Indian Journal of Animal Production and Management
type: channel
description: Official journal of the Indian Society of Animal Production and Management
publisher: The Indian Society of Animal Production and Management
language: en
publication name: Indian Journal of Animal Production and Management
issn: 0970-1524
copyright: Copyright lies with the publisher.
items: Yak Milk Production in North-East India: Prospect of Yak Herding in Arunachal Pradesh
items: Modulation of Oxidative Stress and Haematological Parameters by Peppermint and Lemongrass Essential Oils in Lactating Crossbred Cows
items: Breaking Barriers: Strategies for Overcoming Constraints Faced by Women-led Small-scale Dairy Farm Entrepreneurs in Rural Bangladesh
items: Artificial Intelligence on Farms: Sheep Breed Classification Using Computer Vision
items: A Study on Cost Economics of Incorporation of Moringa oleifera on Growth Performance in Nellore Lambs
items: Effect of Different Levels of Cinnamaldehyde on Haematological and Biochemical Blood Constituents of Vanaraja Chicken
items: Development of a Cost-Effective and High-Efficiency Incubator for Small-Scale Poultry Farmers to Maximize Hatchability and Brood Quality
items: Effect of Linseed (Linum usitatissimum) Meal on Productive Traits and Biochemical Blood Constituents of Vanaraja Birds
items: Production performance and economics of Khaki Campbell ducks in the backyard system of rearing at the NICRA-adopted village in Darrang district of Assam
items: Performance of Uttara chicken supplemented with lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) and sweet orange peel (Citrus sinensis) powder
items: Feeding Practices in Rearing of Yak and its Bovine Crosses in Ladakh
items: Genetic Analysis of Calf Survivability in Gir Crossbreds
items: Inclusion of Linseed (Linum usitatissimum) Meal on the Performance of Vanaraja Birds
items: Effect of Cottonseed Feeding on the Body Condition Score (BCS) of Murrah Buffaloes under Different Lactation Stages
items: Association of Good Dairy Farming Practices, Welfare and Performance: A Review
items: Exploring the Risks of Copulatory Trauma in Immunocompromised NOD SCID Mice
items: Adoption of Improved Buffalo Husbandry Practices in Peri-Urban Areas of Surat City, Gujarat
items: Effect of Forced Aeration and Turning Method on Manurial Value of Cattle, Goat and Poultry Manure Compost
items: Influence of High Milk Feeding Practices on Feacal Consistency Score and Behaviour of Early Weaned Crossbred Calves
items: Advancing Dairy Herd Health: Predictive Models for Hoof Trimming in Lameness Management
items: Effect of Various Roofing Materials on Physiological Response of Osmanabadi Kids
items: Knowledge Level of Women Dairy Farmers on Dairy Animal Management in Guntur District of Andhra Pradesh
items: Resource Use Efficiency of Pig Production Raised with and Without Open Area During Summer Season
items: Seasonal Prevalence of Major Mastitis Pathogens Isolated from Crossbred Cow Milk Samples in Sub-tropical India
items: Status of Pig Rearing Practices in the Urban Districts of Uttarakhand
items: A Study on the Effect of Housing on Physiological Responses of Nellore Lambs
items: A Study on the Effect of Housing on Parasitic Load of Nellore Lambs
items: Use of ITK in Animal Management by Maldharis in Banni Area of Kachchh
items: Management Interventions to Reduce Incidence of Diarrhoea in Piglets during Pre-Weaning Period
items: Fatty Acid Profile of Milk of Various Indigenous Cattle Breeds in Hot-Arid Region of Rajasthan

Yak Milk Production in North-East India: Prospect of Yak Herding in Arunachal Pradesh
type: item
description: Dairy farming plays a crucial role in achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by contributing to various aspects of sustainability such as household income; increased direct consumption of healthy and nutritious food; women's empowerment and gender equality. The dairy sector in India is dominated by cows and buffalos to produce milk and milk derivatives. However, rearing of Yak is commonly found in certain parts of India like Sikkim, Ladakh and Arunachal Pradesh nestled in lofty peaks of the Himalayas with rugged landscapes. In these climatic zones, yak herding communities have sustained themselves for centuries, preserving their rich cultural heritage. The yak herders have preserved their unique age-old practice of traditional yak rearing and Indigenous knowledge. In these states, the diminishing pastoral communities are engaged in the production of milk and milk derivatives such as fermented cheese and butter derived from yak. From the perspective of yak farming a smaller number of studies were conducted that too in Western countries. In the above context, the present study focuses on understanding the present scenario and prospects of yak herding relative to their current dairy products marketing and production models. The study also emphasizes the problems and opportunities in the field of yak herding in Northeast India, with special reference to Arunachal Pradesh.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Tenzin Choephel
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 The Publisher https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2024-10-02
publication date: 2024-10-02
starting page: 237
ending page: 242
doi: 10.48165/ijapm.2024.40.4.4

