This journal caters to a wide clientele comprising veterinarians, researchers and students. Articles are included on animal breeding and genetics, immunology, biotechnology, diseases, medicine and pharmacology, anatomy and histology, surgery, pathology, physiology, nutrition, milk, meat and other animal products, housing and fisheries from India and internationally. NAAS Rating (2026): 6.3 Indexed in Elsevier Scopus, Clarivate Analytics ESCI, SJIF, DOAJ, Google Scholar and Crossref EDITORIAL BOARD Subscription Information for Print Version
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A study on nutritional agents associated with leg lameness in commercial broiler chicken
This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of leg lameness in commercial broilers and the nutritional agents associated with this condition. The study was carried out during the period from October 2022 to March 2023 in and around Puducherry. A total of 20 commercial broilers farms were investigated for the occurrence of lameness based on the gait scoring system. Birds with a score more than 3 were considered as lame bird. Out of 20, 10 farms with highest occurrence of lameness were selected for further study. The average percentage of lameness in the surveyed and selected farms was 21.1 % and 25 %, respectively. All the flocks were maintained under deep litter system with the recommended floor space on continuous lighting program and ad libitum feeding. None of the flocks showed lesions of foot pad dermatitis and hock burn. Though, the level of calcium and phosphorus did not differ significantly in the feed sample, magnesium and manganese contents were found to be below the recommended level of BIS, 2007. All the feed samples were positive for aflatoxin and in 50% of the samples, the level exceed 20 ppb. No significant difference was recorded in the mean values of serum phosphorous, ALT, AST and glucose between control and lame group but the serum calcium and vitamin D3 were significantly lower in latter. Bone mineral profile revealed relatively lower dry fat free bone weight and ash weight for lame group compared to control group. The bone manganese content was significantly lower in lame birds compared to the control group. The present study highlighted the importance of feeding adequate levels of manganese in the diet of broilers. In addition, the feed should be routinely screened for the levels of aflatoxins.
Aflatoxin, Broiler, Lameness, Manganese, Vitamin D3
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Optimizing semen collection, dilution, and thawing protocols to enhance frozen thawed sperm quality in Bach Thao bucks
Artificial insemination and semen cryopreservation are key techniques for improving reproductive efficiency and conserving genetic resources in goats, but the success of these procedures depends on semen collection and processing protocols. This study aimed to optimize semen collection intervals, dilution ratios, and thawing conditions to enhance post-thaw sperm quality in Bach Thao bucks, an indigenous Vietnamese breed. Ejaculates were collected at different intervals, diluted with varying ratios of citrate-based extender, frozen, and thawed under several temperature-time combinations. Post-thaw quality of semen was evaluated through sperm motility, morphology, and membrane integrity assessments. Semen collected at moderate intervals resulted in better sperm motility and fewer abnormalities than daily collection. A balanced dilution ratio improved cryosurvival, while excessive dilution reduced sperm quality. Thawing at moderate temperatures for short durations resulted in higher motility and membrane stability compared with lower or prolonged conditions. Integrating an appropriate collection interval with optimal dilution and controlled thawing significantly improved frozen–thawed semen quality in Bach Thao bucks. These results provide practical recommendations for breeding centers and contribute to the conservation of indigenous goat genetic resources.
Artificial insemination, Bach Thao goat, Cryopreservation, dilution ratio, Semen collection interval, Sperm motility
Assessment of age and sex variability on haematological parameters of indigenous Punganur cattle
This study aimed to assess the variability of sex and age on the hematological parameters of Punganur cattle. Blood samples were collected from 175 healthy Punganur cattle from Livestock Research Station (LRS), Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University and from farmers in the surrounding areas of Palamaner, Chittoor district, Andhra Pradesh across various age groups (Cows, Bulls, Heifers, Young bulls, Female calves, and Male calves) were collected and analysed. The results were categorized based on sex and age variations. Lymphocyte percentage (P<0.01) and granulocyte percentage (P<0.05) exhibited statistically significant variations, however, all other parameters did not show any differences under sex. Age-based analysis revealed significant differences (P<0.01) in Total Leucocyte Count Lymphocyte Count, Lymphocyte Percentage %, Granulocyte %, Total Erythrocyte Count, Haemoglobin, Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin Concentration, Red Cell Distribution Width, Platelet Count, Platelet Distribution Width, and Plateletcrit, with Mean Corpuscular Volume showing significance at P<0.05. The findings could be used as reference values to differentiate normal physiological, nutritional and disease conditions for females, males and different age groups of Punganur cattle. This provides valuable insights for veterinarians and farmers, contributing significantly to the conservation of this endangered breed.
Haematology, Punganur, Variations based on sex, Variations based on age
Nested polymerase chain reaction assay for detection of Porcine Astrovirus in pig population
Porcine Astrovirus (PAstV) is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus, responsible for gastrointestinal diseases in swine populations across the globe. There are sparse reports regarding diagnostic platforms for the detection of PAstV in the porcine population. The present study reported a nested PCR (nPCR) assay for the identification of PAstV in faecal specimens of pigs in Punjab, India. The technique was developed using outer and inner sets of primers targeting the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) gene of the virus. The nPCR was standardized and optimized, including sensitivity and specificity. The sensitivity of the assay was found to be 225 femtograms. The technique was specific and did not amplify with certain other viruses i.e., Porcine Kobuvirus (PKV) and Bovine Rotavirus (BoRV). The applicability of the nPCR assay was further assessed on faecal samples (n=50) collected from field conditions comprising diarrhoeic (n=39) and non-diarrhoeic (n=11) animals. The nPCR detected only 12 [diarrhoeic (n=8) & non-diarrhoeic (n=4)] out of 50 samples tested as positive. This work demonstrated that nPCR assay can be effectively used as a rapid, specific, and sensitive method for routine molecular screening and/or diagnosis of PAstV in swine population.
