooming dates were found to be in early to mid-April. The maximum values for tree height (3.51 m), tree diameter (12.81 cm), leaf length (17.68 cm), number of male catkins per cluster (4.00), nut diameter (44.66 mm), nut length (46.44 mm), nut weight (24.73 g), kernel weight (13.61 g) and yield (0.71 t ha-1) was recorded for CITH-Walnut-1 genotype. The maximum values for total phenols (47.89 mg/g GAE), flavanols and flavonoids (10.07 mg/g QE), antioxidants (752.42 µM Fe2+/g FW) and oil content (52.14 %) were recorded for CITH-Walnut-3 genotype. GC-MS results showed the presence of many compounds in all five varieties, particularly linoleic acid and palmitic acid. CITH-Walnut-1 outperformed other varieties in terms of growth and yield parameters, while CITH-Walnut-3 outperformed other varieties in terms of biochemical activity. Principal component analysis revealed that three of the four components had eigenvalues larger than unity. The first two components were retained for further analysis, as they account for 81.12% of the total variation. A cluster analysis of five genotypes was conducted to assess the relationships between the selected genotypes in a dendrogram. The cluster dendrogram divided the genotypes into four categories
Agroforestry, Juglans regia, Principal component analysis, cluster analysis
Suitability of Fodder Trees under Silvopastoral Practices: An On-Farm Study from Adimali Panchayath, Kerala Kerala
The research project entitled “Suitability of Fodder Trees under Silvopastoral Practices: An On-Farm Study from Adimali Panchayath, Kerala” was carried out in Adimali Panchayath, Idukki district, Kerala, during 2020–2022. The main objectives were to conduct on-farm trials of silvopastoral practices in selected farmers’ fields and to assess the changes associated with these intercropping systems. In the on-farm trials of silvopastoral practices, treatments consisted of four fodder tree species—Calliandra, Kadamba, Gliricidia, and Mulberry—planted at a spacing of 45 cm × 45 cm, with a cutting frequency of 12 weeks, in a randomized block design with five replications. The results revealed that Gliricidia, Calliandra, Mulberry, and Kadamba produced comparable dry fodder yields under farmland conditions. However, Calliandra recorded the highest annual dry forage yield (7.71 Mg ha⁻¹ yr). Total fresh fodder yield was maximized in Calliandra (29.14 Mg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) and Kadamba (28.02 Mg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹), which were statistically similar but significantly higher than Gliricidia (18.75 Mg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) and Mulberry (13.68 Mg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹). These findings clearly demonstrate the superior biomass productivity of Calliandra and Kadamba under this agroclimatic conditions
Calliandra, Kadamba, Mulberry, Gliricidia, Forage yield
Feasibility of castor (Ricinus communis) under sapota-jatropha based horti-silvi system
The investigation on “Feasibility of Castor (Ricinus communis) under Sapota-Jatropha based Horti-Silvi system” was carried out at Agronomy Farm (Block-E), Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat, during Kharif 2015 and 2016. The experiment was comprised of five treatments and four replications in Randomized Block Design. The eleven years old plantation of Sapota [Manilkara achras (Mill.) Fosberg] planted at 10 x 10 m spacing along with nine year old plantation of Jatropha (Jatropha curcas L.) which was planted at 2.5 x 2.5 m spacing used for intercropping study. Castor (Ricinus communis L.) was grown as an intercrop. The pooled data of two years were presented in respective tables. Growing of Castor crop as sole crop resulted in significant increase in various growth as well as yield parameters as compared to growing under Sapota-Jatropha based horti-silvi system. The plant height (123.25 cm), number of branches per plant (8.13), fresh weight of plant (2875.63 g), dry weight of plant (948.75 g), number of spikes per plant (9.88), number of capsules per spike (80.63), yield per plant (272.00 g), yield per plot (9.00 kg), yield per hectare (2525.00 kg) and total biomass (148.47 q/ha) were registered significantly higher in T5: Castor sole crop, followed by T1: Castor with sole Sapota. Whereas, oil content of castor was found non-significant. The net realization (Rs. 68,343/ha) was found highest in T2: Castor with 100% pruned Jatropha under Sapota-Jatropha based horti-silvi system as compared to Castor sole crop. However, maximum cost benefit ratio (1:2.02) was noted in T5: Castor sole crop as compared to Sapota-Jatropha based horti-silvi system.
Lightning Incidence: Causes, Impact, and Mitigation strategies in terms of Agroforestry Perspectives
Lightning is a powerful natural atmospheric phenomenon that poses severe risks to human life, livestock, crops, and infrastructure, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. In India, where agriculture remains highly dependent on open-field cultivation, lightning incidence has emerged as a major natural hazard causing thousands of deaths annually, along with significant economic and ecological losses. Its impacts extend beyond human casualties to agriculture, forestry, biodiversity, and rural livelihoods. Lightning-induced injuries include burns, neurological damage, and long-term psychological effects, while in plants, it causes tissue combustion, vascular damage, and reduced productivity. Livestock and wild animals also suffer from mass fatalities, whereas avifauna face sudden mortality and habitat destruction. The rising frequency of thunderstorms, attributed to climate change and environmental degradation, further intensifies the risks. Adaptation and mitigation strategies such as lightning protection systems, early warning mechanisms, mobile-based applications, community preparedness, and improved land-use planning are essential to minimize losses. This paper highlights the causes, impacts, and adaptive measures necessary to address lightning hazards with special reference to agroforestry systems.