Modulation of Oxidative Stress and Haematological Parameters by Peppermint and Lemongrass Essential Oils in Lactating Crossbred Cows
type: item
description: This study evaluated the impact of dietary supplementation with peppermint and lemongrass essential oils (EOs) on various biochemical parameters in lactating dairy cattle over 90 days. The experiment was conducted at the Instructional Dairy Farm, GBPUA&T, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India, and involved 18 animals divided into three groups. The control group (T0) animals received a basal diet, while in T1 group animals, concentrate was supplemented with 0.1% peppermint EO and T2 groups with 0.1% lemongrass EO. Blood samples were collected on day 0, and after 30, 60, and 90 days for the study of hematological and antioxidant parameters. Hematological parameters viz. Hb, TEC, PCV, eosinophil, monocyte, platelets, MCV, MCH, and MCHC, remained within normal ranges across all groups, with no significant differences observed. However, TLC and neutrophil concentrations were significantly (P<0.05) lower, and lymphocytes were significantly (P<0.05) higher in the lemongrass EO group (T2) compared to the control group (T0). Antioxidant analysis revealed that SOD levels were significantly (P ≤ 0.01) higher in lemongrass EO group (T2), while LPO levels were significantly (P ≤ 0.01) lower in T2 compared to T0. Overall, the results suggested that lemongrass oil supplementation improves immunity and antioxidant status in dairy cattle without significantly affecting hematological parameters.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Antioxidants
  topic: keywords
subject: Crossbred lactating cattle
  topic: keywords
subject: Hematology
  topic: keywords
subject: Lemongrass oil
  topic: keywords
subject: Peppermint oil
  topic: keywords
creator: Jyoti Palod
creator: Gautami Sarma
creator: Sanjay Kumar
creator: S. K. Singh
creator: Sunil Kumar
creator: R.K. Sharma
creator: Shive Kumar
creator: Anita Arya
creator: Sumit Gangwar
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 The Publisher https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2024-10-02
publication date: 2024-10-02
starting page: 285
ending page: 291
doi: 10.48165/ijapm.2024.40.4.11

Breaking Barriers: Strategies for Overcoming Constraints Faced by Women-led Small-scale Dairy Farm Entrepreneurs in Rural Bangladesh
type: item
description: Rural household-based dairy farming is a crucial component of meeting the national demand for nutrition. Despite the significant contributions women have made to agriculture, particularly in dairy farming, gender discrimination persists in access to resources and services, making it challenging to operate dairy farming effectively. An exploratory qualitative research project was conducted in four different areas of Panchgarh district in Bangladesh to identify the constraints rural women face in dairy farming and gather their suggestions for overcoming them. Data was collected through Focus Group Discussions and analyzed using NVivo v.14, revealing six recurring constraints: high input prices, financial challenges, inadequate marketing facilities, limited training opportunities, inadequate livestock health services, and lack of social support. To address these constraints, women in dairy farming expressed a desire for effective support in financial, marketing facilities, training, livestock health treatment, and community support, which may motivate them to continue farming and even strengthen their entrepreneurship. For this, policymakers must prioritize finding ways to provide work-life balance for rural dairy women to sustain dairy entrepreneurship among them. Both government organizations and non-governmental organizations must also ensure comprehensive financial, institutional, and social support systems. Developing an action plan to address these suggestions and implementing appropriate actions is nothing but a demand of time.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Rural women
  topic: keywords
subject: Dairy farmers
  topic: keywords
subject: Bangladesh
  topic: keywords
subject: Constraints
  topic: keywords
subject: Suggestions
  topic: keywords
creator: Nusrat Jahan
creator: Md Mahbubul Alam
creator: Md Sekender Ali
creator: Mohammed Shofi Ullah Mazumder
creator: Md Mizanur Rahman Sarker
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 The Publisher https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2024-10-02
publication date: 2024-10-02
starting page: 269
ending page: 278
doi: 10.48165/ijapm.2024.40.4.9

Artificial Intelligence on Farms: Sheep Breed Classification Using Computer Vision
type: item
description: As the challenges of population explosion, food security and climate change become more pressing, there is a dire need to produce more food. Since animal husbandry is a crucial part of agriculture, production per farm has to also increase substantially over the next few years. This is especially important for developing countries where the introduction of technology and automation can remove drudgery, improve efficiency and reduce labour. An important part of this is the use of images for automatic animal monitoring. This research was therefore undertaken to classify four breeds using three artificial intelligence algorithms; K-nearest neighbours, Support Vector Machines and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) which were evaluated and ranked. We thus developed three deployable models for image classification among which pre-trained CNNs had the highest accuracy of 0.90. We conclude that image classification therefore is useful for automatic animal classification and monitoring. This would help improve the production potential of farms through the automation of farm tasks.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Ambreen Hamadani
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 The Publisher https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2024-10-02
publication date: 2024-10-02
starting page: 260
ending page: 268
doi: 10.48165/ijapm.2024.40.4.8

A Study on Cost Economics of Incorporation of Moringa oleifera on Growth Performance in Nellore Lambs
type: item
description: Sheep is one of the important livestock species which make a valuable contribution to the livelihood of the economically weaker sections of the society by providing income and nutritional security. Moringa oleifera is one of the potential tree forages which can be used as livestock feed due to its faster growth and higher nutritional attributes. The present study was conducted on 18 post weaned Nellore lambs of 3 months old having similar body weights, divided into three groups with 6 lambs in each group for a period of 90 days to study the effect of Moringa oleifera leaf meal (MOLM) as a protein supplement on growth performance and to evaluate the cost economics. T0, T1 and T2 are the experimental diets having MOLM at 0,15 and 30 per cent conventional protein replacement levels. The cost of feed per kg body weight gain in growing Nellore lambs fed with experimental diets was Rs.131.34, 111.15 and 105.44, respectively for T0, T1 and T2 diets. The total cost and cost of production per one kg of meat was lower in T1 and T2 group lambs which received concentrate mixture containing MOLM than control group lambs. Hence, it is recommended that MOLM can be a cheaper substitute for conventional protein supplements up to 30% level in the diets of growing Nellore lambs.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: MATHA KALYANA CHAKRAVARTHI
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 The Publisher https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2024-10-02
publication date: 2024-10-02
starting page: 256
ending page: 259
doi: 10.48165/ijapm.2024.40.4.7

