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Effect of melatonin administration on hormonal profile and oxidative stressstatus in pubertal Jaffarabadi buffalo heifers during summer season
Reproductive inefficiency during the summer season is a major challenge in buffaloes due to heat stress–induced anestrus and hormonal imbalance. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of exogenous melatonin administration on plasma melatonin and progesterone concentrations, as well as oxidative stress markers in pubertal Jaffarabadi buffalo heifers during summer. A total of 24 buffalo heifers were divided into four equal groups: T0 (control, Corn oil), T1 (Corn oil + Ovsynch), T2 (Corn oil + Melatonin), and T3 (Corn oil + Melatonin + Ovsynch). Blood samples were collected on days 0, 4, 10 and 28 post-treatments for estimation of plasma melatonin, progesterone, lipid peroxidation (LPO) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). The results revealed a significant rise (p<0.05) in plasma melatonin levels on day 4 in T2 (409 ± 26.10 pg/ml) and T3 (451 ± 24.00 pg/ml) compared to control groups, followed by a gradual decline by day 28. Progesterone level increased non-significantly on day 10 in melatonin-treated groups and was highest post-AI in T3, indicating stronger luteal support. Melatonin supplementation significantly (p<0.05) reduced LPO and elevated TAC on days 4 and 10 in T2 and T3, indicating mitigation of heat-induced oxidative stress. The study concluded that melatonin improved endocrine function and antioxidant status, making it beneficial for managing summer anestrus in buffalo heifers.
Buffalo heifers, Hormonal profile, Lipid peroxidation, Melatonin, Progesterone, TAC
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Genetic diversity of Tripureswari duck using microsatellite markers
Tripureswari duck, a recently recognized indigenous duck breed of Tripura, represents a valuable genetic resource for rural livelihoods and sustainable poultry production. However, information on its molecular genetic diversity is limited, restricting the development of effective conservation and breeding strategies. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to characterize the genetic diversity and population structure of Tripureswari ducks using microsatellite markers. Genomic DNA from 54 birds sampled across different districts of Tripura was analyzed using 12 duck-specific microsatellite loci. All loci were polymorphic and collectively resolved 48 alleles, with the number of alleles per locus ranging from 2 to 7 (mean: 4.00 ± 0.48). The allele sizes spanned from 110 bp (CAUD008) to 307 bp (CAUD025). Average heterozygosity, polymorphic information content (PIC), effective number of alleles, and Shannon’s information index were 0.62 ± 0.04, 0.55 ± 0.04, 2.93 ± 0.31, and 1.11 ± 0.10, respectively, indicating moderate to high genetic variability within the population. The overall within-population inbreeding coefficient (FIS = 0.82 ± 0.07) and significant deviations from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium across loci suggested heterozygote deficiency, likely resulting from non-random mating, selection, and inbreeding. CAUD014 had the lowest PIC value (0.366), whereas APL036 recorded the highest (0.779). Most markers exhibited moderate to high PIC values, demonstrating their effectiveness for genetic characterization studies. These findings provide the first comprehensive microsatellite-based assessment of genetic diversity in Tripureswari ducks and establish baseline information for designing conservation, genetic improvement, and sustainable utilization programmes for this indigenous duck breed.
Heterozygosity, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, Microsatellites, Tripureswari duck
Phenotypic characterization and performance evaluation ofMolai Adu goats in their native tract of Tamil Nadu
This study documented the habitat, morphological, morphometric, production and reproductive traits of Molai Adu goats in Tamil Nadu. Data was collected from 699 goats of both sexes across different age groups (birth, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months; 2-tooth, 4-tooth, 6-tooth and full-mouth stages) through field survey conducted in 29 villages within the Gobichettipalayam, Perundurai, Nambiyur, Bhavani and Erode blocks of Erode district. Morphological traits, body weights, and linear body measurements were recorded, and information on reproductive traits was obtained through direct observation and farmer interviews. Molai Adu goats are medium-sized, predominantly white in colour with occasional light brown patches. The pooled means for height at withers at 2-tooth, 4-tooth, 6-tooth and fullmouth stages were 61.25 ± 0.14, 63.92 ± 0.62, 65.96 ± 0.14 and 68.44 ± 0.26 cm, respectively. Corresponding chest girth values were 66.26 ± 0.22, 70.81 ± 0.58, 72.18 ± 0.26 and 74.02 ± 0.24 cm. The least-squares means for body weight across sexes were 25.28 ± 0.33 kg (2-tooth), 27.82 ± 0.26 kg (4-tooth), 31.24 ± 0.36 kg (6-tooth) and 35.42 ± 0.28 kg (full mouth). The average kidding interval was 8.2 months, with a mean litter size of 1.74 across parities. The findings indicated that Molai Adu goats possess distinct physical and functional traits that differentiate them from other native breeds of Tamil Nadu, emphasizing the importance of formal recognition to safeguard this unique genetic resource.
Molai Adu goat, Morphometric traits, Morphological traits, Reproductive performance
Correlation of morphometric and testicular traits with sexual behaviorand semen quality parameters in Kajali rams
This study examined associations between qualitative and quantitative body and testicular traits with sexual behaviour and semen characteristics to establish baseline reproductive benchmarks for Kajali breeding rams. Twelve healthy rams (1–3 years) of two colour variants maintained under uniform stall-fed management, were evaluated for body morphometry, comprehensive testicular biometry, sexual behaviour along with semen quality parameters, and qualitative testicular traits such as testicular symmetry, scrotal bipartition, testicular shape. Age group showed statistically significant positive associations with two pre-copulatory behaviours: anogenital sniffing frequency (r = 0.870, p = 0.024) and flehmen response (r = 0.834, p = 0.039). Rear-leg circumference was the only morphometric indicator which showed a strong positive correlation with flehmen response (r = 0.864, p = 0.027), although, chest girth and paunch girth also showed moderate positive correlation with total semen volume, average sperm motility, and alive sperm percentage. Among testicular parameters, testicular length showed moderate positive correlations with average pawing (r = 0.791, p = 0.061) and with semen traits such as sperm concentration (r = 0.803, p = 0.055). Testicular weight and volume also showed moderate positive correlation with flehmen response (r=0801; p = 0.055). The findings highlighted age and specific morphometric as well as testicular traits as potential indicators of sexual behaviour and semen quality parameters for selecting superior breeding rams of indigenous breeds under semi-arid conditions.
