This journal caters to a wide clientele comprising veterinarians, researchers and students. Articles are included on animal breeding and genetics, immunology, biotechnology, diseases, medicine and pharmacology, anatomy and histology, surgery, pathology, physiology, nutrition, milk, meat and other animal products, housing and fisheries from India and internationally. Indexed in Elsevier Scopus, Clarivate Analytics ESCI, SJIF, DOAJ, Google Scholar and Crossref EDITORIAL BOARD Subscription Information for Print Version
The copyright of the articles published in The Indian Journal of Animal Sciences is vested with the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, which reserves the right to enter into any agreement with any organization in India or abroad, for reprography, photocopying, storage and dissemination of information. The Council has no objection to using the material, provided the information is not being utilized for commercial purposes and wherever the information is being used, proper credit is given to ICAR.
Distribution, morphometric evaluation and steroidogenic profile ofovarian follicles in cyclic and acyclic buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)
Acyclicity in buffaloes represents as one of the most prevalent disorders affecting fertility and productivity. It commonly occurs during the postpartum period or under conditions of nutritional, environmental, or metabolic stress, ultimately increasing the number of days open, veterinary interventions, and culling rates. Understanding the distribution pattern of follicles and their functional status is, therefore, essential for developing targeted reproductive interventions. The present study was conducted at ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, during 2021-22. Paired ovaries were collected from healthy adult buffaloes (n=75) at slaughter. Ovaries were classified as cyclic or acyclic based on the presence of a CL. Surface follicles were enumerated and categorized into small (<5 mm), medium (5–10 mm), and large (>10 mm). Follicular fluid from large follicles was aspirated for estimation of estradiol (E2), progesterone (P4), androstenedione (A4), and testosterone (T) concentration, and follicles were retrospectively classified as active (P4:E2 <1), intermediate (P4:E2 1–10), or atretic (P4:E2 >10). Acyclic buffaloes exhibited a greater proportion of ovaries with only small follicles (36.36%), compared with cyclic animals (9.43%), whereas only large follicles occurred predominantly in cyclic buffaloes. Cyclic buffalo ovaries also showed stage-dependent shifts in follicle distribution. Large follicles from cyclic and acyclic buffaloes displayed comparable steroidogenic patterns, with progressive increases in P4 and decreases in E2 from active to atretic categories. Further, the E2:A4 ratio was also significantly greater in the active follicle than in the atretic follicle. Thus, evaluating follicles using the E2:P4 and E2:A4 ratios provided a more accurate indication of follicular functional status than classification based solely on follicle size and cycle stage.
Acyclic, Buffalo, Cyclic stage, Follicle, Ovary, Steroid profile
Copyright (c) 2026 The Indian Journal of Animal Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Effect of cinnamon and peppermint essential oils on blood biochemistry,immunity, gut microbiota, and carcass traits in Japanese quail
The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation essential oils of cinnamon and peppermint on blood biochemical parameters, immune response, gut microbiota, and carcass characteristics in Japanese quails. A total of 200 day-old Japanese quail chicks were randomly allotted to five treatment groups: T1 (basal/control diet), T2 (basal diet + cinnamon essential oil @ 500 ppm), T3 (basal diet + peppermint essential oil @ 500 ppm), T4 (basal diet + cinnamon + peppermint essential oils @ 250 ppm each), and T5 (basal diet + cinnamon + peppermint essential oils @ 500 ppm each) for a period of 35 days. Blood biochemical parameters remained within the normal physiological range in all treatment groups. Blood cholesterol concentration was reduced in T4, while creatinine levels were lower in all essential oil-supplemented groups as compared to the control. Liver enzyme activities did not differ significantly among treatments. Serum TIG concentration was significantly higher (P<0.05) in T3 and T4, whereas IgG concentration and lymphocyte count were significantly increased (P<0.05) in T2 and T4 as compared to the control. The heterophil/lymphocyte ratio was significantly higher (P<0.05) in T5. Caecal Escherichia coli counts were significantly reduced (P<0.05) in essential oil-supplemented groups. Dressing percentage improved significantly (P<0.05) in T2 and T3 with other carcass traits also showing improvement following essential oil supplementation. Overall, supplementation of cinnamon and peppermint essential oils, either individually or in combination, improved immune response, gut microbial balance, and carcass characteristics without exerting adverse effects on the health status of Japanese quails, indicating their potential as natural feed additives in quail production.
Blood bio-chemicals, Carcass traits, Essential oils, Gut microbiota, Immune response, Japanese quail
Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid in recumbent cowswith different duration of recumbency
Chronic recumbency results in progressive ischemic muscle damage, systemic inflammation and disruption of blood brain barrier, leading to neuroinflammation and irreversible recumbency in dairy cows. The present study evaluated the CSF changes into recumbent cows with different duration of recumbency from January to November 2025. The recumbent cows were unresponsive to routine therapy for more than 24 hours and were grouped as 2-5 days, 6-10 days and more than 10 days of recumbency. CSF samples were analyzed for biochemical, electrolyte, lactate, bicarbonate and neuro biomarkers. CSF analysis revealed significant reductions in glucose and increased protein, CK, LDH and neuron-specific enolase, as expected in prolonged recumbency. A significant change in CSF indicated the disruption of blood brain barrier and neuroinflammation in more than 10 days of recumbency cases.
