This journal caters to a wide clientele comprising veterinarians, researchers and students. Articles are included on animal breeding and genetics, immunology, biotechnology, diseases, medicine and pharmacology, anatomy and histology, surgery, pathology, physiology, nutrition, milk, meat and other animal products, housing and fisheries from India and internationally. Indexed in Elsevier Scopus, Clarivate Analytics ESCI, SJIF, DOAJ, Google Scholar and Crossref EDITORIAL BOARD Subscription Information for Print Version
The copyright of the articles published in The Indian Journal of Animal Sciences is vested with the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, which reserves the right to enter into any agreement with any organization in India or abroad, for reprography, photocopying, storage and dissemination of information. The Council has no objection to using the material, provided the information is not being utilized for commercial purposes and wherever the information is being used, proper credit is given to ICAR.
Anthelmintic Efficacy of Aqueous Extract of Coriandrum sativum Seeds on Barbari Goats Naturally Infected with Strongyles
Gastrointestinal parasites in goats are a critical concern for the goat farming industry due to the economic losses associated with nematode infections. With the rising prevalence of anthelmintic resistance, traditional synthetic treatments are becoming increasingly ineffective, prompting the need for sustainable and cost-effective alternatives. Purpose of current study was to explore potential benefits of using an aqueous extract of C. sativum seeds against severe infections in goats. The study involved the selection of 30 goats, aged between 18 and 30 months, which were naturally infected with strongyles, each with more than 1000 eggs per gram. The goats were randomly divided into five groups. Group 1 was control group and not treated. Group 2 was positive control and received closantel at 10 mg/kg body weight orally once. Groups 3, 4 and 5 received single oral doses of the seed extract at 50, 250 and 500 mg/ kg body weight, respectively. Blood and fecal samples were collected from selected goats on day 0 prior to treatment initiation and at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days post-treatment to assess the efficacy of the C. sativum seed extract. On the 28th day after treatment, maximum reduction in eggs per gram and faecal egg count reduction were observed in groups T1 and T4 respectively. The present study revealed that the anthelmintic effect of the seed extract of the plant was dose-dependent, with increased efficacy observed as the dosage was increased.
Copyright (c) 2026 The Indian Journal of Animal Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Phenotypic characterization and performance evaluation of Molai Adu goats in their native tract of Tamil Nadu
This study documented the habitat and characterized the morphological, morphometric, production, and reproductive traits of Molai Adu goats in Tamil Nadu. Data were collected from 699 goats of both sexes across different age groups (birth, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months; 2-tooth, 4-tooth, 6-tooth, and full-mouth stages) through field surveys conducted in 29 villages within the Gobichettipalayam, Perundurai, Nambiyur, Bhavani, and Erode blocks of Erode district. Morphological traits, body weights, and linear body measurements were recorded, and information on reproductive was obtained through direct observation and farmer interviews. Molai Adu goats are medium-sized, predominantly white in colour with occasional light brown patches. The pooled means for height at withers at 2-tooth, 4-tooth, 6-tooth, and full-mouth stages were 61.25 ± 0.14, 63.92 ± 0.62, 65.96 ± 0.14, and 68.44 ± 0.26 cm, respectively. Corresponding chest girth values were 66.26 ± 0.22, 70.81 ± 0.58, 72.18 ± 0.26, and 74.02 ± 0.24 cm. The least-squares means for body weight across sexes were 25.28 ± 0.33 kg (2-tooth), 27.82 ± 0.26 kg (4-tooth), 31.24 ± 0.36 kg (6-tooth), and 35.42 ± 0.28 kg (full mouth). The average kidding interval was 8.2 months, with a mean litter size of 1.85 across parities. The study confirms that Molai Adu goats possess distinct physical and functional traits that differentiate them from other native breeds of Tamil Nadu, emphasizing the importance of formal recognition and conservation efforts to safeguard this unique genetic resource.
Enhancing livestock health services in India: An analytical study of para-veterinary workforce and service delivery
This study assessed the factors influencing animal health service (AHS) delivery by para-veterinarians (para-vets) and quantified their competencies across four major livestock states in India—Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Haryana. Strategic assessment using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) revealed that organizational strengths, such as empathetic behavior, cultural compatibility, and wide coverage, provide a strong operational base. However, the most critical impediment was institutional: high workforce dissatisfaction and low morale resulting from unclear job definitions and the lack of defined career pathways. The largest external opportunity lied in formal governmental recognition and the establishment of dedicated para-vet cadres. Competency evaluation using the Competency Assessment Index (CAI) highlighted proficiency in foundational skills like animal handling and basic extension assistance. Conversely, competence was critically low in areas vital for public health, specifically adherence to farm safety, hygiene, animal welfare protocols during doorstep delivery, and the use of modern communication technologies. These findings underscored an urgent need for comprehensive policy intervention focusing on professional formalization and targeted capacity building.
Analytic Hierarchy Process, Animal Health Services, Competency Assessment Index, Last-mile delivery, Para-veterinarians, SWOT analysis
Copyright (c) 2026 The Indian Journal of Animal Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Spatio-temporal dynamics of bovine population and milk production in Andhra Pradesh
Investigating inter-district variations in bovine population dynamics and milk production, and understanding their drivers, is essential for targeted interventions towards dairy development. This study analysed district-wise trends in bovine population dynamics and milk production in Andhra Pradesh from 2007 to 2019, using secondary data collected from various sources. Trend analysis was performed by estimating compound annual growth rate. All districts witnessed a considerably higher rate of increase in the population of crossbred females, indicating the substitution of low-yielding indigenous animals with high-yielding crossbred cattle. The results revealed significant inter-district variations in the level of dairy development, as reflected in bovine density, bovine composition, herd efficiency ratio (HER), and milk production. District-level determinants of HER were analysed by employing panel data regression. The density of veterinary institutions, tractor density, and rainfall were found to have a positive and significant influence on the HER.
