Indian Journal of Extension Education
type: channel
description: The Indian Journal of Extension Education (ISSN 0537-1996, eISSN 2454- 552X) is the peer-reviewed, official publication of the Indian Society of Extension Education (ISEE), New Delhi, publishing original research papers/ research notes/ research tools in the field of extension education and allied fields since 1965. The Indian Society of Extension Education, Division of Agricultural Extension, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, is a registered professional society under the Societies Registration Act XXI of 1860 (Punjab Amendment) Act 1957 as extended to the Union Territory of Delhi under registration number S-2504 dated 22.06.1964. The Indian Journal of Extension Education is published quarterly and is UGC CARE Listed since January 2023. Indexed in Elsevier Scopus, CAB International, Index Copernicus International Journal Master list, Google Scholar, Scilit, Semantic Scholar, AGRIS of FAO, BASE, WorldCat, EBSCO, Crossref, PlumX, Mendeley,Research Commons etc. The Scopus cite score 2025 is 2.2, SJR- 0.293, SNIP2024- 0.546, (https://www.scopus.com/sourceid/21100846015) SJIF 2025 ( Scientific Journal Impact factor) 5.344, (https://sjifactor.com/passport.php?id=24257) NAAS rating (2025): 5.02 NAAS Journal ID: I063 ( Effective from January 2025)
publisher: Indian Society of Extension Education, ICAR- Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi
language: en
publication name: Indian Journal of Extension Education
issn: 0537-1996
copyright: The manuscripts once accepted and published in the Indian Journal of Extension Education will automatically become the property of the Indian Society of Extension Education, New Delhi. The Chief Editor on behalf of the Indian Journal of Extension Education holds the copyright.
items: Complete Issue
items: Editorial (3,2026)
items: Esteemed Reviewers of the Issue
items: Perceptions of Agricultural University Students toward the Use of ICT in Assam: A Multi-dimensional Analysis
items: Construction and Validation of Instrument to Assess the Multifaceted Potential of School Vegetable Gardens
items: Constraints in Accessing Services of Cooperative Societies: A Garrett Ranking-Based Study
items: Construction and Validation of Knowledge Test on Indigenous Technical Knowledge Practices
items: Global Knowledge Structure of Agricultural Entrepreneurship and Entrepreneurial Behaviour Research: A Bibliometric Analysis
items: Analysis and Prioritization of Constraints Affecting ICT Tools Adoption among KVK Personnel
items: Identification and Documentation of Agricultural Indigenous Technical Knowledge among Yimkhiung Tribe, Nagaland, India
items: Exploring Entrepreneurial Behaviour among Rural Women in Dairy Cooperatives
items: Development and Validation of Agricultural Human-Wildlife Conflict Tolerance Scale for Farming Households
items: Knowledge Level of Kewda Cultivation Farmers in Southern Odisha
items: Assessment of Farmers’ Adoption of Improved Groundnut Cultivation Practices in Bundelkhand Region of Uttar Pradesh
items: A Novel Framework for Constructing a Robust Octa-Dimensional Climate-Smart Agriculture Index
items: Bibliometric Analysis of the Role of Artificial Intelligence in Enhancing Agricultural Extension Services
items: Understanding Farmers’ Attitudes towards Natural Farming Adoption in Tarai Zone of Uttar Pradesh
items: Climate-induced Migration, Farmers’ Perception and its Determinants in Bundelkhand Region of Uttar Pradesh
items: Training Needs Assessment of Oilseed Farmers for Improved Production Technology in Lucknow District, Uttar Pradesh
items: Determinants to Behavioural Intention of Fish Farmers to Adopt Carp Polyculture
items: Economic Contribution of Non-Timber Forest Products to Rural Livelihoods in the Shivalik Range of Jammu and Kashmir
items: Constraints in Social Media Use for Agriculture and Fisheries in Andhra Pradesh
items: A Study on Aspiration of Farm Youth towards Agriculture in Rayagada District of Odisha
items: Women’s Agency and Family Planning Counselor Roles in Child Nutrition: Semi-Urban Yogyakarta Survey
items: Knowledge and Adoption Level of Improved Sorghum Practices in Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh
items: Agricultural Extension, Farmer Motivation, and Maize Food Security in Indonesia-Timor Leste Borderlands
items: Attitude of Paddy Farmers towards KVK Training Programmes: A Study of Trainees and Non-Trainees in Ariyalur District, Tamil Nadu
items: Gendered Patterns and Prevalence of Internet Use among Adolescents: Evidence from Varanasi, India
items: Determinants, Knowledge and Constraints of Electronic National Agriculture Market (eNAM) Adoption in Tamil Nadu
items: Socio- economic Determinants of Environmental Risk and Safe Pesticide Use: A Canonical Correlation Analysis
items: Enhancing Extensionists’ Capabilities in Female Farmers’ Groups (FFGs) Empowerment: An Integrative Approach
items: Role of Savings and Credit Groups in Ethnic Minority Household Livelihoods in Ea Drong commune, Vietnam
items: Adoption of Climate Change Adaptation Practices and Farm Income among Crop Farmers in Hue city, Vietnam
items: Business Intelligence and Decision Making: A Bibliometric Analysis
items: Determinants of Farmers’ Willingness to Participate in Wheat Seed Contract Farming in Punjab, India
items: Aspirations of Farm Science Students in Odisha: A Comparative Analysis across Agricultural Disciplines
items: Determinants of Farmers’ Knowledge and Safe Pesticide Utilisation Behaviour: Artificial Neural Network Approach
items: Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping in Natural Resource Management: A Global Bibliometric Analysis with India-Specific Insights (1995–2025)
items: Occupational Determinants of Migration Behaviour among Lanjia Saora Tribal Youth in Odisha, India
items: Agricultural Information Transfer among Tribal Farmers of Malkangiri Using Machine Learning
items: Family Resources and Agricultural Skills as determinants of Farmer's Motivation in Rubber Cultivation in Kerala
items: Sectoral Ego and Data Integration Performance in an Extension Communication Perspective
items: Gender Differences in Production Efficiency and Food Security among Rice Farmers in Ebonyi State
items: Adoption and Determinants of Sustainable Agricultural Practices (SAPs) among Pineapple Growers in Nagaland
items: Competency of agripreneurs in Organic Farming: An Empirical Analysis on Palakkad District in Kerala
items: Adoption of Climate-Resilient Technology by smallholder farmers in Rice-Based Cropping System in Western Central Table Zone of Odisha
items: Principal Component Analysis of Entrepreneurial Attitude among CUTM Agriculture Students, Odisha
items: Predicting Artificial Intelligence Awareness among Agricultural Professionals Using Random Forest and SHAP Analysis
items: Comparative Analysis of Entrepreneurial Behaviour among Pokkali and Non-Pokkali Farmers in Kerala
items: Factors Influencing Farmers’ Perception of Climate Variability and Change in Kano State, Nigeria
items: Digital Technology Use for Agricultural Extension Information among Rural Leaders in Tel Kayf District
items: Visitor Behaviour and Economic Valuation of Spiritual Tourism in Rameshwaram Island, India
items: Agricultural Mechanization and Its Problems in Gauradaha Municipality of Jhapa District, Nepal
items: Social Life Cycle Assessment of Irrigation Technologies in Indian Cassava Farming
items: Sustainable Growth: Enhancing Youth Livelihoods with Agricultural Financial Capital Enhancement Skills in Terai Region, West Bengal

Complete Issue
type: item
subject: Miscellaneous
  topic: section
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indian Society of Extension Education, Division of Agricultural ExtensionICAR- IARI, New Delhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-24
publication date: 2026-06-24

Editorial (3,2026)
type: item
subject: Editorial
  topic: section
creator: Manjeet Singh
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indian Society of Extension Education, Division of Agricultural ExtensionICAR- IARI, New Delhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-24
publication date: 2026-06-24

Esteemed Reviewers of the Issue
type: item
subject: Miscellaneous
  topic: section
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indian Society of Extension Education, Division of Agricultural ExtensionICAR- IARI, New Delhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-24
publication date: 2026-06-24
doi: 10.48165/

Perceptions of Agricultural University Students toward the Use of ICT in Assam: A Multi-dimensional Analysis
type: item
description: The study examined the perceptions of agricultural university students toward the utilisation of ICT in Kamrup district of Assam. A multi-stage random sampling was followed to select 180 students enrolled in B.Sc. and M.Sc. Agriculture programmes at two purposively chosen universities. Data collection was performed by using a self-constructed, validated questionnaire (test-retest reliability r=0.812) structured around five dimensions and each dimension comprised six items rated on a five-point likert scale. Analytical tools included mean, standard deviation, skewness, kurtosis, pearson inter-dimensional correlation, eta-squared (η²) and one-way ANOVA. Findings revealed a consistently positive orientation toward ICT across all dimensions (composite M=117.93). Future Prospects and Career Relevance of ICT secured the highest mean (25.00), whereas Institutional Support for ICT recorded the lowest (20.62), indicating infrastructural limitations. ANOVA identified gender as the only significant socio-personal determinant of ICT perception (F=11.01, p=0.001; η²=0.058; Cohen's d=0.49), with female students achieving higher scores (M=121.40) than that of the male students (M=114.68). Significant positive inter-dimensional correlations further confirmed the integrative role of ICT within the agricultural curriculum. The study calls for targeted investment in policy initiatives in ICT infrastructure and promotes gender-responsive digital literacy programmes to improve equitable ICT engagement in agricultural higher education.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Perception
  topic: keywords
subject: University students
  topic: keywords
subject: ICT
  topic: keywords
subject: Agricultural education
  topic: keywords
subject: Gender differences
  topic: keywords
subject: Assam
  topic: keywords
creator: Kunjalata Baro
creator: Bandita Das
creator: Shaikhong Basumatary
creator: Rajib Das
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indian Society of Extension Education, Division of Agricultural ExtensionICAR- IARI, New Delhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-24
publication date: 2026-06-24
starting page: 1
ending page: 6
doi: 10.48165/IJEE.2026.62301