Cow, Chronic recumbency, CSF analysis, Neuromuscular damage
Assessment of Hematobiochemical and Stress Responses in Buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) Undergoing Single and Double Stage Diaphragmatic Herniorrhaphy
The present study was aimed to evaluate and compare the hematobiochemical alterations and stress responses in twelve female Murrah buffaloes diagnosed with diaphragmatic hernia and treated using two different surgical approaches. The animals were divided into Group I (n=6), subjected to single-stage diaphragmatic herniorrhaphy without laparo-rumenotomy, and Group II (n=6), subjected to double-stage repair involving laparo-rumenotomy followed by diaphragmatic herniorrhaphy. Haematological, biochemical, oxidative stress and inflammatory parameters were evaluated during the preoperative and postoperative periods. Haematological examination revealed changes in haemoglobin, packed cell volume, total leukocyte count, neutrophil count and lymphocyte count in both groups, with more pronounced leukocytosis, neutrophilia and lymphopenia in Group II. Among biochemical parameters, alterations were observed in alanine aminotransferase, blood urea nitrogen, blood glucose, sodium and chloride, while most other indices remained comparable. Stress and inflammatory markers showed progressive changes, with increased serum cortisol, malondialdehyde and C-reactive protein, along with decreased total antioxidant capacity in both groups. Group II showed higher cortisol, malondialdehyde and C-reactive protein levels and lower total antioxidant capacity, suggesting greater inflammatory, oxidative and physiological stress. The study concluded that buffaloes undergoing single-stage diaphragmatic herniorrhaphy showed less pronounced hematobiochemical and stress alterations than those undergoing double-stage repair.
Diaphragmatic herniorrhaphy, Haematobiochemical,Oxidative stress
Immuno-pathological effects of experimentally inducedsodium selenite toxicity in broiler chickens
Selenium is an essential micronutrient for poultry, but excess intake causes acute and chronic toxicities. The present study was conducted to determine acute oral lethal dose 50 (ALD₅₀) of sodium selenite in broiler chickens and the associated gross, histopathological, and immunological alterations. A total of 300 day-old broiler chicks were used. Acute oral toxicity was assessed in 140 chicks by graded dosing, and the oral ALD₅₀ of sodium selenite was calculated as 21 mg/kg body weight (equivalent to 9.59 mg Se/kg), confirming its high toxicity. Chronic exposure was studied by administering sodium selenite at 15 ppm and 30 ppm in drinking water. Birds receiving 30 ppm showed marked anorexia, emaciation, nervous signs, and high mortality, while 15 ppm caused reduced weight gain without mortality. Gross lesions included emaciation, muscular pallor, hepatic haemorrhages, renal congestion, and lymphoid organ atrophy. Histopathology revealed lymphoid depletion, follicular necrosis, and degeneration of reticuloendothelial cells in lymphoid tissues. Immunologically, selenium-fed groups showed significant suppression of cell-mediated immunity, as evidenced by reduced delayed-type hypersensitivity response to phytohaemagglutinin, and diminished humoral response, reflected by lower antibody titres against Newcastle disease vaccine. These findings established sodium selenite as a potent immuno-toxicant in broiler chickens, with a narrow margin between requirement and toxicity. The study highlighted the risks of excessive selenium exposure in poultry production systems, particularly in selenium-endemic areas, due to its immunosuppressive potential.
ALD₅₀, Broiler chickens, Immune-toxicity and sodium selenite
Adjunctive effect of ascorbic acid on tetracycline treatment inbroiler chickens challenged with tetracycline-resistant Escherichia coli
The emergence of multidrug-resistant organisms due to the indiscriminate use of antibacterials has become a critical health concern for humans and animals. This study aimed to explore the potential of ascorbic acid to enhance the in vitro and in vivo effectiveness of tetracycline against Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) infections resistant to tetracycline. Isolates of E. coli from broiler chickens affected by colibacillosis were screened for the presence of tetracycline-resistant genes. The in vitro antibacterial properties of ascorbic acid were evaluated. In the in vivo experiment, the birds were pre-treated with ascorbic acid beginning on day three, and on day seventeen of trial, they were challenged with tetracycline-resistant APEC. Clinical symptoms of infection were observed two days post-challenge and then treated with tetracycline for 5 days continuously. After five days of tetracycline treatment, blood samples and organ tissues were collected for haematological, biochemical and histopathological analyses. The study revealed that 60% of prevalence rate for APEC isolates showing the highest resistance with tetracycline. The combination of ascorbic acid did not markedly enhance the antibacterial efficacy of tetracycline in vitro, its administration in vivo has notably diminished disease severity. Although no marked in vitro synergistic effect was observed, ascorbic acid supplementation was associated with reduced disease severity in vivo, suggesting a potential supportive role during antibacterial therapy that warrants further investigation.
Ascorbic acid pretreatment, Broiler chicken, Tetracycline Resistance, tet A gene, tet B gene
Effect of supplementation of L-carnitine during in vitro maturationon embryo production in Sahiwal cows
Embryo transfer technology enables rapid dissemination of superior genetics and in vitro produced embryos have gained more consideration than the in vivo derived embryos due to higher yield of embryos with respect to time. The primary limitation impacting in vitro derived embryos is the success of in vitro maturation as in vitro derived oocytes contain more lipid content contributing to increased oxidative stress and compromised developmental competence. In the present study, lipid modulator, L-carnitine at 1 mM and 3mM was supplemented in the maturation media to decrease lipid content and subsequent oxidative stress in the oocytes undergoing maturation. A total of 326 follicles from overy were aspirated out of which 228 cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs) were collected with a recovery rate of 69.93%. The in vitro maturation of the COC’s supplementation with 3 mM L-Carnitine exhibited significantly (p<0.05) lower complete expansion of cumulus cells in comparison to maturation media supplemented with 1 mM L-carnitine (48, 75.00% vs 58, 90.62%). The cleavage rate of the COC’s matured with supplementation of 3 mM L-Carnitine displayed considerably (p<0.05) less cleavage in comparison to group supplemented with 1 mM L-Carnitine (7.67±0.33,75.40% vs 8.67±0.21,83.87%). The blastocyst rate of the COC’s matured with supplementation of 3 mM L-Carnitine showed significantly (p<0.05) lower embryo production (4.17± 0.31,40.98% vs 5.83± 0.80,56.45%) in comparison to group supplemented with 1 mM L-Carnitine. So, the supplementation of 1 mM L-carnitine is suitable for Sahiwal oocytes during in vitro maturation for higher embryo production.