Body measurements, Kajali, Ram, Semen parameters, Sexual behaviour, Testicular traits
Effect of dietary supplementation of phytogenic plant leaves on expression ofinsulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in the Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)
Nutrigenomics is an important and emerging field that examines the interactions between feed and genes that affect health and production. The present study aligned with this direction; the expression of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in the muscle of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) was evaluated following dietary supplementation with phytogenic feed additives. The experimental trial involved 120-day-old Japanese quail chicks reared for 42 days. Birds were randomly allocated into four treatment groups of 30 birds each: T1 (control), fed a basal diet formulated according to ICAR (2013) recommendations; T2, fed basal diet supplemented with 1% Shisham (Dalbergia sissoo) leaf powder; T3, fed basal diet supplemented with 1% poplar (Populus deltoides) leaf powder; and T4, fed basal diet supplemented with 2% leaf powder comprising 1% Shisham and 1% poplar. At 42 days of age, birds were slaughtered, and muscle tissue samples were collected for IGF-1 gene expression analysis. Total RNA was isolated, and gene expression was quantified using one-step quantitative real-time Polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). IGF-1 expression was found higher in all phytogenically supplemented groups compared to the control, with the highest fold increase observed in the T4 group. These findings suggested that phytogenic leaf supplementation positively influenced muscle protein development, with a synergistic effect observed when multiple phytogenic sources are combined in the diet showing the higher fold increase in the expression level of IGF-1.
Gene expression, Insulin like growth factor-1, Japanese quail, Phytogenic supplements
Assessment of growth, nutrient digestibility and productive efficiencyof broiler fed diet with phytogenic herbal supplement
The study assessed effect of phytogenic herbal supplement (PHS) on growth, nutrient digestibility and productive efficiency of broilers birds. Two hundred forty one-day old (Cobb 400) broiler chicks were assigned 6 dietary treatments (T-1 to T- 6) dividing into 6 homogenous groups with 4 replicates in each. T-1 was fed rations without any supplement, T-2 was fed rations supplemented with AGP (Bacitracin Methylene Disalicylate) @ 0.5g/kg, and T-3, T-4, T-5 and T-6 were fed rations supplemented with PHS at 0.50%, 0.75%, 1.00% and 1.25%, respectively. The feeding trial was conducted for 42 days housing the birds under deep litter system following standard managemental protocols. Deworming and vaccination were done as per schedule. Daily feed intake and weekly body weight were recorded. Productive efficiency was calculated at 42nd day of age as FCR, PEI and ERS. Findings revealed no significant effect of PHS on feed consumption and body weight gain during the first 3 weeks. Body weight gain was significantly (P<0.01) higher in PHS fed groups during 4th, 5th and 6th weeks. Metabolizability of nutrients differed significantly (P<0.05) among the treatments. The FCR, PEI and ERS were significantly (P<0.05) better in PHS fed groups with highest value recorded in T-6. Based on the findings, it may be concluded that PHS could be recommended at 1.25% level for optimum growth, nutrient digestibility and productive efficiency of broiler birds. Further, the PHS at 1.25% could also be recommended as alternative to antibiotics growth promoter i.e. BMD for broiler birds.
Broilers, Growth, Nutrient digestibility, Phytogenic herbal supplement, Productive efficiency
Evaluation of aqueous coriander (Coriandrum sativum) seed extract asa natural anthelmintic against Haemonchus contortus in naturally infected goats
Gastrointestinal nematode infections, particularly those caused by Haemonchus contortus, remain a major constraint to goat production worldwide. The present study evaluated the dose-dependent anthelmintic efficacy of an aqueous seed extract of Coriandrum sativum in naturally infected goats and its effect on haematological, biochemical, and antioxidant parameters of the host. Thirty naturally infected goats (18–30 months old) with faecal egg counts (EPG) exceeding 1000 were randomly allocated to five groups (n = 6). Group C served as the untreated negative control, Group PC received closantel (10 mg/kg body weight, orally) as the positive control, and Groups CS-50, CS-250, and CS-500 received aqueous C. sativum seed extract at doses of 50, 250, and 500 mg/kg body weight, respectively. Blood and faecal samples were collected on days 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 post-treatments. Highest faecal egg count reduction percentage was observed in the CS-500 group (40.38%) on day 28, whereas closantel achieved a complete faecal egg count reduction (100%). CS-500 also showed improvements in haemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume, total erythrocyte count, serum total protein, and albumin levels compared with those in the untreated goats. Antioxidant markers, showed statistically significant increasing trend in the treated animals. The findings demonstrated a dose-dependent anthelmintic effect of aqueous C. sativum seed extract against naturally acquired H. contortus infection, with the 500 mg/kg dose producing the greatest response among the tested doses. Although its efficacy was lower than that of closantel, the extract showed no adverse effects and may serve as a promising complementary phytotherapeutic option for the integrated management of gastrointestinal nematodes in goats.