Assessment of socio-economic status, farming and breeding practices and major constraints of indigenous sheep farming in Tangail district, Bangladesh
The present study was conducted to assess the socio-economic profile, husbandry practices and challenges of sheep rearing in Tangail District, Bangladesh. The study followed a cross-sectional survey design and data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Data were collected from 131 sheep-rearing farmers across 13 unions using a pre-tested questionnaire administered through face-to-face interviews. The majority of the farmers were female (82.84%), predominantly Muslim (84.73%), with 71.75% having no formal education. Most farmers (59.54%) primarily relied on agriculture for their livelihoods. Farmers had an average landholding of 73.54 decimals with average annual income of 78,574 BDT. The average sheep rearing experience was 4.83 years, reflecting moderate expertise in sheep husbandry. Farmers reared mainly indigenous sheep with an average flock size of 3.76 animals per household, with ewes comprising 54.60% of the total population. Semi-intensive feeding (76.17%) and natural mating (100%) were the predominant husbandry and breeding practices, with 72.31% relying on neighbours’ rams to bred their ewes. Reproductive performance was satisfactory, with a litter size of 2.13 and a service per conception rate of 1.10. Farmers demonstrated limited awareness and adoption of pre- and post-lambing management practices for sheep. Preventive health measures were minimal, as vaccination and deworming coverage were only 1.54% and 10%, respectively. Major health issues included diarrhoea, enteritis, and pneumonia, often linked to shared housing with cattle. These findings underscore the need for targeted extension services, organized breeding programs, farmer training and improved veterinary care to boost sheep productivity and improve the livelihoods of farmers in the region.
Breeding, Constraints, Indigenous, Husbandry, Socio-economics
Prenatal ovarian development in local sheep of Kashmir Valley
Morphological, histological and histochemical studies were conducted on prenatal ovary at different stages of gestation of local sheep of Kashmir. The genital ridge was observed as a minor thickening on the ventro-medial aspect of mesonephros which contained mesenchymal cells, primordial germ cells (PGCs), differentiating erythrocytes and spindle shaped fibroblasts upto 50 days of gestational age. Later on small, elongated to almond shaped ovaries caudal to respective kidneys were observed. The ovaries were covered by germinal epithelium. The sex cords were observed along with primordial and primary follicles in 50-100 days of prenatal life. Secondary follicles were first observed from 100 days of prenatal ovary onwards. Tertiary follicles were first observed at the inner part of the cortex near the full term (140-149 days). Development of the tunica albuginea was initiated from 100 days of gestation onward. Regarding connective tissue fibres, reticular fibres were evident from 50 days onward and collagen fibres appeared from 100 days onward of the gestation period.
Age, Development, Sheep, Morphology, Pre-natal ovary
Milk consumption level and lifestyle diseases: A multi-stakeholder Correlational study using a lifestyle index in Salem District, Tamil Nadu, India
Milk consumption is frequently associated with dietary behaviour and the risk of lifestyle-related diseases, yet empirical evidence from rural Indian contexts remains limited. The present study examined the relationship between milk consumption levels and lifestyle diseases using a multi-stakeholder approach in Salem district of Tamil Nadu, India. A total of 225 respondents (75 men, 75 women and 75 children) were selected through random sampling from three blocks representing varying levels of milk production and urbanization, along with expert inputs from ten medical practitioners and ten dieticians. A composite lifestyle index was developed to assess perceived lifestyle patterns and their association with disease prevalence. Correlation analysis indicated no statistically significant relationship between milk consumption level and lifestyle diseases at the district level (r = 0.062) or within individual blocks, Konganapuram (r = 0.039), Salem urban (r = 0.115) and Thalaivasal (r = 0.050). However, the lifestyle index showed a significant inverse association with lifestyle diseases in selected rural blocks, suggesting that broader behavioural factors may play a stronger role than milk intake alone. Consumption patterns also revealed that only one in ten urban respondents and one in seven rural respondents met recommended milk intake levels. The findings highlight the need to interpret dairy consumption within a wider lifestyle context rather than as an isolated determinant of health outcomes, and offer evidence for designing integrated nutrition and rural health interventions.
Correlation analysis, Dairy intake, LSDs, Lifestyle index, Milk consumption, Multi-stakeholder perspective
Influence of seasons and THI on reproductive performance and invitro assay of semen of Barbari buck under tropical conditions
Temperature fluctuations due to climate change, have important impact on sexual behaviour and seminal attributes. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of summer and monsoon seasons on the sexual behavior pattern (RT: reaction time and SA: sexual aggressiveness) and seminal characteristics of Barbari bucks (Capra hircus). The semen samples were harvested and evaluated at weekly intervals during summer and monsoon season using standardized methods from Barbari buck (n=6; age 1.5 to 2.5 yrs.). The RT varied considerably from the hot, dry condition of summer to the humid, wet weather of the monsoon, whereas no significant seasonal variation was observed in the SA of Barbary bucks. Significant (P<0.05) improvement was noted in RT (seconds) and the semenrelated parameters during monsoon season as compared to summer season. The temperature-humidity index (THI) and dry bulb temperature did not differ significantly among the study seasons. Significantly higher relative humidity (78.15±0.60 vs 61.17±1.46; P<0.05) and RT (3.25±0.10 vs 2.80±0.11; P<0.05) were observed during the monsoon season as compared to the summer season. In conclusion, Barbari bucks had better seminal quality parameters and reaction time in monsoon seasons than in summer seasons.