Blastocyst, In vitro maturation, Lipid, L-carnitine, Ovum pick-up, Sahiwal
Effect of partial replacement of soyabean meal by black soldier fly(Hermetia illucens) larvae meal on growth performanceand nutrient retention in broiler chickens
Poultry farming is expanding rapidly in India, with SBM being the primary protein source in diets. However, the rising demand for high-quality protein necessitates alternative, sustainable feed ingredients. Insects such as black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae provide a safe, cost-effective, and promising protein source, thereby reducing competition for plant-based protein like SBM. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the impact of partial replacement of soybean meal (SBM) with black soldier fly larvae meal (BSFLM) on growth and nutrient retention of broiler chickens. Two hundred day-old broiler chicks of the same hatch were randomly divided into four dietary groups, each with five replicates of 10 chicks, for a 35-day trial. The control group (T0) received a basal diet, while T1, T2, and T3 had SBM replaced with 2%, 5%, and 10% BSFLM, respectively. Growth performance, feed intake, nutrient utilization, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were recorded. Results showed that final body weight, weight gain, feed intake, and performance index were significantly higher in T3, followed by T2 and T1. FCR also improved in T3 and T2. Nutrient retention, particularly ether extract, calcium, and phosphorus, was also enhanced in T3 group. The findings suggestd that 10% replacement of SBM with BSFLM enhance broiler performance.
Comparative efficacy of recombinant human follicle stimulating hormone and porcine follicle stimulating hormone on follicular response, oocyte recovery and in vitro embryo production in donor cows (Bos indicus)
The present study compared the efficacy of long-acting recombinant human follicle stimulating hormone (rhFSH) and pituitary-derived FSH (pFSH) on follicular response, oocyte recovery and in vitro embryo production in donor cows. Eight high-yielding multiparous cows were subjected to two ovarian superstimulation protocols in a crossover design. In the first trial, donors received 200 mg pFSH in tapering doses, while in the second trial a single dose of long-acting rhFSH (300 IU) was administered. Transvaginal ovum pick-up (OPU) was performed on Day 8, and follicular count, oocyte recovery rate, oocyte quality, cleavage rate and blastocyst rate were recorded. The mean total follicle count did not differ significantly between pFSH (27±1.83) and rhFSH (25±2.15) stimulated groups. The oocyte recovery rate was significantly higher in the rhFSH group (77%; 154/200) compared to the pFSH group (68.05%; 147/216). The mean total oocyte yield per OPU was comparable between rhFSH (19.25±2.03) and pFSH (18.37±1.53) treatments. Cleavage rate (66.23% vs 72.1%) and blastocyst rate (55.84% vs 62.58%) did not differ significantly between rhFSH and pFSH groups, respectively. It may be concluded that long-acting rhFSH was comparable to conventional pFSH in terms of follicular response, oocyte quality and embryo production, while providing significantly improved oocyte recovery efficiency.
Blastocyst rate, Follicular response, In vitro embryo production, Oocyte recovery, Recombinant FSH, Superstimulation
Insights of structural and functional luteolytic pattern inTharparkar cows (Bos indicus) through doppler ultrasonography
The study aimed to investigate real-time changes in intraluteal blood flow, progesterone (P4) profile, and associated structural alterations in the corpus luteum (CL) of Tharparkar cows following prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) administration. Tharparkar cows (n = 8), at least 60 days postpartum with a well-developed CL, were administered cloprostenol (500 μg, intramuscularly). Ultrasonographic examinations and blood sampling were performed at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h post-injection. CL diameter remained unchanged up to 4 h post-treatment, followed by a significant reduction (p < 0.05) beginning at 12 h and progressing through 24, 48, and 72 h, indicating structural luteolysis. The mean CL diameter decreased from 20.29 ± 1.19 mm at 0 h to 11.55 ± 0.30 mm at 72 h. An acute increase in intraluteal blood flow was observed, peaking at 1 h post-injection, followed by a significant decline (p < 0.05), with the lowest values recorded at 72 h. Serum P4 concentrations decreased significantly (p < 0.05) from 1 h onward, confirming functional luteolysis. The findings demonstrated a biphasic vascular response characterized by an initial rise followed by a sustained decline in blood flow, coupled with progressive structural regression of the CL. The study provided important insights into the hemodynamic and functional dynamics of PGF2α-induced luteolysis in Bos indicus cows.