Breed preference, Bovine composition, Herd efficiency ratio Milk productivity and Aspirational districts, Panel data regression
Pig multiplier units and artificial insemination at farmers’ fields: Success, impact and constraints
Small-scale scavenging pig farming is less economically viable and meets individual demands only. To meet the country's demands, establishment of pig multiplier units and the popularization of artificial insemination (AI) at farmers’ fields are essential. In the present study, 44 households were provided with interventions such as knowledge scale-up on piggery, AI, and essential veterinary aids, along with one-time physical incentives. The success, farmers’ attitudes, impact, and constraints were assessed for the establishment of pig multiplier units and use of AI in these units. Comparative production performance and economics from AI to natural breeding were also assessed separately. In results, a total of 26 farmers (59.09%) were successful while 18 farmers (40.90%) were unsuccessful in establishing the multiplier units. Pig farmers (%) had a medium to high level of favorable attitude towards the establishment of multiplier units (55.36% to 32.64%) and the use of AI (50.25 % to 42.35%). After interventions of pig multiplier units and AI, a significant (p<0.05) improvement in average herd size, sale of piglets, net income, B:C ratio, reduction in the cost of production and mortality was observed. In comparison to natural breeding, AI interventions were found to be significantly (p<0.05) more productive and cost-effective. The most common constraints faced by farmers were high feed cost, doorstep availability of semen dose/boar, distance and timely artificial or natural service. In conclusion, pig multiplier units and AI in pigs were cost-effective technologies to propagate and repopulate pigs to meet the demands of piggery stakeholders.
Artificial Insemination, Farming, Impact, Multiplier, Pig
A comprehensive serosurveillance of foot-and-mouth disease in pig population of Mizoram state in eastern Himalayan agro-climatic region in India
The primary objective of this study was to estimate the seroprevalence of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) 3AB3 nonstructural protein (NSP) antibodies in pig population of Mizoram. The 3AB3 NSP indirect ELISA, used for bovines, was modified using anti-porcine IgGhorse radish peroxidase (HRP) conjugate and successfully applied for serosurveillance of FMD in pig population of Mizoram. In total, 2996 randomly collected pig serum samples were tested using 3AB3 NSP ELISA, wherein 373 samples (12.44%) were found positive for NSP antibodies indicating past exposure to FMDV. Further, a set of representative serum samples was subjected to liquid phase blocking (LPB) ELISA to assess the level of protective structural antibody against FMDV serotypes O, A and Asia 1, but none of the pigs were found to have a protective log10 antibody titre of ≥1.8 against any of the three FMDV serotypes, indicating a ‘no vaccination’ situation in pigs in the region. FMDV-infected pigs being the amplifier hosts, excrete enormous quantity of virus and may pose a severe threat to other domestic livestock. Hence, pigs need to be included in ongoing surveillance and control measures, including prophylactic vaccination coupled with zoosanitary measures.
3AB3 NSP ELISA, Foot-and-mouth disease, India, LPB ELISA, Mizoram, Pig
Utilization of information sources by goat farmers in Uttar Pradesh
This study assessed the extent of information sources utilized by goat farmers across Uttar Pradesh, India. A purposive research design was employed in Mathura and Mirzapur districts, with 180 respondents (90 from each district) selected through multistage random sampling from 12 villages across four blocks. Data were collected through a pre-tested interview schedule and statistical analysis including frequency, percentage, mean score, Pearson's correlation, multiple regression and Mann Whitney U test was performed using SPSS 26. The findings revealed that majority of farmers exhibited medium information-seeking behaviour with a mean utilization score of 13.08. The study indicated a dominant reliance on personal-localite sources such as friends (51.11% frequently used) and neighbours (51.11% frequently used). Mass media also played a significant role, with television (67.22% frequent use) and social media (40.56% frequent use) emerging as prominent sources. In contrast, personal cosmopolite sources such as veterinarians were less utilized. Pearson’s correlation analysis revealed a differentiated pattern of association between socio-economic variables and information source utilization across districts. In Mathura, education and landholding showed a positive and significant relationship, whereas in Mirzapur, education, landholding, farming experience and annual income were positively and significantly associated. These findings highlighted that education and resource endowment are key determinants of effective information utilization and underscored the need to strengthen extension strategies through targeted mass media and digital integration to enhance goat farming sustainability.
Goat farmers, Information sources, Mass media
Identification of optimum test-day records for accurate prediction of lactation yield in Murrah buffaloes under farmers’ herd conditions
Accurate estimation of lactation yield under field conditions can increase the pace of selection and genetic improvement in Indian buffaloes. Monthly test day records can predict the 305-day milk yield. In the present study, daily lactation yield data from first and second lactation were used to identify the minimum number of test-day records, which could be used to predict the 305-day milk yield with accuracy and maximum correlation with actual lactation yield in Murrah buffaloes. Seventeen general linear models were developed using monthly test-day records and significant days of lactation. A combination of significant days were identified from the test-day model and the principal component analysis based significant days were used to build the final best fit model, which in the predicted data set, showed a comparatively lower RMSE (471.78) and higher R2 of 0.67. Our model showed a high correlation coefficient of 0.82 with the test-day interval method of the International Council of Animal Recording for predicted lactation yield.