Antioxidant status, Coriandrum sativum, Faecal egg count reduction test, Goat, Haemonchus contortus
Supplementation of silymarin and chromium picolinate as feed additives inbroilers enhances antioxidant status, liver, and kidney function
The present investigation aimed to explore the impact of supplementation of silymarin (SM) and chromium picolinate (CP) as feed additives on the antioxidant status, along with liver, and kidney function of broilers. One hundred eighty day-old (mixed-sex) broiler chicks (Cobb 400) were used for the current study. The chicks were allocated in a completely randomized design in 4 treatments groups with 3 replicates per treatment, and 15 chicks in each replicate. The basal diet of control (CON) was supplemented with silymarin (500 mg/kg feed) as milk thistle powder (SM500), chromium (400 μg/kg feed) (Cr400), and a combination of SM (500 mg/kg feed) and chromium (400 μg/kg feed) (SM500+Cr400), from day old to 42 days of the experiment. Activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were observed to be higher in the treatment groups supplemented either with SM (500 mg/kg), CP (400 μg/kg) alone, or in combination as compared to the control group. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) level declined (P<0.05) in the treatment groups, but the decline was more pronounced in the SM500+CP400 group compared to all other groups. Blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase were declined, however, total protein, albumin, and globulin levels were increased in the broilers that fed SM (500 mg/kg) and CP (400 μg/kg). The present study concluded that the addition of silymarin and chromium in the diet of broilers improved antioxidant status and kidney and liver function, which might have increased the productive performance of broilers.
Antioxidant status, Broilers, Kidney function, Liver function
Comparative study of artificial neural network (ANN) andregression methods for prediction of breeding efficiency in Hariana cattle
The present investigation was undertaken to predict the breeding efficiency of Hariana cattle using Tomar method (BET) and early life reproduction traits. Under this study, both multiple linear regression (MLR) and artificial neural network (ANN) approach were used. Effectiveness of both methods was also compared for prediction of BE in Hariana cattle. Data of breeding information were collected from the history sheet registers and herd inventory registers of Hariana cattle maintained at DUVASU farm, Mathura. Data on productive animals born between 1962 and 2024 were recorded out of which 743 animal records were collected. Breeding efficiency was predicted by multiple linear regression analysis. In MLR study, it was observed that model 5 having two independent variables (AFC and FSP) fulfilled most criteria such as higher R2, and lower MSE, RMSE, MAE, MAPE, and U values. In the present investigation, the accuracy of prediction obtained from ANN was more as compared to MLR for prediction of BET using early life reproduction traits in Hariana cattle. Multiple regression analysis was performed by considering different first lactation reproduction traits as independent variables and the breeding efficiency as dependent variables. The optimal model for BET included age at first calving and first service period. The optimal models were BET = 106.29 – 0.0192AFC – 0.029FSP. The MLR explained 69.6% of accuracy of prediction of BET in Hariana cattle with MSE of 42.20. With the ANN algorithm, the MSE was found to be 33.3, which is more precise as compared to MLR. For the prediction of BET, MLR method is simple and easy compared to ANN, but accuracy of ANN was more.
ANN, Breeding Efficiency, MAE, MLR, RMSE
Heritability estimates for growth traits and response to selection on eggproduction in Desi chicken breed (Khukhri)
This research aimed to assess heritability and selection response for body weight of Desi chickens at 0, 8, 12, 16, and 20 weeks of age, shank length at 8 and 16 weeks, and egg production up to 322 days, focusing on developing a dual-purpose breed. Data were gathered across five generations, and the response to selection was recorded. The heritability estimates for body weight were moderate up to 16 weeks of age but low at 20 weeks, indicating that body weight can be enhanced through selective breeding of the birds. The correlations between genotype and phenotype for growth traits were found to be high. A sex effect was noted, with males showing a greater response than females. Following five generations of selection, the pooled body weight of hens and cocks at 20 weeks increased by 148.94g. The increase in shank length was minimal. Heritability for shank length at 8 weeks was moderate. In the fifth generation, egg production showed an improvement of 20 eggs when compared to the first generation. The findings indicated that the desi chicken can be enhanced, making it a promising dual-purpose indigenous breed suitable for free-range and semi-intensive rearing systems.
Body weight, Desi chicken, Egg production, Heritability, Selection response, Shank length
Blood biochemical profiles of White Pekin ducks duringstarter phase fed different cereal based diets
The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of feeding different cereals (wheat and broken rice) based feed on blood biochemical parameters of White Pekin ducks during starter phase. Day-old White Pekin ducks (N=240) were sorted into three experimental groups having four replicates per group and 20 ducklings per replicate. Three types of feed mixture were prepared, Control diet with no broken rice (BR-0) and two experimental diets with broken rice, replacing 25 (BR-25) and 50 (BR-50) percent wheat. Ducks were fed for a period of eight weeks. Replacement of wheat by graded level of broken rice didn’t exhibit any significant impact on any of the blood biochemical parameters of Pekin ducks in the study. The blood glucose (mg/dl) level ranged from 166.57±13.76 in BR-0 to 188.53±8.17 in BR-50 group. The serum total protein, albumin and globulin levels (g/dl) were higher (P<0.05) in BR-0 group (7.02±0.42; 2.39±0.27 and 4.63±0.53) than BR-25 (6.71±044; 2.37±0.10 and 4.34±0.45) and lowest in BR-50(6.32±0.52; 2.05±0.03 and 4.27±0.53) group. The serum triglycerides content (mg/dl) ranged from 55.84±11.81 in BR-25 group to 69.06±9.42 in BR-0 group. The serum cholesterol level was highest in BR-50 group and lowest in BR-0 group. The urea and uric acid content (mg/dl) was least in BR-25 group (4.88 ±0.98; 4.48± 0.25) and highest in BR-50 group 6.80±0.20; 5.69± 064). The study concluded that dietary substitution of wheat with broken rice had no significant effect on the blood biochemical parameters of White Pekin ducks during starter phase.