Blood flow, Color Doppler USG, Luteolysis, Prostaglandin (PGF2α), Tharparkar
Artemisia plant oil effectively reduces enteric methane emissionsin Sahiwal calves
Livestock sector significantly contributed to atmospheric greenhouse gas (GHG) leading to climate change. Several plants and their products can reduce the enteric methane emission from ruminant livestock. In the present study, the potential of Artemisia annua essential oil (EO) to reduce methane production in ruminants was investigated. In vitro trials with 0, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 ppm of essential oil supplementation in a 60:40 (roughage to concentrate) ratio revealed significant methane reduction at 50 ppm (20.90%) and 100 ppm (27.31%) with improved IVDMD and IVOMD (P<0.005). Acetate production decreased significantly at 50 ppm supplementation while propionate decreased beyond 100 ppm. Subsequently, fifteen male Sahiwal calves were grouped into group (Control, T1 and T2) for 70 day feeding trial. Control animals were fed only basal diet while EO at 50 and 100 ppm level was added to T1 and T2 groups, respectively. Results revealed no significant differences in body weight, daily gain, DMI, FCR, digestibility or nitrogen balance between the groups (>0.05). Enteric methane emission (g/d) decreased significantly in T1 by 13.36% and in T2 by 10.83% compared to the control. Methane emissions (g/kg DMI) also decreased by 18.52% in T1 and 14.18% in T2 as compared to control. Artemisia annua essential oil at 50 and 100 ppm mitigated enteric methane while maintaining normal nutrient utilization and growth. Therefore, Artemisia annua EO may be an option to reduce enteric emission and sustainable dairy production.
Average daily gain, Body weight change, Essential oil, Enteric methane, Livestock, Sahiwal calves
Influence of dietary L-threonine on egg production, egg quality,immune functions, gut health and anti-oxidant status in laying hens
This study was conducted on 1680 BV-300 layers, aged 40 weeks (1352±5.85g) divided into five groups (336 birds each) fed on various levels of dietary L-threonine in their diets: T1 (100% threonine according to NRC recommendations), T2 (100% threonine based on BV-300 requirements), T3 (110% threonine of BV-300 requirements), T4 (120% threonine of BV-300 requirements) and T5 (130% threonine of BV-300 requirements), over a period of twenty weeks. Feed efficiency improved in T4 and T5 groups as compared to T1 group. Egg mass was higher in T3, T4 and T5 groups as compared to T1 and T2 groups. Albumin height, albumin index and Haugh Unit exhibited higher values in T4 group than T1 and T2 groups. The total immunoglobulin level was elevated in T3, T4 and T5 groups. The ND titre (HA-HI) was higher in T5 group than T1 and T2 group. The proliferation response index of lymphocyte was higher in the T5 group than the T1 group. The phagocytic activity index of neutrophil was superior in T5 group than T1 and T2 groups. Villus height was higher and villus surface area and the goblet cells number/villus were greater in T4 and T5 group than in T2 group. The T5 group exhibited a higher concentration of GSH-Px as compared to T1 group. Additionally, T5 group demonstrated a higher level of SOD activity than the other groups. The best relative economic efficiency was recorded in T4 group. It can be concluded that dietary threonine level may be increased by 20% and 30% of BV-300 requirement for optimal performance and immune health, respectively in layers.
Albumin index, Egg mass, Haugh unit, Threonine, Villus height
Evaluation of genetic diversity of Indigenous poultry (Khukhri) found in Chotanagpur Plateau of Jharkhand
Indigenous poultry farming plays an important role in livelihood and nutritional security of rural and tribal populations of Jharkhand. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the phenotypic performance and genetic diversity of Khukhri chicken of the Chotanagpur plateau. A field survey was conducted on 270 households covering 540 birds. Phenotypic characterization revealed predominance of mixed plumage with yellow shank colour (85.56%) and uniform red earlobe, comb and white skin. However, variability in comb type was observed with single comb (≈52%) being predominant. Adult body weight of males and females averaged 1552.18 ± 27.46 g and 1182.04 ± 14.30 g, while shank length was 9.85 ± 0.08 cm and 8.73 ± 0.05 cm, respectively. Genetic diversity was assessed using RAPD markers on 50 birds. Out of 22 primers, 16 produced polymorphic bands generating 172 bands, of which 168 (97.67%) were polymorphic. Nei’s gene diversity ranged from 0.28 ± 0.01 to 0.29 ± 0.01, and Shannon’s information index ranged from 0.43 ± 0.01 to 0.44 ± 0.01 across populations. The study indicated moderate genetic variability within Khukhri chicken populations. However, the observed variability in comb type suggested that further studies focusing on uniform sub-populations (particularly single-comb birds) are necessary for breed standardization and conservation planning.
Khukhri, Indigenous chicken, Genetic diversity, Phenotypic traits, RAPD
Structural transformation of the Indian sheep sector
Over the period 1950-2025, the Indian sheep sector has undergone substantial structural transformation in its production orientation, technological base and market integration. Although the national sheep population increased moderately from 39.1 million in 1951 to 74.26 million, output growth has been markedly higher. Mutton production expanded nearly tenfold, reaching 1.185 million tonnes in 2024-25, whereas wool production stabilized at 34.57 million kg, indicating a progressive shift from fibre-dominated systems to meat-oriented production. This transformation has been shaped by genetic improvement programmes, development of synthetic breeds, regionspecific nutritional strategies, advances in reproductive and animal health management, and evolving policy support. India currently ranks second globally in sheep population, underscoring its strategic importance in the small ruminant economy. Despite the growing dominance of mutton in sectoral value, wool continues to hold regional livelihood significance in arid and hill ecosystems. This review synthesizes long-term trends in population and production dynamics, breed development, technological interventions and emerging market drivers. It also analyses persistent constraints, including shrinking grazing resources, limited genetic gain, suboptimal technology adoption, disease burden, market inefficiencies and climate stress. A strategic pathway is proposed to enhance productivity, resilience, value addition and value-chain efficiency while safeguarding the livelihoods of small and marginal sheep farmers across diverse agro-ecological regions.