Effect of Different Levels of Cinnamaldehyde on Haematological and Biochemical Blood Constituents of Vanaraja Chicken
type: item
description: A total of 60 day old sexed-female Vanaraja chicks were reared for 0-34 weeks of age. Birds were divided randomly into three dietary treatments composed of 20 birds per group with 5 replicates each. The experimental treatments were fed: basal diet T1, 2.5g of cinnamaldehyde T2, and 5g of cinnamaldehyde T3 per kg feed. The blood sample was taken on the 4th and 8th month to examine haematological and biochemical parameters. At the end of the experimental trial, it has been observed that chicken fed with cinnamaldehyde had a lower level of haemoglobin, Packed cell volume, cholesterol, Low Density Lipoprotein, triglyceride, and glucose. However, there was no significant difference in High Density Lipoprotein among the treatment groups. In conclusion, using cinnamaldehyde as a dietary supplement helps in the reduction of certain blood constituents of Vanaraja birds.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Thejanuo Rio
creator: V.K. Vidyarthi
creator: Drusilla Jishing Rengma
creator: Rameshwar
creator: Jongpongrenla Jamir
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 The Publisher https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2024-10-02
publication date: 2024-10-02
starting page: 251
ending page: 255
doi: 10.48165/ijapm.2024.40.4.6

Development of a Cost-Effective and High-Efficiency Incubator for Small-Scale Poultry Farmers to Maximize Hatchability and Brood Quality
type: item
description: Today, small-scale poultry farming plays a significant role in meeting the global demand for poultry products. It is no secret that small-scale farmers' profitability is strongly impacted by the effectiveness of egg incubation, a key stage in poultry production. Brood quality and hatchability are strongly affected by temperature, humidity, ventilation, and turning during the incubation stage. Considering all these factors, designing an accurate, affordable, and effective incubator has become a challenging task. Incubation systems are now widely used by large-scale chicken farmers but small-scale poultry producers do not employ them as frequently. The lack of finance and technology has hindered the efforts of numerous small-scale chicken farmers who have expressed interest in employing incubation systems. Taking all these factors into consideration, this research has developed a highly efficient and cost-effective egg incubator that satisfies the special needs of small-scale poultry farmers to solve those problems. The results of this studyshowed remarkable efficiency of up to 90% with a high yield of eggs stored in the compact incubator by maintaining optimal conditions of temperature, humidity, ventilation, egg turning, and other critical factors. In addition, this creative approach can contribute more to the growth of small-scale farmers' economy and to meet the global demand for poultry products
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: egg incubator
  topic: keywords
subject: hatching time
  topic: keywords
subject: poultry production
  topic: keywords
subject: small-scale farmers
  topic: keywords
creator: Chamod Rathnayake
creator: Sandeepa Herath
creator: Sandamal Pathirana
creator: G.W.A.S. Lakmini
creator: Sanjaya Thilakarathne
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 The Publisher https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2024-10-02
publication date: 2024-10-02
starting page: 243
ending page: 250
doi: 10.48165/ijapm.2024.40.4.5

Effect of Linseed (Linum usitatissimum) Meal on Productive Traits and Biochemical Blood Constituents of Vanaraja Birds
type: item
description: An experiment was carried out with the objective of studying the performance of Vanaraja birds as influenced by the dietary inclusion of linseed meal by replacing GNC. The study was conducted with 120 female Vanaraja chicks which were randomly divided into four groups designated as T1(control), T2, T3, and T4, and subjected to four dietary levels of linseed meal by replacing GNC at the rate of 0%, 4%, 8%, and 12%, respectively. The birds were reared under deep litter system up to 8 weeks of age and thereafter in cages following standard management practices. Linseed meal had a significant effect on the overall mean body weight, gain in weight, feed intake, and feed conversion efficiency. The overall mean body weight and gain in weight was found to be significantly (p<0.05) higher in T1 followed by T2, T4, and the least in T3. Significantly (p<0.05) lower feed intake, better mean FCR and performance index was observed at4% level of linseed meal as compared to the control group. Mortality was nil in treated groups while it was 3.4 % in control group. Inclusion of linseed meal by replacing GNC had positive effect (p<0.05) on the blood cholesterol, HDL and triglycerides both at 4th and 9th month particularly at 8 % level. On the basis of the above findings, it was concluded that replacement of GNC with linseed meal had positive effect on the performance of Vanaraja birds particularly the blood constituents, which is indicative of its potential health benefits
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: M. Catherine Rutsa Rutsa
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 The Publisher https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2024-10-02
publication date: 2024-10-02
starting page: 230
ending page: 236
doi: 10.48165/ijapm.2024.40.4.3

Production performance and economics of Khaki Campbell ducks in the backyard system of rearing at the NICRA-adopted village in Darrang district of Assam
type: item
description: This research paper evaluates the production performance and economic viability of Khaki Campbell ducks in backyard farming systems at NICRA-adopted flood-prone village in the Darrang district of Assam. The study investigates key productivity metrics such as egg production rates, growth performance, and survival rates, alongside economic factors including input costs, labor requirements, and market returns. The integration of Khaki Campbell ducks, renowned for their high egg yield and resilience, is explored as a sustainable agricultural practice that aligns with the objectives of the National Innovations in Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA) project. Findings indicate that Khaki Campbell ducks perform well in backyard systems, with notable egg production and robust growth. The mean body weight at 30 weeks was 1.82±8.4 kg, and the average age at first egg was 163±4.3 days. Throughout the study period, the mean egg production was 185.5±5.1, and the mean mortality rate was 12.5%. Economically, the practice is viable with a B:C ratio of 2.07, showing favorable returns compared to the investment and labor involved. The research highlights the potential for these ducks to enhance household income and nutritional security, contributing to greater agricultural resilience against climate variability. These insights provide valuable guidance for policymakers and rural development initiatives aiming to promote sustainable and climate-resilient agriculture in similar regions.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: ANGSHUMAN SARMAH ANGSHUMAN SARMAH
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 The Publisher https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2024-10-02
publication date: 2024-10-02
starting page: 225
ending page: 229
doi: 10.48165/ijapm.2024.40.4.2