Characterization of Gurezi cattle:A native cattle genetic resource of Kashmir Valley, India
This study provided a comprehensive characterization of Gurezi cattle, an indigenous breed found in the highaltitude regions of Jammu and Kashmir, India. The research aimed to document the physical, morphometric, and production characteristics of Gurezi cattle, as well as the management practices and socio-economic status of farmers in the region. A total of 600 animals and 210 farmers were surveyed for this study. The results showed that Gurezi cattle are well adapted to the harsh climate and rugged terrain of the region. The breed is characterized by its distinctive physical features, including a predominantly black body color, horns, and horizontally placed ears. The morphometric analysis revealed significant differences between males and females in various body measurements. The socio-economic survey revealed that the majority of farmers in the region are small-scale livestock holders, with limited access to modern technology and veterinary services. The study highlighted the importance of Gurezi cattle in the livelihoods of farmers in the region and the need for conservation and improvement of this breed. The findings of this study can be used to plan breeding and conservation programs for Gurezi cattle, as well as to develop strategies for improving the livelihoods of farmers in the region.
Gurezi cattle, Indigenous breed, Morphometric characteristics, Production parameters, Socio-economic status
Clinical assessment of infrared thermal techniquefor early detection of hoof disorders in cattle
The clinical study was undertaken in 36 cattle suffering with various types of hoof lameness. All the cattle were subjected to infrared thermal screening to record the skin surface temperature of the affected hoof. The average age and weight of the cattle were 30.38±4.89 months and 389.66 ±19.56kg, respectively, with 24 males and 12 females. Prevalence of hoof disorders was found to be higher in hind limb as compared to forelimbs included arthritis, overgrown hoof, white line disease and foot rot. Highest incidence of hoof disorders was observed in Deoni male cattle reared on hard floor housing system. Tachycardia (76.13±2.53/min) was persistently observed in affected cattle. Radiographic findings of digital joints revealed loss of periosteal integrity, osteomyelitis and altered bone opacity. Phalangeal arthritis showed highest average lameness score of 3.25 as compared other hoof disorders. The mean average values of skin surface temperature of fetlock, interdigital claws and medial claws of affected hind limb was 33.69±0.35℃; 32.84±0.46℃ and 30.62±0.49 ℃ as compared to healthy limb which were 30.63±0.18℃; 29.80±0.33℃ and 28.57±0.42℃, respectively. The overall average mean value of skin surface temperature in healthy hooves and affected hooves were 28.54±0.45℃ and 30.46±0.57 ℃, respectively which was indicative of significant rise in skin temperature of affected hoof temperature. To conclude, the infrared thermography is a non-invasive and reliable technique in detecting early lameness due to hoof lesions.
Cattle, Hoof, Infrared, Lameness, Osteomyelitis, Thermographic
Distribution, morphometric evaluation and steroidogenic profile ofovarian follicles in cyclic and acyclic buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)
Acyclicity in buffaloes represents as one of the most prevalent disorders affecting fertility and productivity. It commonly occurs during the postpartum period or under conditions of nutritional, environmental, or metabolic stress, ultimately increasing the number of days open, veterinary interventions, and culling rates. Understanding the distribution pattern of follicles and their functional status is, therefore, essential for developing targeted reproductive interventions. The present study was conducted at ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, during 2021-22. Paired ovaries were collected from healthy adult buffaloes (n=75) at slaughter. Ovaries were classified as cyclic or acyclic based on the presence of a CL. Surface follicles were enumerated and categorized into small (<5 mm), medium (5–10 mm), and large (>10 mm). Follicular fluid from large follicles was aspirated for estimation of estradiol (E2), progesterone (P4), androstenedione (A4), and testosterone (T) concentration, and follicles were retrospectively classified as active (P4:E2 <1), intermediate (P4:E2 1–10), or atretic (P4:E2 >10). Acyclic buffaloes exhibited a greater proportion of ovaries with only small follicles (36.36%), compared with cyclic animals (9.43%), whereas only large follicles occurred predominantly in cyclic buffaloes. Cyclic buffalo ovaries also showed stage-dependent shifts in follicle distribution. Large follicles from cyclic and acyclic buffaloes displayed comparable steroidogenic patterns, with progressive increases in P4 and decreases in E2 from active to atretic categories. Further, the E2:A4 ratio was also significantly greater in the active follicle than in the atretic follicle. Thus, evaluating follicles using the E2:P4 and E2:A4 ratios provided a more accurate indication of follicular functional status than classification based solely on follicle size and cycle stage.
Acyclic, Buffalo, Cyclic stage, Follicle, Ovary, Steroid profile
Effect of cinnamon and peppermint essential oils on blood biochemistry,immunity, gut microbiota, and carcass traits in Japanese quail
The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation essential oils of cinnamon and peppermint on blood biochemical parameters, immune response, gut microbiota, and carcass characteristics in Japanese quails. A total of 200 day-old Japanese quail chicks were randomly allotted to five treatment groups: T1 (basal/control diet), T2 (basal diet + cinnamon essential oil @ 500 ppm), T3 (basal diet + peppermint essential oil @ 500 ppm), T4 (basal diet + cinnamon + peppermint essential oils @ 250 ppm each), and T5 (basal diet + cinnamon + peppermint essential oils @ 500 ppm each) for a period of 35 days. Blood biochemical parameters remained within the normal physiological range in all treatment groups. Blood cholesterol concentration was reduced in T4, while creatinine levels were lower in all essential oil-supplemented groups as compared to the control. Liver enzyme activities did not differ significantly among treatments. Serum TIG concentration was significantly higher (P<0.05) in T3 and T4, whereas IgG concentration and lymphocyte count were significantly increased (P<0.05) in T2 and T4 as compared to the control. The heterophil/lymphocyte ratio was significantly higher (P<0.05) in T5. Caecal Escherichia coli counts were significantly reduced (P<0.05) in essential oil-supplemented groups. Dressing percentage improved significantly (P<0.05) in T2 and T3 with other carcass traits also showing improvement following essential oil supplementation. Overall, supplementation of cinnamon and peppermint essential oils, either individually or in combination, improved immune response, gut microbial balance, and carcass characteristics without exerting adverse effects on the health status of Japanese quails, indicating their potential as natural feed additives in quail production.
