The Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition (IJAN) is a peer-reviewed scientific journal owned by the Animal Nutrition Society of India (ANSI). The journal publishes high-quality original research article, reviews, concepts, short communication, innovative methodologies in all the areas of the animal nutrition such as feed technology, nutrient utilization, microbiology, omics, GHG emissions, feed safety in all the livestock species. The journal serves as a platform for disseminating innovative research that leads to the improvement in production, feed efficiency, product quality while minimizing the environmental implications. Aims & scope IJAN welcomes high quality submissions from the researchers, academicians, industries, and policy makers worldwide on the basic, applied and translational aspects of the animal nutrition. The scope of journal is quite diverse and majorly focuses on the Feed resources and evaluation Non-conventional feed resources Feed technology & safety Feed additives & functional feed Nutrient metabolism & requirements Microbiota and host-microbiome interaction Artificial intelligence in feeds and feeding Precision nutrition Nutrition for better production and reproduction Maternal and early life nutrition Enteric methane emissions and mitigation GHG emissions from livestock excreta Carbon footprint of livestock production Environmental pollutants affecting nutrient utilization and production
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Comparative Study of Proximate Composition, Minerals, Vitamins and Fatty Acid Contents in Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822) Reared In Freshwater and Treated Wastewater
The study was conducted to investigate the variation in proximate composition, mineral contents, vitamin contents and fatty acid compositions of Labeo rohita reared in Freshwater (FW) and waste water (WW). The samples were collected from different parts of West Bengal and according to bodyweight of the collected samples they were categorized as 1-500(g) as Group1 and 501-2000 (g) as Group2 for both (FW and WW) reared system. The protein content was significantly higher (P<0.05) in (1-500g) Group1 of WW reared rohu. Sodium and potassium content was significantly higher (P<0.05) in WW reared rohu in both the weight ranges whereas iron content was significantly higher (P<0.05) in FW reared rohu in both the Groups. Group1 (1-500g) contained the higher content of zinc in FW reared rohu. Vitamin A, D, E and K was significantly higher (P<0.05) for Group1 in FW reared rohu. Among PUFA: EPA and DHA was significantly higher (P<0.05) in WW reared rohu for Group2. Results from the present study indicated that proximate, mineral, vitamin and fatty acid contents were similar for both the reared rohu.
Fatty acids, Mineral, Proximate composition, Rohu, Vitamin
Copyright (c) 2026 Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition
Effect of Supplementation of Pomegranate (Punica Granatum) Peel Powder and Multienzyme on Performance of Broiler Chickens
The goal of the current study was to determine the effect of supplementation of pomegranate (Punica granatum) peel powder and multienzyme to broiler chickens' diets on growth performance, carcass characteristics, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen balance and haemato-biochemical parameters. One hundred sixty, day-old Ven cobb 430 broiler chicks were randomly assigned to four treatment groups (T1 to T4), each consisting of four replicates of ten chicks. The control group (T1) received only a non-supplemented basal diet, while groups T2, T3 and T4 were supplemented with 0.5% pomegranate (Punica granatum) peel powder, 0.05% multienzyme and 0.5% pomegranate (Punica granatum) peel powder + 0.05% multienzyme in their basal feed, respectively. Following the feeding study, one bird per replicate under each treatment was chosen at random for use in a 5-day metabolism trial. Blood sample was collected from one bird per replicate for assessment of blood and serum parameters at the end of experimental trial. One broiler bird from each replicate was sacrificed at the end of trial to estimate the different carcass traits and meat quality parameters. The supplementation of pomegranate (Punica granatum) peel powder and multienzyme alone and in combination showed highly significant (P<0.01) effect on body weight, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, performance index, protein efficiency ratio, dry matter digestibility, ether extract digestibility, crude protein digestibility and nitrogen balance. Significant (P<0.05) effect was observed on feed consumption and drip loss. Whereas, dietary inclusion of pomegranate (Punica granatum) peel powder and multienzyme alone and in combination showed non-significant (P>0.05) effect on feed consumption, dressed weight, eviscerated weight, weight of heart, liver, gizzard, giblet, intestine length, pH of meat and water holding capacity, blood (RBC, Haemoglobin, WBC, PCV) and serum (glucose, creatinine, albumin, globulin, total protein, urea, SGPT, SGOT, Ca and P) parameters of broiler birds. Therefore, on the basis of results obtained, the present study revealed that the inclusion of pomegranate (Punica granatum) peel powder @ 0.5% and multienzyme @ 0.05% enhanced the overall performance of broilers.
Broilers, Carcass, Growth Performance, Multienzyme, Pomegranate peel powder.
Insect Meal: A Future Prospect of Source of Protein and Trace Minerals in Practical Feeding of Pigs
Increasing consumption of animal-derived foods is driving higher utilization of protein sources, especially soybean meal and fish meal, thereby straining feed availability. As a renewable resource, insects provide a rich supply of digestible protein, essential amino acids, and important minerals, making them a promising substitute for conventional feeds.Their production can be integrated into circular bio-economy systems through the use of organic waste streams, reducing both feed costs and environmental impact. Among the various insect species assessed, the silkworm pupae (Bombyx mori), housefly larvae (Musca domestica), yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor), and black army fly larvae (Hermetiaillucens) have demonstrated the most potential for inclusion in swine diets. Studies indicate that insect meals can support growth performance, nutrient utilization, immune response, and gut health, while also partially replacing conventional protein sources without compromising productivity. However, large-scale adoption is challenged by regulatory gaps, variation in nutrient profiles, consumer perception, and cost of mass production. Addressing these constraints through standardized processing, safety guidelines, and value-added innovations will determine the role of insects as a viable protein resource in practical pig feeding systems.
Insect meal, Micronutrients, Protein source, Sustainability, Swine nutrition
Nutrient Digestibility and Haemato-Biochemical Profile of Malabari Kids Fed Dairy Based Starter Rations
An experiment was conducted to study the impact of dairy based starter ration on nutrient digestibility and hemato-biochemical profile of pre-weaned Malabari goat kids. Malabari kids (n=18) of fourteen days old of either sex, were selected and were raised under an intensive management system for the period of four months. The experimental kids were randomly assigned to three treatment groups (G1, G2 and G3). Milk was offered upto three months of age for G1 group and upto 45 days of age for both G2 and G3 groups. The kids in G1 were offered conventional starter while dairy based starters were offered to kids in G2 (5% Skimmed milk powder and 15% whey powder) and G3 (10% Skimmed milk powder and 10% whey powder). The daily milk consumption, feed intake and faecal score of kids were recorded. A digestibility trial was conducted for five days duration towards the end of feeding trial. Blood samples were collected at sixth and sixteenth week of the feeding trial. The total DMI of kids were similar (p>0.05) among groups. The kids in G3 had higher (p<0.005) starter DMI than the kids in G2 and G1. The digestibility coefficient of nutrients was found to be similar (p>0.05) among groups. Similar (p>0.05) fortnightly mean faecal condition score was observed in experimental kids maintained on three different dietary regimes. The hemato-biochemical parameters of kids did not vary significantly among groups. Hence, it can be concluded that dairy based starter ration did not adversely impact the health and nutritional status of the kids.