Multiplier pig units and Artificial Insemination at Farmers’ field in North East India: Assessment of Success, Impact and Constraints
Small scale scavenging pig farming is less economic and meets the individual demands only. To meet the country demands, establishment of pig multiplier units and popularization of artificial insemination (AI) at farmers’ field is required. In the present study, 44 households were provided with interventions like knowledge scale up about piggery, AI, essential veterinary aids along with one time physical incentives. The success, farmers’ attitude, impact and constraints were assessed for establishment of pig multiplier units and about use of AI in the units. Comparative production performance and economics from AI to natural breeding was also assessed separately. In results, a total of 26 farmers (59.09%) were successful while 18 farmers (40.90%) were unsuccessful to establish the multiplier units. Pig farmers (%) had medium to high level of favorable attitude towards establishment of multiplier units (55.36% to 32.64%) and use of AI (50.25 % to 42.35%). After interventions of pig multiplier units and AI, significantly (p<0.05) improvement in average herd size, sale of piglets, net income, B:C ratio, reduction in the cost of production and mortality was observed. In comparison to natural breeding, AI interventions were found significantly (p<0.05) more productive and cost effective. The most common constraints faced by farmers were high feed cost, door step availability of semen dose/boar, distance and time to get AI dose/boar to serve the females. In conclusion, pig multiplier units and AI in pig were cost effective technologies to propagate and repopulate the pigs to meet the demands of piggery stakeholders.
A comprehensive serosurveillance of foot-and-mouth disease in pig population of Mizoram state in eastern Himalayan argo-climatic region in India
The primary objective of this study was to estimate the seroprevalence of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) 3AB3 nonstructural protein (NSP) antibodies in pig population of Mizoram in India. The 3AB3 NSP indirect ELISA, already in use in the country for screening FMDV infection associated antibodies in the bovines, was modified using anti-porcine IgG-horse radish peroxidase (HRP) conjugate and successfully applied for serosurveillance of FMD in pig population of Mizoram. In total, 2996 serum samples were collected from apparently healthy pigs across all eight districts of Mizoram state and tested using 3AB3 NSP ELISA, where 373 samples (12.44%) were found positive for NSP antibodies indicating recent past FMDV infection and virus circulation, with NSP antibody positivity ranging from 2.32% in Champhai to 31.27% in Kolasib district. Further, a set of representative serum samples was subjected to liquid phase blocking (LPB) ELISA to assess the level of protective structural antibody against FMDV serotypes O, A and Asia 1. None of the pigs were found to have a protective log10 antibody titre of ≥1.8 against any of the three FMDV serotypes, indicating a ‘no vaccination’ scenario in pigs in the region. FMDV-infected pigs, being the amplifier hosts, excrete enormous quantity of virus and may pose a severe threat to other domestic livestock. Hence, pigs should be included in ongoing surveillance and control measures, including prophylactic vaccination coupled with zoosanitary measures. To the best of our knowledge, this appears to be the first comprehensive sero-epidemiological study covering an entire state with a relatively higher pig population in India.
Buffalo- calf gut origin Pediococcus shows superior probiotic potential than Lactobacillus under in vitro system
Autochthonous probiotics are preferred over allochthonous probiotics. Therefore, this research was aimed to isolate and characterize lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from buffalo-calves faeces and evaluate their probiotic potential to develop an autochthonous probiotic for buffalo. Thirty two LABs were isolated from Murrah buffalo-calves faeces out of which eight isolates exhibiting maximum hydrophobicity and minimum auto-aggregation, were subjected to further characterization. Out of 8 two isolates, RM119 and RM122, exhibited highest cell surface hydrophobicity, minimum aggregation time, highest lactic acid production, resistance to various temperatures low pH and bile salts. However, antagonism against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 70063, and Staphylococcus aureus was higher with RM119 as compared to RM122. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the isolates RM103, RM104, RM106, RM107 and RM113 (NCBI Genbank accession no MN880194, MT180734, MN880195, MN880196 and MT907286, respectively), belonged to Lactiplantibacillus fermentum, isolate RM 102 belonged to Lactobacillus plantarum and RM119 and RM122 belonged to Pediococcus pentosaceus. The results revealed that the two strains of P. pentosaceus (RM112 and RM119) were superior over Lactobacillus isolates in terms of probiotic potential.
Lactobacillus, Murrah Buffalo calf, Pediococcus, Probiotic
Impact of feed macronutrient composition on the nutritional quality of duck meat in intensive farming systems, Central Java, Indonesia
The quality of duck meat is closely related to the nutritional composition of the feed. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the relationship between the nutritional content of feed and duck meat from intensive farms in Central Java. This research was an exploratory study to measure proximate levels of macronutrients including carbohydrates, protein and crude fat in feed and duck meat. The study was conducted at five duck farms (A, B, C, D and E), and females ducks aged ± 1.5 years were selected. The proximate level in percentage was then analyzed statistically to determine the real difference and correlation. The results showed that the feed quality in the five farms was dominated by carbohydrates which reached more than 32%, and the highest levels were obtained from Farm E which reached 51.87 ± 2.65% (p value = 0.017). Meanwhile, a negative correlation was shown between the carbohydrate content of feed and meat, which means that an increase in carbohydrate content was associated with a decrease in protein content. It may be concluded that the proximate composition of duck feed in five farms has met the nutritional needs and was dominated by carbohydrates, followed by protein and crude fat content.