Blood bio-chemicals, Carcass traits, Essential oils, Gut microbiota, Immune response, Japanese quail
Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid in recumbent cowswith different duration of recumbency
Chronic recumbency results in progressive ischemic muscle damage, systemic inflammation and disruption of blood brain barrier, leading to neuroinflammation and irreversible recumbency in dairy cows. The present study evaluated the CSF changes into recumbent cows with different duration of recumbency from January to November 2025. The recumbent cows were unresponsive to routine therapy for more than 24 hours and were grouped as 2-5 days, 6-10 days and more than 10 days of recumbency. CSF samples were analyzed for biochemical, electrolyte, lactate, bicarbonate and neuro biomarkers. CSF analysis revealed significant reductions in glucose and increased protein, CK, LDH and neuron-specific enolase, as expected in prolonged recumbency. A significant change in CSF indicated the disruption of blood brain barrier and neuroinflammation in more than 10 days of recumbency cases.
Cow, Chronic recumbency, CSF analysis, Neuromuscular damage
Assessment of Hematobiochemical and Stress Responses in Buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) Undergoing Single and Double Stage Diaphragmatic Herniorrhaphy
The present study was aimed to evaluate and compare the hematobiochemical alterations and stress responses in twelve female Murrah buffaloes diagnosed with diaphragmatic hernia and treated using two different surgical approaches. The animals were divided into Group I (n=6), subjected to single-stage diaphragmatic herniorrhaphy without laparo-rumenotomy, and Group II (n=6), subjected to double-stage repair involving laparo-rumenotomy followed by diaphragmatic herniorrhaphy. Haematological, biochemical, oxidative stress and inflammatory parameters were evaluated during the preoperative and postoperative periods. Haematological examination revealed changes in haemoglobin, packed cell volume, total leukocyte count, neutrophil count and lymphocyte count in both groups, with more pronounced leukocytosis, neutrophilia and lymphopenia in Group II. Among biochemical parameters, alterations were observed in alanine aminotransferase, blood urea nitrogen, blood glucose, sodium and chloride, while most other indices remained comparable. Stress and inflammatory markers showed progressive changes, with increased serum cortisol, malondialdehyde and C-reactive protein, along with decreased total antioxidant capacity in both groups. Group II showed higher cortisol, malondialdehyde and C-reactive protein levels and lower total antioxidant capacity, suggesting greater inflammatory, oxidative and physiological stress. The study concluded that buffaloes undergoing single-stage diaphragmatic herniorrhaphy showed less pronounced hematobiochemical and stress alterations than those undergoing double-stage repair.
Diaphragmatic herniorrhaphy, Haematobiochemical,Oxidative stress
Immuno-pathological effects of experimentally inducedsodium selenite toxicity in broiler chickens
Selenium is an essential micronutrient for poultry, but excess intake causes acute and chronic toxicities. The present study was conducted to determine acute oral lethal dose 50 (ALD₅₀) of sodium selenite in broiler chickens and the associated gross, histopathological, and immunological alterations. A total of 300 day-old broiler chicks were used. Acute oral toxicity was assessed in 140 chicks by graded dosing, and the oral ALD₅₀ of sodium selenite was calculated as 21 mg/kg body weight (equivalent to 9.59 mg Se/kg), confirming its high toxicity. Chronic exposure was studied by administering sodium selenite at 15 ppm and 30 ppm in drinking water. Birds receiving 30 ppm showed marked anorexia, emaciation, nervous signs, and high mortality, while 15 ppm caused reduced weight gain without mortality. Gross lesions included emaciation, muscular pallor, hepatic haemorrhages, renal congestion, and lymphoid organ atrophy. Histopathology revealed lymphoid depletion, follicular necrosis, and degeneration of reticuloendothelial cells in lymphoid tissues. Immunologically, selenium-fed groups showed significant suppression of cell-mediated immunity, as evidenced by reduced delayed-type hypersensitivity response to phytohaemagglutinin, and diminished humoral response, reflected by lower antibody titres against Newcastle disease vaccine. These findings established sodium selenite as a potent immuno-toxicant in broiler chickens, with a narrow margin between requirement and toxicity. The study highlighted the risks of excessive selenium exposure in poultry production systems, particularly in selenium-endemic areas, due to its immunosuppressive potential.
ALD₅₀, Broiler chickens, Immune-toxicity and sodium selenite
Adjunctive effect of ascorbic acid on tetracycline treatment inbroiler chickens challenged with tetracycline-resistant Escherichia coli
The emergence of multidrug-resistant organisms due to the indiscriminate use of antibacterials has become a critical health concern for humans and animals. This study aimed to explore the potential of ascorbic acid to enhance the in vitro and in vivo effectiveness of tetracycline against Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) infections resistant to tetracycline. Isolates of E. coli from broiler chickens affected by colibacillosis were screened for the presence of tetracycline-resistant genes. The in vitro antibacterial properties of ascorbic acid were evaluated. In the in vivo experiment, the birds were pre-treated with ascorbic acid beginning on day three, and on day seventeen of trial, they were challenged with tetracycline-resistant APEC. Clinical symptoms of infection were observed two days post-challenge and then treated with tetracycline for 5 days continuously. After five days of tetracycline treatment, blood samples and organ tissues were collected for haematological, biochemical and histopathological analyses. The study revealed that 60% of prevalence rate for APEC isolates showing the highest resistance with tetracycline. The combination of ascorbic acid did not markedly enhance the antibacterial efficacy of tetracycline in vitro, its administration in vivo has notably diminished disease severity. Although no marked in vitro synergistic effect was observed, ascorbic acid supplementation was associated with reduced disease severity in vivo, suggesting a potential supportive role during antibacterial therapy that warrants further investigation.