Construction and Validation of Instrument to Assess the Multifaceted Potential of School Vegetable Gardens
type: item
description: The study is focused on developing and standardizing a scale to assess the multifaceted potential of school vegetable gardens as perceived by students. This instrumentation was carried out in the year 2025.The summated rating technique as proposed by Likert (1932) and refined by Edwards (1957) was employed for the construction of the instrument. Initially, a comprehensive literature analysis, conversations with subject matter experts, and field-level observations pertaining to school gardening programs produced a pool of 75 statements. After editing using standard criteria, 66 relevant statements were retained. Of these, 55 items were chosen based on a relevancy score of more than 80%. After item assessment, a total of forty three statements with t- values above 2.306 at the 5% level of threshold were incorporated and subjected to reliability and validity tests. Then, Factor Analysis (Exploratory) was carried out to confirm the dimensional structure and establish convergent validity. The final scale consisted of 43 items grouped under five dimensions: Economic, Environmental, Social, Governance, and Health & Well-being. The confirmed scale proved higher internal consistency with a Cronbach’s value of 0.983 and satisfactory split-half reliability. Convergent validity was established by the Average Variance Extracted (AVE) values outstanding the threshold for each dimension.
subject: Research Tools
  topic: section
subject: Multidimensional assessment, Reliability and validity, Scale development, School vegetable gardens, and Student perception.
  topic: keywords
subject: Agriculture Extension
  topic: subjects
subject: Urban agriculture
  topic: disciplines
subject: school gardening
  topic: disciplines
creator: Shalini
creator: Sreedaya G S
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indian Society of Extension Education, Division of Agricultural ExtensionICAR- IARI, New Delhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-24
publication date: 2026-06-24
starting page: 273
ending page: 278
doi: 10.48165/IJEE.2026.623RT01

Constraints in Accessing Services of Cooperative Societies: A Garrett Ranking-Based Study
type: item
description: Cooperative societies play a vital role in promoting agricultural development by providing farmers with access to credit, inputs, and other essential services. However, farmers often face obstacles in effectively using these services. This study was conducted in the Shahjahanpur district of Uttar Pradesh during 2025 to identify the primary challenges farmers encounter when accessing cooperative society services and to gather their recommendations for improvement. A total of 120 farmers were randomly selected from 2 blocks and 10 villages, and data were collected through a structured interview schedule. Garrett’s Ranking Technique was used to analyse and prioritize constraints and suggestions based on farmers’ perceptions. The findings indicated that the availability of inputs, slow loan recovery, and the absence of clear laws or regulations were key issues. Moreover, complex procedures, weak management, and poor-quality inputs also hinder effective participation in cooperative activities. Farmers suggested timely delivery of inputs, increased technical and marketing support, and better-quality seeds and fertilizers to improve the functioning of cooperative societies. Strengthening management practices and enhancing service delivery are crucial for increasing farmers’ participation and ensuring the successful operation of cooperative institutions.
subject: Research Notes
  topic: section
subject: cooperative society
  topic: keywords
subject: agricultural services
  topic: keywords
subject: constraints farmers
  topic: keywords
subject: cooperative society
  topic: subjects
subject: agricultural services
  topic: subjects
subject: farmers constraints
  topic: subjects
subject: Agicultural Extension
  topic: disciplines
subject: Agricultrual Extension Education
  topic: disciplines
subject: Rural Developmenmt
  topic: disciplines
creator: Agantika Gupta
creator: R.K.Doharey R. K.
creator: Aman Verma Aman
creator: Shardinjay Singh Singh
creator: Mohd. Ramzan Ahmad Ahmad
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indian Society of Extension Education, Division of Agricultural ExtensionICAR- IARI, New Delhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-24
publication date: 2026-06-24
starting page: 301
ending page: 304
doi: 10.48165/IJEE.2026.623RN01

Construction and Validation of Knowledge Test on Indigenous Technical Knowledge Practices
type: item
description: Indigenous Technical Knowledge (ITK) is vital to tribal farming systems, supporting local resource use, biodiversity conservation, food security, ethnoveterinary care, indigenous food processing and climate adaptation. However, the absence of standardized instruments restricts assessment of ITK knowledge gaps and planning of need-based extension interventions. This study constructed and validated a knowledge test to assess tribal farmers’ knowledge of ITK practices. The target population comprised tribal farmers possessing or practising ITK in agriculture and allied activities in the study area. Initially, 66 items were developed through literature review, expert consultation and field-level understanding of ITK domains. The item pool was content-validated by 60 experts. Relevancy Weightage (RW), Mean Relevancy Score (MRS) and Overall Mean Relevancy Score (OMRS) were computed using established procedures. Based on relevancy screening, 43 items were retained and administered to 60 non-sample farmers for pilot testing. Difficulty index, discrimination index and point-biserial correlation were calculated. Item statistics showed difficulty values (0.433–0.667) and discrimination values (0.333–0.567), confirming moderate difficulty and discrimination. Finally, 35 items were retained. Cronbach’s alpha was 0.93, indicating excellent internal consistency. The test was valid, reliable and suitable for assessing ITK knowledge, diagnosing gaps, evaluating capacity-building programmes and supporting documentation, preservation and promotion of ITK.
subject: Research Tools
  topic: section
subject: Indigenous Technical Knowledge, knowledge test, tribal farmers, item analysis, reliability, validity.
  topic: keywords
subject: Indigenous Technical Knowledge, knowledge test, tribal farmers, item analysis, reliability, validity.
  topic: subjects
subject: Department of Extension Education, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, -221005
  topic: disciplines
creator: Prashish Singh
creator: Shenjuti Chowdhary
creator: Priyanka Roy
creator: Arun Kumar Singh
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indian Society of Extension Education, Division of Agricultural ExtensionICAR- IARI, New Delhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-24
publication date: 2026-06-24
starting page: 279
ending page: 284
doi: 10.48165/IJEE.2026.623RT02

Global Knowledge Structure of Agricultural Entrepreneurship and Entrepreneurial Behaviour Research: A Bibliometric Analysis
type: item
description: The research was undertaken in the period 2024-2025 to discuss the research trends in the world, thematic development, and network of collaboration in agricultural entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial behaviour of farmers through a bibliometric analysis method. The database was gathered by using a large scientific database where a set of 710 research articles published in 2016-25 were located and assessed with the help of Biblioshiny and VOSviewer software. To comprehend the intellectual framework of the research area, the analysis was conducted on annual scientific production, collaboration networks between those who use the same keywords, collaboration between authors, and collaboration between countries. The findings depict that there was a vast increase in publications, and this growth rate is 17.05 per annum, signifying that the world's interest in agricultural entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial behaviour is growing. Network visualisation also evidences that the countries have very strong international connections, such as the United States, China, India, and a number of European countries. The results show that the studies in the field are progressively becoming more interdisciplinary and interconnected worldwide, with a focus on innovative, sustainable, and farmer-focused entrepreneurial growth.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
creator: Vineeta
creator: Ajay Kumar Prusty
creator: Chitrasena Padhy
creator: Rabindra Kumar Raj
creator: Soumik Ray
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indian Society of Extension Education, Division of Agricultural ExtensionICAR- IARI, New Delhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-24
publication date: 2026-06-24
starting page: 7
ending page: 14
doi: 10.48165/IJEE.2026.62302

Analysis and Prioritization of Constraints Affecting ICT Tools Adoption among KVK Personnel
type: item
description: Information and communication technology (ICT) emerged as a crucial instrument for enhancing the dissemination of information and bolstering agricultural extension services. The current study was conducted in 2025–2026 with the aim of identifying and ranking the constraints to the adoption of ICT technologies that Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) staff at Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Uttar Pradesh, faced. Using a multi-stage sample process and an ex post facto study approach, 142 KVK employees were chosen. A structured interview schedule was used to gather data, and the Garrett ranking method was used for analysis. The results showed that the lack of training opportunities was the biggest constraint, followed by psychological constraints and a lack of technical know-how. Other significant constraints included frequent technical changes, expensive maintenance costs for ICT tools, and software-related problems. However, limitations pertaining to data privacy, interoperability, and intellectual property rights were seen as less serious. The study emphasized the necessity of better infrastructure, increased technical assistance, and capacity-building programs to guarantee extension staff members' efficient use of ICT tools.
subject: Research Notes
  topic: section
subject: KVK Personnel, Constraints, Garrett Ranking Technique, Agricultural Extension Services, ICT Adoption, Capacity-Building.
  topic: keywords
subject: KVK,
  topic: subjects
subject: Extension Personnel
  topic: subjects
subject: constraints
  topic: subjects
subject: Department of Extension Education , Faculty of Agriculture
  topic: disciplines
creator: Smita Singh
creator: Dr. R.K. Doharey
creator: N. R. Meena
creator: Ritesh Singh
creator: Abhinav Singh
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indian Society of Extension Education, Division of Agricultural ExtensionICAR- IARI, New Delhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-24
publication date: 2026-06-24
starting page: 305
ending page: 308
doi: 10.48165/IJEE.623RN02