Buffalo, Linear model, Optimum records, Test day
Genetic evaluation of wool quality parameters in Harnali sheep
The current research focused on genetic evaluation of wool quality parameters in Harnali sheep and the data were recorded from pedigree sheets of 1048 animals. The study focused on four characteristics of wool: medullation percentage (MP), fibre diameter (FD), staple length (SL), and greasy fleece weight (GFW). For GFW, SL, FD, and MP, the corresponding least-squares means were 1729.48±13.9 g, 5.08±0.02 cm, 25.24±0.12 microns, and 26.21±0.29%, respectively. GFW and MP were significantly affected by the lamb’s birth period. Sex of lamb and dam's weight at lambing was found to have significant effect on GFW. By leveraging the sire component of variance and covariance from mixed model analysis, the paternal half-sib correlation method was used to estimate genetic and phenotypic parameters. The heritability estimates were 0.32±0.07, 0.17±0.05, 0.27±0.06, and 0.29±0.06 for GFW, SL, FD, and MP, respectively. Favourable genetic and phenotypic trends over the years were observed for FD, MP and GFW, though, more attention is required for SL where the trend observed was not favourable. Sire breeding values for various traits under study indicated genetic variability and it is recommended to use top ranking sires for further genetic improvement in wool traits. Although heritability for some wool quality traits was moderate, the index selection could be a better choice for the improvement of these traits.
Breeding value, Genetic parameters, Genetic trend, Harnali sheep, Wool quality
The effect of dietary supplementation of phytogenic plant leaves on expression of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in the Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)
Nutrigenomics is an important and emerging field that examines the interactions between feed and genes that affect health and production.This study goes in the same direction; the expression of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in the muscle of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) was evaluated following dietary supplementation with phytogenic feed additives. The experimental trial involved 120-day-old Japanese quail chicks reared for 42 days. Birds were randomly allocated into four treatment groups of 30 birds each: T1 (control), fed a basal diet formulated according to ICAR (2013) recommendations; T2, fed the basal diet supplemented with 1% Shisham (Dalbergia sissoo) leaf powder; T3, fed the basal diet supplemented with 1% Poplar (Populus deltoides) leaf powder; and T4, fed the basal diet supplemented with 2% leaf powder comprising 1% Shisham and 1% Poplar. At 42 days of age, birds were slaughtered, and muscle tissue samples were collected for IGF-1 gene expression analysis. Total RNA was isolated, and gene expression was quantified using one-step quantitative real-time Polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). IGF-1 expression was found higher in all phytogenically supplemented groups compared to the control, with the highest fold increase observed in the T4 group. These findings suggest that phytogenic leaf supplementation positively influences muscle protein development, with a synergistic effect observed when multiple phytogenic sources are combined in the diet showing the higher fold increase in the expression level of IGF-1.
Japanese quail, phytogenic supplements, Gene expression.
Evaluation of tropical feedstuffs used in ruminant animals for carbohydrate and protein fractions by CNCP system
This research was carried out to assess the nutritional content of frequently used feedstuffs/agro industrial by products as per CNCPS along with in vitro digestibility, gas and methane production. Study was conducted on twenty one frequently used animal feed ingredients relating 8 cereal grains and 13 agro industrial by-products (AIBP). It was observed that lignin (% NDF) was lowest in white maize (5.28) and highest in gram khanda (30.93). NPN (%SP) content was highest in gram churi (73.32) and lowest in wheat grains (10.85). Among grains, values (%) for protein fraction PA, PB1, PB2, PB3 and fraction PC were found to be highest for oat (10.58), wheat (26.85), pearl millet (72.08),barley (17.63) and pearl millet (7.09), respectively while for AIBP, maximum values were observed for gram churi (32.67), beet pulp (56.98), gram khanda (82.61), paddy straw (43.39) and in gram husk (25.07), respectively. For AIBP, Carbohydrate fractions, CB1 content was highest (42.71) in wheat bran and CA was highest (61.74) in DDGS. It was observed that AIBP had more unavailable carbohydrate fraction (CC) in comparison to grains. Average values of IVDMD and IVOMD for grains were observed to be 89.78% and 90.80%, and for AIBP 75.19% and 75.23%, respectively. Average gas production (ml/200 mg) was found to be 57.85% for grains and 33.60% for AIBP. It was found that average methane generation (g/kg IVDMD) was comparable for grains and agro industrial by-products. Therefore, the study's findings may help to clarify more about the digestibility and gas production of agro industrial by products and cereal grains for more precise and environment friendly feed formulation for dairy animals.
Agro industrial by products, cereal grains, CNCPS, in vitro digestibility, methane production.
Effect of ascorbic acid against tetracycline resistant Escherichia coli infection in broiler chicken
The emergence of multidrug-resistant organisms due to the indiscriminate use of antibiotics has become a critical health concern for both humans and animals. Efforts to safeguard and extend the efficacy of antibiotics have been increasingly urgent. This study aims to explore the potential of ascorbic acid to enhance both the in vitro and in vivo effectiveness of tetracycline against Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) infections resistant to tetracycline. Isolates of E. coli from broiler chickens affected by colibacillosis were screened for the presence of tetracycline-resistant genes. The in vitro antibacterial properties of ascorbic acid were evaluated through disc diffusion and broth dilution techniques. In the in vivo experiment, the birds were pre-treated with ascorbic acid beginning on day three, and on day seventeen, they were challenged with tetracycline-resistant APEC. Clinical symptoms of infection were observed two days post-challenge. After five days of tetracycline treatment, blood samples and organ tissues were collected for histopathological, hematological and biochemical analyses. The study revealed that 60% of the APEC isolates exhibited resistance, with enrofloxacin and tetracycline showing the highest levels of resistance among the eleven antibiotics tested. Birds challenged with E. coli displayed pronounced clinical symptoms, while those treated with ascorbic acid demonstrated a noticeable reduction in disease severity. It was observed that, the combination of ascorbic acid and tetracycline treatment significantly improved levels of total protein, albumin, and ameliorated both macro- and microscopic lesions in the infected birds. Although ascorbic acid did not markedly enhance the antibacterial efficacy of tetracycline in in vitro, its administration in in vivo has notably diminished disease severity.