Biochemical profile, Dairy, Digestibility, Faecal condition score, Starter
Effect of Supplementing Organic and Nano Trace Minerals at Reduced Dietary Levels on Broiler Chicken Performance
An Experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of supplementing organic and nano trace minerals (Mn, Cu and Zn) at reduced dietary levels on the growth performance of broiler birds. 240 day-old commercial broiler chicks (Cobb strain) were assigned in equal numbers to five groups consisting of four replicates each. The basal diet was supplemented with inorganic trace minerals (Sulphate’s of Mn, Cu and Zn) at 100% of the standard recommendation to serve as control (ITM-100). Four test diets were prepared by supplementing organic trace minerals (glycinate form) at 75 % (OTM-75) and 50 % (OTM-50) of the standard recommendation and nano trace minerals at 50 % (NTM-50) and 25 % (NTM-25) of the standard recommendation. Each diet prepared for pre-starter (1-7 days), starter (8-21 days) and finisher (22-42 days) phases was offered to birds of four replicates. The results revealed that, there was non-significant difference in cumulative average body weight, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, nutrient metabolizability, blood biochemical parameters, immune response and tibial mineral deposition in broiler chickens among the treatments when compared to the control group (ITM-100) on the 42nd day. Survivability remained comparable among all the groups during all the phases. Mineral balance (Mn, Cu and Zn) was significantly (P< 0.05) influenced by different sources, with reduced levels of these trace minerals showing a notably higher retention percentage in the organic and nano groups compared to the control group. It was concluded that, similar performance levels in broilers can be achieved by using organic or nanoparticle trace minerals at 50% and 25% of the standard recommendation in broilers.
Broiler chicken, Nano and organic forms, Performance, Trace minerals
Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: A Comprehensive Study of Its Effects on Growth Performance and Intestinal Barrier Functions in Broiler Chickens
Nano-trace elements have gained significant attention as a promising, emerging technology in the animal feed industry in recent years. Their minute size allows for enhanced absorption and efficiency compared to conventional zinc counterparts. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) on the growth and intestinal barrier function of broiler chicks. A total of 150 one-day-old straight-run broiler chicks were randomly allotted to 5 dietary treatment groups. The chicks were fed with a basal diet supplemented with 80 mg/kg zinc oxide (control group) or 60 mg/kg zinc methionine, or 60, 40, or 20 mg/kg ZnONPs, respectively, for 35 days., Improved feed conversion ratio (FCR) was recorded in birds fed 20 and 40 mg/kg ZnONPs, among all the treatment groups. The different treatment groups did not affect the feed intake. Compared with the control group, the villus length (VL) and crypt depth (CD) in the duodenum and jejunum were increased in the 20 mg/kg ZnONPs group. In the ileum, CD was significantly higher in all studied doses of ZnONPs. Villi length to crypt depth ratio (V/C) was higher in ZnONPs groups in the duodenum, at 20 mg/kg ZnONPs in the ileum and in the jejunum. Dietary inclusion of ZnONPs showed no significant effects on mRNA expression of the Zona Occludens-1 (ZO-1) gene, while 20 mg/kg ZnONPs significantly upregulated the mucin-2 and claudin-3 genes in the ileal mucosa. The findings of the present study suggest that ZnONPs at a lower dose (20 mg/kg) promote growth and intestinal health.
Broiler, Growth and Intestinal Health, ZnONPs
Impact of Moringa Fodder Supplementation on Serum Mineral Profilein Anaemic Goats
A field study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of feeding Moringa oleifera tree fodder on the recovery rate of anaemia in desi kids under semi-intensive rearing. Twenty Desi kids 6-8 months of age were selected and anaemic status of animals was assessed using FAMACHA chart, further confirmed by haematology study. Twelve animals were selected based on the levels of Haemoglobin and stratified into control (T0) and treatment groups (T1). The samples of Moringa oleifera fodder samples were collected and analysed. Chemical composition of Moringa oleifera fodder in terms of DM, CP, EE, CF and total ash were 20.24 ± 0.30, 25.79 ± 0.99, 5.89 ± 0.12, 11.2 ± 0.51 and 9.63 ± 0.13 percent, respectively. The mineral profile of the Moringa fodder was calcium (1.42 ± 0.06), magnesium (90.23 ± 2.19), copper (6.77 ± 0.59), zinc (45.81 ± 2.64) and iron (512.52 ± 4.4) in ppm. The provocative cause of anaemia eliminated by deworming and ectoparasitic drugs. The feeding trial was started after 48 hours of deworming offering 200g of fresh Moringa in the morning to T1 before allowing for grazing. Simultaneously, T0 was allowed for regular grazing without any supplementation. Haematological parameters after 45 days revealed a significant elevation of serum iron level in the T1 (P = 0.00019) with consequential increase of Haemoglobin (P = 0.01) and PCV (P = 0.02) level when compared to the T0. Zinc level (P = 0.003) in serum also significantly increased reflecting the high concentration of zinc in moringa. The study observed enhancement in recovery rate of anaemic kids with substantial increase of zinc level.
Anaemia, Haemoglobin, Iron, Moringa fodder, Zinc
Effect of Feeding Berseem Fodder Grown Using Natural Farming Practices on Growth, Serum Metabolites, Interleukins and Semen Qualities in Barbari Goats
Berseem fodder (Trifolium alexandrinum) was cultivated using natural farming practices and evaluated in Barbari goats for their effect on growth, serum metabolites, interleukins and semen quality. Ten growing Barbari goats (Avg. BW 19.15± 0.87) age about 10 months were divided into two groups (CON and NAT) of five each as per completely randomized design. Animals of both the group were fed with Bengal gram Straw, concentrate pellet and green Berseem fodder. The goats of CON group was fed with green Berseem cultivated using conventional practices while goats of NAT group was fed with green Berseem cultivated using Natural farming practices The experiment was conducted for 120 days out of which 60 days was for growth study. Serum metabolites and semen quality was studied after 120 days of feeding. The average daily gain (ADG) was 90.33 g for Gr CON while 74.33 g for Gr NAT. Dry matter intake (g) was 766.71 and 759.16 for Gr CON and Gr NAT respectively. Among serum metabolites glucose, protein, albumin, triglycerides, urea was statistically similar among groups. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and cholesterol was lower in goats fed with naturally grown Berseem fodder. Immunity indicators like IL 1, IL6, TNF and total antioxidant was also similar among groups. No difference was reported on semen quality parameters like semen volume, mass motility, live percent and post thaw motility between groups. Present study concluded that feeding Berseem fodder grown using Natural farming practices had no significant effect on growth, metabolites and semen quality.