Identification and Documentation of Agricultural Indigenous Technical Knowledge among Yimkhiung Tribe, Nagaland, India
type: item
description: Nagaland, inhabited by 17 major tribes, possesses rich agricultural knowledge, with each tribe maintaining distinct customs while sharing a deep connection to nature and biodiversity. All the tribes have been practicing traditional methods of agriculture. Thus, the study was conducted out in the year 2025 with the objective to identify and document the agricultural Indigenous Technical Knowledge (ITK) among the Yimkhiung tribe of Nagaland, India. The research was carried out in the Kiphire district covering Pungro and Khongsa blocks selected purposively, and three villages from each block were chosen randomly, namely Pungro, Old Vongti, Luthur, Longkhimvong, Khong, and Mimi, with a sample size of 120. Multistage random sampling method and descriptive research design were adopted. A total of 35 agricultural ITKs were identified and documented. Assessment of Effectiveness of 18 ITKs were also measured using PEI (Perceived Effectiveness Index). However, the preservation of ITK faces obstacles, including language barriers, ethical considerations, and resource limitations. Despite these challenges, documenting ITK is essential to safeguard this invaluable knowledge and facilitate its integration into contemporary practices. Through respectful collaboration, ITK can contribute to a more resilient, culturally rich, and sustainable future for Northeast India and beyond.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Indigenous Technical Knowledge (ITK)
  topic: keywords
subject: Identification
  topic: keywords
subject: Documentation
  topic: keywords
subject: Yimkhiung
  topic: keywords
subject: Nagaland
  topic: keywords
subject: Indigenous Technical Knowledge
  topic: subjects
subject: Identification
  topic: subjects
subject: Documentation
  topic: subjects
subject: Yimkhiung
  topic: subjects
subject: Nagaland
  topic: subjects
subject: Agricultural Extension Eduaction
  topic: disciplines
creator: Yotanla S Yimchunger
creator: Jungmayangla Longkumer
creator: Ngangshikokba I Pongen
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indian Society of Extension Education, Division of Agricultural ExtensionICAR- IARI, New Delhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-24
publication date: 2026-06-24
starting page: 15
ending page: 20
doi: 10.48165/IJEE.2026.62303

Exploring Entrepreneurial Behaviour among Rural Women in Dairy Cooperatives
type: item
description: The study was conducted in 2025 in the Begusarai and Samastipur districts of Bihar to examine the socio-economic profile and entrepreneurial traits of beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries of women's dairy cooperatives. A descriptive research design was adopted, and a total of 260 respondents, comprising 200 beneficiaries and 60 non-beneficiaries, were selected through a multistage sampling procedure. Data were collected using a structured interview schedule and analysed using frequency, percentage and the chi-square test. The findings revealed that beneficiaries were relatively better placed in terms of socio-economic characteristics and exhibited higher levels of social participation and access to information sources. A majority of beneficiaries (70.50%) were found to possess medium entrepreneurial traits, followed by high level (20.50%), whereas most non-beneficiaries (61.67%) fell under the low category. The chi-square analysis indicated a significant association between beneficiary status and entrepreneurial traits. The study concludes that participation in women's dairy cooperatives plays a crucial role in enhancing entrepreneurial behaviour, access to information and overall socio-economic development of rural women. Strengthening extension services and promoting wider participation in cooperative activities can further improve entrepreneurial capabilities and livelihood opportunities.
subject: Research Notes
  topic: section
subject: Women dairy cooperatives
  topic: keywords
subject: Entrepreneurial traits
  topic: keywords
subject: Beneficiaries
  topic: keywords
subject: Rural women
  topic: keywords
subject: Extension education
  topic: keywords
subject: Women dairy cooperatives
  topic: subjects
subject: Entrepreneurial behaviour
  topic: subjects
subject: Rural women empowerment
  topic: subjects
subject: Extension education
  topic: subjects
subject: Department of home science
  topic: disciplines
creator: Rajni Pandey
creator: Kritika
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indian Society of Extension Education, Division of Agricultural ExtensionICAR- IARI, New Delhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-24
publication date: 2026-06-24
starting page: 309
ending page: 312
doi: 10.48165/IJEE.2026.623RN03

Development and Validation of Agricultural Human-Wildlife Conflict Tolerance Scale for Farming Households
type: item
description: Agriculture–Human–Wildlife Conflict (AHWC) poses a significant threat to the livelihoods of agricultural households in buffer zones of protected areas across India. Measuring farmers’ tolerance toward conflict is essential for designing effective conservation extension practices. The data was collected during March–April 2026 from 200 households residing in the buffer zone of Ranipur Tiger Reserve (RTR), Uttar Pradesh, to develop and validate the Wildlife Tolerance Scale for Buffer Zone Farmers. An initial pool of 50 items was generated and subjected to expert review by nine specialists using Content Validity Ratio (CVR). Items having CVR less than the threshold were removed, resulting in 43 items being tested on the final 200 households. After item-level reliability screening (corrected item–total correlation ≥0.30 and Cronbach’s alpha >0.7), 18 items were retained for the main study. Retained items were analysed through Exploratory Factor Analysis (Direct Oblimin rotation). This resulted in four factors i.e. Adaptive Coexistence Behaviour, Coexistence Acceptance, Conservation-Oriented Tolerance, and Damage and Adaptation Tolerance. Final 18 items have a high internal consistency (α = .836) and explain a total variance of 67.41%. The WTS-BZF will provide extension workers and conservation practitioners with a validated instrument for assessing and enhancing wildlife tolerance among farming communities.
subject: Research Tools
  topic: section
subject: Agricultural Human–Wildlife Conflict
  topic: keywords
subject: Tolerance Scale
  topic: keywords
subject: Buffer Zone
  topic: keywords
subject: Likert scale
  topic: keywords
subject: Exploratory Factor Analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Scale Construction
  topic: subjects
subject: Agricultural Human-Wildlife Conflict
  topic: disciplines
creator: Arjun Prasad Verma
creator: Bhanu Prakash Mishra
creator: Dheeraj Mishra
creator: Avanish Sharma
creator: Rishabh Yadav
creator: Divya Katiyar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indian Society of Extension Education, Division of Agricultural ExtensionICAR- IARI, New Delhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-24
publication date: 2026-06-24
starting page: 285
ending page: 291
doi: 10.48165/IJEE.2026.623RT03

Knowledge Level of Kewda Cultivation Farmers in Southern Odisha
type: item
description: The study was conducted in 2024 in Ganjam district of Odisha to assess the knowledge level of farmers regarding recommended Kewda cultivation practices using an ex post facto research design. Data were collected from 83 Kewda flower growers through a structured interview schedule, employing purposive and simple random sampling techniques. The results revealed that respondents demonstrated relatively higher knowledge of ecological conditions and traditional field-based practices. The findings further indicated that farmers were actively involved in planning, decision-making and adoption of innovative cultivation practices, while facing constraints in value addition and distillation activities. Correlation and regression analysis indicated that variables such as education, innovativeness, planning ability, and decision-making capacity had a positive and significant relationship with the knowledge level of respondents. The study concludes that although Kewda cultivation provides substantial livelihood opportunities in coastal Odisha, there is a need for targeted extension interventions, capacity-building programmes, and skill-oriented training, particularly in post-harvest and value addition practices, to enhance farmers’ knowledge and adoption of improved technologies.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Education, extension services, Kewda growers, knowledge, women empowerment
  topic: keywords
subject: Education, extension services, Kewda growers, knowledge, women empowerment
  topic: subjects
subject: Agricultural extension
  topic: disciplines
creator: Subhasmita Barik Subhasmita Barik
creator: Chitrasena Padhy Chitrasena Padhy
creator: G. Bhupal Raj G. Bhupal Raj
creator: Plabita Ray Plabita Ray
creator: Rabindra Kumar Raj Rabindra Kumar Raj
creator: Santanu Patro Santanu Patro
creator: Akhila Badavath Akhila Badavath
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indian Society of Extension Education, Division of Agricultural ExtensionICAR- IARI, New Delhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-24
publication date: 2026-06-24
starting page: 21
ending page: 26
doi: 10.48165/IJEE.2026.62304

Assessment of Farmers’ Adoption of Improved Groundnut Cultivation Practices in Bundelkhand Region of Uttar Pradesh
type: item
description: The study was conducted during 2025–2026 in the semi-arid Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh, India, to examine the socioeconomic, institutional, and behavioral determinants of groundnut production technology adoption and to map pathways linking adoption to sustainable production outcomes. A multi-stage stratified random sampling design was employed to select 480 groundnut-growing households from 32 villages across Jhansi and Mahoba districts. Primary data were collected through a pre-tested structured interview schedule administered via face-to-face personal interviews. Adoption was assessed across 11 technology components covering 61 discrete practices using a three-point scale and summarized as an Adoption Index. Results indicated that time and method of sowing recorded the highest Adoption Index (72.84), while crop diversification was the least adopted (Adoption Index: 49.83). A majority (75.63%) of farmers fell in the medium adoption category. Pearson correlation analysis revealed that family size (r = 0.459), information source (r = 0.582), and knowledge level (r = 0.448) were significantly associated with adoption. Path coefficient analysis identified information source and family size as variables with the highest total effects on adoption. These findings highlighted the need for context-specific extension strategies to bridge adoption gaps in resource-constrained semi-arid farming systems.
subject: Research Notes
  topic: section
subject: Technology Adoption, Groundnut, Bundelkhand, Path Analysis, Sustainable Production
  topic: keywords
subject: Technology Adoption, Groundnut, Bundelkhand, Path Analysis, Sustainable Production
  topic: subjects
subject: Agricultrual Extension Education
  topic: disciplines
creator: Yash Pateriya
creator: N R Meena
creator: R. K. Doharey
creator: Prateek Kumar
creator: Smita Singh
creator: Kumar Sonu
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indian Society of Extension Education, Division of Agricultural ExtensionICAR- IARI, New Delhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-24
publication date: 2026-06-24
starting page: 313
ending page: 317
doi: 10.48165/IJEE.2026.623RN04