Ascorbic acid pretreatment, Tetracycline Resistance, Broiler chicken, tet A gene, tet B gene
A study on nutritional agents associated with leg lameness in commercial broiler chicken
This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of leg lameness in commercial broilers and the nutritional agents associated with this condition. The study was carried out during the period from October 2022 to March 2023 in and around Puducherry. A total of 20 commercial broilers farms were investigated for the occurrence of lameness based on the gait scoring system. Birds with a score more than 3 were considered as lame bird. Out of 20, 10 farms with highest occurrence of lameness were selected for further study. The average percentage of lameness in the surveyed and selected farms was 21.1 % and 25 %, respectively. All the flocks were maintained under deep litter system with the recommended floor space on continuous lighting program and ad libitum feeding. None of the flocks showed lesions of foot pad dermatitis and hock burn. Though, the level of calcium and phosphorus did not differ significantly in the feed sample, magnesium and manganese contents were found to be below the recommended level of BIS, 2007. All the feed samples were positive for aflatoxin and in 50% of the samples, the level exceed 20 ppb. No significant difference was recorded in the mean values of serum phosphorous, ALT, AST and glucose between control and lame group but the serum calcium and vitamin D3 were significantly lower in latter. Bone mineral profile revealed relatively lower dry fat free bone weight and ash weight for lame group compared to control group. The bone manganese content was significantly lower in lame birds compared to the control group. The present study highlighted the importance of feeding adequate levels of manganese in the diet of broilers. In addition, the feed should be routinely screened for the levels of aflatoxins.
Aflatoxin, Broiler, Lameness, Manganese, Vitamin D3
Optimizing semen collection, dilution, and thawing protocols to enhance frozen thawed sperm quality in Bach Thao bucks
Artificial insemination and semen cryopreservation are key techniques for improving reproductive efficiency and conserving genetic resources in goats, but the success of these procedures depends on semen collection and processing protocols. This study aimed to optimize semen collection intervals, dilution ratios, and thawing conditions to enhance post-thaw sperm quality in Bach Thao bucks, an indigenous Vietnamese breed. Ejaculates were collected at different intervals, diluted with varying ratios of citrate-based extender, frozen, and thawed under several temperature-time combinations. Post-thaw quality of semen was evaluated through sperm motility, morphology, and membrane integrity assessments. Semen collected at moderate intervals resulted in better sperm motility and fewer abnormalities than daily collection. A balanced dilution ratio improved cryosurvival, while excessive dilution reduced sperm quality. Thawing at moderate temperatures for short durations resulted in higher motility and membrane stability compared with lower or prolonged conditions. Integrating an appropriate collection interval with optimal dilution and controlled thawing significantly improved frozen–thawed semen quality in Bach Thao bucks. These results provide practical recommendations for breeding centers and contribute to the conservation of indigenous goat genetic resources.
Artificial insemination, Bach Thao goat, Cryopreservation, dilution ratio, Semen collection interval, Sperm motility
Assessment of age and sex variability on haematological parameters of indigenous Punganur cattle
This study aimed to assess the variability of sex and age on the hematological parameters of Punganur cattle. Blood samples were collected from 175 healthy Punganur cattle from Livestock Research Station (LRS), Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University and from farmers in the surrounding areas of Palamaner, Chittoor district, Andhra Pradesh across various age groups (Cows, Bulls, Heifers, Young bulls, Female calves, and Male calves) were collected and analysed. The results were categorized based on sex and age variations. Lymphocyte percentage (P<0.01) and granulocyte percentage (P<0.05) exhibited statistically significant variations, however, all other parameters did not show any differences under sex. Age-based analysis revealed significant differences (P<0.01) in Total Leucocyte Count Lymphocyte Count, Lymphocyte Percentage %, Granulocyte %, Total Erythrocyte Count, Haemoglobin, Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin Concentration, Red Cell Distribution Width, Platelet Count, Platelet Distribution Width, and Plateletcrit, with Mean Corpuscular Volume showing significance at P<0.05. The findings could be used as reference values to differentiate normal physiological, nutritional and disease conditions for females, males and different age groups of Punganur cattle. This provides valuable insights for veterinarians and farmers, contributing significantly to the conservation of this endangered breed.
Haematology, Punganur, Variations based on sex, Variations based on age
Nested polymerase chain reaction assay for detection of Porcine Astrovirus in pig population
Porcine Astrovirus (PAstV) is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus, responsible for gastrointestinal diseases in swine populations across the globe. There are sparse reports regarding diagnostic platforms for the detection of PAstV in the porcine population. The present study reported a nested PCR (nPCR) assay for the identification of PAstV in faecal specimens of pigs in Punjab, India. The technique was developed using outer and inner sets of primers targeting the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) gene of the virus. The nPCR was standardized and optimized, including sensitivity and specificity. The sensitivity of the assay was found to be 225 femtograms. The technique was specific and did not amplify with certain other viruses i.e., Porcine Kobuvirus (PKV) and Bovine Rotavirus (BoRV). The applicability of the nPCR assay was further assessed on faecal samples (n=50) collected from field conditions comprising diarrhoeic (n=39) and non-diarrhoeic (n=11) animals. The nPCR detected only 12 [diarrhoeic (n=8) & non-diarrhoeic (n=4)] out of 50 samples tested as positive. This work demonstrated that nPCR assay can be effectively used as a rapid, specific, and sensitive method for routine molecular screening and/or diagnosis of PAstV in swine population.