Performance of Uttara chicken supplemented with lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) and sweet orange peel (Citrus sinensis) powder
type: item
description: The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of supplementing lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) and sweet orange peel (Citrus sinensis) powder on the growth performance of Uttara chicken. A total of 160-day-old Uttara chicks were randomly divided into four treatment groups, each consisting of 40 chicks with four replicates per treatment. The chickens were fed different diets: a control diet in treatment T0, 0.5% lemongrass powder in treatment T1, 0.5% sweet orange peel powder in treatment T2, and a combination of 0.5% lemongrass powder and 0.5% sweet orange peel powder in treatment T3. The feeding trial lasted for 12 weeks. The results indicated that the overall body weight gain of birds in the 1004.08 g (T2) group was significantly higher compared to 907.57 g (T0), 927.12 g (T1), and 882.08 g (T3). The feed intake was not affected by either supplementing lemongrass or sweet orange peel powder in feed. Furthermore, the results indicated that the overall feed conversion ratio of birds in the 2.86 (T2) group was significantly better compared to 3.16 (T0), 3.10 (T1), and 3.26 (T3). The study concluded that supplementing with sweet orange peel (T2) had beneficial effects on body weight gain and FCR in Uttara chickens, suggesting its use as a feed supplement for improved profitability.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: growth traits
  topic: keywords
subject: lemongrass powder
  topic: keywords
subject: orange peel powder
  topic: keywords
subject: Uttara chicken
  topic: keywords
creator: Shive Kumar
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 The Publisher https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2024-10-02
publication date: 2024-10-02
starting page: 219
ending page: 224
doi: 10.48165/ijapm.2024.40.4.1

Feeding Practices in Rearing of Yak and its Bovine Crosses in Ladakh
type: item
description: Yak has been very closely associated with the culture, religion, and social fabric of the pastoral people in Ladakh. A study was carried out to document the feeding practices involved in rearing of yak and its bovine crosses in Ladakh. Results indicate that availability of fodder was seasonal with the fodder being available only between the months of April to October and had to be stored for harsh winters. Common property resources (CPRs) were found to be the primary and only fodder source and all the yak rearers were feeding a mixed feed including green, dry and home-grown concentrate depending on the availability. Usually, the animals were allowed to graze in the pastures (CPRs) for most of the time and were stall-fed with collected and stored grasses only during extremely harsh winters. During stall-feeding, animals were fed once a day and it was usually a group feeding of different animal species all together. Yak rearers in general lacked the knowledge regarding feed improvement and feeding of mineral mixture but were aware about feeding of salt to animals.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Azmat Alam Khan
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 The Publisher https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2024-07-29
publication date: 2024-07-29
starting page: 211
ending page: 214
doi: 10.48165/ijapm.2024.40.3.13

Genetic Analysis of Calf Survivability in Gir Crossbreds
type: item
description: Data of Gir crossbred calves, maintained at Research cum Development Project on Cattle, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri, for a period from 2005 to 2019 was collected to study effect of genetic and non-genetic factors on survivability traits of calf. The traits studied were cumulative survivability within 0 to 15 days, 0 to 30 days, 0 to 90 days, 0 to 180 days and 0 to 365 days. The least square means of cumulative survivability per cent of Gir crossbred calves at 0 to 15, 0 to 30, 0 to 90, 0 to 180 and 0 to 365 days were 83.27±2.16, 75.40±2.57, 62.29±2.99, 53.96±3.16 and 52.16±3.17, respectively. The period of birth had significant (P<0.05) effect on cumulative survivability trait at ages viz., D 0-30, D 0-90, D 0-180 and D 0-365. Parity of dam and season of birth had non-significant effect on cumulative calf survivability traits. Significant (P<0.05) effect of calves’ sex on survivability traits was recorded at 0-15, 0-30, 0-90, 0-180 and 0-365 days. Birth weight of calf had significant (P<0.01) effect on cumulative calf survivability at 0-15 and 0-30 days after birth. The paternal half sib method was use to estimate heritability for cumulative survivability traits the values were low in magnitude, ranged from 0.06 to 0.113. The genetic correlation between cumulative survivability traits ranges between 0.38 to 0.95. Survivability patterns of calves with different genetic groups in Gir crossbred calves showed non-significant effect.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: MAHENDRA GORAKH MOTE
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 The Publisher https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2024-07-29
publication date: 2024-07-29
starting page: 155
ending page: 161
doi: 10.48165/ijapm.2024.40.3.4

Inclusion of Linseed (Linum usitatissimum) Meal on the Performance of Vanaraja Birds
type: item
description: The present study was carried out with the objective of studying the reproductive performance, blood constituents and economics of rearing Vanaraja birds as influenced by the dietary inclusion of linseed meal. The study was conducted at the poultry unit of the department. A total of 120 female Vanaraja chicks were reared for a period of nine months and were randomly divided into four treatment groups (T1, T2, T3, and T4) of 30 birds, each having five replications per treatment following a randomized block design. They were subjected to four dietary levels of linseed meal, containing 0%, 4%, 8%, and 12%, respectively. The birds were reared under a deep litter system up to 8 weeks of age and thereafter in cages following standard management practices. Initial body weight was recorded at 1 day old, and thereafter it was recorded fortnightly. Feed intake and egg production were recorded daily. The control group had higher egg production, clutch size, and egg weight. Higher yolk weight, albumen weight, and yolk cholesterol were recorded in T3, while group T4 had the maximum HU. The lowest cholesterol and triglycerides were recorded in T4, while the highest HDL and lowest LDL were observed in the control group. The cost of production was highest in T4 and lowest in T2, while higher net profit per bird and net profit per gain were recorded in T3 as compared to the control group.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Drusilla Jishing Rengma
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 The Publisher https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2024-07-29
publication date: 2024-07-29
starting page: 204
ending page: 210
doi: 10.48165/ijapm.2024.40.3.12