A Novel Framework for Constructing a Robust Octa-Dimensional Climate-Smart Agriculture Index
type: item
description: Escalating climate variability induced risks in agriculture dependent economies necessitated a standardised composite index to measure farm level adoption of Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) practices. The study, conducted in 2024, developed the Octa-dimensional Climate-Smart Agriculture Index (ODCSAI) by combining the established cardinal weight assignment model of Alfares and Duffuaa with the min-max normalisation protocol of the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO). Eight CSA dimensions viz. Crop Smart, Weather Smart, Water Smart, Carbon Smart, Energy Smart, Nutrient Smart, Knowledge Smart, and Market Smart were delineated through a structured review of seven CSA frameworks and operationalised using 47 indicators. Ordinal rankings elicited from 120 subject matter experts were converted into cardinal weights, with Crop Smart registering the highest weight (W = 93.73), followed by Weather Smart (W = 87.20) and Water Smart (W = 84.17), while Market Smart recorded the lowest (W = 48.03). Content validity was established using a six-member expert panel (S-CVI = 0.935), and psychometric reliability, assessed on 50 farmers across two Climate Smart Villages in Bihar, was triangulated through the Spearman-Brown coefficient (0.872), Guttman split-half coefficient (0.829), and Cronbach's alpha (0.848). The ODCSAI thus constituted a content-validated instrument for quantifying farm-level CSA adoption.
subject: Research Tools
  topic: section
subject: Climate change, Climate-smart agriculture, Cronbach’s alpha, Index, Reliability, Spearman-Brown
  topic: keywords
subject: Climate change, Climate-smart agriculture, Cronbach’s alpha, Index, Reliability, Spearman-Brown
  topic: subjects
subject: Agricultural Extension
  topic: disciplines
subject: Agricultural Extension, Agricultural Economics, Rural Development Studies, Sustainable Livelihoods, Social Sciences
  topic: disciplines
creator: Abhinab Borah
creator: Sudhanand Prasad Lal
creator: Darathee Das
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indian Society of Extension Education, Division of Agricultural ExtensionICAR- IARI, New Delhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-24
publication date: 2026-06-24
starting page: 292
ending page: 300
doi: 10.48165/IJEE.2026.623RT04

Bibliometric Analysis of the Role of Artificial Intelligence in Enhancing Agricultural Extension Services
type: item
description: Agricultural extension services are still crucial to rural development and global food security; traditional methods frequently have issues with scalability, cost, and farmer-specific customisation. Artificial intelligence (AI) offers a new solution to overcome these issues by offering predictive, data-driven, and context-specific advisory systems. 337 papers on AI in agricultural extension that were indexed in Scopus between 2010 and 2025 were examined in this study using bibliometric analysis. Biblioshiny and VOS viewer were used in the analysis to map authorship patterns, country-level contributions, publishing trends, and theme clusters. It is evident that the research activity grew after 2016 and reached a peak in 2022 at an annual growth rate of 2.33%. The area is extremely collaborative and interdisciplinary, with the United States, China, and India providing the most work globally, with an average of 11.5 co-authors per manuscript. Keyword and thematic analysis show that more advanced applications like machine learning, deep learning, IoT, and agricultural robotics have replaced earlier efforts on digital infrastructure. The results indicate that hybrid systems, in which AI supplements human knowledge to provide inclusive, moral, and sustainable advisory services, will be the most successful extension models in the future.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Artificial Intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: Extension Service
  topic: keywords
subject: Sustainable Agriculture
  topic: keywords
subject: Internet of Things
  topic: keywords
subject: Machine Learning
  topic: keywords
creator: SANJU SAHA
creator: Anita Patra
creator: M. Devender Reddy
creator: Ajay Kumar Prusty
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indian Society of Extension Education, Division of Agricultural ExtensionICAR- IARI, New Delhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-24
publication date: 2026-06-24
starting page: 27
ending page: 34
doi: 10.48165/IJEE.2026.62305

Understanding Farmers’ Attitudes towards Natural Farming Adoption in Tarai Zone of Uttar Pradesh
type: item
description: Natural farming, as a chemical-free and ecologically integrated approach, is increasingly recognized as a sustainable alternative for smallholder agriculture in India. The present study was conducted during 2025–26 to assess farmers’ attitudes toward natural farming and identify the socioeconomic and psychological determinants of those attitudes in the Tarai zone of Uttar Pradesh, India. An ex-post facto research design was adopted. A total of 450 respondents were selected through multi-stage stratified random sampling from four districts of the Tarai zone. Attitude was measured using a modified scale developed by Zala and Kalsariya (2022), and Pearson correlation and multiple linear regression analyses were employed to identify significant predictors. Correlation analysis revealed that landholding (r = 0.405) and annual income (r = 0.439) were significant positive correlates, while age (r = −0.331) and farming experience (r = −0.306) were significant negative correlates. Regression analysis indicated that landholding, social participation, risk orientation, achievement motivation, and economic motivation were significant positive predictors, collectively explaining 69.86 per cent of variance in attitude. The study concludes that targeted extension strategies strengthening land resource utilisation, social participation, risk-taking ability, achievement motivation, and economic motivation are essential to accelerate natural farming adoption in the region.
subject: Research Notes
  topic: section
subject: Attitude, Natural farming, Tarai zone, Adoption behavior, Motivation, Uttar Pradesh
  topic: keywords
subject: Attitude, Natural farming, Tarai zone, Adoption behavior, Motivation, Uttar Pradesh
  topic: subjects
subject: Agricultural Extension Edcuation
  topic: disciplines
creator: Yogesh Kumar
creator: N R Meena
creator: R. K. Doharey
creator: Prateek Kumar
creator: Ritesh Singh
creator: Kumar Sonu
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indian Society of Extension Education, Division of Agricultural ExtensionICAR- IARI, New Delhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-24
publication date: 2026-06-24
starting page: 318
ending page: 322
doi: 10.48165/IJEE.2026.623RN05

Climate-induced Migration, Farmers’ Perception and its Determinants in Bundelkhand Region of Uttar Pradesh
type: item
description: The study aims to examine the extent and dimensions of climate-induced migration, adaptation strategies, and food insecurity in the Banda district, India. By using a systematic random sampling procedure, a total of 100 samples were collected from two villages (i.e., Banthary and Amlokhar) of Kamasin development block of the Banda district, India, in April 2026. Further, descriptive statistics and the structural equation model (SEM) were applied to analyse the data. The results indicate that climate change-induced migration has increased manifold. About 74.07 per cent of households have reported that due to crop failure, they are unable to pay loans. Limited water resources, a rise in temperature, and a lack of non-farm employment opportunities were major drivers of food insecurity in sampled villages. Therefore, farmers have adopted different adaptation strategies to overcome food insecurity. This study suggested that investment in agriculture and non-farm activities is vital for restricting climate-induced migration. Responsive, well-resourced public institutions must support community-led strategies.
subject: Research Notes
  topic: section
subject: Climate Change
  topic: keywords
subject: Adaptation Strategies
  topic: keywords
subject: Food Insecurity
  topic: keywords
subject: Migration
  topic: keywords
subject: Structural Equation Model
  topic: keywords
subject: Climate Change
  topic: subjects
subject: Adaptation Strategies
  topic: subjects
subject: Food Insecurity
  topic: subjects
subject: Migration
  topic: subjects
subject: Structural Equation Model
  topic: subjects
subject: Economics
  topic: disciplines
creator: Hridoy Pran Sarma
creator: Surendra Singh Jatav
creator: Ashish Ranjan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indian Society of Extension Education, Division of Agricultural ExtensionICAR- IARI, New Delhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-24
publication date: 2026-06-24
starting page: 323
ending page: 328
doi: 10.48165/IJEE.2026.623RN06

Training Needs Assessment of Oilseed Farmers for Improved Production Technology in Lucknow District, Uttar Pradesh
type: item
description: Agriculture plays an important role in India's economic growth, and oilseed crops contribute significantly to nutritional security and farm income. The study was conducted in the Mall block of Lucknow district to assess the training needs of oilseed growers. A total of 125 farmers from five villages were selected randomly for the study, and data were collected through personal interviews with the help of a structured interview schedule. Training needs were analysed using total weighted mean score (TWMS) and the training need index (TNI). The findings revealed that seed rate and insect–pest management were the most needed training areas, followed by field preparation and use of manures and fertilisers. Farmers showed a strong preference for field-based training, with farmers’ fields emerging as the most suitable venue (TNI: 88.89%). Morning and the May–December period were identified as the most preferred training times, as the majority of oilseed crops were sown in this period, and farmers need training just before sowing. Among training methods, method demonstration was highly favoured. The study highlights the need-based, location-specific training programs to enhance the adoption of improved oilseed production technologies and increase productivity.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Oilseed, Training Need Index (TNI), TWMS, Method demonstration, Oilseed training programs
  topic: keywords
subject: Agricultural Extension
  topic: subjects
subject: Agricultural extension
  topic: disciplines
creator: Ayush Kumar
creator: Urooz Alam Siddiqui
creator: Dheeraj Mishra
creator: Navneet Maurya
creator: Rishabh Yadav
creator: Shubham Singh
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indian Society of Extension Education, Division of Agricultural ExtensionICAR- IARI, New Delhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-24
publication date: 2026-06-24
starting page: 35
ending page: 39
doi: 10.48165/IJEE.2026.62306

Determinants to Behavioural Intention of Fish Farmers to Adopt Carp Polyculture
type: item
description: The study was carried out in Ganjam district of Odisha to measure the behavioural intention of the fish farmers to adopt composite carp culture with the objective of assessing the determinants to behavioural intention of fish farmers to adopt carp culture. Both purposive and random sampling procedures were followed in selecting 120 respondents. Data were collected through pre-tested structured interview schedule during 2023-24. Majority of the farmers were found in medium level of behavioural intention followed by high- and low-level behavioural intention. Seven variables such as area under fish farming, information source utilization, participation in extension activities, innovativeness, risk preference and economic motivation showed a highly significant and positive relationship with the behavioural intention of fish farmers. Strengthening extension facilities to ensure effective monitoring and follow up farmers, conducting training programmes focused on scientific and technical knowledge related to carp culture, improving the execution of existing fishery development schemes, developing a comprehensive disease management plan and encouraging more number of fish farmer producer organisations were the suggestions in order to improve the overall productivity and sustainability of composite carp culture, ultimately benefiting farmers and enhancing their livelihoods.
subject: Research Notes
  topic: section
subject: Fish farmers; Carp Culture; Behavioural Intention; adoption; productivity
  topic: keywords
subject: Adoption Behaviour
  topic: subjects
subject: Agricultural Extension and Communication
  topic: disciplines
creator: Sushree Alakananda
creator: Simantini Shasani
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indian Society of Extension Education, Division of Agricultural ExtensionICAR- IARI, New Delhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-24
publication date: 2026-06-24
starting page: 329
ending page: 333
doi: 10.48165/IJEE.2026.623RN07