Breeds, Constraints, Future roadmap, Mutton, Production systems, Wool
Phenotypic characterization of a lesser known Macherla goat of Andhra Pradesh
A study was conducted to physically characterize the lesser-known indigenous Macherla goat of Andhra Pradesh, involving a survey of 771 randomly sampled individuals from 24 villages within the breeding tract. The research focused on habitat, body biometry, and growth patterns of these goats. The Macherla goats were observed to be of medium to large size, exhibiting three primary coat color patterns: predominantly patchy (84.6%), with plain (12.0%) and spotted (3.4%) patterns being less common. Horn morphology revealed that curved horns were most prevalent (59.4%), followed by straight horns (40.6%). In terms of ear morphology, pendulous ears were noted in 100% of the population. The head profile predominantly featured a slightly convex shape (93.0%), with straight head type 7.0%. Tail shapes included both curved and straight variations, while the back exhibited both straight and sloping characteristics, and the rump was primarily sloping.The overall least-squares mean for height at withers for individuals over 36 months was recorded at 91.0 ± 0.6 cm. Specifically, bucks measured an average of 96.5 ± 1.0 cm, whereas does measured 85.4 ± 0.4 cm. Statistical analysis indicated that sex had a significant effect (P< 0.01) on body measurements in the >36month age group. The least-squares means for body length and chest girth for individuals over 36 months were 83.8 ± 0.6 cm and 86.0 ± 0.6 cm, respectively. Adult body weights for individuals over 36 months were 54.0 ± 0.7 kg for males and 42.0 ± 0.3 kg for females.
Phenotype, Goat, Macherla, Characterization, Biometry, mtDNA, divergence
First report on Molecular characterization ofStreptococcus pluranimalium from Sirohi goat
The present study was carried out with the objective to identify the causative agent(s) involved in the causation of cutaneous abscessation in goat from the semi-arid region of Rajasthan, India by using the conventional bacteriological and PCR protocols targeting 16S ribosomal RNA gene. While doing the survey of goat flocks in the month of January 2025, pus collected from an adult female Sirohi goat having a large sized palpable cutaneous abscess and cultured on BHI agar plate. The amplicons obtained out of universal 16S ribosomal RNA using the chromosomal DNA isolated from the bacterial colonies grown on BHI agar plate were cloned into E.coli based vector and the confirmed recombinant plasmids were subjected for Sanger sequencing. The organism specific genes, recN and galactokinase were also targeted and sequenced after the conventional gene cloning experiments. The obtained nucleotide sequences of both 16S ribosomal RNA and galactokinase genes of the identified bacterial species from Indian goat were analysed using the standard bioinformatics tools. Upon the sequence analysis, it was found that the obtained nucleotide sequences of the bacteria, were having more than 99% identity with 16S ribosomal RNA gene of Streptococcus pluranimalium. Both recN and galactokinase genes were also having 100 % identity with that of S.pluranimalium. In the phylogenetic tree analysis, S.pluranimalium from Indian goat clustered with S. pluranimalium from other host species. It was therefore concluded that in a Sirohi goat from Western India having cutaneous abscess, S.pluranimalium was isolated and characterized at molecular level for the first time.
Sirohi goat; cutaneous abscess; 16S RNA PCR; Streptococcus pluranimalium; organism specific genes; Sequencing; Bioinformatics analysis
Studies on the comparative efficacy of different analogues of prostaglandin F2 alpha for estrus synchronization in cows
In cattle reproduction, luteolysis is a crucial event that regulates the estrous cycle. Both endogenous and exogenous PGF2α induce luteolysis in most cows with a mature corpus luteum (CL). A study was conducted on 30 normally cycling cows, divided into three groups of 10 animals each. The investigation was conducted in nearby villages at farmers' homes from February 2023 to June 2024. The objective was to evaluate the efficacy of cloprostenol, D-cloprostenol, and dinoprost tromethamine when administered intramuscularly. In these groups, prostaglandins were administered eight days post-ovulation, followed by transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) to assess the diameter and functionality of the CL using color Doppler to evaluate blood perfusion. Ovarian examinations to monitor luteolysis and subsequent estrus were performed every 24 hours until ovulation. Cloprostenol resulted in a greater but statistically non-significant percentage reduction in CL size (-43.23%) compared to D-cloprostenol (-39.35%) and dinoprost (-42.45%). A significantly (P<0.10) larger final increase in follicle size was observed with cloprostenol (57.84%) compared to D-cloprostenol (55.15%) and dinoprost (51.79%). The most substantial decrease in progesterone (P4) concentration and percentage was observed with D-cloprostenol (1.42 ± 0.49 ng/ml; -84.6%), followed by cloprostenol (1.76 ± 0.18 ng/ml; -79.9%) and dinoprost (1.66 ± 0.98 ng/ml; -73.2%). Progesterone levels in all groups reached basal concentrations after 96 hours. Among the treatments, cloprostenol achieved the highest conception rate (50%), followed by D-cloprostenol (40%), with the lowest conception rate recorded for dinoprost (30%).
PGF2α analogues, Cloprostenol, D-cloprostenol, Dinoprost, Estrus induction, Cyclic cows
Efficacy of ozonized water for the management of endometritis in Jersey crossbred cows and factors influencing pregnancy
Endometritis, a major reproductive disorder, adversely affects fertility and productivity in cows. Ozone has been explored as a potential non-antibiotic alternative against endometritis. This study evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of intrauterine ozonized water (O₃W) in Jersey crossbred endometritis cows and investigated factors influencing pregnancy outcome. A total of 60 consecutive spontaneous estrous cycles, (pre-treatment [C-1], treatment [C-2], and post-treatment [C-3] phases) were monitored in 20 endometritis cows. At C-1 estrus, endometritis was confirmed by the presence of ≥1% polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells in endometrial cytology. During C-2 estrus, cows received intrauterine O₃W treatment (3300µg; 55µg/mL; 60mL) for two consecutive days. At enrolment, general parameters including age, parity, milk yield, number of previous inseminations without conception, and body condition score were recorded. Comparative assessment between C-1 and C-3 included evaluation of cervical discharge, preovulatory follicle, corpus luteum, estrous cycle parameters, hormonal profile, oxidative stress status, and reproductive performance. Microbial growth was detected in 75% of cows, predominantly involving Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Following O₃W treatment, microbial burden significantly decreased, with 60% of cows exhibiting no detectable microbial growth. Improvements were observed in discharge quality, follicular size, estrus characteristics, progesterone profile, and oxidative stress markers. The first-service and overall (three inseminations from C-3) pregnancy rates were 50% and 70%, respectively. However, advanced age, a greater number of previous unsuccessful inseminations, higher PMN cell percentage, and smaller preovulatory follicle size at C-1 negatively influenced pregnancy outcomes. Overall, intrauterine O₃W appears to be an effective non-antibiotic therapeutic strategy against cattle endometritis.