Carbohydrate, Nutrition, Meat quality, Overfeeding, Proximate analysis
Innovative strategies using organic agricultural waste and lime for housefly control in poultry farms
The intensification of poultry production systems has led to substantial accumulation of poultry waste, creating conducive conditions for housefly proliferation. To address this, a series of controlled trials were conducted at the Poultry Research Farm, Department of Livestock Production Management, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, to evaluate moisture-reducing strategies using organic agricultural residues and calcium oxide (lime powder). Paddy straw, rice husk, and lime powder were tested individually and in combinations at inclusion rates of 4%, 8%, and 12%. Preliminary results identified 8% as the optimal concentration. Subsequently, a four-week trial with weekly applications and an additional post-treatment observation period was conducted. Litter moisture, temperature, adult fly density, and in vitro larval counts were recorded on Day 0, Day 1, Day 2, Day 5, and on Days 8, 11, and 14 following the final application. The application of 8% lime powder significantly (p<0.05) reduced litter moisture to 36.38% by the fourth week, compared to 62.51% moisture in the untreated control. A rapid reduction to 29.48% moisture was observed within 24 hours of application. Although litter temperature exhibited minimal variation (32.93°C), larval populations declined markedly post-treatment and remained suppressed up to Day 14. The study concluded that 8% lime powder application effectively reduces litter moisture, thereby disrupting the favorable micro-environment for housefly breeding. This approach offers a practical, economical, and environmentally sustainable strategy for integrated housefly management in poultry housing systems.
Impact of socio-economic determinants on goat farmers' adaptations to climate change: A multivariate probit approach
This study overviews at how goat farmers in the Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh are adapting to the climate change and effects of these strategies on their socio-economic situation. The research used data from 300 households in the Banda and Mahoba districts. A multivariate probit econometric model was used to understand what factors influence farmers' choices when adapting to climate change. The results showed that factors like landholding size, farming experience, gender of the household head and especially access to credit institutions significantly influence farmers’ adaptation strategies. Additionally, the study highlights the need for improved infrastructure and services particularly in areas like agricultural extension and market access—to support greater adoption of adaptation measures. These findings can help researchers, environmentalists, and policymakers create better strategies to support sustainable goat farming in the area.
Adaptation, Climate change, Goat farming, Probit Socio-economic
Effect of breed, production system and fecundity onserum alkaline phosphatase of goats from Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Limited information is available on alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity from goats of India. The present study aimed to measure ALP level on random population of ANI goats (n=83) on breed wise as Andaman Local goat (ALG) (n=53) and other admixtures (n=30), rearing condition as farmer’s field (n=10) and farm flocks (n=70), fecundity as number of kids from single (n=35) to multiple (n=48) and parity as singlet to triplet (n=49) and more than triplet (n=34). The blood serum was extracted from the animals for the study. The study results indicates the enzyme activity level was similar irrespective of all the variables analysed and non significant. This study firstly analysed the ALP enzyme level in ANI goats which provides base level information about these animals adaptation under this unique ecosystem. This can be considered as a preliminary study since ALP has many roles during advancement of pregnancy to early lactation that may provide the overall status of animal’s health during pre to post partum conditions for further investigation.
Andaman Local goats, Alkaline phosphatase activity, Fecundity, parity, Rearing condition, Serum
Effect of high plane of nutrition with herbal feed additive on intake, nutrient utilization and haemato-biochemical changes in post-partum Tharparker cows
The study appraised the influence of higher plane of nutrition with herbal feed additive on feed intake, nutrient utilization, body condition score and blood-biochemical parameters in post-partum Tharparkar cows. Eighteen Tharparkar cows, ranging from second to fifth parity, with an average body weight of 340.3±5.5 kg and an average milk yield of 6.38±0.32 kg/d, were randomly divided into three groups. The control group (CON) was fed a basal diet consisting of concentrate mixture, fresh maize fodder and wheat straw, whereas, cows in Treatment-1 (T-1) received the same basal diet with 10% higher concentrate mixture and Treatment-2 (T-2), received basal diet with 10 % higher concentrate mixture along with a herbal feed additive @150mgkg-1 BW. The feeding trial lasted for 90 days. The DM and OM intake (kgd-1) were comparable amongst the treatment groups whereas OM intake as %BW was significantly higher (P<0.05) in T-1 and T-2 groups than CON. The relative digestibility of various nutrients except EE was significantly (P<0.05) greater in T-2 group. The intakes of DCP, DOM, TDN and ME were significantly improved (P<0.01) in T-1 and T-2 groups than CON. Similarly, density of nutrients (DCP and TDN; %) of the composite diets were significantly (P<0.001) higher in T-2 followed by T-1 and CON groups, respectively. The body weight and body condition score (BCS) were similar among the groups. The cows of T-2 group exhibited significantly (P<0.01) higher haemoglobin and haematocrit values than CON and T-1 groups. Although, blood glucose, total protein and its fractions, A:G ratio, urea, AST and ALT were not affected. Thus, Tharparkar cows kept on higher plane of nutrition supplemented with herbal feed additive had significantly improved intake, nutrient utilization and haemotological parameters without affecting BCS and body weights.