Ascorbic acid pretreatment, Broiler chicken, Tetracycline Resistance, tet A gene, tet B gene
Effect of supplementation of L-carnitine during in vitro maturationon embryo production in Sahiwal cows
Embryo transfer technology enables rapid dissemination of superior genetics and in vitro produced embryos have gained more consideration than the in vivo derived embryos due to higher yield of embryos with respect to time. The primary limitation impacting in vitro derived embryos is the success of in vitro maturation as in vitro derived oocytes contain more lipid content contributing to increased oxidative stress and compromised developmental competence. In the present study, lipid modulator, L-carnitine at 1 mM and 3mM was supplemented in the maturation media to decrease lipid content and subsequent oxidative stress in the oocytes undergoing maturation. A total of 326 follicles from overy were aspirated out of which 228 cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs) were collected with a recovery rate of 69.93%. The in vitro maturation of the COC’s supplementation with 3 mM L-Carnitine exhibited significantly (p<0.05) lower complete expansion of cumulus cells in comparison to maturation media supplemented with 1 mM L-carnitine (48, 75.00% vs 58, 90.62%). The cleavage rate of the COC’s matured with supplementation of 3 mM L-Carnitine displayed considerably (p<0.05) less cleavage in comparison to group supplemented with 1 mM L-Carnitine (7.67±0.33,75.40% vs 8.67±0.21,83.87%). The blastocyst rate of the COC’s matured with supplementation of 3 mM L-Carnitine showed significantly (p<0.05) lower embryo production (4.17± 0.31,40.98% vs 5.83± 0.80,56.45%) in comparison to group supplemented with 1 mM L-Carnitine. So, the supplementation of 1 mM L-carnitine is suitable for Sahiwal oocytes during in vitro maturation for higher embryo production.
Blastocyst, In vitro maturation, Lipid, L-carnitine, Ovum pick-up, Sahiwal
Effect of partial replacement of soyabean meal by black soldier fly(Hermetia illucens) larvae meal on growth performanceand nutrient retention in broiler chickens
Poultry farming is expanding rapidly in India, with SBM being the primary protein source in diets. However, the rising demand for high-quality protein necessitates alternative, sustainable feed ingredients. Insects such as black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae provide a safe, cost-effective, and promising protein source, thereby reducing competition for plant-based protein like SBM. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the impact of partial replacement of soybean meal (SBM) with black soldier fly larvae meal (BSFLM) on growth and nutrient retention of broiler chickens. Two hundred day-old broiler chicks of the same hatch were randomly divided into four dietary groups, each with five replicates of 10 chicks, for a 35-day trial. The control group (T0) received a basal diet, while T1, T2, and T3 had SBM replaced with 2%, 5%, and 10% BSFLM, respectively. Growth performance, feed intake, nutrient utilization, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were recorded. Results showed that final body weight, weight gain, feed intake, and performance index were significantly higher in T3, followed by T2 and T1. FCR also improved in T3 and T2. Nutrient retention, particularly ether extract, calcium, and phosphorus, was also enhanced in T3 group. The findings suggestd that 10% replacement of SBM with BSFLM enhance broiler performance.
Comparative efficacy of recombinant human follicle stimulating hormone and porcine follicle stimulating hormone on follicular response, oocyte recovery and in vitro embryo production in donor cows (Bos indicus)
The present study compared the efficacy of long-acting recombinant human follicle stimulating hormone (rhFSH) and pituitary-derived FSH (pFSH) on follicular response, oocyte recovery and in vitro embryo production in donor cows. Eight high-yielding multiparous cows were subjected to two ovarian superstimulation protocols in a crossover design. In the first trial, donors received 200 mg pFSH in tapering doses, while in the second trial a single dose of long-acting rhFSH (300 IU) was administered. Transvaginal ovum pick-up (OPU) was performed on Day 8, and follicular count, oocyte recovery rate, oocyte quality, cleavage rate and blastocyst rate were recorded. The mean total follicle count did not differ significantly between pFSH (27±1.83) and rhFSH (25±2.15) stimulated groups. The oocyte recovery rate was significantly higher in the rhFSH group (77%; 154/200) compared to the pFSH group (68.05%; 147/216). The mean total oocyte yield per OPU was comparable between rhFSH (19.25±2.03) and pFSH (18.37±1.53) treatments. Cleavage rate (66.23% vs 72.1%) and blastocyst rate (55.84% vs 62.58%) did not differ significantly between rhFSH and pFSH groups, respectively. It may be concluded that long-acting rhFSH was comparable to conventional pFSH in terms of follicular response, oocyte quality and embryo production, while providing significantly improved oocyte recovery efficiency.
Blastocyst rate, Follicular response, In vitro embryo production, Oocyte recovery, Recombinant FSH, Superstimulation
Insights of structural and functional luteolytic pattern inTharparkar cows (Bos indicus) through doppler ultrasonography
The study aimed to investigate real-time changes in intraluteal blood flow, progesterone (P4) profile, and associated structural alterations in the corpus luteum (CL) of Tharparkar cows following prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) administration. Tharparkar cows (n = 8), at least 60 days postpartum with a well-developed CL, were administered cloprostenol (500 μg, intramuscularly). Ultrasonographic examinations and blood sampling were performed at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h post-injection. CL diameter remained unchanged up to 4 h post-treatment, followed by a significant reduction (p < 0.05) beginning at 12 h and progressing through 24, 48, and 72 h, indicating structural luteolysis. The mean CL diameter decreased from 20.29 ± 1.19 mm at 0 h to 11.55 ± 0.30 mm at 72 h. An acute increase in intraluteal blood flow was observed, peaking at 1 h post-injection, followed by a significant decline (p < 0.05), with the lowest values recorded at 72 h. Serum P4 concentrations decreased significantly (p < 0.05) from 1 h onward, confirming functional luteolysis. The findings demonstrated a biphasic vascular response characterized by an initial rise followed by a sustained decline in blood flow, coupled with progressive structural regression of the CL. The study provided important insights into the hemodynamic and functional dynamics of PGF2α-induced luteolysis in Bos indicus cows.