Effect of Cottonseed Feeding on the Body Condition Score (BCS) of Murrah Buffaloes under Different Lactation Stages
type: item
description: The present study was envisaged to study the effect of cottonseed feeding on the Body Condition Score (BCS) of Murrah buffaloes. 54 lactating Murrah buffaloes were grouped into three lactation groups of early (0-3 months), mid (3-6 months) and late (>6 month), each group having 18 buffaloes which were further divided into three treatments consisting of dietary regimes of concentrate ration containing 0% cotton seed (T1- Control), concentrate ration containing 10% cottonseed (T2) and concentrate ration containing 15% cottonseed (T3). The feeding trial was performed for a period of 90 days for experimental buffaloes under different treatments of three different lactation stages. Fortnightly Body Condition Scores were recorded. While there were no significant differences in early lactation, in mid lactation there was a significant increase in T2 while T3 was comparable to T1, and in late lactation there was a significant increase in T3 while T2 was similar to control group.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Neha sisodia
creator: Dipin Chander Yadav
creator: Suresh Kumar Chhikara
creator: sajjan Sihag
creator: Sanjay Yadav
creator: Swati Dahiya
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 The Publisher https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2024-07-29
publication date: 2024-07-29
starting page: 150
ending page: 154
doi: 10.48165/ijapm.2024.40.3.3

Association of Good Dairy Farming Practices, Welfare and Performance: A Review
type: item
description: This review underscores the critical role of good dairy farming practices in enhancing both animal welfare and dairy performance. International organizations like the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) and country-specific protocols emphasize the need for tailored Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) to ensure effective and contextually appropriate practices. Advanced housing systems for calves, such as pair and group housing, have shown significant benefits in improving social interaction, cognitive development, and overall health. Effective pain management, particularly during procedures like disbudding, and optimized feeding strategies, including appropriate feed delivery timing and frequency, are crucial for enhancing health and productivity. Proper flooring, such as rubber mats, significantly improves cow comfort by providing a softer surface that reduces the risk of lameness and injuries associated with concrete floors. Effective pen management helps to mitigate dominance issues and minimize stress, leading to better welfare and productivity. Gentle handling practices, involving positive interactions like patting and stroking, significantly enhance animal welfare and milk production compared to aversive methods. Addressing issues such as mold and mycotoxins in feed is also essential for maintaining animal health and avoiding adverse effects on growth and milk production. Overall, adopting comprehensive dairy farming practices that prioritize animal welfare not only improves health and reduces stress but also leads to increased dairy productivity and sustainability, highlighting the interdependence of welfare and performance in the dairy industry.
subject: Review Article
  topic: section
creator: Lalitchandra Manjibhai Sorathiya
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 The Publisher https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2024-07-29
publication date: 2024-07-29
starting page: 134
ending page: 145
doi: 10.48165/ijapm.2024.40.3.1

Exploring the Risks of Copulatory Trauma in Immunocompromised NOD SCID Mice
type: item
description: This report documents a sudden and fatal case of copulatory breeding trauma in a 7-month-old NOD SCID male breeder mouse. While similar injuries in other mouse strains typically result in recovery, the immunocompromised status of NOD SCID mice significantly impairs their healing abilities and heightens their susceptibility to infections. The mouse exhibited acute lethargy, gastrointestinal distress, and penile discharge, leading to death within a few hours. Postmortem examination revealed a significantly distended bladder with hemorrhagic spots, and urine analysis showed numerous motile sperm-like structures. The findings indicate that copulatory trauma was the primary cause of death, emphasizing the need for careful monitoring and preventive measures in breeding management, particularly for immunocompromised strains.
subject: Short Communication
  topic: section
creator: DRISHIYA VATS
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 The Publisher https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2024-07-29
publication date: 2024-07-29
starting page: 215
ending page: 218
doi: 10.48165/ijapm.2024.40.3.14

Adoption of Improved Buffalo Husbandry Practices in Peri-Urban Areas of Surat City, Gujarat
type: item
description: The present study was carried out in the peri-urban areas of Surat city of Gujarat to find out the adoption of improved buffalo husbandry practices. A random sample of 50 buffalo farm owners were selected and interviewed for the interview schedule prepared about adoption of improved dairy husbandry practices in six major aspects of housing, feeding, breeding, health care, milking and calf rearing management was studied. Housing in separate located place (100%), providing proper floor space (98%) and proper height and ventilation (90%) were more adopted in housing practices. Provision of clean and fresh drinking water (100%), feeding extra ration to advance pregnant animals (64%) and feeding balance concentrate mixture on the basis of milk production (64%) were more adopted in feeding management. In adoption of breeding management, keeping watch on oestrus cycle and heat symptoms of animals (100%), artificial insemination of animals (100%) and practicing pregnancy diagnosis between 60-90 days after service (91%) were more adopted by buffalo owners. Observing animals daily for signs of sickness (100%), timely and regularly vaccination (100%) and treatment of reproductive disorders (75%) were more adopted by respondents in health care management practices. In milking and calf rearing practices, washing pails and hands before milking (100%) and regularity in milking time (100%), early solid feeding (100%) and milk feeding to calves up to three months of age (96%) were more adopted by the buffalo owners.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Ghanshyam Prabhulal Sabapara
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 The Publisher https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2024-07-29
publication date: 2024-07-29
starting page: 197
ending page: 203
doi: 10.48165/ijapm.2024.40.3.11