Digestibility, Haemato-biochemical profile, Herbs, Intake, Post-partum, Tharparkar
Effect of different feeding strategies on lactation and reproductive performances of dairy cows in the semi-arid region
Dairy farming in Algeria relies on a simple diet composed of dry forage, corn silage, and concentrates in varying proportions. The present study aimed to evaluate and compare lactation and reproduction performances of dairy cows fed according to three different feeding rations: a total mixed ration (TMR G1), TMR supplemented with alfalfa pellets (G2), and a conventional feed (G3) where forage and concentrates are distributed separately. Eighteen primiparous Montbéliarde cows, with an average initial body weight of 511 ± 66.98 kg were monitored over two lactations. Cows received G3 ration had the highest average live weight and body reserves (554 ± 46.72 kg) compared to G1 (505 ± 96.55 kg) and G2 (462 ± 38.73 kg) (p<0.05). The milk performances had an average of 6439.5 ± 743.02, 6065 ± 647.04 and 6347 ± 886.78 kg/year for the three rations, respectively. Lactation persistence was 92.7%, 93.2%, and 81.7% for the three groups, respectively. Milk fat and protein contents were 33.41 ± 2.26, 32.79 ± 2.51 and 35.35 ± 2.09 g/kg; 30.73 ± 0.72, 29.96 ± 0.84 and 30.58 ± 0.93 g/kg, respectively. The three feeding rations led to a considerable variation in reproductive performances, with calving intervals of 370 ± 24.70; 360 ± 71.01, and 404 ± 40.62 days, respectively. Cows received G2 ration had the highest first insemination success rate (83.33%). These results confirm the effectiveness of TMR feeding as a promising strategy to support overall performance of dairy herds.
Dairy cow, Feeding, Milk performance, Total mixed rations
Disease incidences and behavioural in Vrindavani neonatal calves reared under subtropical climate of India
The present study aims to assess the prevalence of neonatal diseases in 159 crossbred Vrindavani calves. The experiment was conducted at Cattle and Buffalo Farm, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly during the period from January 2022 to December 2022. All the experimental calves were examined for various neonatal diseases, and epidemiological parameters, including age, season, activity, and hematological indices were recorded. The data generated throughout this study were analyzed using a two-way ANOVA with Tukey's test for multiple comparisons, conducted with IBM SPSS 20.0 software. The primary neonatal diseases observed included gastroenteritis (2.22%), navel ill (1.62%), joint ill (1.75%), respiratory infections (0.30%), and anemia with dullness (3.71%). Gastroenteritis was most prevalent from February to April and June to July month, while navel ill peaked between May and November. Respiratory diseases were more common from September to December month, whereas anemia and joint ill were consistent throughout the year. Notably, all calves exhibited good responsiveness and suckling reflex, with 96.29% having hematological indices within normal ranges for bovines. Anemia and weakness were a significant concern year-round in neonates. It was concluded that predominant neonatal diseases of Vrindavani calves were gastroenteritis, navel ill, respiratory infections, anaemia and joint ill. Early detection and intervention protocols need to be developed to reduce morbidity and mortality rates among calves. It was also emphasized that regular health assessments and proper hygienic care for neonatal calves could improve calf vigor and survival rates.
Crossbred calves, Morbidity, Neonatal diseases, Prevalence, Vrindavani calves
Comparison of egg laying behaviour and production performance between ‘conventional nest box’ and ‘novel roll away egg nest’ system in backyard poultry rearing
A specially designed “Novel Roll Away Nest” was compared with the conventional (made up of brick and soil) to find out the production performance and egg laying behaviour for backyard poultry. The experiment was conducted using a total of 60 commercial BV 300-layer birds, aged 60-76 weeks, during 2024. The behaviour (egg eating, floor laying, broken eggs, and dirty eggs) and performance (hen day and hen housed egg production, feed conversion ratio (FCR) based on dozen of eggs produced and egg mass) of experimental laying birds with novel roll-away egg nests and once daily egg collection was comparied to the laying birds with the conventional nest (TC, made up of brick and soil) with different daily egg collection frequencies (1, 2, 3 or 4 times/day i.e. TC1, TC 2, TC3 and TC 4) for the period of 4-month (i.e. P1, P2, P3 and P4). In the roll-away egg nest group, the egg laying on the floor was almost 9.44 times and egg-eating behaviour was 11.47 times lower than the conventional egg nest group. Whereas, the hen day egg production (based on total saleable eggs) and FCR in the roll-away egg nest group were comparable to the conventional egg nest group with 4 times daily egg collection frequency. Also, the conventional egg nest group, having a 4 times daily egg collection frequency, required more labour. The majority of the hens displayed a preference for the roll-away nest box over the conventional nest. In conclusion, the improved parameters in the novel roll way rollaway plausibly attributable nest were achieved due to its novel design, which provided a cosy and confined space for birds to lay eggs and allows the rolling back of the egg to the rear end once it is laid and making it inaccessible to birds, thereby preventing egg-eating habits.
Backyard rearing, Egg eating, Laying behaviour, Nest box, ‘Novel Roll Away Nest’, Production loss
In vitro gas production profiles of corn silage: The function of bacterial inoculants
This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of bacterial inoculants on the quality of corn silage and its in-vitro digestibility. Whole-plant corn, specifically the brown mid rib, was chopped and treated with five different microbial inoculants including Lactobacillus buchneri, Lactobacillus keifiri, Lactobacillus oris, Lactobacillus hilgardii, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus. The uninoculated silage served as the control treatment, and all samples were ensiled in PVC containers. The silos were subjected to fermentation for durations of 14, 21, and 28 days at ambient temperature, after which they were opened for the examination of fermentation products and nutrient composition. In vitro gas production was assessed using 100ml calibrated glass syringes at intervals of 3, 6, 9, and 24 hours with the dry ground silage. The gas production observed with silage treated bacterial inoculants exceeded that of the control, and no significant differences were noted in total gas production values at the 24-hour mark among the various groups. The results also indicate that LAB quickly reduces the pH of silage by converting water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) into lactic acid, thereby improving preservation. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the influence of selected lactic acid bacteria on fermentation quality and in vitro digestibility of corn silage.