Blood flow, Color Doppler USG, Luteolysis, Prostaglandin (PGF2α), Tharparkar
Artemisia plant oil effectively reduces enteric methane emissionsin Sahiwal calves
Livestock sector significantly contributed to atmospheric greenhouse gas (GHG) leading to climate change. Several plants and their products can reduce the enteric methane emission from ruminant livestock. In the present study, the potential of Artemisia annua essential oil (EO) to reduce methane production in ruminants was investigated. In vitro trials with 0, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 ppm of essential oil supplementation in a 60:40 (roughage to concentrate) ratio revealed significant methane reduction at 50 ppm (20.90%) and 100 ppm (27.31%) with improved IVDMD and IVOMD (P<0.005). Acetate production decreased significantly at 50 ppm supplementation while propionate decreased beyond 100 ppm. Subsequently, fifteen male Sahiwal calves were grouped into group (Control, T1 and T2) for 70 day feeding trial. Control animals were fed only basal diet while EO at 50 and 100 ppm level was added to T1 and T2 groups, respectively. Results revealed no significant differences in body weight, daily gain, DMI, FCR, digestibility or nitrogen balance between the groups (>0.05). Enteric methane emission (g/d) decreased significantly in T1 by 13.36% and in T2 by 10.83% compared to the control. Methane emissions (g/kg DMI) also decreased by 18.52% in T1 and 14.18% in T2 as compared to control. Artemisia annua essential oil at 50 and 100 ppm mitigated enteric methane while maintaining normal nutrient utilization and growth. Therefore, Artemisia annua EO may be an option to reduce enteric emission and sustainable dairy production.
Average daily gain, Body weight change, Essential oil, Enteric methane, Livestock, Sahiwal calves
Influence of dietary L-threonine on egg production, egg quality,immune functions, gut health and anti-oxidant status in laying hens
This study was conducted on 1680 BV-300 layers, aged 40 weeks (1352±5.85g) divided into five groups (336 birds each) fed on various levels of dietary L-threonine in their diets: T1 (100% threonine according to NRC recommendations), T2 (100% threonine based on BV-300 requirements), T3 (110% threonine of BV-300 requirements), T4 (120% threonine of BV-300 requirements) and T5 (130% threonine of BV-300 requirements), over a period of twenty weeks. Feed efficiency improved in T4 and T5 groups as compared to T1 group. Egg mass was higher in T3, T4 and T5 groups as compared to T1 and T2 groups. Albumin height, albumin index and Haugh Unit exhibited higher values in T4 group than T1 and T2 groups. The total immunoglobulin level was elevated in T3, T4 and T5 groups. The ND titre (HA-HI) was higher in T5 group than T1 and T2 group. The proliferation response index of lymphocyte was higher in the T5 group than the T1 group. The phagocytic activity index of neutrophil was superior in T5 group than T1 and T2 groups. Villus height was higher and villus surface area and the goblet cells number/villus were greater in T4 and T5 group than in T2 group. The T5 group exhibited a higher concentration of GSH-Px as compared to T1 group. Additionally, T5 group demonstrated a higher level of SOD activity than the other groups. The best relative economic efficiency was recorded in T4 group. It can be concluded that dietary threonine level may be increased by 20% and 30% of BV-300 requirement for optimal performance and immune health, respectively in layers.
Albumin index, Egg mass, Haugh unit, Threonine, Villus height
Evaluation of genetic diversity of Indigenous poultry (Khukhri) found in Chotanagpur Plateau of Jharkhand
Indigenous poultry farming plays an important role in livelihood and nutritional security of rural and tribal populations of Jharkhand. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the phenotypic performance and genetic diversity of Khukhri chicken of the Chotanagpur plateau. A field survey was conducted on 270 households covering 540 birds. Phenotypic characterization revealed predominance of mixed plumage with yellow shank colour (85.56%) and uniform red earlobe, comb and white skin. However, variability in comb type was observed with single comb (≈52%) being predominant. Adult body weight of males and females averaged 1552.18 ± 27.46 g and 1182.04 ± 14.30 g, while shank length was 9.85 ± 0.08 cm and 8.73 ± 0.05 cm, respectively. Genetic diversity was assessed using RAPD markers on 50 birds. Out of 22 primers, 16 produced polymorphic bands generating 172 bands, of which 168 (97.67%) were polymorphic. Nei’s gene diversity ranged from 0.28 ± 0.01 to 0.29 ± 0.01, and Shannon’s information index ranged from 0.43 ± 0.01 to 0.44 ± 0.01 across populations. The study indicated moderate genetic variability within Khukhri chicken populations. However, the observed variability in comb type suggested that further studies focusing on uniform sub-populations (particularly single-comb birds) are necessary for breed standardization and conservation planning.
Khukhri, Indigenous chicken, Genetic diversity, Phenotypic traits, RAPD
Structural transformation of the Indian sheep sector
Over the period 1950-2025, the Indian sheep sector has undergone substantial structural transformation in its production orientation, technological base and market integration. Although the national sheep population increased moderately from 39.1 million in 1951 to 74.26 million, output growth has been markedly higher. Mutton production expanded nearly tenfold, reaching 1.185 million tonnes in 2024-25, whereas wool production stabilized at 34.57 million kg, indicating a progressive shift from fibre-dominated systems to meat-oriented production. This transformation has been shaped by genetic improvement programmes, development of synthetic breeds, regionspecific nutritional strategies, advances in reproductive and animal health management, and evolving policy support. India currently ranks second globally in sheep population, underscoring its strategic importance in the small ruminant economy. Despite the growing dominance of mutton in sectoral value, wool continues to hold regional livelihood significance in arid and hill ecosystems. This review synthesizes long-term trends in population and production dynamics, breed development, technological interventions and emerging market drivers. It also analyses persistent constraints, including shrinking grazing resources, limited genetic gain, suboptimal technology adoption, disease burden, market inefficiencies and climate stress. A strategic pathway is proposed to enhance productivity, resilience, value addition and value-chain efficiency while safeguarding the livelihoods of small and marginal sheep farmers across diverse agro-ecological regions.