Cows, Endometritis, Ozonized water, Pregnancy rate
Evaluating Key Influences on Sheep Husbandry Practices: A Force Field Analysis
This study employs Kurt Lewin's Force Field Analysis framework to evaluate the driving and restraining forces influencing sheep husbandry practices among beneficiary (BF) and non-beneficiary farmers (NBF). The analysis highlights key motivating and inhibiting factors affecting sheep rearing practices and explores the impact of interventions of farmer first program (FFP) such as improved germplasm and training programs. Results indicate that BF farmers have a significantly higher mean rank (33.04) for driving forces (forces for change) compared to NBF farmers (17.96). The high mean rank indicates that BF farmers perceive greater advantages and motivating factors in their sheep husbandry practices. The major areas of BF for higher driving forces related to the upgradation of local breeds, availability of advisory services, and knowledge enhancement through training, better market access, financial resources, and credit support and better access to veterinary services, fodder crops, and infrastructure contributed to higher forces for change. NBFs have a lower mean rank (17.96), indicating they perceive fewer forces for change. The lower rank reflects less access to the aforementioned advantages that BFs relish. BFs have a significantly lower mean rank (14.32) for restraining forces (forces against change) compared to NBFs (36.68). The low mean rank indicates that BF farmers experience fewer barriers and challenges in their sheep husbandry practices. NBFs face higher barriers in terms of lack of follow-up on training programs, poor application of improved technology, and adherence to local feeding practices. The Mann-Whitney U test results reveal significant differences (p < 0.01) between BF and NBF farmers in both driving and restraining forces, with Z-scores indicated strong statistical significance. The findings underscore the effectiveness of interventions in enhancing driving forces and mitigating restraining forces among BFs and highlight the importance of targeted support for sustainable agricultural development.
Livestock productivity, Driving forces, Restraining forces, Socio-economic barriers, Infrastructure development, Sustainable agriculture
Scalable and automated Zebu cattle breed identification system using low-complexity AI models
The objective of study was to investigate computationally efficient, low-complexity ML models for automated image-based identification of important milch zebu cattle breeds, i.e. Sahiwal, Red Sindhi, Hariana and Tharparkar. For each breed, images were captured from frontal and left-side views to ensure a comprehensive visual representation of significant features. The dataset comprised images across eight classes of each breed. While deep learning models generally offer high representational capacity, they require substantial computational resources, memory, and training time, which may limit their deployment in resource-constrained agricultural environments. So, four classification models were studied and compared: CNN, Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP), Random Forest (RF), and K-Nearest Neighbour (KNN). To enhance computational efficiency, dimensionality reduction techniques were applied where appropriate. The results demonstrated that light-weight CNN model, found as top performer, achieving 95% accuracy with high precision, recall, and F1-scores across eight breed-view classes, closely followed by 90% accuracy for MLP, RF and 88% accuracy for KNN, demonstrating robust feature handling post-PCA dimensionality reduction while maintaining low computational demands suitable for field deployment. The study indicated that low-complexity machine learning models can serve as efficient and deployable alternatives to deep neural networks for cattle breed classification, enabling scalable implementation in smart dairy monitoring systems
Anthelmintic Efficacy of Aqueous Extract of Coriandrum sativum Seeds on Barbari Goats Naturally Infected with Strongyles
Gastrointestinal parasites in goats are a critical concern for the goat farming industry due to the economic losses associated with nematode infections. With the rising prevalence of anthelmintic resistance, traditional synthetic treatments are becoming increasingly ineffective, prompting the need for sustainable and cost-effective alternatives. Purpose of current study was to explore potential benefits of using an aqueous extract of C. sativum seeds against severe infections in goats. The study involved the selection of 30 goats, aged between 18 and 30 months, which were naturally infected with strongyles, each with more than 1000 eggs per gram. The goats were randomly divided into five groups. Group 1 was control group and not treated. Group 2 was positive control and received closantel at 10 mg/kg body weight orally once. Groups 3, 4 and 5 received single oral doses of the seed extract at 50, 250 and 500 mg/ kg body weight, respectively. Blood and fecal samples were collected from selected goats on day 0 prior to treatment initiation and at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days post-treatment to assess the efficacy of the C. sativum seed extract. On the 28th day after treatment, maximum reduction in eggs per gram and faecal egg count reduction were observed in groups T1 and T4 respectively. The present study revealed that the anthelmintic effect of the seed extract of the plant was dose-dependent, with increased efficacy observed as the dosage was increased.