Influence of Pre-Partum Plane of Nutrition on Nutrient Utilization and Performance in Murrah Buffaloes
Maternal nutritional status pre-partum acts as a determining factor not only for the health status of the off-spring but also, for production yield of upcoming lactation phase, thereby feeding during this time period is of utmost importance. The present study investigated the effect of feeding a high plane of nutrition to prepartum Murrah buffaloes on the birth weight of calves and their performance, nutrient utilization, and blood metabolites. Forty pregnant Murrah (4 months before parturition) buffaloes were divided into four experimental groups based on parity, previous lactation yield and body weight as control (MP and ME levels as per ICAR, 2013 requirements), high metabolizable energy (HME, 30% more ME than ICAR 2013 requirements), high metabolizable protein (HMP, 40% more MP than ICAR 2013 requirements) and high metabolizable protein and metabolizable energy (HMEMP, ME level 30% more and 40% more MP than ICAR 2013) ration respectively, and a feeding trial was conducted till date of parturition. Each animal was provided with a diet consisting of concentrate mixture, green maize fodder, and wheat straw according to the experimental design. Dry matter intake, DMI (kg/100 kg BW) and metabolizable energy intake, MEI (Mcal/100 kg BW) were significantly (P<0.05) highest for HMEMP, followed by HMP, HME and control. Average daily body weight gain was higher (P<0.05) in HMEMP, followed by HME and HMP, with lowest for control group. It was observed that digestibility coefficients (%) of dry matter, organic matter, ether extract, neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre were higher (P<0.05) in groups HMP, HME and HMEMP as compared to the control. It was concluded that feeding an additional 40% protein and 30% energy above ICAR, 2013 requirements during last four months of pregnancy resulted in higher body weight gain and better nutrient digestibility compared to individual diets having high levels of energy or protein.
Birth weight, Digestibility, P of nutrition, Prepartum buffaloes, Transition nutrition
Effect of Xanthophyll Rich Marigold Petal Meal in the Ration ofCommercial Layers on Egg Composition and Quality Characteristics
The study was conducted to determine the effect of xanthophyll rich marigold petal meal (Tagetuserecta L.) on egg composition and quality characteristics. One twenty Hyline commercial layers (24 weeks old) were divided into five groups of four replication each (six birds in each replication) in CRD. The marigold petal meal (MPM) was incorporated ( % ) in the diet of commercial layers at 0 (T1), 3 (T2), 4 (T3), 5 (T4) and 6 (T5) levels.The CP content of experimental diets ranged from 16.53 to 18.82 per cent and MPM contained 12.49 % CP and 11.43% EE and xanthophylls 2400 mg/kg of petal meal. Due to the inclusion of MPM, egg weight was not affected between the groups. There was no significant effect on egg shell thickness fed with different levels of MPM. Even though there was a significant difference in calcium intake between the treatments, Haugh units, yolk index and albumen index were not affected between the treatment groups. Xanthophyll content of egg yolk, yolk colour and crude protein content were higher as the level of MPM increased in the diet. The inclusion of MPM in the commercial layer diet up to 6 per cent level maintained egg quality parameters as that of control group which indicated that MPM can be safely incorporated beyond 6 percent level in the diet of commercial layers as a source of carotene and protein to improve the egg quality parameters.
Egg composition, Egg yolk, Marigold petal meal, Xanthophyll, Yolk index
Copyright (c) 2025 Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition
Effect of Inorganic and Nano Selenium Supplementation on Growth Performanceand Nutrient Utilization in Growing Hariana Heifers
<a title="The present study was conducted to see the effect of inorganic and nano Se supplementation on growth performance and nutrient utilization in Hariana heifers. In present study, control group was not supplemented with any extra amount of Se other than present in the basal diet, T1 group was supplemented with inorganic Se @ 0.3 mg/kg of DM offered, while T2 group was supplemented with nano Se @ 0.3 mg/kg of DM offered. Basal diet offered to experimental groups containing 50% concentrate, 35% green jowar fodder and 15% wheat straw. DM was offered to all experimental group at about 3.5% of the body weight of animals. All groups of animals were fed with basal diet having same levels of nutrients. Body weight and dry matter intake were recorded fortnightly. DMI (kg/day), DMI (kg/100kg BW), TDN intake (g/kg W0.75) and DCP intake (g/kg W0.75) remained similar in all experimental groups. Nutrient digestibility and digestible nutrient intake were not impacted by supplementation of different levels of inorganic and nano Se supplementation to all treatment groups. Average fortnight body weight gain, ADG, metabolic body weight gain was similar in all groups. FCR and FCE were not significantly different between treatment and control group. So, it can be finally concluded that supplementation of Se either from inorganic or by nano source did not exert any adverse effect on growth performance and nutrient utilization." href="https://epubs.icar.org.in/index.php/IJAN/The present study was conducted to see the effect of inorganic and nano Se supplementation on growth performance and nutrient utilization in Hariana heifers. In present study, control group was not supplemented with any extra amount of Se other than present in the basal diet, T1 group was supplemented with inorganic Se @ 0.3 mg/kg of DM offered, while T2 group was supplemented with nano Se @ 0.3 mg/kg of DM offered. Basal diet offered to experimental groups containing 50% concentrate, 35% green jowar fodder and 15% wheat straw. DM was offered to all experimental group at about 3.5% of the body weight of animals. All groups of animals were fed with basal diet having same levels of nutrients. Body weight and dry matter intake were recorded fortnightly. DMI (kg/day), DMI (kg/100kg BW), TDN intake (g/kg W0.75) and DCP intake (g/kg W0.75) remained similar in all experimental groups. Nutrient digestibility and digestible nutrient intake were not impacted by supplementation of different levels of inorganic and nano Se supplementation to all treatment groups. Average fortnight body weight gain, ADG, metabolic body weight gain was similar in all groups. FCR and FCE were not significantly different between treatment and control group. So, it can be finally concluded that supplementation of Se either from inorganic or by nano source did not exert any adverse effect on growth performance and nutrient utilization.">The present study was conducted to see the effect of inorganic and nano Se supplementation on growth performance and nutrient utilization in Hariana heifers. In present study, control group was not supplemented with any extra amount of Se other than present in the basal diet, T1 group was supplemented with inorganic Se @ 0.3 mg/kg of DM offered, while T2 group was supplemented with nano Se @ 0.3 mg/kg of DM offered. Basal diet offered to experimental groups containing 50% concentrate, 35% green jowar fodder and 15% wheat straw. DM was offered to all experimental group at about 3.5% of the body weight of animals. All groups of animals were fed with basal diet having same levels of nutrients. Body weight and dry matter intake were recorded fortnightly. DMI (kg/day), DMI (kg/100kg BW), TDN intake (g/kg W0.75) and DCP intake (g/kg W0.75) remained similar in all experimental groups. Nutrient digestibility and digestible nutrient intake were not impacted by supplementation of different levels of inorganic and nano Se supplementation to all treatment groups. Average fortnight body weight gain, ADG, metabolic body weight gain was similar in all groups. FCR and FCE were not significantly different between treatment and control group. So, it can be finally concluded that supplementation of Se either from inorganic or by nano source did not exert any adverse effect on growth performance and nutrient utilization.
