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Immuno-pathological effects of experimentally inducedsodium selenite toxicity in broiler chickens
Selenium is an essential micronutrient for poultry, but excess intake causes acute and chronic toxicities. The present study was conducted to determine acute oral lethal dose 50 (ALD₅₀) of sodium selenite in broiler chickens and the associated gross, histopathological, and immunological alterations. A total of 300 day-old broiler chicks were used. Acute oral toxicity was assessed in 140 chicks by graded dosing, and the oral ALD₅₀ of sodium selenite was calculated as 21 mg/kg body weight (equivalent to 9.59 mg Se/kg), confirming its high toxicity. Chronic exposure was studied by administering sodium selenite at 15 ppm and 30 ppm in drinking water. Birds receiving 30 ppm showed marked anorexia, emaciation, nervous signs, and high mortality, while 15 ppm caused reduced weight gain without mortality. Gross lesions included emaciation, muscular pallor, hepatic haemorrhages, renal congestion, and lymphoid organ atrophy. Histopathology revealed lymphoid depletion, follicular necrosis, and degeneration of reticuloendothelial cells in lymphoid tissues. Immunologically, selenium-fed groups showed significant suppression of cell-mediated immunity, as evidenced by reduced delayed-type hypersensitivity response to phytohaemagglutinin, and diminished humoral response, reflected by lower antibody titres against Newcastle disease vaccine. These findings established sodium selenite as a potent immuno-toxicant in broiler chickens, with a narrow margin between requirement and toxicity. The study highlighted the risks of excessive selenium exposure in poultry production systems, particularly in selenium-endemic areas, due to its immunosuppressive potential.
ALD₅₀, Broiler chickens, Immune-toxicity and sodium selenite
Copyright (c) 2026 The Indian Journal of Animal Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Adjunctive effect of ascorbic acid on tetracycline treatment inbroiler chickens challenged with tetracycline-resistant Escherichia coli
The emergence of multidrug-resistant organisms due to the indiscriminate use of antibacterials has become a critical health concern for humans and animals. This study aimed to explore the potential of ascorbic acid to enhance the in vitro and in vivo effectiveness of tetracycline against Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) infections resistant to tetracycline. Isolates of E. coli from broiler chickens affected by colibacillosis were screened for the presence of tetracycline-resistant genes. The in vitro antibacterial properties of ascorbic acid were evaluated. In the in vivo experiment, the birds were pre-treated with ascorbic acid beginning on day three, and on day seventeen of trial, they were challenged with tetracycline-resistant APEC. Clinical symptoms of infection were observed two days post-challenge and then treated with tetracycline for 5 days continuously. After five days of tetracycline treatment, blood samples and organ tissues were collected for haematological, biochemical and histopathological analyses. The study revealed that 60% of prevalence rate for APEC isolates showing the highest resistance with tetracycline. The combination of ascorbic acid did not markedly enhance the antibacterial efficacy of tetracycline in vitro, its administration in vivo has notably diminished disease severity. Although no marked in vitro synergistic effect was observed, ascorbic acid supplementation was associated with reduced disease severity in vivo, suggesting a potential supportive role during antibacterial therapy that warrants further investigation.
Ascorbic acid pretreatment, Broiler chicken, Tetracycline Resistance, tet A gene, tet B gene
Effect of supplementation of L-carnitine during in vitro maturationon embryo production in Sahiwal cows
Embryo transfer technology enables rapid dissemination of superior genetics and in vitro produced embryos have gained more consideration than the in vivo derived embryos due to higher yield of embryos with respect to time. The primary limitation impacting in vitro derived embryos is the success of in vitro maturation as in vitro derived oocytes contain more lipid content contributing to increased oxidative stress and compromised developmental competence. In the present study, lipid modulator, L-carnitine at 1 mM and 3mM was supplemented in the maturation media to decrease lipid content and subsequent oxidative stress in the oocytes undergoing maturation. A total of 326 follicles from overy were aspirated out of which 228 cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs) were collected with a recovery rate of 69.93%. The in vitro maturation of the COC’s supplementation with 3 mM L-Carnitine exhibited significantly (p<0.05) lower complete expansion of cumulus cells in comparison to maturation media supplemented with 1 mM L-carnitine (48, 75.00% vs 58, 90.62%). The cleavage rate of the COC’s matured with supplementation of 3 mM L-Carnitine displayed considerably (p<0.05) less cleavage in comparison to group supplemented with 1 mM L-Carnitine (7.67±0.33,75.40% vs 8.67±0.21,83.87%). The blastocyst rate of the COC’s matured with supplementation of 3 mM L-Carnitine showed significantly (p<0.05) lower embryo production (4.17± 0.31,40.98% vs 5.83± 0.80,56.45%) in comparison to group supplemented with 1 mM L-Carnitine. So, the supplementation of 1 mM L-carnitine is suitable for Sahiwal oocytes during in vitro maturation for higher embryo production.