Influence of Yohimbe on the carcass traits, chemical and sensory properties of broiler chickens meat
Plant based additives could help improve some meat quality attributes. This study evaluated the influence of Yohimbe on carcass, chemical and sensory properties. A total of fifteen (15) live birds of 52 days old were selected from chickens fed with basal, larvicide, and Yohimbe (240, 300, 360 mg/Kg) supplements. The selected chickens were representative of the five treatment groups, where each treatment groups were in triplicates. Data were collected on live birds, slaughtered, visceral and cut part. Result showed that relative weights of bled, dressed, drumstick, breast and wings were not affected (p>0.05). However, eviscerated, thigh, ileum and jejunum weights were increased (p<0.05) with 360mg/Kg Yohimbe supplement, but plucked, heart, and liver weights were reduced (p<0.05) in chickens fed 300 mg/Kg Yohimbe supplement. Also, proximate composition revealed that meat fat content were reduced (p<0.05) at 360 mg/Kg Yohimbe fed chickens, and carbohydrate at larvacide, 240 mg/Kg Yohimbe supplementation. Juiciness, meaty flavor, tenderness, and overall acceptability were also enhanced with 360 mg/Kg Yohimbe supplementation. Malondialdehyde (MDA), VLDL, and LDL were reduced (p<0.05) at 300 and 360 mg/Kg Yohimbe supplementation, while HDL was increased (p<0.05) at 300 and 360 mg/Kg. It was therefore concluded that inclusion of Yohimbe at 360 mg/Kg Yohimbe best enhance carcass traits and meat quality attributes of broiler chickens.
Broilers, Carcass traits, proximate, sensory, chickens, lipid profile
Phenotypic characterization and performance evaluation of Molai Adu goats in their native tract of Tamil Nadu
This study documented the habitat and characterized the morphological, morphometric, production, and reproductive traits of Molai Adu goats in Tamil Nadu. Data were collected from 699 goats of both sexes across different age groups (birth, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months; 2-tooth, 4-tooth, 6-tooth, and full-mouth stages) through field surveys conducted in 29 villages within the Gobichettipalayam, Perundurai, Nambiyur, Bhavani, and Erode blocks of Erode district. Morphological traits, body weights, and linear body measurements were recorded, and information on reproductive was obtained through direct observation and farmer interviews. Molai Adu goats are medium-sized, predominantly white in colour with occasional light brown patches. The pooled means for height at withers at 2-tooth, 4-tooth, 6-tooth, and full-mouth stages were 61.25 ± 0.14, 63.92 ± 0.62, 65.96 ± 0.14, and 68.44 ± 0.26 cm, respectively. Corresponding chest girth values were 66.26 ± 0.22, 70.81 ± 0.58, 72.18 ± 0.26, and 74.02 ± 0.24 cm. The least-squares means for body weight across sexes were 25.28 ± 0.33 kg (2-tooth), 27.82 ± 0.26 kg (4-tooth), 31.24 ± 0.36 kg (6-tooth), and 35.42 ± 0.28 kg (full mouth). The average kidding interval was 8.2 months, with a mean litter size of 1.85 across parities. The study confirms that Molai Adu goats possess distinct physical and functional traits that differentiate them from other native breeds of Tamil Nadu, emphasizing the importance of formal recognition and conservation efforts to safeguard this unique genetic resource.
Enhancing livestock health services in India: An analytical study of para-veterinary workforce and service delivery
This study assessed the factors influencing animal health service (AHS) delivery by para-veterinarians (para-vets) and quantified their competencies across four major livestock states in India—Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Haryana. Strategic assessment using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) revealed that organizational strengths, such as empathetic behavior, cultural compatibility, and wide coverage, provide a strong operational base. However, the most critical impediment was institutional: high workforce dissatisfaction and low morale resulting from unclear job definitions and the lack of defined career pathways. The largest external opportunity lied in formal governmental recognition and the establishment of dedicated para-vet cadres. Competency evaluation using the Competency Assessment Index (CAI) highlighted proficiency in foundational skills like animal handling and basic extension assistance. Conversely, competence was critically low in areas vital for public health, specifically adherence to farm safety, hygiene, animal welfare protocols during doorstep delivery, and the use of modern communication technologies. These findings underscored an urgent need for comprehensive policy intervention focusing on professional formalization and targeted capacity building.
Analytic Hierarchy Process, Animal Health Services, Competency Assessment Index, Last-mile delivery, Para-veterinarians, SWOT analysis
Copyright (c) 2026 The Indian Journal of Animal Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Spatio-temporal dynamics of bovine population and milk production in Andhra Pradesh
Investigating inter-district variations in bovine population dynamics and milk production, and understanding their drivers, is essential for targeted interventions towards dairy development. This study analysed district-wise trends in bovine population dynamics and milk production in Andhra Pradesh from 2007 to 2019, using secondary data collected from various sources. Trend analysis was performed by estimating compound annual growth rate. All districts witnessed a considerably higher rate of increase in the population of crossbred females, indicating the substitution of low-yielding indigenous animals with high-yielding crossbred cattle. The results revealed significant inter-district variations in the level of dairy development, as reflected in bovine density, bovine composition, herd efficiency ratio (HER), and milk production. District-level determinants of HER were analysed by employing panel data regression. The density of veterinary institutions, tractor density, and rainfall were found to have a positive and significant influence on the HER.