Breeds, Constraints, Future roadmap, Mutton, Production systems, Wool
Phenotypic characterization of a lesser known Macherla goat of Andhra Pradesh
A study was conducted to physically characterize the lesser-known indigenous Macherla goat of Andhra Pradesh, involving a survey of 771 randomly sampled individuals from 24 villages within the breeding tract. The research focused on habitat, body biometry, and growth patterns of these goats. The Macherla goats were observed to be of medium to large size, exhibiting three primary coat color patterns: predominantly patchy (84.6%), with plain (12.0%) and spotted (3.4%) patterns being less common. Horn morphology revealed that curved horns were most prevalent (59.4%), followed by straight horns (40.6%). In terms of ear morphology, pendulous ears were noted in 100% of the population. The head profile predominantly featured a slightly convex shape (93.0%), with straight head type 7.0%. Tail shapes included both curved and straight variations, while the back exhibited both straight and sloping characteristics, and the rump was primarily sloping.The overall least-squares mean for height at withers for individuals over 36 months was recorded at 91.0 ± 0.6 cm. Specifically, bucks measured an average of 96.5 ± 1.0 cm, whereas does measured 85.4 ± 0.4 cm. Statistical analysis indicated that sex had a significant effect (P< 0.01) on body measurements in the >36month age group. The least-squares means for body length and chest girth for individuals over 36 months were 83.8 ± 0.6 cm and 86.0 ± 0.6 cm, respectively. Adult body weights for individuals over 36 months were 54.0 ± 0.7 kg for males and 42.0 ± 0.3 kg for females.
Phenotype, Goat, Macherla, Characterization, Biometry, mtDNA, divergence
First report on Molecular characterization ofStreptococcus pluranimalium from Sirohi goat
The present study was carried out with the objective to identify the causative agent(s) involved in the causation of cutaneous abscessation in goat from the semi-arid region of Rajasthan, India by using the conventional bacteriological and PCR protocols targeting 16S ribosomal RNA gene. While doing the survey of goat flocks in the month of January 2025, pus collected from an adult female Sirohi goat having a large sized palpable cutaneous abscess and cultured on BHI agar plate. The amplicons obtained out of universal 16S ribosomal RNA using the chromosomal DNA isolated from the bacterial colonies grown on BHI agar plate were cloned into E.coli based vector and the confirmed recombinant plasmids were subjected for Sanger sequencing. The organism specific genes, recN and galactokinase were also targeted and sequenced after the conventional gene cloning experiments. The obtained nucleotide sequences of both 16S ribosomal RNA and galactokinase genes of the identified bacterial species from Indian goat were analysed using the standard bioinformatics tools. Upon the sequence analysis, it was found that the obtained nucleotide sequences of the bacteria, were having more than 99% identity with 16S ribosomal RNA gene of Streptococcus pluranimalium. Both recN and galactokinase genes were also having 100 % identity with that of S.pluranimalium. In the phylogenetic tree analysis, S.pluranimalium from Indian goat clustered with S. pluranimalium from other host species. It was therefore concluded that in a Sirohi goat from Western India having cutaneous abscess, S.pluranimalium was isolated and characterized at molecular level for the first time.
Sirohi goat; cutaneous abscess; 16S RNA PCR; Streptococcus pluranimalium; organism specific genes; Sequencing; Bioinformatics analysis
Studies on the comparative efficacy of different analogues of prostaglandin F2 alpha for estrus synchronization in cows
In cattle reproduction, luteolysis is a crucial event that regulates the estrous cycle. Both endogenous and exogenous PGF2α induce luteolysis in most cows with a mature corpus luteum (CL). A study was conducted on 30 normally cycling cows, divided into three groups of 10 animals each. The investigation was conducted in nearby villages at farmers' homes from February 2023 to June 2024. The objective was to evaluate the efficacy of cloprostenol, D-cloprostenol, and dinoprost tromethamine when administered intramuscularly. In these groups, prostaglandins were administered eight days post-ovulation, followed by transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) to assess the diameter and functionality of the CL using color Doppler to evaluate blood perfusion. Ovarian examinations to monitor luteolysis and subsequent estrus were performed every 24 hours until ovulation. Cloprostenol resulted in a greater but statistically non-significant percentage reduction in CL size (-43.23%) compared to D-cloprostenol (-39.35%) and dinoprost (-42.45%). A significantly (P<0.10) larger final increase in follicle size was observed with cloprostenol (57.84%) compared to D-cloprostenol (55.15%) and dinoprost (51.79%). The most substantial decrease in progesterone (P4) concentration and percentage was observed with D-cloprostenol (1.42 ± 0.49 ng/ml; -84.6%), followed by cloprostenol (1.76 ± 0.18 ng/ml; -79.9%) and dinoprost (1.66 ± 0.98 ng/ml; -73.2%). Progesterone levels in all groups reached basal concentrations after 96 hours. Among the treatments, cloprostenol achieved the highest conception rate (50%), followed by D-cloprostenol (40%), with the lowest conception rate recorded for dinoprost (30%).
PGF2α analogues, Cloprostenol, D-cloprostenol, Dinoprost, Estrus induction, Cyclic cows