Assessment of socio-economic status, farming and breeding practices and major constraints of indigenous sheep farming in Tangail district, Bangladesh
The present study was conducted to assess the socio-economic profile, husbandry practices and challenges of sheep rearing in Tangail District, Bangladesh. The study followed a cross-sectional survey design and data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Data were collected from 131 sheep-rearing farmers across 13 unions using a pre-tested questionnaire administered through face-to-face interviews. The majority of the farmers were female (82.84%), predominantly Muslim (84.73%), with 71.75% having no formal education. Most farmers (59.54%) primarily relied on agriculture for their livelihoods. Farmers had an average landholding of 73.54 decimals with average annual income of 78,574 BDT. The average sheep rearing experience was 4.83 years, reflecting moderate expertise in sheep husbandry. Farmers reared mainly indigenous sheep with an average flock size of 3.76 animals per household, with ewes comprising 54.60% of the total population. Semi-intensive feeding (76.17%) and natural mating (100%) were the predominant husbandry and breeding practices, with 72.31% relying on neighbours’ rams to bred their ewes. Reproductive performance was satisfactory, with a litter size of 2.13 and a service per conception rate of 1.10. Farmers demonstrated limited awareness and adoption of pre- and post-lambing management practices for sheep. Preventive health measures were minimal, as vaccination and deworming coverage were only 1.54% and 10%, respectively. Major health issues included diarrhoea, enteritis, and pneumonia, often linked to shared housing with cattle. These findings underscore the need for targeted extension services, organized breeding programs, farmer training and improved veterinary care to boost sheep productivity and improve the livelihoods of farmers in the region.
Breeding, Constraints, Indigenous, Husbandry, Socio-economics
Prenatal ovarian development in local sheep of Kashmir Valley
Morphological, histological and histochemical studies were conducted on prenatal ovary at different stages of gestation of local sheep of Kashmir. The genital ridge was observed as a minor thickening on the ventro-medial aspect of mesonephros which contained mesenchymal cells, primordial germ cells (PGCs), differentiating erythrocytes and spindle shaped fibroblasts upto 50 days of gestational age. Later on small, elongated to almond shaped ovaries caudal to respective kidneys were observed. The ovaries were covered by germinal epithelium. The sex cords were observed along with primordial and primary follicles in 50-100 days of prenatal life. Secondary follicles were first observed from 100 days of prenatal ovary onwards. Tertiary follicles were first observed at the inner part of the cortex near the full term (140-149 days). Development of the tunica albuginea was initiated from 100 days of gestation onward. Regarding connective tissue fibres, reticular fibres were evident from 50 days onward and collagen fibres appeared from 100 days onward of the gestation period.
Age, Development, Sheep, Morphology, Pre-natal ovary
Milk consumption level and lifestyle diseases: A multi-stakeholder Correlational study using a lifestyle index in Salem District, Tamil Nadu, India
Milk consumption is frequently associated with dietary behaviour and the risk of lifestyle-related diseases, yet empirical evidence from rural Indian contexts remains limited. The present study examined the relationship between milk consumption levels and lifestyle diseases using a multi-stakeholder approach in Salem district of Tamil Nadu, India. A total of 225 respondents (75 men, 75 women and 75 children) were selected through random sampling from three blocks representing varying levels of milk production and urbanization, along with expert inputs from ten medical practitioners and ten dieticians. A composite lifestyle index was developed to assess perceived lifestyle patterns and their association with disease prevalence. Correlation analysis indicated no statistically significant relationship between milk consumption level and lifestyle diseases at the district level (r = 0.062) or within individual blocks, Konganapuram (r = 0.039), Salem urban (r = 0.115) and Thalaivasal (r = 0.050). However, the lifestyle index showed a significant inverse association with lifestyle diseases in selected rural blocks, suggesting that broader behavioural factors may play a stronger role than milk intake alone. Consumption patterns also revealed that only one in ten urban respondents and one in seven rural respondents met recommended milk intake levels. The findings highlight the need to interpret dairy consumption within a wider lifestyle context rather than as an isolated determinant of health outcomes, and offer evidence for designing integrated nutrition and rural health interventions.
Correlation analysis, Dairy intake, LSDs, Lifestyle index, Milk consumption, Multi-stakeholder perspective
Influence of seasons and THI on reproductive performance and invitro assay of semen of Barbari buck under tropical conditions
Temperature fluctuations due to climate change, have important impact on sexual behaviour and seminal attributes. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of summer and monsoon seasons on the sexual behavior pattern (RT: reaction time and SA: sexual aggressiveness) and seminal characteristics of Barbari bucks (Capra hircus). The semen samples were harvested and evaluated at weekly intervals during summer and monsoon season using standardized methods from Barbari buck (n=6; age 1.5 to 2.5 yrs.). The RT varied considerably from the hot, dry condition of summer to the humid, wet weather of the monsoon, whereas no significant seasonal variation was observed in the SA of Barbary bucks. Significant (P<0.05) improvement was noted in RT (seconds) and the semenrelated parameters during monsoon season as compared to summer season. The temperature-humidity index (THI) and dry bulb temperature did not differ significantly among the study seasons. Significantly higher relative humidity (78.15±0.60 vs 61.17±1.46; P<0.05) and RT (3.25±0.10 vs 2.80±0.11; P<0.05) were observed during the monsoon season as compared to the summer season. In conclusion, Barbari bucks had better seminal quality parameters and reaction time in monsoon seasons than in summer seasons.