Diameter class wise apportioned growth and productivity of Melia dubia Cav. under silvi-horticulture system -A case study from south Gujarat
The present investigation entitled was carried out in the year 2022, at Karadi Village, Navsari (Gujarat), situated at situated at 20.923˚N latitude,72.850˚E longitude and at an altitude of 9 m above mean sea level, near Arabian sea. The average height ranged from 11.03 to 16.02 m in DBH class 6.50-9.00 to 24.00-26.50 cm, respectively. Form quotient also varied with DBH class and it ranged from 0.56 to 0.64 in 21.50-24.00 and 9.00-11.50 cm DBH class, respectively. The mean tree volume varied from 0.038 to 0.410 m3 from 6.50-9.00 to 24.00-26.50 cm DBH class, respectively and it showed increasing trend as DBH increased. Whereas, tree volume (m3/tree) and fresh biomass (kg/tree) estimated using regression equation, indicated that the average DBH class wise volume ranged from 0.027 to 0.281 m3/tree under lowest (6.50-9.00 cm) and highest DBH class (24.00-26.50), respectively, whereas, the average fresh biomass varied between 30.87 to 283.47 kg/tree in 6.50-9.00 cm to 24.00-26.50 cm DBH class. At 5 years of age, DBH class wise productivity of volume (m3/ha/year) and biomass (tonne/ha/year) ranged from 4.32 to 44.96 m3/ha/year 4.94 to 45.36 tonne/ha/year under 6.50-9.00 cm and 24.00-26.50 cm DBH class, respectively with overall mean productivity of 22.69 tonne/ha/year. The DBH class wise economic returns on account M. dubia of fresh biomass indicated that Rs. 0.98 lakh/ha could be accrued from DBH class ranging from 6.50-9.00 cm and it could be maximum to the tune of Rs. 1.11 lakhs/ha from the trees having DBH range of 24.00-26.50 cm with overall returns of 5.42 lakhs/ha.
Nutritional Characterization of Leaf Powder of Introduced Moringa oleifera Lam. Genotypes in the Lower Shiwalik Hills of the Western Himalays, India
Moringa oleifera Lam., commonly known as the drumstick or miracle tree, is recognized for its exceptional nutritional and medicinal potential. In this study, six genotypes viz.,PKM1, PKM2, Jodhpur Local, Odisse Local, Mandya Local, and PM1 (Punjab Local) were evaluated under a completely randomized block design with three replications. Leaves were harvested green, shade dried, milled into powder, and analyzed for proximate composition, vitamin content, and macro and micronutrients. Dry matter content ranged from 18.20 ± 0.92 % (PKM 2) to 21.00 ± 1.61 % (Jodhpur Local), and ash content varied between 11.47 ± 0.31 % (Jodhpur Local) and 14.47 ± 0.31 % (PKM 2). Crude protein content was highest in PKM 1 (27.71 ± 2.01 %) and lowest in PM 1 (18.75 ± 2.72 %), while crude fiber ranged from 13.57 ± 1.47 % (PKM 1) to 16.20 ± 0.71 % (Jodhpur Local). The vitamin profile showed considerable variation, with PKM 1 exhibiting the highest values for Vitamin A (16.00 ± 0.50 mg100 g-1), Vitamin B1 (2.62 ± 0.02 mg100 g-1), Vitamin B2 (21.33 ± 0.76 mg100 g-1), Vitamin B3 (8.47 ± 0.31 mg 100 g-1), Vitamin C (17.63 ± 0.67 mg 100 g-1), and Vitamin E (115.33 ± 2.52 mg 100 g-1). Macronutrient content varied notably across genotypes: calcium was highest in PKM 1 (26.33 ± 1.53 mg100 g-1), phosphorus in PM 1 (3.06 ± 0.053 mg 100 g-1), potassium in PM 1 (19.71 ± 0.63 mg100 g-1), magnesium in PM 1 (4.44 ± 0.082 mg100 g-1, sodium in Odisse Local (0.75 ± 0.029 mg 100 g-1), and sulphur in PKM 2 (16.33 ± 0.10 mg 100 g-1). Micronutrient analysis revealed maximum manganese in PKM 1 (51.81 ± 1.89 mg kg-1), zinc in PM 1 (32.11 ± 1.15 mg kg-1), copper in PM 1 (15.15 ± 0.76 mg kg-1), iron in Jodhpur Local (395.67 ± 11.68 mg kg-1), and boron in PKM 1 (52.25 ± 0.87 mg kg-1). These findings demonstrate significant genotypic variation in the nutritional composition of Moringa oleifera Lam., with PKM 1, PKM 2, PM 1, and Jodhpur Local identified as promising candidates for nutritional enhancement and health-based applications.
Effect of 4 HPPD inhibitors on weeds, growth and yield of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) in a custard apple (Annona squamosa) based agri-horticulture system in Mirzapur, Uttar Pradesh
This study aimed to explore the effects of different weed management strategies on pearl millet production and its economic viability during the Kharif season of 2023 at Banaras Hindu University, Mirzapur. The experiment was conducted with ten treatments, which included various herbicides and mechanical methods. At 60 days after sowing (DAS), Atrazine 1.0 kg/ha followed by hand weeding (T1) showed the best results, significantly reducing weed density and dry weight compared to other treatments, with the weedy check performing the worst. T1 also resulted in the highest weed control efficiency, panicle length, and grain yield. Other treatments such as Pendimethalin 1.0 kg/ha fb 1 HW (T2) and combinations with Tembotrione 100 g/ha and 2,4-D 0.75 kg/ha also showed good results, though T1 remained the most effective. Economic analysis suggested that T1 offered the best returns, making it a viable option for enhancing pearl millet productivity in this region. The results support informed decision-making for sustainable and efficient crop management in the agro-climatic conditions of eastern Uttar Pradesh.