Effect of Forced Aeration and Turning Method on Manurial Value of Cattle, Goat and Poultry Manure Compost
type: item
description: Composting is the transformation of organic material through decomposition in to a biologically humus rich substance suitable for growing plants. The good management of those wastes would be an effective means of organic matter restoration through carbon restitution to the depleted soils through organic amendments. A properly managed composting process can destroy weed seeds, plant pathogens and human pathogens. The main goal of composting is carbon sequestration and enhances soil quality. Compost analysis assures buyers of bulk compost in addition to receiving good value for their money and safe organic fertilizer. Composting has four phases viz., mesophilic (21-45℃, thermophilic (45-68℃), mesophilic-II (<45℃) and maturation phase (Papale et al., 2021). The mesophilic phase also called hot phase, during which heterogeneous group of microorganisms were metabolically active and degrade the soluble compounds like sugars. The second phase is thermophilic phase/curing phase. Mesophilic organism was replaced by thermophilic organism and complex organic matter are degraded at this stage. High temperature in compost destroys the pathogenic organisms and contaminants. Composting is one of the methods used and among this forced aeration and turning method helps to improve the manurial value of compost. The present study is conducted to evaluate the effect of forced aeration and turning method in manurial value of cattle, goat and poultry manure compost.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Geetha N
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 The Publisher https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2024-07-29
publication date: 2024-07-29
starting page: 185
ending page: 190
doi: 10.48165/ijapm.2024.40.3.9

Influence of High Milk Feeding Practices on Feacal Consistency Score and Behaviour of Early Weaned Crossbred Calves
type: item
description: This study investigated the impact of high milk feeding on the body weight of 25 early-weaned crossbred (HF×K) calves at Livestock Research Station, Kamdhenu University, Anand, Gujarat, over 182 days. Calves were divided into five treatment groups with equal numbers of male and female calves. Colostrum was provided for the first 3 days, followed by 4 liters of fresh milk daily for the first two weeks. The total milk quantity offered in T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 was 252, 329, 353.5, 378, 402.5 kg respectively, to study the faecal consistency and behavior of calves. The faecal consistency and behaviour of calves after one hour during morning milk feeding was observed among the experimental calves for milk feeding of 63 days. The observation shown that calves of T5 group (higher quantity of milk feeding) defecate less normal faeces with incidences of water faeces. The calves of T5 group exhibited discomfort sign like; standing up/down, licking and kicking of abdomen after ingesting milk. The high quantity of milk feeding at a stretch (T5) caused behavior abnormality and loose faeces in calves. The feeding of high amount of (T5) is not advisable for the welfare and intestinal health of crossbred calves.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: K.N. Wadhwani
creator: N.K. Thakkar
creator: P.M. Lunagariya
creator: R.J. Modi
creator: J.H. Patel
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 The Publisher https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2024-07-29
publication date: 2024-07-29
starting page: 191
ending page: 196
doi: 10.48165/ijapm.2024.40.3.10

Advancing Dairy Herd Health: Predictive Models for Hoof Trimming in Lameness Management
type: item
description: Hoof lesions and lameness in cattle is currently a serious problem in the dairy industry which significantly affects the health and welfare of animals. Predictive modelling offers a promising solution by leveraging data analytics to anticipate when an animal may require hoof trimming, thereby enhancing proactive lameness management strategies. The aim of this study was to develop models on hoof trimming intervention on lameness in dairy cattle before and after hoof trimming. In this study twenty lame cows were selected and lameness index score was given to them (0-5 score). Lameness index scores were recorded before week of hoof trimming (HT) and after hoof trimming intervention it was recorded on 0thday, 3rdday, 6thday, 8thday,11thday and 14thday. To predict the lameness, best fit models were constructed using different independent variables which were significantly influencing lameness. The reliable model was applied to draw the significant interference based on the coefficient of determination (R²). Only those independent variables which were significantly influencing lameness were used to construct prediction models. Among all the variables used for multiple regression analysis, age, parity, milk yield, milk pH, stage of lactation and dung pH was attributing significantly to the prediction of lameness in all studied lame dairy cows.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Prasanna somerahally basavaraju
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 The Publisher https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2024-07-29
publication date: 2024-07-29
starting page: 180
ending page: 184
doi: 10.48165/ijapm.2024.40.3.8

Effect of Various Roofing Materials on Physiological Response of Osmanabadi Kids
type: item
description: The present study was carried out at Osmanabadi goat unit of Red Kandhari Research and Instructional Farm, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Parbhani, MAFSU, for a period of 90 days. Eighteen Osmanabadi kids were divided into three treatment groups viz T0 (Thatch roof) T1 (Asbestos roof) T2 (FRP sheet roof). The variation in weekly pulse rate, respiration rate and body temperature were recorded in the morning and evening throughout the experiment. The results revealed that the thatch roof shed significantly (P<0.05) reduced pulse rate, respiration rate and body temperature of kids. The study concluded that thatch roof effectively improves environmental temperature and humidity than asbestos roof and FRP sheet roof shed.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: mohd basir ahmed siddiqui
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 The Publisher https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2024-07-29
publication date: 2024-07-29
starting page: 174
ending page: 179
doi: 10.48165/ijapm.2024.40.3.7

Knowledge Level of Women Dairy Farmers on Dairy Animal Management in Guntur District of Andhra Pradesh
type: item
description: An investigation was undertaken to study knowledge level of women dairy farmers on dairy animal management in Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh. A total of 225 randomly selected women dairy farmers in three animal husbandry divisions of Guntur district in Andhra Pradesh viz., Pedaravuru, Guntur and Narasaraopeta. The farm women in the study area had good knowledge regarding importance of Artificial Insemination (96.40%), followed by identifying the animals in estrus (95.10%), importance of treatment of anestrus and repeat breeding animals (92.90%), culling of unproductive animals (87.10%) and pregnancy diagnosis at 3 months after insemination (86.70%). Poor knowledge was observed regarding dry period (20.90%), feeding concentrates according to the level of production (16.00%), strip cup test to detect mastitis (13.78%), urea treatment of paddy straw (4.90%) and practicing of dry cow therapy (4.89%) in the study area.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: anitha alapati
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 The Publisher https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2024-07-29
publication date: 2024-07-29
starting page: 168
ending page: 173
doi: 10.48165/ijapm.2024.40.3.6