Growth Performance, Heifers, Nano Selenium, Nutrient Utilization
Effect of Feeding Fermented Rapeseed meal on the Serum Biochemical Constituentsand Immune Response of Commercial Broiler Chicken
The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of fermented rapeseed meal on serum biochemical parameters and immune response of commercial broiler chicken. Day old commercial broiler chicks were randomly allotted to 6 dietary treatments with 10 replicates of 5 chicks in each replicate. The birds were raised in battery brooders under uniform management and fed the respective diets from day one to 42 days of age. Control diet for pre starter (1-2 weeks), starter (3-4 weeks) and finisher (5-6 weeks) phases was the standard corn-soyabean meal and remaining 6 experimental diets were prepared by including raw and fermented rapeseed meal at 5, 10 and 15% inclusion level. Blood was collected from one bird per replicate at 37th day of age from brachial vein and serum was separated for estimation of serum biochemical constituents viz., total protein, albumin and globulin, creatinine, alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and to assess the humoral response by measuring antibody titer to ND vaccine. On 40th day, one bird from each replicate was selected randomly to assess the cell mediated immune (CMI) response by inter-digital skin test to phytohaemagglutinin phosphate (PHA-P). The data was subjected to one way analysis of variance and difference between the means was tested using Duncan’s multiple range test. Serum albumin, globulin, creatinine, AST/ALT ratio were not affected while inclusion of RSM/FRSM upto 15% in diet, while serum total protein was higher (P<0.05) in birds fed on 10% FRSM diet and remaining groups were comparable with control diet fed birds. Incorporation of RSM and FRSM at different levels did not affect antibody (log2) titres against ND vaccine and CMI response when compared to control diet fed birds, It is concluded that fermented rapeseed meal can be included in diets upto 15% without any adverse effects on serum biochemical characters and immune response.
Cell mediated immunity, Fermented rape seed meal, Humoral immunity, Serum biochemical parameters
Nutrient Utilization and Growth Performance of Jalauni Lambs Grazed on ThreeTier Silvipasture System
Seasonal variation in chemical composition as well as nutrient utilization and growthperformance of Jalauni lambs were studied under grazing on three tier silvipasture consisting(stocking rate of 2ACU/ha) of grass (C.ciliaris),legume (S.seabrana), shrubs (Z.xylopyrus,Z.mauritiana, A.Catechu) and tree (Hardiwickia binata) during growing (August-October) aswell as post-growing (November-January) seasons in Bundelkhand region along withsupplementation (1% of body weight) of concentrate mixture. Average dry matter (DM) contentof pasture forages increased with advancement of maturity from 42.89% during growing seasonto 52.59% in post growing season, with concomitant increase in neutral detergent fiber (NDF)content from 57.67% to 61.36%, and reduction in crude protein(CP) content from 11.55% to8.64%. DM intake was significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher in growing than post growing season.Similarly, digestibility of nutrients namely DM, OM, NDF and CP were higher in growingseason than post growing season. Intake (g/W0.75) of digestible crude protein (DCP) was higher(6.15) in September as compared to December (3.74). Metabolizable energy (ME) intake (kj/W0.75 ) also followed the same trend. Daily live weight gain (g/d) was also significantly (P&lt;0.05)higher in growing season than post growing season. It was concluded that nutrient intake,nutrient utilization and growth performance were significantly (P&lt;0.05) affected during postgrowing season due to deterioration of nutritive value of available pasture biomass which wasreflected from lower digestible nutrient intake and body weight gain in Jalauni lambs
Chemical composition, Growth performance, Jalauni lambs, Nutrient utilization, Seasonal variation, Three tier silvipasture
Effect of Three Different Forms of Zinc on Growth Performance, Digestibility,Blood Profiles and Antioxidant Status of Sahiwal Heifers
The current study was designed to investigate the impact of dietary supplementation of organic and nano zinc on the performance of Sahiwal heifers. A total of twenty young Sahiwal heifers were randomly assigned into four groups having five animals based on body weight and age for a period of 90 days. The control group was given on a basal diet whereas, group T1 was supplemented basal diet with 40mg/kg DM Zn glycinate, group T2 was supplemented basal diet with 40mg/kg DM Zn peptide, and group T3 was supplemented with a basal diet with 20mg/kg DM nano Zn oxide. The dietary requirements of the heifers were adequately met by providing a ration consisting of concentrate, jowar (Sorghum) fodder, and wheat straw in a 50:30:20 ratio on a dry matter (DM) basis.No effect on DMI, Feed conversion ratio (FCR), Feed conversion efficiency (FCE) but ADG was significantly higher (P<0.05) in the nano zinc-supplemented group. There was no significant effect (P>0.05) on blood parameters except MCHC which was significantly higher in nano zinc supplemented groups. Treatment groups showed significantly higher (P<0.05) plasma globulin, ALP, glucose and lower bilirubin, PUN whereas, no significant effect (P>0.05) was found on albumin, total protein, triglycerides, cholesterol, ALT, AST, and creatinine. No effect on plasma minerals except serum zinc level. SOD, FRAP, and total plasma immunoglobulin concentrations were significantly higher in the treatment groups than in the control group. Finally, it may be concluded that nano Zn supplementation @20ppm and Zn pep @40ppm can be supplemented in heifer’s diet for better performance without adversely affecting nutrient digestibility, blood profile, and antioxidant status.