Artemisia plant oil effectively reduces enteric methane emissions in Sahiwal calves
Livestock sector contributes significant atmospheric greenhouse gas (GHG) leading to climate change. There are several plants and their products have capacity to reduce the enteric methane emission from ruminant livestock. Artemisia annua EO's potential to reduce ruminant methane is investigated. In vitro trials with 0, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 ppm of essential oil in a 60:40 (roughage to concentrate) ratio revealed significant methane reductions at 50 ppm (20.90%) and 100 ppm (27.31%) with improved IVDMD and IVOMD (P<0.005). Acetate production decrease significantly with supplementation while propionate decreased beyond 100 ppm. Fifteen male Sahiwal calves were used in a 70day feeding trial, testing 50 and 100 ppm EO (T1 and T2 groups) against a control. Final metabolic trials revealed no significant differences between the groups for body weight, daily gain, DMI, FCR, digestibility or nitrogen balance.Enteric methane emission (g/d) decreased significantly in T1 by 13.36% and in T2 by 10.83% compared to the control. Methane emissions (g/kg DMI) also decreased by 18.52% in T1 and 14.18% in T2. Artemisia annua essential oil at 50 and 100 ppm mitigates calves enteric methane while maintaining normal nutrient utilization and growth. Therefore, Essential oil may be an option to reduce enteric emission and sustainable dairy production.
Essential oil, Enteric emission, livestock
Stock Assessment and Growth Dynamics of Puntius sophore (Hamilton, 1822) in a Macrophyte-Dominated Wetland of North Bihar, India
The population dynamics of Puntius sophore investigated in Kasaraiya Dhar Wetland, Bihar, India. Length-frequency analysis revealed multiple distinct cohorts within the population, indicating continuous recruitment and an extended breeding period throughout the year. The von Bertalanffy growth parameters, estimated using the ELEFAN-I method, were asymptotic length (L∞) = 102.90 mm, growth coefficient (K) = 0.65 yr⁻¹, and length at zero age (t₀) = –0.177 yr. The length-weight relationship (W = 2E-06L3.4158; R² = 0.9345) exhibited positive allometric growth, suggesting a robust and healthy population. The relative and Fulton’s condition factors (1.0169 and 1.0446, respectively) further indicated favourable habitat conditions. Natural mortality (M) was estimated at 0.93 yr⁻¹, total mortality (Z) at 1.75 yr⁻¹, and fishing mortality (F) at 0.81 yr⁻¹. The exploitation ratio (E = 0.40) confirmed that P. sophore stocks are underexploited. The dominance of natural mortality over fishing mortality likely reflects limited fishing efficiency due to dense macrophyte cover, which provides refuge and breeding habitat. Overall, the study indicates that P. sophore populations in Kasaraiya Dhar are healthy, resilient, and moderately exploited under prevailing ecological conditions. Sustainable management focusing on macrophyte regulation and habitat conservation is recommended to maintain stock productivity and ecological balance in this wetland ecosystem
Distribution, Morphometric Evaluation and Steroidogenic Profile of Ovarian Follicles in Cyclic and Acyclic Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)
The water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) is an economically important livestock species in tropical and subtropical regions, contributing substantially to milk, meat, and hide production. However, poor reproductive efficiency remains a major constraint, with acyclicity representing one of the most prevalent disorders affecting fertility and productivity. Acyclicity commonly occurs during the postpartum period or under conditions of nutritional, environmental, or metabolic stress, ultimately increasing the number of days open, veterinary interventions, and culling rates. Understanding the distribution pattern of follicles and their functional status is therefore essential for developing targeted reproductive interventions. In this study, paired ovaries were collected from healthy adult buffaloes (n=75) at slaughter. Ovaries were classified as cyclic or acyclic based on the presence of a CL. Surface follicles were enumerated and categorized into small (<5 mm), medium (5–10 mm), and large (>10 mm). Follicular fluid from large follicles was aspirated for estimation of estradiol (E2), progesterone (P4), androstenedione (A4), and testosterone (T), and follicles were retrospectively classified as active (P4:E2 <1), intermediate (P4:E2 1–10), or atretic (P4:E2 >10). Acyclic buffaloes exhibited a greater proportion of ovaries with only small follicles (36.36%), compared with cyclic animals (9.43%), whereas only large follicles (>10 mm) occurred predominantly in cyclic buffaloes (26.42% vs. 4.55%). Cyclic buffalo ovaries also showed stage-dependent shifts in follicle distribution, with only large follicles observed in 26.1% at Stage 3 and 57.1% at Stage 4. Despite these morphological differences, large follicles from cyclic and acyclic buffaloes displayed comparable steroidogenic patterns, with progressive increases in P4 and decreases in E2 from active to atretic categories. Further, the E2:A4 ratio was also significantly greater in the active follicle than in the atretic follicle. Thus, evaluation of the follicles based on their steroidogenic profile provided biologically meaningful insights into follicular atresia, which is more informative than classification based solely on size and stages of cyclicity. This approach would be useful for developing hormonal interventions to induce cyclicity and augment reproductive efficiency in buffaloes.