Blastocyst, In vitro maturation, Lipid, L-carnitine, Ovum pick-up, Sahiwal
Effect of partial replacement of soyabean meal by black soldier fly(Hermetia illucens) larvae meal on growth performanceand nutrient retention in broiler chickens
Poultry farming is expanding rapidly in India, with SBM being the primary protein source in diets. However, the rising demand for high-quality protein necessitates alternative, sustainable feed ingredients. Insects such as black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae provide a safe, cost-effective, and promising protein source, thereby reducing competition for plant-based protein like SBM. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the impact of partial replacement of soybean meal (SBM) with black soldier fly larvae meal (BSFLM) on growth and nutrient retention of broiler chickens. Two hundred day-old broiler chicks of the same hatch were randomly divided into four dietary groups, each with five replicates of 10 chicks, for a 35-day trial. The control group (T0) received a basal diet, while T1, T2, and T3 had SBM replaced with 2%, 5%, and 10% BSFLM, respectively. Growth performance, feed intake, nutrient utilization, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were recorded. Results showed that final body weight, weight gain, feed intake, and performance index were significantly higher in T3, followed by T2 and T1. FCR also improved in T3 and T2. Nutrient retention, particularly ether extract, calcium, and phosphorus, was also enhanced in T3 group. The findings suggestd that 10% replacement of SBM with BSFLM enhance broiler performance.
Comparative efficacy of recombinant human follicle stimulating hormone and porcine follicle stimulating hormone on follicular response, oocyte recovery and in vitro embryo production in donor cows (Bos indicus)
The present study compared the efficacy of long-acting recombinant human follicle stimulating hormone (rhFSH) and pituitary-derived FSH (pFSH) on follicular response, oocyte recovery and in vitro embryo production in donor cows. Eight high-yielding multiparous cows were subjected to two ovarian superstimulation protocols in a crossover design. In the first trial, donors received 200 mg pFSH in tapering doses, while in the second trial a single dose of long-acting rhFSH (300 IU) was administered. Transvaginal ovum pick-up (OPU) was performed on Day 8, and follicular count, oocyte recovery rate, oocyte quality, cleavage rate and blastocyst rate were recorded. The mean total follicle count did not differ significantly between pFSH (27±1.83) and rhFSH (25±2.15) stimulated groups. The oocyte recovery rate was significantly higher in the rhFSH group (77%; 154/200) compared to the pFSH group (68.05%; 147/216). The mean total oocyte yield per OPU was comparable between rhFSH (19.25±2.03) and pFSH (18.37±1.53) treatments. Cleavage rate (66.23% vs 72.1%) and blastocyst rate (55.84% vs 62.58%) did not differ significantly between rhFSH and pFSH groups, respectively. It may be concluded that long-acting rhFSH was comparable to conventional pFSH in terms of follicular response, oocyte quality and embryo production, while providing significantly improved oocyte recovery efficiency.
Blastocyst rate, Follicular response, In vitro embryo production, Oocyte recovery, Recombinant FSH, Superstimulation
Insights of structural and functional luteolytic pattern inTharparkar cows (Bos indicus) through doppler ultrasonography
The study aimed to investigate real-time changes in intraluteal blood flow, progesterone (P4) profile, and associated structural alterations in the corpus luteum (CL) of Tharparkar cows following prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) administration. Tharparkar cows (n = 8), at least 60 days postpartum with a well-developed CL, were administered cloprostenol (500 μg, intramuscularly). Ultrasonographic examinations and blood sampling were performed at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h post-injection. CL diameter remained unchanged up to 4 h post-treatment, followed by a significant reduction (p < 0.05) beginning at 12 h and progressing through 24, 48, and 72 h, indicating structural luteolysis. The mean CL diameter decreased from 20.29 ± 1.19 mm at 0 h to 11.55 ± 0.30 mm at 72 h. An acute increase in intraluteal blood flow was observed, peaking at 1 h post-injection, followed by a significant decline (p < 0.05), with the lowest values recorded at 72 h. Serum P4 concentrations decreased significantly (p < 0.05) from 1 h onward, confirming functional luteolysis. The findings demonstrated a biphasic vascular response characterized by an initial rise followed by a sustained decline in blood flow, coupled with progressive structural regression of the CL. The study provided important insights into the hemodynamic and functional dynamics of PGF2α-induced luteolysis in Bos indicus cows.
Blood flow, Color Doppler USG, Luteolysis, Prostaglandin (PGF2α), Tharparkar
Artemisia plant oil effectively reduces enteric methane emissionsin Sahiwal calves
Livestock sector significantly contributed to atmospheric greenhouse gas (GHG) leading to climate change. Several plants and their products can reduce the enteric methane emission from ruminant livestock. In the present study, the potential of Artemisia annua essential oil (EO) to reduce methane production in ruminants was investigated. In vitro trials with 0, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 ppm of essential oil supplementation in a 60:40 (roughage to concentrate) ratio revealed significant methane reduction at 50 ppm (20.90%) and 100 ppm (27.31%) with improved IVDMD and IVOMD (P<0.005). Acetate production decreased significantly at 50 ppm supplementation while propionate decreased beyond 100 ppm. Subsequently, fifteen male Sahiwal calves were grouped into group (Control, T1 and T2) for 70 day feeding trial. Control animals were fed only basal diet while EO at 50 and 100 ppm level was added to T1 and T2 groups, respectively. Results revealed no significant differences in body weight, daily gain, DMI, FCR, digestibility or nitrogen balance between the groups (>0.05). Enteric methane emission (g/d) decreased significantly in T1 by 13.36% and in T2 by 10.83% compared to the control. Methane emissions (g/kg DMI) also decreased by 18.52% in T1 and 14.18% in T2 as compared to control. Artemisia annua essential oil at 50 and 100 ppm mitigated enteric methane while maintaining normal nutrient utilization and growth. Therefore, Artemisia annua EO may be an option to reduce enteric emission and sustainable dairy production.