Heifers,Nano zinc, organic zinc, haematology, immune response
Calcium, Phosphorus and Magnesium, but not Protein alone, Drive Growth in Pre-pubertal Captive Grasscutters (Thryonomys swinderianus)
This study examined the interactive effects of dietary crude protein (CP), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), and magnesium (Mg) on pre-pubertal growth in captive grasscutters. Fifty weaned grasscutters (6 weeks old; initial mean weight 0.582 kg) were assigned to a 5 × 2 factorial design (diets × sex; n=10/treatment, 1:1 sex ratio). Treatments comprised four pelleted concentrate diets and fresh elephant grass (control, mimicking farmers' practice): Diet 1 (15% CP, 1.2% Ca, 0.6% P, 0.3% Mg); Diet 2 (15% CP, 1.5% Ca, 0.75% P, 0.33% Mg); Diet 3 (18% CP, 1.2% Ca, 0.6% P, 0.3% Mg); Diet 4 (18% CP, 1.5% Ca, 0.75% P, 0.33% Mg); elephant grass (11.37% CP, 0.9% Ca, 0.19% P, 0.13% Mg). Dietary CP influenced feed intake: Diets 1 and 2 (110.4 g/d) > Diets 3 and 4 (103.0 g/d), but elephant grass provoked the highest intake (160.1 g/d). Mineral synergies showed no clear feed intake effects (e.g., Diet 4 = 102.2 g/d vs. Diet 3 = 103.8 g/d; Diet 2 = 109.1 g/d vs. Diet 1 = 111.7 g/d). Water consumption increased with elevated mineral levels: Diets 2 and 4 (114.3 ml/d) > Diets 1 and 3 (106.7 ml/d). At 15% CP, elevated minerals (Diet 2) boosted average daily gain (0.013 kg vs. 0.010 kg), total weight gain (1.540 kg vs. 1.240 kg), and final body weight (2.132 kg vs. 1.808 kg) compared to Diet 1. At 18% CP, minerals had minimal impact (Diet 4 vs. Diet 3: 0.014 kg vs. 0.014 kg daily gain; 1.736 kg vs. 1.693 kg total gain; 2.317 kg vs. 2.275 kg final weight). It is concluded that synergies of elevated Ca, P, and Mg drive growth in CP-restricted diets (≤15%) beyond CP alone, and even at 18% CP, a mineral threshold is required to optimize pre-pubertal growth of captive grasscutter.
Pre-pubertal grasscutter, CP-Ca-P-Mg synergy, Pelleted diet, Growth performance
Mycotoxin Management in Animal Feed Research Trends: Scientometric Analysis
Mycotoxins are hazardous secondary metabolites produced by fungus that contaminate animal feed and have the potential to seriously impair food safety, animal health, and the global food supply chain. Over the past ten years, there has been an increase in scientific interest in mycotoxin contamination in feed systems. In order to examine global shifts in research trends pertaining to mycotoxin control in animal feed, this study used a scientometric approach. We performed a search on the bibliographic data in the PubMed database and analyzed it using the Biblioshiny interface in the Bibliometrix R package to access collaboration networks, to identify the highly productive authors, to analyze publishing trends, and to assess new research areas. The studies show a rise in scientific publications in recent years, indicating the increasing interest in this type of research around the world. There was also significant international participation in some European countries, along with China and the US being some of the leading providers of research outputs. Based on the findings, aflatoxin contamination, food safety, toxicity evaluation, and methodologies for risk management were the key themes of research. All this together suggests that the research effort related to mycotoxins in animal feed is growing, and more scientific collaboration and interdisciplinary approaches are warranted for addressing the challenges associated with animal health and feed safety.
Animal Feed Safety, Contamination of Food, Fungal Feed Security, Mycotoxin Management, Scientometric Analysis
Effect of Concentrate Mixture Containing Varying Levels of Crude Protein on Growth Performance, Serum Biochemical Profile of Punganur Calves
A study was conducted to arrive at the optimum CP content of concentrate mixture for growing Punganur calves based on their growth performance, nutrient digestibility, serum biochemical profile and hormonal status. In a completely randomized design, fifteen growing Punganur calves of 3-4 months of age with average body weight of 29.72±2.96 kg were selected randomly and divided into three homogenous groups with five calves per treatment and fed on Super napier grass adlibitum supplemented with concentrate mixture containing 14 (T1), 16 (T2) and 18% (T3) CP at 1% live weight. The experiment lasted for 90 days. The weight gain (kg) was 20.80, 20.76 and 21.17 in T1, T2 and T3, and the corresponding average daily gain (g) was 233.71, 233.26 and 237.95 in T1, T2 and T3, respectively and was not significantly different among treatments. There was no significant difference in total DMI (g), DMI/kg gain, nutrient digestibility, haematological, serum biochemical constituents, growth hormone, IGF-1, T3 and T4 among the treatment groups. The results of the current study indicated that the concentrate mixture with 14% CP on Super Napier based diet was optimum for Punganur calves.
Growth performance, Nutrient digestibility, Punganur calves
Effect of Feeding Sorghum Hay, Maize Stover and Areca Sheath Based Total Mixed Ration Feed Block (TMRfb) on Nutrient Intake, Digestibility and Cost Economics in Growing Lambs
A comparative study on sorghum hay, maize stover and areca sheath based total mixed ration feed block on voluntary feed intake, digestibility, growth performance and rumen fermentation parameters was conducted in growing lambs. Eighteen non-descript lambs aged 4-6 months with average body weight of 17±0.9kg were randomly allotted to three experimental diets with roughage to concentrate ratio of 60:40. The T1- diet comprised of sorghum hay based TMRfb, T2-diet comprised of maize stover based TMRfb and T3- diet comprised of areca sheath based TMRfb. The average DMI (g/d) of TMRfb varied significantly (P<0.01) from 480.81 (T2) to 738.19 (T1). The ADG (g/d) was significantly (P<0.01) higher in T1 (85.2), compared to T3 (64.3) fallowed by T2 (35.9). The digestibility of DM, OM, and CF was higher in T3 compare to T1 and T2. Digestibility of CP was (P<0.01) higher in T1 and T3 compared to T2. The intake of DCP (g/d), TDN (g/d) and ME (MJ/d) intake were significantly (P<0.01) higher in T1 (69.77, 531.87 and 9.03) as compared to T2 (30.82, 367.07 and 5.39) and T3 (32.85, 362.36 and 5.33). Rumen profiles before and after the experiment such as ammonia nitrogen did not show any significant difference among the treatments and also, however, the rumen pH and TVFA showed significant (P<0.05) difference between the treatments It was observed that, although the chemical composition of maize stover and areca sheath were almost comparable with sorghum hay but areca sheath was having higher energy yielding potential through rumen fermentation and better digestibility. It was concluded from this study that areca sheath could replace crop residues especially in the form of TMRfb for feeding small ruminants.
Average daily gain, Cost economics, Digestibility, Feed block, Hay, Lambs, Rumen parameters, Total mixed ration.