CLINICAL ASSESSMENT OF INFRARED THERMAL (IRT) TECHNIQUE FOR EARLY DETECTION OF HOOF DISODERS IN CATTLE-PROMISING AI BASED SOLUTION
<a href="https://epubs.icar.org.in/index.php/IJAnS/The clinical study was undertaken in 36 cattles suffering with various hoof lameness subjected to IRT screening to record the skin surface temperature of the affected hoof with average age of 30.38±4.89 months and 389.66 ±19.56kg body weights comprises of 24 males and 12 females. Prevalence of hoof disorders was found to be higher in hind limb as compared to forelimbs includes arthritis, overgrown hoof, white line disease and foot rot. Highest incidence of hoof disorders was observed in Deoni male cattle reared on hard floor housing system. Tachycardia (76.13±2.53/min) was persistently observed in larger extent in all animals. Radiographic findings of digital joints revealed loss of periosteal integrity, osteomyelitis and altered bone density. Phalangeal arthritis showed highest average lameness score of 3.25 as compared other hoof disorders. The mean average values of skin surface temperature of fetlock, interdigital claws and medial claws of affected hind limb was 33.69±0.35; 32.84±0.46 and 30.62±0.49 as compared to healthy limb which were 30.63±0.18; 29.80±0.33 and 28.57±0.42 respectively. The overall average mean value of skin surface temperature in healthy hooves and affected hooves were 28.54±0.45◦C and 30.46±0.57◦C, respectively with difference of 1.92◦C indicative of high skin surface temperatures of affected hoof. To conclude, the IRT is non-invasive technique showed higher skin surface temperature of affected hoof compared to healthy hoof as demarcated with white and red scale for early detection of hoof lesions in cattle. Hence, thermographic sketch of lame hoof might be a potential tool for early forecasting of hoof disorders dairy animals.">The clinical study was undertaken in 36 cattles suffering with various hoof lameness subjected to IRT screening to record the skin surface temperature of the affected hoof with average age of 30.38±4.89 months and 389.66 ±19.56kg body weights comprises of 24 males and 12 females. Prevalence of hoof disorders was found to be higher in hind limb as compared to forelimbs includes arthritis, overgrown hoof, white line disease and foot rot. Highest incidence of hoof disorders was observed in Deoni male cattle reared on hard floor housing system. Tachycardia (76.13±2.53/min) was persistently observed in larger extent in all animals. Radiographic findings of digital joints revealed loss of periosteal integrity, osteomyelitis and altered bone density. Phalangeal arthritis showed highest average lameness score of 3.25 as compared other hoof disorders. The mean average values of skin surface temperature of fetlock, interdigital claws and medial claws of affected hind limb was 33.69±0.35; 32.84±0.46 and 30.62±0.49 as compared to healthy limb which were 30.63±0.18; 29.80±0.33 and 28.57±0.42 respectively. The overall average mean value of skin surface temperature in healthy hooves and affected hooves were 28.54±0.45◦C and 30.46±0.57◦C, respectively with difference of 1.92◦C indicative of high skin surface temperatures of affected hoof. To conclude, the IRT is non-invasive technique showed higher skin surface temperature of affected hoof compared to healthy hoof as demarcated with white and red scale for early detection of hoof lesions in cattle. Hence, thermographic sketch of lame hoof might be a potential tool for early forecasting of hoof disorders dairy animals.
Influence of pre-slaughter handling on stress responses, fresh and frozen pork quality, tenderness and sensory attributes
Pre-slaughter handling conditions exert a decisive influence on pork quality through modulation of physiological stress responses and post-mortem muscle metabolism. The present study evaluated the effects of standard handling, stressful handling and good management practices (GMP) on stress indicators, post-mortem pH decline, fresh and frozen pork quality, tenderness, oxidative stability and sensory attributes under Indian commercial conditions. Sixty market-weight pigs were allotted to three pre-slaughter handling treatments. Stress was assessed through behavioural indicators and serum cortisol concentration. Longissimus dorsi muscle samples were analysed for pH (45 min and 24 h), water-holding capacity, myofibrillar fragmentation index (MFI), Warner–Bratzler shear force (WBSF), lipid oxidation (TBARS), freeze–thaw loss and frozen storage stability up to 90 days at −18 °C. Sensory evaluation of fresh and frozen–thawed pork was conducted by a trained panel. Stressful handling significantly elevated cortisol concentration, accelerated post-mortem pH decline, reduced water-holding capacity, increased oxidative deterioration and lowered tenderness and sensory acceptability (p < 0.05). In contrast, GMP effectively minimized physiological stress, maintained desirable pH patterns and improved both fresh and frozen pork quality. The findings demonstrate that adoption of good pre-slaughter management practices is a practical, cost-effective and welfare-friendly strategy to enhance pork quality and frozen storage stability.
Pre-slaughter stress; Good management practices; Pork quality; Post-mortem pH; Freeze–thaw stability; Sensory attributes
Impact of Different Cost-Effective Maintenance Rations on Economics, Nutrient Intake and Physiological Responses of Unproductive Tharparkar Cattle
An experiment was conducted for 60 days on 24 non-pregnant, non-lactating, unproductive Tharparkar cows to evaluate the impact of different cost-effective maintenance rations on economics, nutrient intake, and physiological responses. The animals were randomly divided into four groups: a control group (T0) receiving farm-level diet consisting of conventional green fodder and concentrate-based ration, and three treatment groups evaluating cost-effective concentrate mixture (T1), Total Mixed Ration (T2), and urea-treated wheat straw supplemented with minimal concentrate (T3). It was observed that total dry matter intake and body weight remained stable across all groups (P > 0.05), indicating that the cost-effective rations provided sufficient nutrients for maintenance without compromising the physical condition of the animals. The physiological profile, including hematological indices and serum biochemical constituents (total protein, glucose, and creatinine), remained within the normal range for all treatments, confirming metabolic safety. While serum urea levels were significantly higher in the urea-treated straw group (T3: 19.08 ±0.36mg/dl) compared to control (T0: 12.54±0.32 mg/dl) at day 60 (P<0.001), they remained well within safe physiological thresholds. Stress biomarkers, including superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and serum cortisol, showed no significant change. The daily feeding cost was significantly reduced by up to 37.3% in the T3 group (₹81.6 vs. ₹130.18/day) compared to the control. These results demonstrate that strategic use of urea-ammoniated straw and cost-effective concentrates offer a scalable, economically viable approach for the sustainable management of unproductive cattle under resource-constrained conditions.