Average daily gain, Body weight change, Essential oil, Enteric methane, Livestock, Sahiwal calves
Influence of dietary L-threonine on egg production, egg quality,immune functions, gut health and anti-oxidant status in laying hens
This study was conducted on 1680 BV-300 layers, aged 40 weeks (1352±5.85g) divided into five groups (336 birds each) fed on various levels of dietary L-threonine in their diets: T1 (100% threonine according to NRC recommendations), T2 (100% threonine based on BV-300 requirements), T3 (110% threonine of BV-300 requirements), T4 (120% threonine of BV-300 requirements) and T5 (130% threonine of BV-300 requirements), over a period of twenty weeks. Feed efficiency improved in T4 and T5 groups as compared to T1 group. Egg mass was higher in T3, T4 and T5 groups as compared to T1 and T2 groups. Albumin height, albumin index and Haugh Unit exhibited higher values in T4 group than T1 and T2 groups. The total immunoglobulin level was elevated in T3, T4 and T5 groups. The ND titre (HA-HI) was higher in T5 group than T1 and T2 group. The proliferation response index of lymphocyte was higher in the T5 group than the T1 group. The phagocytic activity index of neutrophil was superior in T5 group than T1 and T2 groups. Villus height was higher and villus surface area and the goblet cells number/villus were greater in T4 and T5 group than in T2 group. The T5 group exhibited a higher concentration of GSH-Px as compared to T1 group. Additionally, T5 group demonstrated a higher level of SOD activity than the other groups. The best relative economic efficiency was recorded in T4 group. It can be concluded that dietary threonine level may be increased by 20% and 30% of BV-300 requirement for optimal performance and immune health, respectively in layers.
Albumin index, Egg mass, Haugh unit, Threonine, Villus height
Evaluation of genetic diversity of Indigenous poultry (Khukhri) found in Chotanagpur Plateau of Jharkhand
Indigenous poultry farming plays an important role in livelihood and nutritional security of rural and tribal populations of Jharkhand. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the phenotypic performance and genetic diversity of Khukhri chicken of the Chotanagpur plateau. A field survey was conducted on 270 households covering 540 birds. Phenotypic characterization revealed predominance of mixed plumage with yellow shank colour (85.56%) and uniform red earlobe, comb and white skin. However, variability in comb type was observed with single comb (≈52%) being predominant. Adult body weight of males and females averaged 1552.18 ± 27.46 g and 1182.04 ± 14.30 g, while shank length was 9.85 ± 0.08 cm and 8.73 ± 0.05 cm, respectively. Genetic diversity was assessed using RAPD markers on 50 birds. Out of 22 primers, 16 produced polymorphic bands generating 172 bands, of which 168 (97.67%) were polymorphic. Nei’s gene diversity ranged from 0.28 ± 0.01 to 0.29 ± 0.01, and Shannon’s information index ranged from 0.43 ± 0.01 to 0.44 ± 0.01 across populations. The study indicated moderate genetic variability within Khukhri chicken populations. However, the observed variability in comb type suggested that further studies focusing on uniform sub-populations (particularly single-comb birds) are necessary for breed standardization and conservation planning.
Khukhri, Indigenous chicken, Genetic diversity, Phenotypic traits, RAPD
Structural transformation of the Indian sheep sector
Over the period 1950-2025, the Indian sheep sector has undergone substantial structural transformation in its production orientation, technological base and market integration. Although the national sheep population increased moderately from 39.1 million in 1951 to 74.26 million, output growth has been markedly higher. Mutton production expanded nearly tenfold, reaching 1.185 million tonnes in 2024-25, whereas wool production stabilized at 34.57 million kg, indicating a progressive shift from fibre-dominated systems to meat-oriented production. This transformation has been shaped by genetic improvement programmes, development of synthetic breeds, regionspecific nutritional strategies, advances in reproductive and animal health management, and evolving policy support. India currently ranks second globally in sheep population, underscoring its strategic importance in the small ruminant economy. Despite the growing dominance of mutton in sectoral value, wool continues to hold regional livelihood significance in arid and hill ecosystems. This review synthesizes long-term trends in population and production dynamics, breed development, technological interventions and emerging market drivers. It also analyses persistent constraints, including shrinking grazing resources, limited genetic gain, suboptimal technology adoption, disease burden, market inefficiencies and climate stress. A strategic pathway is proposed to enhance productivity, resilience, value addition and value-chain efficiency while safeguarding the livelihoods of small and marginal sheep farmers across diverse agro-ecological regions.