Effect of Varying Levels of Dietary Cation-Anion difference (DCAD) on Nutrient Digestibility and Rumen Fermentation in Deccani Lambs
Experiment was conducted to study the different levels of dietary cation-anion differences (DCAD) on nutrient digestibilities and rumen fermentation pattern of Deccani lambs. Eighteen Deccani lambs (27.58±1.99 kg kg body weight) were selected and randomly allotted to 3 groups, containing 6 animals in each. A sorghum stover based complete ration (50R:50C) was prepared as a basal diet A sorghum stover based complete ration (50R:50C) was prepared as a basal diet. Three experimental rations viz., DCAD-160, DCAD-220 and DCAD-280 were prepared by adding sodium bicarbonate at 0.0, 0.477 and 0.955 % to the basal diet to achieve a DCAD level of 160, 220 and 280mEq/kg DM, respectively. A standard digestibility trial was conducted to assess the nutrient digestibility. At the end, rumen liquor samples were collected from all the animals to study the rumen fermentation pattern. Feeding on varying levels of DCAD had no effect on digestibility of crude protein, ether extract, crude fibre and acid detergent fibre. However, the digestibility of drymatter, organic matter, nitrogen free extract, neutral detergent fibre, hemicellulose and cellulose were lowered (P<0.05) significantly at +280 DCAD level while they were comparable in other two groups. Similarly, the percent TDN in DCAD-280 ration was significantly (P<0.01) lower than DCAD-160 or DCAD-220 rations. The rumen pH and total volatile fatty acids concentrations were comparable among the three experimental rations while, ruminal ammonia nitrogen concentration decreased significantly (P<0.01) in DCAD-280 ration. Thus it was concluded that, the sorghum stover based complete rations containing DCAD level of +220 shall be better for optimum digestibility and rumen fermentation in Deccani lambs.
Evaluation of Growth, Digestibility, and Economic Efficiency of Malabari Kids Fed Complete Diets Containing Spent Cumin (Cuminum Cyminum) Seeds
A three-month feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the growth performance, digestibility, and economic efficiency of Malabari kids fed complete diets incorporating spent cumin (Cuminum Cyminum) seeds. Eighteen Malabari kids, aged 3 to 4 months, were selected from the University Goat and Sheep Farm, Mannuthy, and randomly divided into three groups. Each group was assigned one of three complete rations: T1 (Control) – containing 16% CP and 60% TDN, T2 – containing 10% spent cumin seeds, and T3 – containing 20% spent cumin seeds. All diets were isocaloric and isonitrogenous. The average daily gain (ADG) and total weight gain were significantly higher in the T3 group (46.23 g/day and 3.88 kg) compared to the control (33.13 g/day and 2.78 kg), while the T2 group showed similar growth to both T1 and T3. Total dry matter intake was comparable across groups (20.01, 21.65, and 24.75 kg for T1, T2, and T3, respectively). Feed conversion efficiency was also similar, with values of 7.23, 6.47, and 6.50 for T1, T2, and T3, respectively. A digestibility trial conducted at the end of the feeding period revealed significantly higher dry matter (DM) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) digestibility in T2 and T3 compared to the control (p<0.05). Crude protein (CP) and crude fiber (CF) digestibility were significantly lower in T1 (p<0.01). No significant differences were observed among groups for the digestibility of ether extract (EE), nitrogen-free extract (NFE), organic matter (OM), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF). Feed cost per kg body weight gain was Rs. 164.87, Rs. 136.09, and Rs. 133.12 for T1, T2, and T3, respectively, with no significant differences. It is concluded that the inclusion of 20% spent cumin seeds in the diet is economically viable and enhances growth performance without compromising feed efficiency.
Digestibility, Growth performance, Malabari kids, Spent cumin
Growth Performance and Nutrient Utilization in Transition Sahiwal Calves Supplemented with Chromium, Zinc and Magnesium
Minerals are essential for growth and reproduction and are involved in a large number of digestive, physiological and biosynthetic processes within the body. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of dietary supplementation of chromium (Cr), zinc (Zn) and magnesium (Mg) on the growth performance and nutrients utilization of calves during transition period. A total of 24 Sahiwal calves were randomly allocated into four groups (having six calves in each group) and fed for a transition period of 120 days (15 days of calf age to 135 days of calf age). Experimental calves either received a basal (devoid of supplemental Cr, Zn and Mg as control group) or supplemented with 0.15 mg Cr picolinate/kg BW0.75, 80 mg Zn/calf/day and 1.5 g Mg/calf/day. Experimental calves were monitored daily for feed intake and fortnightly for growth performance. At the end of the study, a digestion trial with 7 days collection period was conducted to study the effect of different treatments on nutrients utilization and mineral absorption. Results indicated that dietary Cr, Zn and Mg supplementation did not exert any effect on growth performance, dry matter intake (DMI), feed intake to gain ratio and apparent nutrient digestibility. However, the absorption of Cr, Zn and Mg was significantly (P<0.05) greater in its respective supplemented group. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of Cr, Zn, or Mg in Sahiwal calves during transition period did not influence growth performance, feed intake or nutrient digestibility but selectively enhanced mineral absorption.
Calves, Growth performance, Nutrients utilization, Mineral absorption, Transition period
In-Vitro, In-Situ and In-Vivo Evaluation of Alfalfa Residue Based Total Mixed Ration Feed Blocks for Sheep
This study explored the potential of Alfalfa nutraceutical residue (ANR) as a protein rich concentrate for growing lambs by conducting In-Vitro, In-Situ and In-Vivo methods. The ANR was high in crude protein (49.25%) and low in crude fiber (0.91%), with Ca: P ratio of 5.67:1.47. In-Situ protein degradability was very slow (RDP:UDP ratio was 10.49:89.51) and the Metabolizable energy (ME) of 4.3 MJ/kg was found. An In-Vivo feeding trial was conducted with 18 male lambs (3-4 months old) divided into three groups: T1 (Control) received Total Mixed Ration feed block (TMRfb) containing groundnut haulms and compounded feed mixture (50:50); T2 replaced 25% of crude protein (CP) with ANR, and T3 replaced 50%. All rations were iso-nitrogenous. Results showed that lambs in T2 (4.28%) and T3 (4.19%) had higher dry matter intake (DMI) than T1 (4.04%), but not varied significantly. Feed efficiency was similar across groups (5.41 to 5.81), but average daily gain (ADG) was higher in T2 (123.69 g/day) compared to T3 (111.29 g/day) and T1 (106.9 g/day). Nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance were comparable among groups. Therefore, ANR can effectively replace up to 50% of crude protein in lamb diets, promoting growth without negatively affecting feed efficiency or nutrient digestibility.