Bacterial inoculants, Digestibility, Corn silage, In vitro gas production, Fermentation
Impact of housing modification on locomotion and feeding behaviour in lactating Sahiwal cows during summer stress
The present study evaluated the effect of selected shelter and flooring modifications on lameness and feeding behaviour of Sahiwal cows in earlylactation under subtropical field conditions. Twenty four clinically healthy cows (1–3 months in milk) were randomly allotted to four equal groups for 150 days (June–November 2018): G1 (control, concrete floor, no modification), G2 (rubber mat over concrete), G3 (concrete plus microclimate modification: fans and twicedaily water sprinkling at 11:00 and 15:00 h), and G4 (rubber mat plus microclimate modification as in G3). All cows received identical diets (green and dry fodder plus 2.5 kg concentrate; additional concentrate adjusted postcalving for milk yield) and were hand milked twice daily. Lameness was assessed fortnightly using a fivepoint locomotion scoring system (1= sound; 5= severely lame). Mean locomotion scores differed significantly (P<0.05): G1 2.04 ±0.12, G2 1.35 ±0.10, G3 1.81 ±0.09, G4 1.23 ±0.14, indicating lower lameness on rubber flooring with or without microclimate modification. Feeding time (minutes/day) increased with environmental improvements. Combining rubber mats and cooling (G4) produced the most favourable welfare indicators. Practical adoption of these modifications may reduce lameness risk and support sustained feed intake in Sahiwal cows.
Behavioural pattern, Heat stress, Locomotion score, Rubber mat, Welfare
Effect of dietary inclusion of maize gluten meal on performance, gut health, anti-oxidant status and carcass characteristics of Vencobb Broilers
The present study evaluates the effect of replacing the dietary crude protein (CP) of vegetable source with that of maize gluten meal (MGM) on the performance, gut health and carcass composition of vencobb broilers. Two hundred day-old Vencobb chicks were randomly distributed into five treatments having four replicates of ten birds each. Treatments included CON: basal diet without MGM; MGM25: Replacement of 25% CP of vegetable source with MGM; MGM50: Replacement of 50% CP of vegetable source with MGM; MGM75: Replacement of 75% CP of vegetable source with MGM and; MGM100: Replacement of 100% CP of vegetable source with MGM. MGM25 birds had significantly (p<0.05) higher body weight gain (BWG) with the best FCR (1.69) among all the groups. Replacement of dietary vegetable protein with MGM above 50% led to significant (p<0.05) drop in BWG in comparison to CON. Ileal microbial plate count for E. coli and Lactobacillus were not affected (p>0.05) by the dietary inclusion of MGM. However, villus height, (VH, µ), villus height: villus width (VH: VW) and villus height: crypt depth (VH:CD) were improved in MGM25 and MGM50 groups compared to other groups. SOD and catalase activity was significantly higher (p<0.05) in MGM25. Eviscerated (dressed weight after removal of viscera) and drawn (eviscerated weight with giblets) percentage was severely affected above 50% replacement of vegetable source protein with MGM origin protein. Replacement of dietary vegetable protein with MGM protein at 25 % level yielded best results in terms of broilers’ performance with maximum economic returns.
Anti-oxidant Status, Broilers, Carcass, Gut health, Maize gluten meal
Effect of superstimulation on follicular growth in Hariana and Sahiwal cows under different OPU schedules
Superstimulation using exogenous equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) can enhance ovarian follicular development, which is crucial for improving reproductive outcomes in cattle. This investigation evaluated the impact of eCG (1000 IU, intramuscular) on follicular dynamics in Hariana and Sahiwal cows under weekly and bi-weekly ovum pick-up (OPU) protocols. Twelve repeat-breeding cows (n=6 Hariana, n=6 Sahiwal) were assigned to either weekly or bi-weekly OPU protocols (3 Hariana and 3 Sahiwal per schedule). Ovarian follicles were classified as small (<4 mm), medium (4–8 mm), and large (>8 mm) and counted by ultrasonography before and 72 hours after eCG injection. Statistical comparisons were performed using one-way ANOVA, with significance set at P<0.05 and P<0.01. Results revealed a significant increase in medium and large follicles post-superstimulation in both breeds, with Hariana cows showing a more robust increase in large follicles. These findings support the need for tailored superstimulation protocols for indigenous breeds to maximize oocyte yield.