Breed preference, Bovine composition, Herd efficiency ratio Milk productivity and Aspirational districts, Panel data regression
Pig multiplier units and artificial insemination at farmers’ fields: Success, impact and constraints
Small-scale scavenging pig farming is less economically viable and meets individual demands only. To meet the country's demands, establishment of pig multiplier units and the popularization of artificial insemination (AI) at farmers’ fields are essential. In the present study, 44 households were provided with interventions such as knowledge scale-up on piggery, AI, and essential veterinary aids, along with one-time physical incentives. The success, farmers’ attitudes, impact, and constraints were assessed for the establishment of pig multiplier units and use of AI in these units. Comparative production performance and economics from AI to natural breeding were also assessed separately. In results, a total of 26 farmers (59.09%) were successful while 18 farmers (40.90%) were unsuccessful in establishing the multiplier units. Pig farmers (%) had a medium to high level of favorable attitude towards the establishment of multiplier units (55.36% to 32.64%) and the use of AI (50.25 % to 42.35%). After interventions of pig multiplier units and AI, a significant (p<0.05) improvement in average herd size, sale of piglets, net income, B:C ratio, reduction in the cost of production and mortality was observed. In comparison to natural breeding, AI interventions were found to be significantly (p<0.05) more productive and cost-effective. The most common constraints faced by farmers were high feed cost, doorstep availability of semen dose/boar, distance and timely artificial or natural service. In conclusion, pig multiplier units and AI in pigs were cost-effective technologies to propagate and repopulate pigs to meet the demands of piggery stakeholders.
Artificial Insemination, Farming, Impact, Multiplier, Pig
A comprehensive serosurveillance of foot-and-mouth disease in pig population of Mizoram state in eastern Himalayan agro-climatic region in India
The primary objective of this study was to estimate the seroprevalence of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) 3AB3 nonstructural protein (NSP) antibodies in pig population of Mizoram. The 3AB3 NSP indirect ELISA, used for bovines, was modified using anti-porcine IgGhorse radish peroxidase (HRP) conjugate and successfully applied for serosurveillance of FMD in pig population of Mizoram. In total, 2996 randomly collected pig serum samples were tested using 3AB3 NSP ELISA, wherein 373 samples (12.44%) were found positive for NSP antibodies indicating past exposure to FMDV. Further, a set of representative serum samples was subjected to liquid phase blocking (LPB) ELISA to assess the level of protective structural antibody against FMDV serotypes O, A and Asia 1, but none of the pigs were found to have a protective log10 antibody titre of ≥1.8 against any of the three FMDV serotypes, indicating a ‘no vaccination’ situation in pigs in the region. FMDV-infected pigs being the amplifier hosts, excrete enormous quantity of virus and may pose a severe threat to other domestic livestock. Hence, pigs need to be included in ongoing surveillance and control measures, including prophylactic vaccination coupled with zoosanitary measures.
3AB3 NSP ELISA, Foot-and-mouth disease, India, LPB ELISA, Mizoram, Pig
Utilization of information sources by goat farmers in Uttar Pradesh
This study assessed the extent of information sources utilized by goat farmers across Uttar Pradesh, India. A purposive research design was employed in Mathura and Mirzapur districts, with 180 respondents (90 from each district) selected through multistage random sampling from 12 villages across four blocks. Data were collected through a pre-tested interview schedule and statistical analysis including frequency, percentage, mean score, Pearson's correlation, multiple regression and Mann Whitney U test was performed using SPSS 26. The findings revealed that majority of farmers exhibited medium information-seeking behaviour with a mean utilization score of 13.08. The study indicated a dominant reliance on personal-localite sources such as friends (51.11% frequently used) and neighbours (51.11% frequently used). Mass media also played a significant role, with television (67.22% frequent use) and social media (40.56% frequent use) emerging as prominent sources. In contrast, personal cosmopolite sources such as veterinarians were less utilized. Pearson’s correlation analysis revealed a differentiated pattern of association between socio-economic variables and information source utilization across districts. In Mathura, education and landholding showed a positive and significant relationship, whereas in Mirzapur, education, landholding, farming experience and annual income were positively and significantly associated. These findings highlighted that education and resource endowment are key determinants of effective information utilization and underscored the need to strengthen extension strategies through targeted mass media and digital integration to enhance goat farming sustainability.
Goat farmers, Information sources, Mass media
Identification of optimum test-day records for accurate prediction of lactation yield in Murrah buffaloes under farmers’ herd conditions
Accurate estimation of lactation yield under field conditions can increase the pace of selection and genetic improvement in Indian buffaloes. Monthly test day records can predict the 305-day milk yield. In the present study, daily lactation yield data from first and second lactation were used to identify the minimum number of test-day records, which could be used to predict the 305-day milk yield with accuracy and maximum correlation with actual lactation yield in Murrah buffaloes. Seventeen general linear models were developed using monthly test-day records and significant days of lactation. A combination of significant days were identified from the test-day model and the principal component analysis based significant days were used to build the final best fit model, which in the predicted data set, showed a comparatively lower RMSE (471.78) and higher R2 of 0.67. Our model showed a high correlation coefficient of 0.82 with the test-day interval method of the International Council of Animal Recording for predicted lactation yield.
Buffalo, Linear model, Optimum records, Test day
Transcriptome-Wide Association Study unravels genomic regions for lactation persistency in Murrah buffaloes
Lactation persistency is an important economic trait of dairy animals. Understanding the genetic architecture underlying lactation persistency remains challenging, as conventional genome-wide association studies (GWAS) often lack functional interpretability. The present study aimed to identify causal genes associated with lactation persistency in Murrah buffaloes using a transcriptome-wide association study (TWAS) approach. Test-day milk yield records up to 245 days post-calving from 120 Murrah buffaloes were used to model lactation curves using Wood’s incomplete gamma function. Post-peak decline rate was considered as measure of lactation persistency to perform TWAS. TWAS was conducted using a predicted gene expression panel comprising 26,956 genes. Functional annotation of the top-ranked genes suggested their involvement in biological processes related to mammary epithelial cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation, which are critical for maintaining milk production after peak lactation. Overall, the findings highlight potential candidate genes and pathways that may contribute to genetic improvement and selection strategies in Murrah buffaloes.