Resource Use Efficiency of Pig Production Raised with and Without Open Area During Summer Season
type: item
description: A total of 20 piglets (10 castrated males and 10 females) at 3 months of age with initial body weight of 18.94 ± 1.04 Kg were randomly subjected to minimum limit of floor area recommendations of housing standards (IS: 3916-1966) range of 0.9-1.8 square meter for weaner to finisher pigs. In treatments Tc, pigs were provided with only 0.9 m2 covered floor area per pig without access to open area and in To with covered floor area of 0.9 m2 plus additional equal open floor area (total 1.8 m2 per pig). Result showed that resource use efficiency in terms of saving of 90 % space, 41.23 % labor and 22.05 % water per pig in Tc were significantly (p < 0.01) better than To. However, production cost per kg live weight in To was 5.38 % higher than Tc.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: amit sharma
creator: Kanwar Pal
creator: Sandeep kaswan
creator: JS Hundal
creator: DS Malik
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 The Publisher https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2024-07-29
publication date: 2024-07-29
starting page: 162
ending page: 167
doi: 10.48165/ijapm.2024.40.3.5

Seasonal Prevalence of Major Mastitis Pathogens Isolated from Crossbred Cow Milk Samples in Sub-tropical India
type: item
description: The dairy industry suffers significant financial losses due to mastitis. In order to control and prevent mastitis, it is imperative to continuously monitor the bacteriology, prevalence, and incidence of major mastitis pathogens. Thus, the objective of this research was to find out how often mastitis-causing bacteria were isolated from milk samples of crossbred cows over various seasons in India's sub-tropical environment. 240 milk samples from 80 different cows were collected over the course of three seasons [Hot Dry (April to June), Hot Humid (July to September), and Autumn (October to November)] in order to correlate the prevalence of four main mastitis pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, and Escherichia coli) with the season. The most prevalent isolate during all seasons was Staphylococcus aureus. Our findings demonstrated a discernible relationship between seasonal change and the isolation rate of the bacterium associated with bovine mastitis, with the hot-humid season having the greatest pathogen isolation rate
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Shiwani Tiwari
creator: S. S. Lathwal
creator: Indu Devi
creator: Divyanshu Singh Tomar
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 The Publisher https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2024-07-29
publication date: 2024-07-29
starting page: 146
ending page: 149
doi: 10.48165/ijapm.2024.40.3.2

Status of Pig Rearing Practices in the Urban Districts of Uttarakhand
type: item
description: Uttarakhand, a mountainous state located on the southern slope of the Himalayas, relies heavily on animal husbandry for its economy. However, the piggery sector in the state is unorganized and insufficient to meet the growing demand for pork. Moreover, the increasing urbanization and deforestation in the planar districts have blurred the boundaries between wildlife, livestock and human habitats. This study through a household survey approach aims to determine the socio-economic characteristics of the pig rearing community, the pig husbandry practices they adopt and also assess the ecological impacts of pig farming in urban districts of Uttarakhand. 28 households were surveyed and analysis of the result shows dismal socio-economic condition of the pig rearing community. Furthermore, 28.6% maintained breeding boar of feral origin and 96.94% followed semi-intensive pig rearing practices; hence human settlements have stayed in close association with pigs (domestic and wild) and other domestic animals. The possibility of the emergence of zoonotic disease and its easy transmission to humans has become more prominent in the urban setting. The findings of this study provide a preliminary picture of the current status of pig husbandry practices and challenges faced by piggery sector and government can take into account these crucial insights for a holistic piggery development program in the state.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: KHUSBU SAHU SAHU
creator: DR. S. K. GUPTA
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 The Publisher https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2024-05-25
publication date: 2024-05-25
starting page: 100
ending page: 106
doi: 10.48165/ijapm.2024.40.2.6

A Study on the Effect of Housing on Physiological Responses of Nellore Lambs
type: item
description: A study was carried out to find out the effect of housing on physiological responses of Nellore Jodipi lambs under tropical environmental conditions. Thirty weaned Nellore ram lambs of 3-4 months age were selected based on body weight (average initial body weight) and randomly divided into three groups of ten animals each. The lambs in Group-I were housed with morum flooring and asbestos roofing with tree shade, while Group-II lambs were housed with morum flooring and asbestos roofing without tree shade and Group-III lambs were housed with elevated slatted flooring and galvalume roofing without tree shade. Temperature and humidity values were significantly (P<0.05) different among all the groups. Lower mean maximum temperature (°C) values were observed in group III (35.53±0.28) when compared to group I (36.22±0.27) and II (37.29±0.25) and the lower average maximum relative humidity (%) was 69.59±2.92 in group III followed by group II (69.88±2.94) and I (70.65±2.96). The mean physiological responses viz., rectal temperature, respiration rate and pulse rate were significantly (P<0.05) lower in group III (102.38±1.00°F, 26.25±1.00bpm, 69.07±1.00beats/min.) when compared to group I (102.60±1.00°F, 31.60±1.00bpm, 82.10±1.00beats/min.) and II (102.85±1.00°F, 33.56±1.00bpm, 87.08±1.00beats/min.), respectively. It was concluded that the housing system of elevated slatted flooring with galvalume roofing proved to be effective in controlling heat stress and maintaining normal physiological responses for better growth performance of Nellore ram lambs.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: VISHNU TEJA KASALA
creator: S Sreedhar
creator: Kalyana Chakravarthy
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 The Publisher https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2024-05-21
publication date: 2024-05-21
starting page: 10
ending page: 17
doi: 10.48165/ijapm.2024.40.1.2