eCG, OPU, Follicular dynamics, Hariana, Indigenous breeds, Sahiwal, Superstimulation
Isolation, Molecular Characterization, and Therapeutic Evaluation of Bacteriophages Targeting Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli (STEC)
Bacteriophages offer a promising alternative for controlling pathogenic drug-resistant bacteria. Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), a significant foodborne pathogen with zoonotic potential, poses health risks through contaminated food sources. This study aimed to isolate phages against STEC from twenty-three sewage samples, including those from poultry, swine, cattle farms, and hospitals sources. A total number of twenty-two STEC isolates were biochemically and molecularly characterized. Molecular detection of Shiga toxin producing genes revealed that 86.36% (19/22) had the stx1 gene and 50% (11/22) had the eae gene. None had stx2 or a combination of stx1 and stx2 genes. Thirteen lytic bacteriophages were isolated against the indicator strain (ATCC 2469), with twelve showing lytic activity against STEC isolates. In order to determine the lytic spectrum, these twelve phages were tested on 66 E. coli isolates (22 STEC and 44 non-STEC). Phages (n=5) showing highest lysis i.e. >=22.72% (15/66), were morphologically characterized via Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), followed by stability testing across various range of temperature and pH. Three phages belonged to Podoviridae and two belonged to Siphoviridae families. The phages were found stable at a wide range of temperature (-20°C to 37°C) and pH (4 to 9), with optimal stability observed at 4°C and pH 7.5. Phage Ecp10, exhibiting the highest lytic range (33.33%, 22/66), was tested in spiked milk samples at different MOIs. The highest reduction in bacterial count was recorded at MOI 0.1 after 6 hours of incubation. This study indicates that Ecp10 can be a promising decontaminating agent in milk and a potential treatment for STEC infections in animals and humans.
Effect of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) supplementation on oxidative stress and freezability of breeding bull semen
Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha), a well-known Ayurvedic adaptogen, is recognized for its potent antioxidant, cytoprotective, and anticancer properties. Although its efficacy in improving semen quality under oxidative stress is well documented in humans, its potential application in bull semen cryopreservation, where oxidative damage is a key determinant of reduced sperm survival and function, remains largely unexplored. The present study provides the first experimental evidence on the effect of Ashwagandha supplementation in semen extenders for breeding bulls. A total of 18 ejaculates (6 per bull; n = 3 bulls) were cryopreserved in Tris-based extenders, divided into four groups: control (no supplementation) and three treatment groups supplemented with 1%, 2.5%, and 3.5% (v/v) aqueous Ashwagandha extract. Post-thaw assessments included progressive motility, viability, acrosome integrity, plasma membrane integrity, and oxidative stress markers [reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA)]. Supplementation at 2.5–3.5% significantly (p < 0.05) improved motility, viability, acrosome and plasma membrane integrity, while reducing ROS and MDA levels. Although DNA fragmentation did not differ statistically, numerical improvements were observed. These results demonstrated that Ashwagandha supplementation enhances post-thaw semen quality and mitigates cryo-induced oxidative stress in breeding bulls. Overall, the findings establish Withania somnifera as a promising natural additive for semen extenders, with practical potential to improve the freezability and functional resilience of bull spermatozoa.
Special Issue on Validated ITK in Animal husbandry
Cryopreservation; Frieswal; Ashwagandha; Antioxidant; Oxidative stress; Semen quality.
Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Bovine Population Dynamics and Milk Production in Andhra Pradesh.
Investigating inter-district variations in bovine population dynamics and milk production and understanding their drivers is essential for targeted efforts and investments for enhanced dairy development. The present study was conducted in Andhra Pradesh to analyze the bovine population dynamics and milk production trends. For spatio-temporal analysis of bovine population dynamics and milk production in Andhra Pradesh, the district-level secondary data from 2007 to 2019 was compiled from various sources, mainly from three quinquennial rounds of livestock census of India, integrated sample survey reports, and statistical abstracts of Andhra Pradesh. The study employed analytical techniques such as tabular and compound annual growth rate analyses, heat maps, and panel data regression. All the districts witnessed a considerably higher rate of increase in the population of crossbred females, indicating the substitution of low-yielding indigenous animals with high-yielding crossbred cattle. Vizianagaram district, an aspirational district with a large tribal population and poverty, witnessed an increase in the share of crossbred cattle by 30 per cent. The density of veterinary institutions, tractor density, and rainfall had a positive and significant influence on the herd efficiency ratio.
Breed preference, bovine composition, herd efficiency ratio, panel data regression, milk productivity
Analysis of Keratin-Associated Protein-7 (KRTAP7) protein structure and function in Indian dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius)
Studies on regulatory genes and proteins responsible for variation in hair quality attributes amongst Indian dromedary camel breeds are lacking. Keratin and keratin-associated proteins enable trichocytes, the hair-producing cells, to produce hair fibers. These proteins also specify the distinct molecular and structural properties of hair, fur, wool, and quills of the various animal species. The molecules of hair-keratin proteins are cross-linked by the keratin-associated proteins (KRTAPs), which are responsible for important properties of hair fibers, such as their thickness and curliness for its mechanical and physical characteristics. The amino acid sequence of KRTAP7 gene of Bikaneri, Kachchhi, Mewari and Jaisalmeri camel breeds were subjected to bioinformatics analysis using various bioinformatics software for determining the biophysical properties, the two-dimensional hydrophobicity or hydrophilicity plots, subcellular localization of the KRTAP7 protein and the protein-protein interaction. Prediction of various post-translational modifications (PTMs) for the KRTAP7 protein was done with specific server tools based on the neural network model. Prediction of secondary and three-dimensional (3-D) structures of KRTAP7 protein was also done. All four breeds shared identical KRTAP7 gene sequence with 87 amino acids long KRTAP7 protein. The KRTAP7 protein amino acid sequence revealed 13 phosphorylation sites, S-S bonding patterns, and glycosylation sites besides high hydrophilicity, high proportion of specific amino acids, absence of signal peptides, and internal acetylation sites. The protein-protein association networks predicted both direct and indirect interactions with other regulatory genes and proteins essential for the process of keratin biosynthesis and hair characteristics.