Alfalfa residue, In-Situ, In-Vitro, lambs, Total Mixed Ration feed block
Assessment of Milk Replacer Supplementation on Growth Performance and Mortality in Pre-weaned Lambs under Field Conditions in Guntur District of Andhra Pradesh
Lamb mortality and poor growth rates are the major constrain in sheep farming of Andhra Pradesh where Nellore and Macharla lambs often fail to reach their genetic growth potential due to inadequate maternal milk and limited feed resources. To address this, nutritional interventions such as milk replacer feeding have emerged as practical strategies to supplement maternal milk, improve survivability, and enhance growth in lambs. With this perspective, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Guntur, under the Indian Council of Agricultural Research – Agricultural Technology Application Research Institute (ICAR–ATARI), Zone X sponsored Impactful Interventions programme, conducted a field study to evaluate the effect of milk replacer supplementation on pre-weaning lamb performance. A total of 84 lambs aged 2-3 weeks from 12 flocks with an initial body weight of 4 ± 0.5 kg divided into two groups: Control group (CON) without supplementation and milk replacer (MR) group supplemented with formulated milk replacer procured from the ICAR–National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology (ICAR–NIANP). The MR group lambs were fed with 50-70 grams per day per lamb from 2-14 weeks of age along with maternal milk and ad libitum green fodder. The trail conducted for 14 weeks with regular recording of body weights and mortality. Results revealed that MR lambs attained average body weight of 18.2 kg compared to 13.8 kg in CON group by the end of 16 weeks of age. The MR group recorded significantly (P=0.028) higher average daily gain (133 g/day) compared to CON group (94 g/day), while the mortality was markedly reduced to 7.14% versus 21.4% in non-supplemented lambs. The economic analysis revealed 44% higher net return and cost benefit ratio of 3.44 in MR group. These findings demonstrate that milk replacer supplementation during the pre-weaning period is a farmer-friendly, cost-effective strategy to enhance lamb survival, growth, and overall productivity in smallholder sheep farming systems.
Growth performance, Milk replacer, Mortality, Pre-weaning lambs, Sheep farming
Optimizing Live feed and Weaning Strategies on Growth and Survival of Mystus cavasius Larvae in Captivity
The study describes the performance of Mystus cavasius larvae by feeding live feeds and weaning time of larval feed during their rearing. The larvae of three days old were fed Artemia nauplii, tubifex worm and mixed plankton in triplicate tanks. Tubifex worms were identified as the most effective live feed among the three live feeds evaluated. It significantly (P<0.05) enhanced the larval growth (179 mg) and survival (97%) compared to Artemia nauplii and mixed plankton. The yolk sac absorbed larvae of 3 days old were also stocked in 12 tanks and were fed Artemia naupli. The live feed was withdrawn at the age of 10, 15 and 20 days and fed compound larval feed to know the best age for feeding the larvae with compound feed. A weaning age of 15 days post-hatching (dph) was optimal, facilitating the transition to formulated feed. It significantly enhanced the survival rate compared to the larvae fed with compound feed at the age of 10 dph. These findings may be a framework during large-scale seed production in hatchery. Hence the present study addresses the feeding management in larval rearing of this nutritionally significant species.
Catfish, Mystus cavasius, Live feed, Larval rearing
Exploration of Mineral and Biochemical Status of Dairy Cattle in Pir Panjal Range of North-Western Himalayas, Kashmir
Mineral deficiency is an area specific problem with marked effect on productivity and can only be corrected by suitable supplementation of specific minerals which requires assessment of the mineral status of livestock in specific regions that depends upon the mineral content of available feedstuffs offered to them. This study was conducted to find out the mineral profile of some important feedstuffs and plasma of dairy cattle along with their metabolic parameters in different milk yield groups (yielding milk >10 kg/day, 5-10 kg/day, upto 5 kg/day and dry pregnant) under farmers’ field condition in district Shopian of Kashmir division. A total of 201 blood plasma samples were collected from dairy cattle, selected randomly from 6 different tehsils of two veterinary blocks (Shopian and Keegam) of the district. Also, samples of feeds and fodders most commonly offered to cattle by the dairy farmers were collected separately, pooled tehsil wise and analysed. The chemical composition of the feedstuffs were within prescribed normal ranges, but available fodders contained low P, Mg, Cu and Zn while all the concentrate feed resources were adequate in all the analysed macro- and micro-minerals. All plasma macro-minerals and only Fe among micro-minerals were above the critical levels, while all plasma biochemicals were within normal reference ranges except total protein in all groups of dairy cattle throughout the district. Overall deficiency of Ca, Cu, Mn and Zn exists among 41.56, 80.00, 89.50 and 89.67%, respectively in blood plasma of dairy cattle in the district with higher deficiency prevalence figures for dry pregnant compared to lactating animals. It is concluded that dietary strategy through formulation and supplementation of area specific mineral mixtures to overcome the mineral deficiencies could be a suitable approach for cost effective enhancement of milk productivity in the region.
Biochemistry, Blood plasma, Dairy cattle, Feedstuffs, Jammu & Kashmir, Mineral status
Utilization of Acacia nilotica Pod Meal as a Protein Supplement in Growing Goats
In order to know the effect of feeding babul pods (Acacia nilotica) meal on growth performance of black Bengal goat kid, a growth trial of 75 days was conducted. Eighteen growing male goats (Black Bengal) of 7-8 months old with an average body weight of 10.3 kg were allocated into three dietary treatments (T1, T2, and T3) with six animals in each group. Animals were offered roughage and homemade concentrate feed to meet their nutrient requirements. The concentrate mixture for T1 consisted of 20% maize crushed, 15% mustard cake, 10% groundnut cake, 15% chana besan, 10% rice polish, 25% wheat bran, 2% mineral mixture, 1% salt, and 2% calcite, while T2 and T3 had 10% and 20% Babul pod added respectively, to make the mixture isonitrogenous. On the end of feeding trial three animals were selected from each group for faecal examination. The babul pods having CP 17.34, EE 4.15, CF 15.32, NDF 34.56, ADF 28.25 and ADL 2.32%, respectively. The total phenolics (%, DM) of Acacia nilotica pod meal were 22.45 comprising of TTPh 19.09, CT 1.94, HT 17.15 and NTPh 3.36, respectively. The average body weights and average daily gain (40.72g, 46.82g, 52.04g) were statistically (P>0.05) non-significant. The FCR in relation to DM and CP were statistically (P>0.05) non-significant. The parasitic load was reduced significantly (P<0.05) in T2 and T3 group. The feed cost was higher in T1 group and net profit was higher in T3 group than others. It was concluded that the feeding of babool pod @ 10% and 20% of ration of black Bengal growing goat increased in weight gain by 458-849g and average daily gain increased by 6 -11g/day.