A Study on the Effect of Housing on Parasitic Load of Nellore Lambs
type: item
description: A study was carried out to find out the effect of housing on Parasitic load of Nellore Jodipi lambs under tropical environmental conditions. Thirty weaned Nellore ram lambs of 3-4 months age were selected based on body weight and randomly divided into three groups of ten animals each. The parasitic load i.e., Egg per gram (EPG) was determined regularly at every month during entire study period. The faecal egg count was performed by a Mc Master technique. With regard to parasitic load, the prevalence of parasites and eggs per gram (EPG) count were significantly (P<0.05) lower in slatted floor housing system (11.3±3.14) than that of morum floor housing systems (25.6±3.98 and 25.5±3.80). It was concluded that the housing system of elevated slatted flooring with galvalume roofing proved to be effective in controlling reinfestation of parasites and maintain hygiene environment for better performance of Nellore ram lambs.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: VISHNU TEJA KASALA
creator: S Sreedhar
creator: Kalyana Chakravarthy
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 The Publisher https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2024-05-25
publication date: 2024-05-25
starting page: 111
ending page: 114
doi: 10.48165/ijapm.2024.40.2.8

Use of ITK in Animal Management by Maldharis in Banni Area of Kachchh
type: item
description: The present investigation was conducted in the Banni area of Kachchh during 2008 to 2012, which is a vast grazing land spread on the 3847 sq km area. The main source of livelihood in the region is rearing of livestock, handicraft and contract-based animal grazing system. While the education level of Maldharis is 26.50% and lower than national average, their use of ITK in restraining of animals and conservation of natural resources is unique. Various restraining tools used by them are Dan and Nunjan, Vano / Bagari, Pavro, Kutopado, Ango Mochi and Bundho. They also use “kudo” in goat and “Dan” to restrain the movement of camel for grazing and “Bagari” to protect the camel from suckling by the calf. The use of psychological tools like voice produced by different size of bells (mutter or matri) and keeping all the animals in the herd intact during grazing either during day or night hours without any human assistance is the best example of management of animals on the scientific principles. Similarly, harvesting and conservation of rain water in the “Khuriya” is also a unique example of conservation of natural resources. They allow their buffaloes in the dry pond which prevent heat stress and also protection from mosquitoes. They use Khurjadi for transportation of small ruminants, “Dambh” for identification of animals and for housing the calves under the tree shade by making the enclosure called as “Vado.” These techniques are based on scientific principles and have very good impact on animal management
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: A P Chaaudhary Chaudhary
creator: AMIT Kumar SRIVASTAVA
creator: K P Singh
creator: Kanubhai Jivabhai Ankuya
creator: Hasmukh A Patel
creator: Vikarm Kantilal Patel
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 The Publisher https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2024-05-25
publication date: 2024-05-25
starting page: 122
ending page: 127
doi: 10.48165/ijapm.2024.40.2.10

Management Interventions to Reduce Incidence of Diarrhoea in Piglets during Pre-Weaning Period
type: item
description: A study was carried out at an organized pig farm in Kalyani, West Bengal, to assess effectiveness of management practices like teat dipping and floor mopping on reduction of bacterial load and diarrhoeal incidence during pre-weaning period in piglets. Twenty lactating sows of Ghoongroo breed along with their newborn piglets (146 nos.) during pre-weaning period were studied. In group 1 (control) floor of each farrowing pen was washed with normal water. In group 2, additionally teats of each sow were treated with 10% povidone iodine dip. In group 3 floor of each farrowing pen was washed with normal water followed by mopping with 0.25% potassium permanganate. In group 4 both sow teat dipping and sty floor mopping with disinfectant was done. It was observed that the average bacterial load during the total pre-weaning period of 8 weeks was 48.4x103± 5.3 x103 cfu/cm2 in control group, whereas the average bacterial load was 34.0 x103±1.2X103 and 7.18 x102±0.10 x102 cfu/cm2 before and after teat dip application in group 2, and 32.5 x103±1.3 x103 cfu/cm2 and 6.98 x102±0.11 x102 cfu/cm2 in group 4, respectively, indicating positive impact of teat dipping as well as disinfectant floor mopping in reducing the bacterial loads of sow teats. Regular teat dipping and sty floor mopping can improve the body growth of piglets, by reducing the occurrence of piglet diarrhoea. Thus, the chances of economic losses in pig production unit can be reduced.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: NILOTPAL GHOSH
creator: Sukanya Sarkar
creator: Syamal Naskar
creator: Santanu Bera
creator: Iftekar Rahaman
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 The Publisher https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2024-05-25
publication date: 2024-05-25
starting page: 115
ending page: 121
doi: 10.48165/ijapm.2024.40.2.9

Fatty Acid Profile of Milk of Various Indigenous Cattle Breeds in Hot-Arid Region of Rajasthan
type: item
description: The bioactive components refer to compounds either naturally existing in food or introduced during food processing that may have physiological and biochemical functions when consumed by humans and have crucial impacts on human metabolism and beneficial effects on human health, that guard neonates and adults against pathogens and illnesses and Antioxidants may positively affect human health by protecting the body against damage caused by reactive oxygen species, which attack membrane lipids, protein and DNA. Bioactive components encompass proteins, peptides, carbohydrates, lipids, glycolipids and other minor biomolecules i.e. vitamins, lactoferrin, enzymes, immunoglobulin and growth factors. The present study was conducted on fatty acids in milk of various indigenous cattle breeds viz. Kankrej, Sahiwal and Rathi. For fatty acids, 36 milk samples (12 from each breed) were collected from different Livestock Research Station, Bikaner. Fatty acids were measured by GC-MS. The analysis of variance revealed monounsaturated fatty acids and Poly unsaturated fatty acids significantly differed in different indigenous cattle breeds whereas saturated fatty acids did not differ. The present study concluded that the milk from the indigenous cattle breeds viz. Kankrej, Sahiwal, and Rathi have distinct compositions and quantities of different active components which can be harnessed for the promotion of different functional foods based on indigenous cattle milk and further pharmaceutical preparations can be promoted for the benefit of farmers and entrepreneurs
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Navav Singh
creator: Sanjita Sharma
creator: Sita Ram Gupta
creator: Govind Singh Dhakad
creator: Santosh Kumar Rao
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 The Publisher https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2024-05-25
publication date: 2024-05-25
starting page: 63
ending page: 69
doi: 10.48165/ijapm.2024.40.2.1