Breeds, Constraints, Future roadmap, Mutton, Production systems, Wool
Anthelmintic Efficacy of Aqueous Extract of Coriandrum sativum Seeds on Barbari Goats Naturally Infected with Strongyles
Gastrointestinal parasites in goats are a critical concern for the goat farming industry due to the economic losses associated with nematode infections. With the rising prevalence of anthelmintic resistance, traditional synthetic treatments are becoming increasingly ineffective, prompting the need for sustainable and cost-effective alternatives. Purpose of current study was to explore potential benefits of using an aqueous extract of C. sativum seeds against severe infections in goats. The study involved the selection of 30 goats, aged between 18 and 30 months, which were naturally infected with strongyles, each with more than 1000 eggs per gram. The goats were randomly divided into five groups. Group 1 was control group and not treated. Group 2 was positive control and received closantel at 10 mg/kg body weight orally once. Groups 3, 4 and 5 received single oral doses of the seed extract at 50, 250 and 500 mg/ kg body weight, respectively. Blood and fecal samples were collected from selected goats on day 0 prior to treatment initiation and at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days post-treatment to assess the efficacy of the C. sativum seed extract. On the 28th day after treatment, maximum reduction in eggs per gram and faecal egg count reduction were observed in groups T1 and T4 respectively. The present study revealed that the anthelmintic effect of the seed extract of the plant was dose-dependent, with increased efficacy observed as the dosage was increased.
Phenotypic characterization and performance evaluation of Molai Adu goats in their native tract of Tamil Nadu
This study documented the habitat and characterized the morphological, morphometric, production, and reproductive traits of Molai Adu goats in Tamil Nadu. Data were collected from 699 goats of both sexes across different age groups (birth, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months; 2-tooth, 4-tooth, 6-tooth, and full-mouth stages) through field surveys conducted in 29 villages within the Gobichettipalayam, Perundurai, Nambiyur, Bhavani, and Erode blocks of Erode district. Morphological traits, body weights, and linear body measurements were recorded, and information on reproductive was obtained through direct observation and farmer interviews. Molai Adu goats are medium-sized, predominantly white in colour with occasional light brown patches. The pooled means for height at withers at 2-tooth, 4-tooth, 6-tooth, and full-mouth stages were 61.25 ± 0.14, 63.92 ± 0.62, 65.96 ± 0.14, and 68.44 ± 0.26 cm, respectively. Corresponding chest girth values were 66.26 ± 0.22, 70.81 ± 0.58, 72.18 ± 0.26, and 74.02 ± 0.24 cm. The least-squares means for body weight across sexes were 25.28 ± 0.33 kg (2-tooth), 27.82 ± 0.26 kg (4-tooth), 31.24 ± 0.36 kg (6-tooth), and 35.42 ± 0.28 kg (full mouth). The average kidding interval was 8.2 months, with a mean litter size of 1.85 across parities. The study confirms that Molai Adu goats possess distinct physical and functional traits that differentiate them from other native breeds of Tamil Nadu, emphasizing the importance of formal recognition and conservation efforts to safeguard this unique genetic resource.
Enhancing livestock health services in India: An analytical study of para-veterinary workforce and service delivery
This study assessed the factors influencing animal health service (AHS) delivery by para-veterinarians (para-vets) and quantified their competencies across four major livestock states in India—Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Haryana. Strategic assessment using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) revealed that organizational strengths, such as empathetic behavior, cultural compatibility, and wide coverage, provide a strong operational base. However, the most critical impediment was institutional: high workforce dissatisfaction and low morale resulting from unclear job definitions and the lack of defined career pathways. The largest external opportunity lied in formal governmental recognition and the establishment of dedicated para-vet cadres. Competency evaluation using the Competency Assessment Index (CAI) highlighted proficiency in foundational skills like animal handling and basic extension assistance. Conversely, competence was critically low in areas vital for public health, specifically adherence to farm safety, hygiene, animal welfare protocols during doorstep delivery, and the use of modern communication technologies. These findings underscored an urgent need for comprehensive policy intervention focusing on professional formalization and targeted capacity building.
Analytic Hierarchy Process, Animal Health Services, Competency Assessment Index, Last-mile delivery, Para-veterinarians, SWOT analysis
Copyright (c) 2026 The Indian Journal of Animal Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Spatio-temporal dynamics of bovine population and milk production in Andhra Pradesh
Investigating inter-district variations in bovine population dynamics and milk production, and understanding their drivers, is essential for targeted interventions towards dairy development. This study analysed district-wise trends in bovine population dynamics and milk production in Andhra Pradesh from 2007 to 2019, using secondary data collected from various sources. Trend analysis was performed by estimating compound annual growth rate. All districts witnessed a considerably higher rate of increase in the population of crossbred females, indicating the substitution of low-yielding indigenous animals with high-yielding crossbred cattle. The results revealed significant inter-district variations in the level of dairy development, as reflected in bovine density, bovine composition, herd efficiency ratio (HER), and milk production. District-level determinants of HER were analysed by employing panel data regression. The density of veterinary institutions, tractor density, and rainfall were found to have a positive and significant influence on the HER.