Cost-effective ration, Tharparkar, TMR, Economic viability, Unproductive cattle, Urea-treated straw
Effect of Dietary supplementation of essential oil on immune response, blood biochemicals, carcass quality traits and Gut microbiota analysis of japanese quail birds (Coturnix coturnix japonica)
The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of essential oils on gut immune response, blood biochemical parameters, microflora, and carcass quality traits in Japanese quail. A total of 200 day-old quail chicks were randomly allotted to five dietary treatments with four replicates of 10 birds each and reared for 35 days. The treatments consisted of a basal diet (control), a basal diet supplemented with cinnamon oil (500 ppm), peppermint oil (500 ppm), a combination of cinnamon and peppermint oils (250 ppm each), and a combination of cinnamon and peppermint oils (500 ppm each). At the end of the feeding trial, blood samples were collected to determine biochemical parameters, metabolites, and enzyme activities. Gut microbiota analysis was performed by enumerating Escherichia coli from cecal contents using selective culture media. Dietary supplementation of essential oils reduced cecal E. coli population and improved immune response as indicated by increased IgG concentration and lymphocyte percentage in supplemented groups. Serum cholesterol and creatinine levels were lower in birds receiving essential oils, while liver enzyme activities remained within the normal physiological range. Carcass evaluation showed improvement in dressing percentage in birds supplemented with cinnamon oil and peppermint oil. The results indicate that dietary supplementation of cinnamon and peppermint essential oils, individually or in combination, enhances immune response, improves carcass characteristics, and modulates gut microbial population without adverse effects on blood biochemical parameters in Japanese quails.
Cecal microflora, Dressing percentage, Immunoglobulin G, Phytogenic feed additive, Poultry nutrition, Serum metabolites
Buffalo- calf gut origin Pediococcus shows superior probiotic potential than Lactobacillus under in vitro system
Autochthonous probiotics are preferred over allochthonous probiotics. Therefore, this research was aimed to isolate and characterize lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from buffalo-calves faeces and evaluate their probiotic potential to develop an autochthonous probiotic for buffalo. Thirty two LABs were isolated from Murrah buffalo-calves faeces out of which eight isolates exhibiting maximum hydrophobicity and minimum auto-aggregation, were subjected to further characterization. Out of 8 two isolates, RM119 and RM122, exhibited highest cell surface hydrophobicity, minimum aggregation time, highest lactic acid production, resistance to various temperatures low pH and bile salts. However, antagonism against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 70063, and Staphylococcus aureus was higher with RM119 as compared to RM122. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the isolates RM103, RM104, RM106, RM107 and RM113 (NCBI Genbank accession no MN880194, MT180734, MN880195, MN880196 and MT907286, respectively), belonged to Lactiplantibacillus fermentum, isolate RM 102 belonged to Lactobacillus plantarum and RM119 and RM122 belonged to Pediococcus pentosaceus. The results revealed that the two strains of P. pentosaceus (RM112 and RM119) were superior over Lactobacillus isolates in terms of probiotic potential.
Lactobacillus, Murrah Buffalo calf, Pediococcus, Probiotic
Impact of feed macronutrient composition on the nutritional quality of duck meat in intensive farming systems, Central Java, Indonesia
The quality of duck meat is closely related to the nutritional composition of the feed. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the relationship between the nutritional content of feed and duck meat from intensive farms in Central Java. This research was an exploratory study to measure proximate levels of macronutrients including carbohydrates, protein and crude fat in feed and duck meat. The study was conducted at five duck farms (A, B, C, D and E), and females ducks aged ± 1.5 years were selected. The proximate level in percentage was then analyzed statistically to determine the real difference and correlation. The results showed that the feed quality in the five farms was dominated by carbohydrates which reached more than 32%, and the highest levels were obtained from Farm E which reached 51.87 ± 2.65% (p value = 0.017). Meanwhile, a negative correlation was shown between the carbohydrate content of feed and meat, which means that an increase in carbohydrate content was associated with a decrease in protein content. It may be concluded that the proximate composition of duck feed in five farms has met the nutritional needs and was dominated by carbohydrates, followed by protein and crude fat content.
Carbohydrate, Nutrition, Meat quality, Overfeeding, Proximate analysis
Innovative strategies using organic agricultural waste and lime for housefly control in poultry farms
The intensification of poultry production systems has led to substantial accumulation of poultry waste, creating conducive conditions for housefly proliferation. To address this, a series of controlled trials were conducted at the Poultry Research Farm, Department of Livestock Production Management, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, to evaluate moisture-reducing strategies using organic agricultural residues and calcium oxide (lime powder). Paddy straw, rice husk, and lime powder were tested individually and in combinations at inclusion rates of 4%, 8%, and 12%. Preliminary results identified 8% as the optimal concentration. Subsequently, a four-week trial with weekly applications and an additional post-treatment observation period was conducted. Litter moisture, temperature, adult fly density, and in vitro larval counts were recorded on Day 0, Day 1, Day 2, Day 5, and on Days 8, 11, and 14 following the final application. The application of 8% lime powder significantly (p<0.05) reduced litter moisture to 36.38% by the fourth week, compared to 62.51% moisture in the untreated control. A rapid reduction to 29.48% moisture was observed within 24 hours of application. Although litter temperature exhibited minimal variation (32.93°C), larval populations declined markedly post-treatment and remained suppressed up to Day 14. The study concluded that 8% lime powder application effectively reduces litter moisture, thereby disrupting the favorable micro-environment for housefly breeding. This approach offers a practical, economical, and environmentally sustainable strategy for integrated housefly management in poultry housing systems.