Camel Hair, Dromedary camel, Glycosylation sites, Insilico, KRTAP7 protein
Application of a type II external skeletal fixator with PMMA or carbon fiber as connecting rods for the repair of long bone fractures in goats
A clinical study was conducted in twelve goats with long bone fractures. Goats were divided randomly into two equal groups. The fractures were treated with type II external skeletal fixator with External Skeletal Fixation with polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) or carbon fibers as connecting rods in group I and II, respectively. Fractures were evaluated for clinical, radiological and biochemical parameters both pre-operatively and post-operatively on 0th, 15th, 30th, 45th and 60th day. Post-operatively, goats showed partial weight bearing on 0th day and contact of sole to ground within 8 days. Swelling and serous pin tract discharge were noticed during 2-5 days, which resolved by 1st week. The limb usage in both groups progressed from non-weight bearing on pre-operative day to complete weight bearing on 60th post-operative day. Radiographs revealed fracture healing with secondary callus formation with satisfactory alignment on 0th day, periosteal callus initiation on 15th day and apparently bridged fragments on 30th day. Osteolysis, periosteal reaction at pin-bone interfaces and barely visible to absent fracture line were observed on 45th day. Evident osteolysis and periosteal reaction at pin-bone interface and completely healed fracture with initiated cortico-medullary union and callus remodeling were evident on 60th day. Increased values of serum phosphorous and serum calcium and alkaline phosphatase were observed on 15th and 30th day when compared to pre-operative day and they were restored to normal by 60th day. All the biochemical values were recorded within physiological range. Intraoperative complications were minimal and post-operatively pin loosening, pin tract infection and fixator failure were observed. From the present study it was inferred that the closed reduction with minimally invasive technique provided satisfactory fracture fixation and early ambulation in goats. Carbon fibers offered advantages like earlier weight bearing, better alignment adjustment and better radiographic fracture site visibility. In addition, higher initial incurred costs, and the reusability of implants can mitigate long-term expenses.
Carbon fiber, Goats, Long bone fracture, PMMA, Type II ESF
Characterization of protein profile and evaluation of immune-peptide of crude and Excretory/Secretory antigens of some haematophagus leeches of India
Leech infestation leads to significant blood loss compared to other parasites, causes irritation in humans and predisposes livestock to secondary fly attack and maggot infestation. During blood feeding, leeches inject saliva containing bioactive proteins at the bite site that facilitate continuous blood flow and provoke inflammatory responses. The present study was undertaken to characterize the crude and excretory/secretory (E/S) antigens of three common leech species of Northeast India- two aquatic (Hirudinaria manillensis and H. granulosa) and one terrestrial (Haemadipsa sylvestris). Protein quantification revealed higher concentrations of crude antigens (3.60–4.14 g/dL) compared to E/S antigens (3.39–3.44 g/dl). Electrophoretic analysis showed 9 peptide bands in crude antigens (12.5-96 kDa) and five bands in E/S antigens (14-96 kDa), with no major differences in overall banding patterns. Periodic acid–Schiff (PAS) staining revealed the presence of two glycoproteins in the crude extracts of H. manillensis and H. granulosa and three in H. sylvestris (12.5–26 kDa). Glycoproteins could not be detected in E/S products of any of the three species. Hyperimmune serum raised in rabbits against both crude and E/S antigen was used for Enzyme immunotransfer blot (EITB) analysis, which detected two immune-reactive peptides in the crude antigens of H. manillensis and H. granulosa, and one in the E/S product of H. sylvestris.
Antigen, Excretory/ Secretory, Haematophagous leech, Protein
Optimizing fodder cropping systems for green fodder production and Lamb performance in scarce rainfall zone of Andhra Pradesh
An experiment was conducted over three consecutive years (2021 to 23) at Agricultural Research Station, Anantapuramu, using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The study evaluated the performance of five fodder-based cropping systems Stylo + Rhodes grass (T1), Lucerne + Anjan grass (T2), Stylo + Sewan grass (T3), Cowpea + Jowar (T4), and Cowpea + Bajra (T5) in alfisols, as well as the growth performance of lambs maintained with the fodder produced from these systems. The results demonstrated that the choice of crops in different cropping systems significantly influenced green and dry fodder yield, as well as their crude protein content. Among the systems, the highest green and dry fodder, and crude protein yield were recorded in the Cowpea + Bajra system (T5), while the lowest yields were observed in the Stylo + Sewan grass system (T3). Daily average fresh feed intake was also highest in T5 (1.48 kg/lamb), followed by T2 (1.25 kg/lamb) and T3 (1.22 kg/lamb). The average daily gain (ADG) of lambs fed fodder from the T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5 systems was 82, 82.5, 75.0, 80.5, and 88.0 g/ day, respectively. Lambs in the T5 system showed highest ADG, while the lowest values was observed in T3 system. Although ADG was comparable among T1, T2, T4, and T5 systems, lambs in T5 system exhibited a significantly higher live weight gain (p<0.05) compared to those in the T3 system. These findings underscore the importance of incorporating diversified fodder crops into cropping systems to meet the nutritional requirements of livestock effectively. The enhanced average daily gain observed in lambs fed fodder from the T5 system highlighted the critical role of nutrient-rich, diversified fodder in supporting optimal livestock growth and productivity.
Average daily gain, Crude Protein, Fodder yield, Fodder cropping system, Lambs, Metabolizable energy