Breed preference, Bovine composition, Herd efficiency ratio Milk productivity and Aspirational districts, Panel data regression
Pig multiplier units and artificial insemination at farmers’ fields: Success, impact and constraints
Small-scale scavenging pig farming is less economically viable and meets individual demands only. To meet the country's demands, establishment of pig multiplier units and the popularization of artificial insemination (AI) at farmers’ fields are essential. In the present study, 44 households were provided with interventions such as knowledge scale-up on piggery, AI, and essential veterinary aids, along with one-time physical incentives. The success, farmers’ attitudes, impact, and constraints were assessed for the establishment of pig multiplier units and use of AI in these units. Comparative production performance and economics from AI to natural breeding were also assessed separately. In results, a total of 26 farmers (59.09%) were successful while 18 farmers (40.90%) were unsuccessful in establishing the multiplier units. Pig farmers (%) had a medium to high level of favorable attitude towards the establishment of multiplier units (55.36% to 32.64%) and the use of AI (50.25 % to 42.35%). After interventions of pig multiplier units and AI, a significant (p<0.05) improvement in average herd size, sale of piglets, net income, B:C ratio, reduction in the cost of production and mortality was observed. In comparison to natural breeding, AI interventions were found to be significantly (p<0.05) more productive and cost-effective. The most common constraints faced by farmers were high feed cost, doorstep availability of semen dose/boar, distance and timely artificial or natural service. In conclusion, pig multiplier units and AI in pigs were cost-effective technologies to propagate and repopulate pigs to meet the demands of piggery stakeholders.
Artificial Insemination, Farming, Impact, Multiplier, Pig
A comprehensive serosurveillance of foot-and-mouth disease in pig population of Mizoram state in eastern Himalayan agro-climatic region in India
The primary objective of this study was to estimate the seroprevalence of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) 3AB3 nonstructural protein (NSP) antibodies in pig population of Mizoram. The 3AB3 NSP indirect ELISA, used for bovines, was modified using anti-porcine IgGhorse radish peroxidase (HRP) conjugate and successfully applied for serosurveillance of FMD in pig population of Mizoram. In total, 2996 randomly collected pig serum samples were tested using 3AB3 NSP ELISA, wherein 373 samples (12.44%) were found positive for NSP antibodies indicating past exposure to FMDV. Further, a set of representative serum samples was subjected to liquid phase blocking (LPB) ELISA to assess the level of protective structural antibody against FMDV serotypes O, A and Asia 1, but none of the pigs were found to have a protective log10 antibody titre of ≥1.8 against any of the three FMDV serotypes, indicating a ‘no vaccination’ situation in pigs in the region. FMDV-infected pigs being the amplifier hosts, excrete enormous quantity of virus and may pose a severe threat to other domestic livestock. Hence, pigs need to be included in ongoing surveillance and control measures, including prophylactic vaccination coupled with zoosanitary measures.
3AB3 NSP ELISA, Foot-and-mouth disease, India, LPB ELISA, Mizoram, Pig
Utilization of information sources by goat farmers in Uttar Pradesh
This study assessed the extent of information sources utilized by goat farmers across Uttar Pradesh, India. A purposive research design was employed in Mathura and Mirzapur districts, with 180 respondents (90 from each district) selected through multistage random sampling from 12 villages across four blocks. Data were collected through a pre-tested interview schedule and statistical analysis including frequency, percentage, mean score, Pearson's correlation, multiple regression and Mann Whitney U test was performed using SPSS 26. The findings revealed that majority of farmers exhibited medium information-seeking behaviour with a mean utilization score of 13.08. The study indicated a dominant reliance on personal-localite sources such as friends (51.11% frequently used) and neighbours (51.11% frequently used). Mass media also played a significant role, with television (67.22% frequent use) and social media (40.56% frequent use) emerging as prominent sources. In contrast, personal cosmopolite sources such as veterinarians were less utilized. Pearson’s correlation analysis revealed a differentiated pattern of association between socio-economic variables and information source utilization across districts. In Mathura, education and landholding showed a positive and significant relationship, whereas in Mirzapur, education, landholding, farming experience and annual income were positively and significantly associated. These findings highlighted that education and resource endowment are key determinants of effective information utilization and underscored the need to strengthen extension strategies through targeted mass media and digital integration to enhance goat farming sustainability.
Goat farmers, Information sources, Mass media
Identification of optimum test-day records for accurate prediction of lactation yield in Murrah buffaloes under farmers’ herd conditions
Accurate estimation of lactation yield under field conditions can increase the pace of selection and genetic improvement in Indian buffaloes. Monthly test day records can predict the 305-day milk yield. In the present study, daily lactation yield data from first and second lactation were used to identify the minimum number of test-day records, which could be used to predict the 305-day milk yield with accuracy and maximum correlation with actual lactation yield in Murrah buffaloes. Seventeen general linear models were developed using monthly test-day records and significant days of lactation. A combination of significant days were identified from the test-day model and the principal component analysis based significant days were used to build the final best fit model, which in the predicted data set, showed a comparatively lower RMSE (471.78) and higher R2 of 0.67. Our model showed a high correlation coefficient of 0.82 with the test-day interval method of the International Council of Animal Recording for predicted lactation yield.