Economic Contribution of Non-Timber Forest Products to Rural Livelihoods in the Shivalik Range of Jammu and Kashmir
type: item
description: This research was carried out to examine the importance and economic value of identified Non- Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) in supporting the livelihoods of forest dwellers East Forest Circle of Jammu and Kashmir. The NTFPs were identified and documented with the help of participatory rural appraisal methods. Multi-stage random sampling method was used to identify the ultimate sampling units. The study revealed that NTFP income contributed 29%, on-farm 16% and off-farm 55% of total household income. It was found that ten NTFPs, were collected by the forest dwellers which significantly contributed to their livelihoods. By applying regression analyses, it was found that NTFP availability, agricultural occupation, NTFP collection experience and on-farm-income had a positive impact on NTFP income. From the research, it was recommended to teach and organize capacity building programs for the forest dwellers in order to improve their level of competence in NTFP collection, storage and grading.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
creator: Yudhishther Singh Bagal
creator: Shivalika Sood
creator: Vipal Bhagat
creator: Meenakshi Anand
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indian Society of Extension Education, Division of Agricultural ExtensionICAR- IARI, New Delhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-24
publication date: 2026-06-24
starting page: 40
ending page: 46
doi: 10.48165/IJEE.2026.62307

Constraints in Social Media Use for Agriculture and Fisheries in Andhra Pradesh
type: item
description: Social media has emerged as an important digital outreach tool to provide rural farming communities with timely agricultural and fisheries information. The study was conducted in 2025-26 in the Nellore and East Godavari districts of Andhra Pradesh to compare the constraints on the use of social media among agriculture and fish farmers. An ex post facto design was adopted, and data were collected from 80 agriculture and 80 fish farmers using a pretested, structured interview schedule. Four dimensions, access, usability, credibility, and social and institutional support, were identified, comprising twenty constraint statements. Respondents ranked these constraints, and severity was measured using the Rank-Based Quotient technique. The dimension with the most severe among fish farmers was usability, with a mean RBQ of 70.05. The non-availability of content in the preferred local language was the single biggest constraint for fish farmers (RBQ 84.50) and agriculture farmers (RBQ 79.50). The highest dimension of agriculture farmers was social and institutional support, with a mean RBQ of 60.5. The overall mean RBQ was higher for fish farmers (61.24) than for agriculture farmers (58.93). The inclusive digital extension requires vernacular, sector-specific content and responsive online extension support.
subject: Research Notes
  topic: section
subject: Agriculture Farmers; Digital Extension; Information Credibility; Rural Communication; Social Media; Vernacular Content
  topic: keywords
creator: Sai Kumar Periginji
creator: Ajay Kumar Prusty
creator: Pritam Tripathy
creator: Biswajit Sahoo
creator: Nibedita Mishra
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indian Society of Extension Education, Division of Agricultural ExtensionICAR- IARI, New Delhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-24
publication date: 2026-06-24
starting page: 334
ending page: 338
doi: 10.48165/IJEE.2026.623RN08

A Study on Aspiration of Farm Youth towards Agriculture in Rayagada District of Odisha
type: item
description: The study examined the aspiration of farm youth towards agriculture in Rayagada district of Odisha during 2023–2024 and identified the variables influencing their involvement in farming. The main objective was to estimate the level of aspiration of farm youth and to analyze the personal, economic, and psychological factors affecting it. In this regard, an ex-post facto type of research design was used in which a sample of 150 farm youths was randomly drawn from ten villages located in two blocks.Primary data were collected through personal interviews using a structured schedule. Correlation analysis found that age and farming experience among personal factors, family income among economic factors, and innovative proneness, risk orientation, farming commitment, and economic motivation among psychological factors were positively and significantly associated with aspiration. Multiple regression analysis revealed that education, innovative proneness, farming commitment and farming experience had significantly contributed towards aspiration. Path analysis indicated that age, farming experience, landholding, family size, and innovative proneness exerted the highest direct effects on aspiration, while economic motivation, extension contact, mass media use, and cosmopoliteness contributed mainly through indirect effects. The residual effect showed that 37.9 per cent of variation in aspiration was explained by the selected variables.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Agriculture, Aspiration, Cosmopoliteness, Farm youth
  topic: keywords
subject: Agriculture, aspiration, cosmopoliteness, farm youth
  topic: subjects
subject: Agricultural Extension
  topic: disciplines
creator: Chitrasena Padhy Chitrasena Padhy
creator: P. Mounika P. Mounika
creator: Ashok Kumar Ashok Kumar
creator: Tufleuddin Biswas Tufleuddin Biswas
creator: Ipsita Maharana Ipsita Maharana
creator: Rathod Lalsingh Rathod Lalsingh
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indian Society of Extension Education, Division of Agricultural ExtensionICAR- IARI, New Delhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-24
publication date: 2026-06-24
starting page: 47
ending page: 51
doi: 10.48165/IJEE.2026.62308

Women’s Agency and Family Planning Counselor Roles in Child Nutrition: Semi-Urban Yogyakarta Survey
type: item
description: Child nutrition in semi-urban settings depends not only on food access but also on household decision-making and community counseling. This study examined the effects of women’s household agency and Family Planning Counselor roles on child nutrition practices among stunting-risk households in semi-urban Yogyakarta, Indonesia. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2025 with 182 households in Sleman Regency, Bantul Regency, and Yogyakarta City. Data were collected through structured interviews and analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling. Women’s household agency had a strong positive effect on child nutrition practices (β = 0.740, p = 0.008), while counselor roles as educators, communicators, and facilitators had a smaller but significant positive effect (β = 0.189, p = 0.043). The two constructs were positively correlated (r = 0.309, p = 0.005), indicating that stronger household agency was associated with stronger counseling support rather than proving a causal interaction. Together, they explained 67.0% of the variance in child nutrition practices. Animal protein intake and energy adequacy were relatively stronger, whereas plant protein intake, dietary diversity, and micronutrient-related practices were weaker. The study concluded that extension-based nutrition support should combine household agency strengthening with practical counseling and facilitation for stunting-risk families.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Behavior Change; Child Nutrition Practices; Community Counseling; Extension Communication; Household Agency; Home Science Extension; Semi-Urban Families
  topic: keywords
subject: Child nutrition practices; Women’s household agency; Family Planning Counselors; Community counseling; Extension communication; Semi-urban families; Yogyakarta, Indonesia
  topic: subjects
subject: Extension Education; Home Science Extension; Community Development; Nutrition Education; Family Studies; Rural and Urban Extension Communication
  topic: disciplines
creator: Umi Mu`af Winingsiha
creator: Siti Andarwati
creator: Sunarru Samsi Hariadia
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indian Society of Extension Education, Division of Agricultural ExtensionICAR- IARI, New Delhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-24
publication date: 2026-06-24
starting page: 52
ending page: 57
doi: 10.48165/IJEE.2026.62309

Knowledge and Adoption Level of Improved Sorghum Practices in Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh
type: item
description: Productivity of sorghum in Bundelkhand remained constraints due to lower adoption of recommended practices. The data were collected for this study during February to April 2024 to assess the knowledge and adoption levels of farmers towards improved sorghum production technologies and to identify their determinants. An ex-post facto research design was followed in two purposively selected districts of Uttar Pradesh. A total of 200 sorghum growers were selected through multistage sampling, and data were collected using a semi structured and pre-tested interview schedule. Descriptive statistics, chi-square test, and regression analysis were used for data analysis. The results revealed that seed rate and sowing time recorded the highest knowledge and adoption scores, whereas crop protection and seed treatment showed the lowest adoption levels. A majority of respondents possessed medium knowledge, but overall adoption still low, indicating a clear knowledge adoption gap. Education, landholding, annual income, attitude, and knowledge score significantly influenced adoption behavior. The study concluded that socio-economic resources and psychological factors played a decisive role in enhancing adoption of improved sorghum technologies. The study revealed a significant knowledge–adoption gap, with input constraints and climatic factors emerging as the major barriers to the adoption of improved sorghum production practices.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Knowledge
  topic: keywords
subject: adoption
  topic: keywords
subject: sorghum
  topic: keywords
subject: technology
  topic: keywords
subject: Bundelkhand
  topic: keywords
subject: Agricultural Extension
  topic: subjects
subject: Agricultural Extension
  topic: disciplines
creator: Shubham Singh
creator: Raj Narayan Yadav
creator: Rishabh Yadav
creator: Mohit Kumar Pandey
creator: Manoj Kumar
creator: Chandra Shekhar Prajapati
creator: Tanu Shree Maurya
creator: Ayush Kumar
creator: Gyanendra Singh
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indian Society of Extension Education, Division of Agricultural ExtensionICAR- IARI, New Delhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-24
publication date: 2026-06-24
starting page: 58
ending page: 64
doi: 10.48165/IJEE.2026.62310