Anti-haemonchus, Babul pods meal, Goats, Performance, Tannin
Dietary Supplementation of Urea Molasses Mineral Block for Enhancing Productive Performance of Dairy Cows
A study was undertaken to assess the effect of supplemental urea molasses mineral block (UMMB) in crossbred cows fed paddy straw-based diet to assess its efficacy on productive performance of lactating cows and enhanced income by farm women in rural areas. In an organized dairy farm, fourteen crossbred cows were randomly divided into two groups (T1 and T2) consisting of seven animals each based on body weight (455±10.55 kg) and milk yield (7.2±0.78 kg). Animals were fed homemade concentrate mixture and paddy straw (40:60). An additional supplementation of block @300 g was offered in animals in T2. Feed intake, milk yield, milk composition was recorded at fortnight intervals in a 3-month lactation trial. Daily DM intake through concentrate and roughage was similar. The milk yield and 4% FCM yield were higher by 16.8% and 20.2%, respectively in supplemented group of animals. The milk constituents viz. fat, SNF and TS were also increased (P<0.05) through UMMB supplementation. The blood biochemical profile except glucose and protein were not influenced by feeding block. The economics of feeding supplemental UMMB revealed that net return over feed cost was 35.7% more than control showing better feed efficiency improved by 12.5% in dairy cows enhancing income of farm women. It was concluded that the supplementation of urea molasses mineral block in paddy straw-based diet economically improved the milk production, milk composition and feed efficiency of lactating crossbred cows in coastal belt of Odisha.
Concentrate, Cow, Fat, Milk, Urea molasses mineral block.
Carbon Quantum Dots Essential Oils Complex as A Substitute for Antibiotic Growth Promoter in Broiler Chicken Diet
Essential oils (EO) are volatile in nature. To maintain their efficacy as antimicrobial compounds, seven EO were complexed with carbon quantum dots (CQEC). The in vitro antimicrobial efficacy in terms of minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of the CQEC was either similar or higher to that of antibiotic growth promoter (AGP i.e. BMD) against common pathogens (Salmonella, E. coli, and Clostridia). To synthesize a complex of CQ-EOs, and assess the antimicrobial activity, and their potential benefits on performance, carcass traits, immune responses, antioxidant variables, and caecal microbiota composition in broiler chicken-fed diets without AGP. Two feeding trials were conducted to study the in vivo efficacy of CQEC as an alternative to BMD. In experiment 1, CQEC was tested at 200 and 250g/ton, while in experiment 2, CQEC was included at 100, 250, 500, and 1000g/ton feed. A positive control (PC) with BMD and a negative control (NC) without BMD or CQEC were fed in both experiments. The diets were in mash form, and each diet was fed to 10 replicates having 25 birds in each floor pen. The results indicated that feed efficiency (FE) reduced significantly in the NC group compared to the PC. The regression analysis indicated nonlinear improvement in FE with supplementation of different concentrations of CQEC to the NC diet. Similarly, nonlinear improvement in immune responses (CMI response and HI titres), and activity of superoxide dismutase, reduced lipid peroxidation and caecal colony count of pathogenic bacteria (E. coli and Salmonella) were observed when CQEC was supplemented to the NC diet. The gut microbiome analysis indicated upregulation of the Bacteroides population in CQEC-supplemented groups compared to the NC group. Based on the results, it is concluded that the broiler performance can be maintained with supplementation of CQEC to the AGP-free NC diet. The improved performance with CQEC supplementation could be due to the reduction in gut pathogens (E coli and Salmonella), improvement in the Bacteroides population in the gut, and improvement in immune and antioxidant variables in broilers fed the alternative compound (CQEC) to AGP.
Antioxidation, Broilers, Carbon quantum, Essential oils, Gut microbiome, Immune responses.,performance.
Effect of Supplementing Feed Emulsifier on the Digestibility of Energy and Performance of Broiler Chicken Fed Sub-Optimal Levels of Metabolizable Energy
Feed emulsifier improves the digestibility of the diet, thereby reducing dietary nutrient requirements. A broiler experiment was conducted to study the effect of supplementing graded concentrations of feed emulsifier on the growth performance, carcass traits, and ileal digestibility of energy in broiler chicken (1- 42d of age) fed sub-optimal levels (less 0.42 MJ/kg) of metabolizable energy (ME). Broiler male chicks (n=1250; Cobb-430) at day old were randomly allotted to five dietary groups, each with 10 replicates having 25 broiler chicks in each pen (replicate). Maize-soybean meal-based diet with the recommended concentrations of nutrients (control diet, CD) was prepared. A basal diet (BD) with sub-optimal concentrations of ME (reduced energy by 0.42 MJ/kg) was prepared. A commercial feed emulsifier (lyso-phosphatidyl choline-5% and phosphatidylcholine–5%) was supplemented to the low energy BD at four graded concentrations (0, 100, 200, and 300g/ton). All the diets were fed ad libitum from day 1 to 42d of age. The performance data indicated a trend of linear (P 0.056) increase in feed efficiency (FE) with the dose of feed emulsifier in the BD. Contrast analysis revealed that the FE at the highest emulsifier concentration (300g/ton) was comparable to that of the CD fed group. The breast meat weight was reduced in groups fed the BD. The ileal digestibility of energy improved with the emulsifier supplementation (100 or 200g/ton) compared to those fed the CD. Based on the results, it is concluded that supplementation of the feed emulsifier (300g/ton) could reduce the dietary requirement of ME (by 0.42 MJ/kg) in the broiler chicken diet without affecting feed efficiency and carcass traits. The beneficial effects of feed emulsifier may partly be associated with the increased ileal digestibility of dietary energy.
Broiler chicken, Carcass parameters, Emulsifier, Energy digestibility Performance.
Replacement of Shell Grit with Stone Grit and Its Effect on Serum, Carcass and Tibia Bone Characteristics in Egg Type Japanese Quails
A trial was conducted for a period of 46 weeks (6-52 weeks) to evaluate the effect of replacing the shell grit with stone grit in the feed of egg type Japanese quails on serum, carcass and bone characteristics. A total of 360 numbers of five week old female Japanese quails were randomly distributed to 5 dietary treatments with 6 replicates of 12 birds each in a completely randomized design. The calcium in the ration was supplied by replacing shell grit at two different levels (50 and 100 %) with stone grit of two particle sizes (2 mm and 4 mm) and the non replacement (100 % shell grit) group was taken as control.At the end of the 52 weeks, 60 birds were slaughtered to study the carcass and bone parameters. Both right and left tibia bones were collected, defatted and dried. Left tibia bones were measured for length and weight and analyzed for total ash, calcium and phosphorous contents. Right tibia bones were tested for bone breaking strength. Serum samples were analyzed for calcium, phosphorous and alkaline phosphatase. The carcass characteristics such as dressing percentage, eviscerated carcass weight, weights of giblet, liver, heart, gizzard as well as intestinal weight and length, levels of serum calcium, phosphorous and alkaline phosphatase did not vary significantly. The particle size or level of replacement of stone grit did not alter the tibia bone parameters such as tibia weight, length, diameter, Seedor index, Robusticity index and bone breaking strength. From this study, it can be concluded that the stone grit is efficient to supply adequate calcium for growth of bone and muscles as that of shell grit and hence the shell grit can be completely replaced with stone grit of size 4 mm in the feed of egg type Japanese quails without compromising the bone quality and carcass yield.
Calcium, Carcass characteristics, Particle size, Stone grit, Tibia bon