Buffalo, Linear model, Optimum records, Test day
Transcriptome-Wide Association Study unravels genomic regions for lactation persistency in Murrah buffaloes
Lactation persistency is an important economic trait of dairy animals. Understanding the genetic architecture underlying lactation persistency remains challenging, as conventional genome-wide association studies (GWAS) often lack functional interpretability. The present study aimed to identify causal genes associated with lactation persistency in Murrah buffaloes using a transcriptome-wide association study (TWAS) approach. Test-day milk yield records up to 245 days post-calving from 120 Murrah buffaloes were used to model lactation curves using Wood’s incomplete gamma function. Post-peak decline rate was considered as measure of lactation persistency to perform TWAS. TWAS was conducted using a predicted gene expression panel comprising 26,956 genes. Functional annotation of the top-ranked genes suggested their involvement in biological processes related to mammary epithelial cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation, which are critical for maintaining milk production after peak lactation. Overall, the findings highlight potential candidate genes and pathways that may contribute to genetic improvement and selection strategies in Murrah buffaloes.
Genetic evaluation of wool quality parameters in Harnali sheep
The current research focused on genetic evaluation of wool quality parameters in Harnali sheep and the data were recorded from pedigree sheets of 1048 animals. The study focused on four characteristics of wool: medullation percentage (MP), fibre diameter (FD), staple length (SL), and greasy fleece weight (GFW). For GFW, SL, FD, and MP, the corresponding least-squares means were 1729.48±13.9 g, 5.08±0.02 cm, 25.24±0.12 microns, and 26.21±0.29%, respectively. GFW and MP were significantly affected by the lamb’s birth period. Sex of lamb and dam's weight at lambing was found to have significant effect on GFW. By leveraging the sire component of variance and covariance from mixed model analysis, the paternal half-sib correlation method was used to estimate genetic and phenotypic parameters. The heritability estimates were 0.32±0.07, 0.17±0.05, 0.27±0.06, and 0.29±0.06 for GFW, SL, FD, and MP, respectively. Favourable genetic and phenotypic trends over the years were observed for FD, MP and GFW, though, more attention is required for SL where the trend observed was not favourable. Sire breeding values for various traits under the study indicated genetic variability and it is recommended to use top ranking sires for further genetic improvement in wool traits. Although heritability for some wool quality traits was moderate, the index selection could be a better choice for the improvement of these traits.
Breeding value, Genetic parameters, Genetic trend, Harnali sheep, Wool quality
The effect of dietary supplementation of phytogenic plant leaves on expression of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in the Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)
Nutrigenomics is an important and emerging field that examines the interactions between feed and genes that affect health and production.This study goes in the same direction; the expression of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in the muscle of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) was evaluated following dietary supplementation with phytogenic feed additives. The experimental trial involved 120-day-old Japanese quail chicks reared for 42 days. Birds were randomly allocated into four treatment groups of 30 birds each: T1 (control), fed a basal diet formulated according to ICAR (2013) recommendations; T2, fed the basal diet supplemented with 1% Shisham (Dalbergia sissoo) leaf powder; T3, fed the basal diet supplemented with 1% Poplar (Populus deltoides) leaf powder; and T4, fed the basal diet supplemented with 2% leaf powder comprising 1% Shisham and 1% Poplar. At 42 days of age, birds were slaughtered, and muscle tissue samples were collected for IGF-1 gene expression analysis. Total RNA was isolated, and gene expression was quantified using one-step quantitative real-time Polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). IGF-1 expression was found higher in all phytogenically supplemented groups compared to the control, with the highest fold increase observed in the T4 group. These findings suggest that phytogenic leaf supplementation positively influences muscle protein development, with a synergistic effect observed when multiple phytogenic sources are combined in the diet showing the higher fold increase in the expression level of IGF-1.
Japanese quail, phytogenic supplements, Gene expression.
Evaluation of tropical feedstuffs used in ruminant animals forcarbohydrate and protein fractions by CNCP system
This research was carried out to assess the nutritional content of frequently used 8 cereal grains and 13 agro industrial by-products (AIBP) as per CNCPS along with their in vitro digestibility, gas and methane production. It was observed that lignin (% NDF) was lowest in white maize (5.28) and highest in gram khanda (30.93). NPN (%SP) content was highest in gram churi (73.32) and lowest in wheat grains (10.85). Among grains, values (%) for protein fraction PA, PB1, PB2, PB3 and fraction PC were found to be highest for oat (10.58), followed by wheat (26.85), pearl millet (72.08),barley (17.63) and pearl millet (7.09), respectively while for AIBP, maximum values were observed for gram churi (32.67), followed by beet pulp (56.98), gram khanda (82.61), paddy straw (43.39) and in gram husk (25.07). For AIBP, carbohydrate fractions, CB1 content was highest (42.71) in wheat bran and CA was highest (61.74) in dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS). It was observed that AIBP had more unavailable carbohydrate fraction (CC) in comparison to grains. Average values of IVDMD and IVOMD for grains were observed to be 89.78% and 90.80%, and for AIBP 75.19% and 75.23%, respectively. Average gas production (ml/200 mg) was found to be 57.85 for grains and 33.60 for AIBP. It was found that average methane generation (g/kg IVDMD) was comparable for grains and AIBP. Therefore, the study’s findings may help to clarify more about the digestibility and gas production of agro industrial by products and cereal grains for more precise and environment friendly feed formulation for dairy animals.