Agricultural Extension, Farmer Motivation, and Maize Food Security in Indonesia-Timor Leste Borderlands
type: item
description: Household food security in semi-arid borderland areas remains vulnerable to drought, limited market access, and weak livelihood assets. Although agricultural extension and farmer motivation have been studied in smallholder contexts, their joint role in explaining maize-based household food security in semi-arid borderland agriculture remains under examined. Drawing on an ERG-based motivation framework, this study tested whether agricultural extension and farmer motivation are positively associated with household food security. A cross-sectional survey of 244 maize-farming households was conducted in the Indonesia–Timor Leste borderlands of East Nusa Tenggara from February to August 2025. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire administered through face-to-face interviews and analyzed using covariance-based structural equation modeling. The final model showed acceptable fit (GFI = 0.997; AGFI = 0.927; CFI = 0.999; TLI = 0.992; RMSEA = 0.050) and explained 55.0% of the variance in household food security. The findings show that agricultural extension and farmer motivation were both positively and significantly associated with household food security, indicating their complementary roles in strengthening maize-based household food security.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Agricultural Extension; Farmer Motivation; Food Security; Maize; Borderlands; Semi-Arid; Structural Equation Modeling; East Nusa Tenggara
  topic: keywords
subject: Agricultural Extension; Farmer Motivation; Food Security; Maize; Borderlands; Semi-Arid; Structural Equation Modeling; East Nusa Tenggara
  topic: subjects
subject: Agricultural Extension, Rural Development, Food Security, Agricultural Economics, Development Communication, Structural Equation Modeling
  topic: disciplines
creator: Musa Banunaek
creator: Siti Andarwati
creator: Sunarru Samsi Hariadia
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indian Society of Extension Education, Division of Agricultural ExtensionICAR- IARI, New Delhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-24
publication date: 2026-06-24
starting page: 65
ending page: 72
doi: 10.48165/IJEE.2026.62311

Attitude of Paddy Farmers towards KVK Training Programmes: A Study of Trainees and Non-Trainees in Ariyalur District, Tamil Nadu
type: item
description: The study was conducted in Ariyalur district to assess, compare and identify the factors influencing the attitude of trainee and non-trainee farmers towards KVK training programme among paddy farmers.Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK), a district-level innovation hubs demonstrate practical agricultural research through on-farm trials, front-line demonstrations, and training programs. Farmers’ attitude towards these trainings are key determinants of technology adoption and productivity. Positive attitudes are essential for the effectiveness and success of KVK training initiatives. The study followed an ex-post facto research design, includes 120 respondents (60 trainees and 60 non-trainees). Data were gathered in the year 2025-2026 using structured and pretested interview schedule. Analysed using frequency, percentage, Kendall’s Tau correlation and stepwise regression. 55 percent of trainees had a highly favourable attitude, while 50 % non-trainees exhibited a low attitude towards KVK training. Attitude was positively associated with education, scientific orientation information-seeking behaviour, and economic motivation and negatively with age, in both groups. Regression analysis identified information-seeking behaviour and training methods as key predictors for trainees, and education for non-trainees. The study concludes that training exposure significantly improves farmers’ attitude, emphasizing the need for inclusive, need based strategies to enhance participation and adoption of improved agricultural practices.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Krishi vigyan kendra
  topic: keywords
subject: Attitude
  topic: keywords
subject: Trainee
  topic: keywords
subject: Non-trainee
  topic: keywords
subject: Socioeconomic studies
  topic: keywords
subject: Agricultural extension
  topic: keywords
subject: rural sociology
  topic: keywords
subject: Training impact
  topic: keywords
subject: Agricultural extension
  topic: subjects
subject: Agricultural Extension Education
  topic: subjects
subject: rural development
  topic: subjects
subject: Krishi vigyan kendra
  topic: subjects
subject: Farmers attitude
  topic: subjects
subject: Tamil Nadu
  topic: subjects
subject: comparative study
  topic: subjects
subject: agricultural extension education
  topic: disciplines
subject: Social Sciece
  topic: disciplines
subject: Extension education
  topic: disciplines
creator: K .Dharshini Priya
creator: R.Sasmitha
creator: R .Rajasekaran
creator: K. Sathees Kumar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indian Society of Extension Education, Division of Agricultural ExtensionICAR- IARI, New Delhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-24
publication date: 2026-06-24
starting page: 73
ending page: 78
doi: 10.48165/IJEE.2026.62312

Gendered Patterns and Prevalence of Internet Use among Adolescents: Evidence from Varanasi, India
type: item
description: Abstract: The study of gender and internet usage patterns highlighted significant differences in the use of males and females with online platforms. The purpose of this study was to investigate the gender difference in internet usage patterns and frequency. This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among nine senior secondary schools in the Varanasi district. The study administered a self-structured interview schedule, containing closed-ended questions. The survey was conducted from March 2024 to August 2024 among 200 students using the random sampling method. Results found that the proportion of smartphone ownership was high among both male (94.1%) and female (88.9%) participants. YouTube and WhatsApp emerged as the most favourite app between both genders. Males were more likely to have public social media accounts compared to females, and they share photos and videos on them. Males were significantly more engaged in online gaming, while females showed higher engagement in social media, online chatting, educational activities, and news consumption. The study highlights notable gender disparities in Internet usage patterns, focusing on the intensity of use. Participants in Varanasi engage in various types of online activities. Keywords: Internet, Pattern, Adolescents, Gender, Social Media
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Internet, Adolescents, Gender, YouTube, Social media
  topic: keywords
subject: Department of Home Science Extension Education
  topic: disciplines
creator: Roshani Gupta
creator: Lalita Vatta
creator: Anamika Gautam
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indian Society of Extension Education, Division of Agricultural ExtensionICAR- IARI, New Delhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-24
publication date: 2026-06-24
starting page: 79
ending page: 84
doi: 10.48165/IJEE.2026.62313

Determinants, Knowledge and Constraints of Electronic National Agriculture Market (eNAM) Adoption in Tamil Nadu
type: item
description: The study aimed to analyse the factors influencing stakeholders’ participation in the Electronic National Agriculture Market (e-NAM) using primary data collected from 390 respondents, comprising 150 e-NAM farmers, 150 non-e-NAM farmers, and 90 traders in Tiruvannamalai district of Tamil Nadu in 2025. A logistic regression model was used to identify the determinants of participation, while Garrett’s ranking method was used to highlight the major constraints. The results revealed that social participation, education level, digital literacy and distance to markets are significant determinants of participation, whereas landholding, age, experience and income were found to be non-significant. Knowledge levels were higher among e-NAM farmers and traders compared to non-e-NAM farmers. Garrett’s ranking technique revealed that immediate cash requirement, low digital literacy, technical difficulties, and poor market infrastructure were the major constraints of farmers, whereas traders highlighted competition among traders and non-uniform mandi policies as key challenges. The results suggest that awareness programmes, improved market infrastructure, standardised mandi practices and timely payments are essential to enhance e-NAM participation.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Digital literacy, e-NAM, Logistic regression, Market infrastructure, Participation, Competition
  topic: keywords
subject: Adoption
  topic: subjects
subject: Agricultural Marketing
  topic: subjects
subject: Agricultural Extension
  topic: subjects
subject: e-NAM
  topic: subjects
subject: Constraints
  topic: subjects
subject: Knowledge
  topic: subjects
subject: Agricultrual Extension Education
  topic: disciplines
subject: Agricultural Economics
  topic: disciplines
creator: S Sri Lekha
creator: Anbarassan Ariputhiran
creator: Rajasekaran Ramakrishnan
creator: A. Indhushree
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indian Society of Extension Education, Division of Agricultural ExtensionICAR- IARI, New Delhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-24
publication date: 2026-06-24
starting page: 85
ending page: 90
doi: 10.48165/IJEE.2026.62314

Socio- economic Determinants of Environmental Risk and Safe Pesticide Use: A Canonical Correlation Analysis
type: item
description: The study was conducted in 2025-26 at Guntur District of Andhra Pradesh and examines the significant impact on socio-economic factors of chilli growers and their perceptions of environmental risk and safe pesticide use in the study area. Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) was used to identify the connection between independent variables with dependent variables of chilli growers. A multistage sampling technique was used to choose 160 chilli growers from four mandals in the Guntur district. Perceptions of environmental risk and safe pesticide use were regarded as dependent variables, while eleven socioeconomic factors were classified as independent variables. The first canonical pair of variates showed stronger canonical correlation of 81.72 per cent with high Eigen values. It was mainly influenced by attitude, knowledge, education, age and information source. The second function, showed 37.58 per cent of the shared variance was mostly determined by structural characteristics that influenced perceptions of environmental risk, specifically the area under chilli cultivation. The findings suggest how cognitive, attitudinal and resource-based socioeconomic factors significantly influence growers' perspectives. Promoting ecologically safe pesticide practices requires bolstering extension interventions that emphasize knowledge, attitude and risk communication.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Chilli growers
  topic: keywords
subject: Canonical correlation analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Environmental risk perception
  topic: keywords
subject: Safe pesticide use
  topic: keywords
subject: Socio-economic characteristics
  topic: keywords
creator: Peddi Naga Harsha Vardhan
creator: Vaishnavi Pulletikurthi
creator: Ajay Kumar Prusty
creator: Rama Lakshmi Vecmalapu
creator: Tumma Mounika
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indian Society of Extension Education, Division of Agricultural ExtensionICAR- IARI, New Delhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-24
publication date: 2026-06-24
starting page: 91
ending page: 96
doi: 10.48165/IJEE.2026.62315