Agro industrial by products, Cereal grains, CNCPS, In vitro digestibility, Methane production
Peripartum and postpartum reproductive and neonatal traits of Kangayam cattle, a native cattle breed of Tamil Nadu, India
Kangayam cattle, an important indigenous breed of Tamil Nadu, are well recognized for their superior draught ability and cultural significance in events such as Jallikkattu. The present study was conducted over a period of seven years (2019–2026) at the Kangayam Cattle Research Station, Sathyamangalam, with the objective of evaluating key parturient, postpartum, and neonatal parameters in Kangayam cattle. A total of 43 prepartum Kangayam cows maintained under a semi-intensive system of management with balanced nutrition were included in the study. During the study period, 125 calves were born without any complications during parturition. Various parameters were systematically recorded and analyzed, including gestation length, duration of delivery, time taken for expulsion of fetal membranes, weight of fetal membranes, postpartum dam weight, calf birth weight, and neonatal behavioural traits such as time to stand and initiate colostrum suckling. The mean gestation length was 290.07 ± 2.59 days. The average time taken for delivery following rupture of the water bag was 54.43 ± 3.73 minutes, while the time required for expulsion of the fetal membranes was 181.70 ± 5.69 minutes. The mean weight of the fetal membranes was 2.75 ± 0.05 kg, and the average postpartum dam weight was 292.44 ± 3.28 kg. The mean birth weight of calves was 21.08 ± 0.23 kg. Regarding neonatal behavior, the time taken for calves to stand was found to be 15-60 minutes and the average time taken to initiate colostrum suckling was 50.88 ± 3.56 minutes. The findings of this study provide baseline data on parturient and neonatal characteristics in Kangayam cattle, which can be useful for improving management practices, enhancing calf survival, and supporting conservation and breeding strategies for this valuable indigenous breed.
Kangayam cattle, Peripartum, Postpartum, Birth weight
Decision support system for selection of dairy buffalo based on peak yield
Efficient animal selection is vital for optimizing dairy farming. Traditionally, human reliance introduces errors. In the present study, a user-friendly Decision Support System (DSS) using Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) was developed to predict peak milk yield of buffalo (Murrah breed) based on linear traits - Udder Depth (UD), Naval Udder Distance (NUD), Rear teat distance (RTD), Fore rear teat distance (FRTD), Teat length (TL), Rump width (RW), Rear udder width (RUW), Rear udder height (RUH), and Lactation number (LN). A dataset of 259 buffaloes was used for model training and validation, with ANN outperforming Support Vector machine, Random Forest and Multiple Linear Regression. The performance of ANN was assessed with the correlation coefficient (CC), root mean squared error (RMSE) and R2 metrics, revealing maximum CC of 0.86, minimal RMSE of 2.03 and a maximum R2 of 0.748, highlighting its accuracy. These findings provide valuable insights for dairy farmers, enabling informed decisions in selecting elite buffaloes. Implementation of this tool has the potential to revolutionize breeding, boost milk production, and enhance overall efficiency and profitability in buffalo based dairy farming.
Prevalence of traumatic reticuloperitonitis and its sequelae in cattle: A retrospective study
A study on nutritional agents associated with leg lameness in commercial broiler chicken
This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of leg lameness in commercial broilers and the nutritional agents associated with this condition. The study was carried out during the period from October 2022 to March 2023 in and around Puducherry. A total of 20 commercial broilers farms were investigated for the occurrence of lameness based on the gait scoring system. Birds with a score more than 3 were considered as lame bird. Out of 20, 10 farms with highest occurrence of lameness were selected for further study. The average percentage of lameness in the surveyed and selected farms was 21.1 % and 25 %, respectively. All the flocks were maintained under deep litter system with the recommended floor space on continuous lighting program and ad libitum feeding. None of the flocks showed lesions of foot pad dermatitis and hock burn. Though, the level of calcium and phosphorus did not differ significantly in the feed sample, magnesium and manganese contents were found to be below the recommended level of BIS, 2007. All the feed samples were positive for aflatoxin and in 50% of the samples, the level exceed 20 ppb. No significant difference was recorded in the mean values of serum phosphorous, ALT, AST and glucose between control and lame group but the serum calcium and vitamin D3 were significantly lower in latter. Bone mineral profile revealed relatively lower dry fat free bone weight and ash weight for lame group compared to control group. The bone manganese content was significantly lower in lame birds compared to the control group. The present study highlighted the importance of feeding adequate levels of manganese in the diet of broilers. In addition, the feed should be routinely screened for the levels of aflatoxins.