Enhancing Extensionists’ Capabilities in Female Farmers’ Groups (FFGs) Empowerment: An Integrative Approach
type: item
description: Strengthening extensionists' skills is crucial for advancing agricultural development. The research aims to assess the extension workers’ capacity following online training on integrated extension approaches. The research was conducted from February 2024 to February 2025 in Bogor, Karawang, Subang, and Purwakarta Regencies, West Java, Indonesia, involving 51 extension workers as the primary research participants and supporting 153 farmer groups comprising 3,825 farmers. The extension workers participated in the training focused on supporting female farmer groups. A competency gap analysis highlighted the need for online training modules to enhance extensionists' skills in non-production-related topics. The modules covered four areas, including participatory extension, pluralistic extension, gender-sensitive extension, and the Business Model Canvas. The modules aimed to improve facilitation and entrepreneurial skills. Reflective assessments and field mentoring showed that extensionists enhanced their capabilities in participatory and pluralistic approaches. However, challenges remain in implementing gender-sensitive extension, as many still struggle to identify gender disparities in economic activities and decision-making roles. These results suggest that while integrated training improves professional and technical skills, larger institutional and cultural changes are needed to fully incorporate gender sensitivity into extension. The program emphasizes the importance of continuous participatory learning, gender, and business approaches for inclusive agricultural progress.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Business model canvas
  topic: keywords
subject: Extension capability
  topic: keywords
subject: Female-led farmer groups
  topic: keywords
subject: Gender-sensitive extension
  topic: keywords
subject: Participatory
  topic: keywords
subject: Pluralistic extension
  topic: keywords
creator: Siti Amanah
creator: Siti Syamsiah
creator: Rafnel Azhari
creator: Anna Snider
creator: Paul McNamara
creator: Bharat Bhushan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indian Society of Extension Education, Division of Agricultural ExtensionICAR- IARI, New Delhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-24
publication date: 2026-06-24
starting page: 97
ending page: 104
doi: 10.48165/IJEE.2026.62316

Role of Savings and Credit Groups in Ethnic Minority Household Livelihoods in Ea Drong commune, Vietnam
type: item
description: The study was conducted in 2025 to examine the role of savings and credit groups (SACGs) in supporting the livelihood of ethnic minority households in Ea Drong commune, Vietnam. The study analysed the contribution of SACGs to household saving practices and access to credit, examined the use of SACG financial resources in livelihood activities and assessed their contribution to strengthening livelihood assets. The study employed a mixed-methods approach, combining semi-structured interviews with 72 SACG members, two focus group discussions, five in-depth interviews, and secondary data. The findings indicated that SACGs functioned as flexible community-based financial mechanisms that complement formal credit systems in rural areas. Approximately 97.2% of members reported increased annual savings after joining SACGs, while 45.8% accessed loans directly from the groups. Loan amounts ranged from $76.92 to $192.30 and were used for livestock production and essential household expenditures. Although SACGs mainly supported short-term and small-scale financial needs, these groups played an important complementary role in enhancing household resilience and supporting diversified livelihood strategies among ethnic minority households. The study highlighted the importance of integrating SACGs with agricultural extension, financial literacy training, and formal financial services to strengthen rural livelihood development and financial inclusion.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Savings and credit groups
  topic: keywords
subject: Vietnam
  topic: keywords
subject: Women
  topic: keywords
subject: Community-based finance, Ethnic minorities, Livelihood, Savings and credit groups, Vietnam, Women’s financial inclusion
  topic: keywords
subject: Savings and Credit Groups
  topic: subjects
subject: Agricultural Extension
  topic: subjects
subject: Rural Livelihoods
  topic: subjects
subject: Financial Inclusion
  topic: subjects
subject: Livelihood Capital
  topic: subjects
subject: Rural Development
  topic: disciplines
subject: Agricultural Economics
  topic: disciplines
subject: Rural Sociology
  topic: disciplines
creator: Chung Van Nguyen
creator: Ty Huu Pham
creator: Nam Van Le
creator: Dung Tien Nguyen
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indian Society of Extension Education, Division of Agricultural ExtensionICAR- IARI, New Delhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-24
publication date: 2026-06-24
starting page: 105
ending page: 111
doi: 10.48165/IJEE.2026.62317

Adoption of Climate Change Adaptation Practices and Farm Income among Crop Farmers in Hue city, Vietnam
type: item
description: Climate change poses significant challenges to crop production and rural livelihoods in developing countries. This study examines the determinants of climate change adaptation and its association with crop income among farming households in Hue City, Vietnam. Primary data were collected from 337 households in 2025. A binary logit model was applied to analyze adaptation decisions, while an Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) model with robust standard errors was applied to examine income outcomes. The results show that 65.9% of households adopted at least one climate change adaptation practice. Climate knowledge, agricultural land size, and age positively influenced adaptation adoption, whereas distance to economic centers reduced the likelihood of adoption. Adaptation adoption was positively associated with crop income per hectare, with adopters tending to achieve higher income than non-adopters. In addition, skilled labor, community participation, and climate knowledge were positively associated with income outcomes, whereas remoteness showed a negative relationship with income. The findings suggest that climate knowledge, resource endowments, and accessibility conditions are important factors shaping both adaptation behavior and economic outcomes among farming households. The study highlights the importance of strengthening knowledge-based agricultural extension and improving access to information and rural services to support effective climate change adaptation.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Climate change adaptation
  topic: keywords
subject: Crop income
  topic: keywords
subject: Smallholder farmers
  topic: keywords
subject: Climate knowledge
  topic: keywords
subject: Adoption behavior
  topic: keywords
subject: Vietnam
  topic: keywords
subject: Climate change adaptation; Technology adoption; Crop income; Smallholder farmers; Climate knowledge; Logit model; OLS regression; Vietnam
  topic: subjects
subject: Agricultural Economics; Agricultural Extension; Rural Development; Climate Change Adaptation; Development Studies
  topic: disciplines
creator: Nam Le Van
creator: Dung Nguyen Tien
creator: Que Hoang Thi Hong Que
creator: Oanh Dinh Thi Kim
creator: Hung Hoang Gia
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indian Society of Extension Education, Division of Agricultural ExtensionICAR- IARI, New Delhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-24
publication date: 2026-06-24
starting page: 112
ending page: 118
doi: 10.48165/IJEE.2026.62318

Business Intelligence and Decision Making: A Bibliometric Analysis
type: item
description: The rapid advancement of information and communication technologies fuelled the exponential growth of digitized data, creating new opportunities for research in Big Data Analytics (BDA) and Business Intelligence (BI). This study provided a bibliometric analysis of academic research on the intersection of business intelligence and decision making, drawing on data from the Scopus database between 2010 and January 2025. Using bibliometric tools such as Bibliometrix (R) and Excel, the study examined descriptive analysis and thematic developments. Results revealed that the number of publications had grown significantly since 2013, with Decision Support Systems and related journals serving as primary outlets. Key contributors in this arena included Arnott, Rouhani, and Hou, with the University of Tehran emerging as a leading institution. The United States ranked highest in total citations, while Belgium led in average annual citations. Thematic mapping indicated that data mining, decision makers, and commerce were central “motor themes,” while competitive advantage and management systems remained niche topics. Findings confirmed the strategic importance of it in enabling effective decision-making and highlighted emerging research trends in BD, AI, and knowledge management.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Business Intelligence, Decision Making, Big Data Analytics, Data Mining, Artificial Intelligence, Bibliometric Analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Digitalization, Data Privacy, Privacy Protection, Cybersecurity, Ethical Issues, Regulatory Frameworks, Information Security
  topic: subjects
subject: Information and Communication technology
  topic: disciplines
creator: NEELAM KAUSHAL
creator: Suman Ghalawat
creator: Joginder Singh Malik
creator: Jagdeep Singh Arora
creator: Jyoti
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indian Society of Extension Education, Division of Agricultural ExtensionICAR- IARI, New Delhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-24
publication date: 2026-06-24
starting page: 119
ending page: 125
doi: 10.48165/IJEE.2026.62319

Determinants of Farmers’ Willingness to Participate in Wheat Seed Contract Farming in Punjab, India
type: item
description: The study conducted during 2025 aims to identify the key factors influencing wheat farmers’ willingness to adopt wheat seed contract farming. Four major constructs were identified: social influence and trust, market and income stability, production and marketing efficiency, and institutional support and incentives, comprising sixteen significant factors. Among these, social influence and trust emerged as the most important dimensions, explaining 26.32% of the total variance. This construct is primarily driven by observing other farmers (0.941), participation in meetings (0.909), influence of local farmer groups (0.872), company reputation (0.810), and prior contract farming experience (0.809). The second construct, market and income stability, explains 22.27% of the variance and includes assured markets (0.905), smooth payment systems (0.918), stable income (0.911), comparative advantages (0.796), and reduced market risk (0.785). Production and marketing efficiency accounts for 17.21% of the variance, highlighting productivity gains (0.964) and access to quality seed (0.952). Lastly, institutional support and incentives explain 14.89% of the variance, with training (0.963), technical inspection (0.948), and better pricing (0.815) emphasized. Overall, these findings highlight that farmers’ participation is shaped by social trust, economic stability, production efficiency, and institutional support.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Social trust, Market assurance, Production efficiency, Private firms, Contract farming
  topic: keywords
subject: Agricultural markets
  topic: subjects
subject: Agricultural Economics / Contract Farming / Farmer Behavior
  topic: subjects
subject: Agribusiness Management
  topic: disciplines
creator: Mohammad Yaqoob Sharafat
creator: Chidanand Patil
creator: Rakesh Kumar Mahto
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indian Society of Extension Education, Division of Agricultural ExtensionICAR- IARI, New Delhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-24
publication date: 2026-06-24
starting page: 126
ending page: 132
doi: 10.48165/IJEE.2026.62320