Aflatoxin, Broiler, Lameness, Manganese, Vitamin D3
Optimizing semen collection, dilution, and thawing protocols to enhance frozen thawed sperm quality in Bach Thao bucks
Artificial insemination and semen cryopreservation are key techniques for improving reproductive efficiency and conserving genetic resources in goats, but the success of these procedures depends on semen collection and processing protocols. This study aimed to optimize semen collection intervals, dilution ratios, and thawing conditions to enhance post-thaw sperm quality in Bach Thao bucks, an indigenous Vietnamese breed. Ejaculates were collected at different intervals, diluted with varying ratios of citrate-based extender, frozen, and thawed under several temperature-time combinations. Post-thaw quality of semen was evaluated through sperm motility, morphology, and membrane integrity assessments. Semen collected at moderate intervals resulted in better sperm motility and fewer abnormalities than daily collection. A balanced dilution ratio improved cryosurvival, while excessive dilution reduced sperm quality. Thawing at moderate temperatures for short durations resulted in higher motility and membrane stability compared with lower or prolonged conditions. Integrating an appropriate collection interval with optimal dilution and controlled thawing significantly improved frozen–thawed semen quality in Bach Thao bucks. These results provide practical recommendations for breeding centers and contribute to the conservation of indigenous goat genetic resources.
Artificial insemination, Bach Thao goat, Cryopreservation, dilution ratio, Semen collection interval, Sperm motility
Assessment of age and sex variability on haematological parameters of indigenous Punganur cattle
This study aimed to assess the variability of sex and age on the hematological parameters of Punganur cattle. Blood samples were collected from 175 healthy Punganur cattle from Livestock Research Station (LRS), Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University and from farmers in the surrounding areas of Palamaner, Chittoor district, Andhra Pradesh across various age groups (Cows, Bulls, Heifers, Young bulls, Female calves, and Male calves) were collected and analysed. The results were categorized based on sex and age variations. Lymphocyte percentage (P<0.01) and granulocyte percentage (P<0.05) exhibited statistically significant variations, however, all other parameters did not show any differences under sex. Age-based analysis revealed significant differences (P<0.01) in Total Leucocyte Count Lymphocyte Count, Lymphocyte Percentage %, Granulocyte %, Total Erythrocyte Count, Haemoglobin, Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin Concentration, Red Cell Distribution Width, Platelet Count, Platelet Distribution Width, and Plateletcrit, with Mean Corpuscular Volume showing significance at P<0.05. The findings could be used as reference values to differentiate normal physiological, nutritional and disease conditions for females, males and different age groups of Punganur cattle. This provides valuable insights for veterinarians and farmers, contributing significantly to the conservation of this endangered breed.
Haematology, Punganur, Variations based on sex, Variations based on age
Nested polymerase chain reaction assay for detection of Porcine Astrovirus in pig population
Porcine Astrovirus (PAstV) is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus, responsible for gastrointestinal diseases in swine populations across the globe. There are sparse reports regarding diagnostic platforms for the detection of PAstV in the porcine population. The present study reported a nested PCR (nPCR) assay for the identification of PAstV in faecal specimens of pigs in Punjab, India. The technique was developed using outer and inner sets of primers targeting the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) gene of the virus. The nPCR was standardized and optimized, including sensitivity and specificity. The sensitivity of the assay was found to be 225 femtograms. The technique was specific and did not amplify with certain other viruses i.e., Porcine Kobuvirus (PKV) and Bovine Rotavirus (BoRV). The applicability of the nPCR assay was further assessed on faecal samples (n=50) collected from field conditions comprising diarrhoeic (n=39) and non-diarrhoeic (n=11) animals. The nPCR detected only 12 [diarrhoeic (n=8) & non-diarrhoeic (n=4)] out of 50 samples tested as positive. This work demonstrated that nPCR assay can be effectively used as a rapid, specific, and sensitive method for routine molecular screening and/or diagnosis of PAstV in swine population.
Assessment of socio-economic status, farming and breeding practices and major constraints of indigenous sheep farming in Tangail district, Bangladesh
The present study was conducted to assess the socio-economic profile, husbandry practices and challenges of sheep rearing in Tangail District, Bangladesh. The study followed a cross-sectional survey design and data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Data were collected from 131 sheep-rearing farmers across 13 unions using a pre-tested questionnaire administered through face-to-face interviews. The majority of the farmers were female (82.84%), predominantly Muslim (84.73%), with 71.75% having no formal education. Most farmers (59.54%) primarily relied on agriculture for their livelihoods. Farmers had an average landholding of 73.54 decimals with average annual income of 78,574 BDT. The average sheep rearing experience was 4.83 years, reflecting moderate expertise in sheep husbandry. Farmers reared mainly indigenous sheep with an average flock size of 3.76 animals per household, with ewes comprising 54.60% of the total population. Semi-intensive feeding (76.17%) and natural mating (100%) were the predominant husbandry and breeding practices, with 72.31% relying on neighbours’ rams to bred their ewes. Reproductive performance was satisfactory, with a litter size of 2.13 and a service per conception rate of 1.10. Farmers demonstrated limited awareness and adoption of pre- and post-lambing management practices for sheep. Preventive health measures were minimal, as vaccination and deworming coverage were only 1.54% and 10%, respectively. Major health issues included diarrhoea, enteritis, and pneumonia, often linked to shared housing with cattle. These findings underscore the need for targeted extension services, organized breeding programs, farmer training and improved veterinary care to boost sheep productivity and improve the livelihoods of farmers in the region.
Breeding, Constraints, Indigenous, Husbandry, Socio-economics