Aspirations of Farm Science Students in Odisha: A Comparative Analysis across Agricultural Disciplines
type: item
description: Designing successful educational initiatives and policy interventions requires an understanding of these goals. 160 undergraduate students from the fields of agriculture, veterinary science, fisheries science and agricultural engineering participated in the current study at Centurion University of Technology and Management (CUTM), Odisha during 2025. The study had five main aspects of aspirations: economic, socioeconomic, self-employment, job and education. The results showed that most students in all subjects had moderate aspirational levels. Fisheries students had medium levels of educational aspirations, followed by veterinary science (65.00%), agriculture (60.00%) and agricultural engineering (57.50%). Eighty percent of veterinary science students and about sixty-five percent of students from the other disciplines expressed a medium level of enthusiasm for job. Seventy percent of students in agriculture and fisheries, sixty-seven percent in veterinary science and twenty-eight percent in agricultural engineering expressed a moderate desire to work for themselves. Students studying agriculture had the highest socioeconomic aspirations (92.50%), followed by fisheries (75.00%), veterinary science (67.50%) and agricultural engineering (65.00%). The study reveals significant differences in aspiration levels among students in various farm science fields and offers insightful information to help politicians and educational institutions create plans that promote students' professional and entrepreneurial development.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Economic aspiration, Farm science students, job aspirations, self-aspiration, socio-economic aspiration.
  topic: keywords
subject: Agricultural Extension
  topic: subjects
subject: Agricultural extension
  topic: disciplines
creator: Ashokkumar
creator: Akhila Badavath
creator: Naveen Kumar P
creator: Akkamahadevi Naik
creator: Peddi Naga Harsha Vardhan
creator: Bathula Harshini
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indian Society of Extension Education, Division of Agricultural ExtensionICAR- IARI, New Delhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-24
publication date: 2026-06-24
starting page: 133
ending page: 140
doi: 10.48165/IJEE.2026.62321

Determinants of Farmers’ Knowledge and Safe Pesticide Utilisation Behaviour: Artificial Neural Network Approach
type: item
description: Pesticides are increasingly being used to enhance agricultural productivity, but the risks of unsafe pesticide application to both human health and the environment can be severe. In this study, Artificial Neural Network (ANN) analysis along with traditional statistical techniques were used to analyze factors influencing farmers knowledge and pesticide use behaviour. The study was carried out in 2025-26 in Kakinada district of Andhra Pradesh, utilizing ex-post facto research design. A sample of 240 farmers were selected by means of multistage random sampling. Information was collected with the help of a well-structured and pre-tested interview schedule. Correlation and multiple regression analysis were used to determine the association of socio-economic, communication and behaviour variables with farmers knowledge and use behaviour. ANN model was developed to determine non-linear relationship and variable importance. The results clearly indicated that, education, extension contact, mass media exposure and risk orientation had significant role in farmer knowledge and pesticide use behaviour. From ANN, mass media exposure was most influential independent variable followed by risk orientation and social participation that implies the communication-based extension efforts are the right way to disseminate the safe pesticide application techniques for intensive pesticide use production systems.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Artificial Neural Network
  topic: keywords
subject: Extension Services
  topic: keywords
subject: Knowledge Level
  topic: keywords
subject: Pesticide Utilisation Behaviour
  topic: keywords
subject: Safe Pesticide Practices
  topic: keywords
subject: Socio-economic factors
  topic: keywords
creator: Peddi Naga Harsha Vardhan
creator: Pandiri Neha Pragnya
creator: Ashok Kumar
creator: R. Nihal
creator: Tumma Mounika
creator: Vaishnavi Pulletikurthi Pulletikurthi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indian Society of Extension Education, Division of Agricultural ExtensionICAR- IARI, New Delhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-24
publication date: 2026-06-24
starting page: 141
ending page: 147
doi: 10.48165/IJEE.2026.62322

Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping in Natural Resource Management: A Global Bibliometric Analysis with India-Specific Insights (1995–2025)
type: item
description: Natural Resource Management (NRM) is a complex, multi-dimensional domain in which effective impact assessment demands tools capable of handling subjectivity, uncertainty and stakeholder diversity. Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping (FCM) has emerged as such a tool, enabling the integration of qualitative knowledge and stakeholder perspectives into structured causal models. This study presents a bibliometric analysis of Scopus-indexed documents applying FCM in NRM contexts from 1995 to 2025, examining global trends in publication output, leading countries, institutions, journals, and authors. Bibliometric and network visualisation analyses were performed using Biblioshiny (bibliometrix R package) and VOSviewer. Qualitative thematic analysis of India-specific documents was conducted to complement the quantitative findings. The field has grown at an annual rate of 11.75%, with the United States and Greece leading global output. India, though modest in publication volume, shows a dynamic trajectory, with studies spanning precision agriculture, climate change adaptation, conservation conflicts, and disaster resilience. Collectively, the findings highlight FCM’s expanding role in applied, participatory, and sustainability-oriented NRM projects.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Natural resource management
  topic: keywords
subject: Participatory modelling
  topic: keywords
subject: Fuzzy cognitive mapping
  topic: keywords
subject: Bibliometric analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Co-occurrence network
  topic: keywords
subject: Thematic analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Agricultural Extension
  topic: subjects
subject: Natural Resource Management
  topic: subjects
subject: Qualitative Methods,
  topic: subjects
subject: Qualitative Modelling
  topic: subjects
subject: Bibliometry
  topic: subjects
subject: Bibliometry
  topic: disciplines
subject: Cognitive Mapping
  topic: disciplines
creator: Kunal Singh
creator: Rupak Goswami
creator: Sanchayeeta Misra
creator: Suchandra Dutta
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indian Society of Extension Education, Division of Agricultural ExtensionICAR- IARI, New Delhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-24
publication date: 2026-06-24
starting page: 148
ending page: 158
doi: 10.48165/IJEE.2026.62323

Occupational Determinants of Migration Behaviour among Lanjia Saora Tribal Youth in Odisha, India
type: item
description: Migration has emerged as a major livelihood strategy among tribal communities due to limited local opportunities. In the current study, conducted during 2025-26, a Migration Behaviour Index (MBI) was used to examine the migration behaviour of Lanjia Saora tribal respondents residing in Gajapati and Rayagada districts of Odisha. A multistage sampling and ex post facto research design were used to select 180 sample tribal youth. The analysis of migration was limited to migrant respondents, while the Correlation and Random Forest analyses were performed on the whole sample. Findings indicated that 64.70 per cent of the respondents were involved in temporary rural-urban migration, mainly due to financial needs and unavailability of local opportunities. Occupational variables were more strongly associated with MBI than demographic variables, while employment during the closed season emerged as a major determinant. The Random Forest model performed well in prediction (Test R2 = 0.766). The study indicates that migration is a distress driven livelihood strategy and there is a need to boost rural skills and entrepreneurship development interventions.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Migration Behaviour Index
  topic: keywords
subject: Tribal Migration
  topic: keywords
subject: Labour Participation
  topic: keywords
subject: Rural Livelihood
  topic: keywords
subject: Migration Drivers
  topic: keywords
creator: Sutej Raghavendra Kulkarni
creator: Ajay Kumar Prusty
creator: Chinmaya Nanda
creator: Soumik Ray
creator: Nibedita Mishra
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indian Society of Extension Education, Division of Agricultural ExtensionICAR- IARI, New Delhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-24
publication date: 2026-06-24
starting page: 159
ending page: 164
doi: 10.48165/IJEE.2026.62324

Agricultural Information Transfer among Tribal Farmers of Malkangiri Using Machine Learning
type: item
description: The study was carried out in 2026 to examine the extent of agricultural information transfer and the determinants of agricultural information transfer among tribal farmers of Malkangiri district of Odisha. Four blocks were selected purposively, and 30 farmers were randomly selected from each block through a multistage random sampling technique, constituting a total sample of 120 respondents. Primary data were collected using a pre-tested and structured interview schedule. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics random forest regression algorithm in Google Colaboratory, with SHapley Additive exPlanations values computed for explainable feature-level attribution. The agricultural information transfer was low to moderate across all five channels, ranging from the highest mean score for personal locality contact (1.96) to the lowest for private sector engagement (1.18; gap = 60.76%). Experience on farms and age were the most significant predictors, together explaining 66.77 per cent of the model's feature importance, with education having little influence. The training performance of the random forest model was good (R² = 0.9159), while it acknowledges the 0.4877 gap and attributes it to sample size and RF's sensitivity.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Agricultural Information Transfer
  topic: keywords
subject: Machine Learning
  topic: keywords
subject: Random Forest
  topic: keywords
subject: SHAP Values
  topic: keywords
subject: Tribal Farmers
  topic: keywords
subject: Agricultural Information Transfer
  topic: subjects
subject: Machine Learning
  topic: subjects
subject: Tribal Farmers
  topic: subjects
subject: SHAP Values
  topic: subjects
subject: Agricultural Extension Education
  topic: disciplines
creator: SANJU SAHA
creator: Anita Patra
creator: M. Devender Reddy
creator: Ajay Kumar Prusty
creator: Peddi Naga Harsha Vardhan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indian Society of Extension Education, Division of Agricultural ExtensionICAR- IARI, New Delhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-24
publication date: 2026-06-24
starting page: 165
ending page: 172
doi: 10.48165/IJEE.2026.62325

Family Resources and Agricultural Skills as determinants of Farmer's Motivation in Rubber Cultivation in Kerala
type: item
description: The research analysed the factors affecting the motivation for rubber cultivation among 180 smallholder farmers in Kerala during 2025. The study was based on primary data collected from 180 farmers and data were analysed using Pearson correlation and hierarchical multiple regression. Results indicate that farmers demonstrated moderate-to-high motivation for rubber cultivation, with economic motivation averaging 3.73, whereas risk–stability motivation reflected a mean of 3.87 on a five-point scale. The resource ownership and control index appeared as the strongest indicator, having an appositive impact on both motivational dimensions, while the financial and institutional access index affected economic motivation only. Agricultural skills have a negative association with risk–stability motivation, suggesting skilled farmers are involved in rubber cultivation due to low perceived risk. Socio-demographic characteristics had limited impact, except gender, which affects economic motivation. The findings suggest that family resource access is the major driver of motivational outcome, whereas skill and demographic factors have limited roles. Policy interventions improving the resource access and converting skill into informed decision-making can strengthen sustainable and economically viable rubber cultivation.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Agricultural skill; economic motivation; Kerala; Resource access; Rubber cultivation; Risk- stability motivation
  topic: keywords
subject: Agriculture,rubber cultivation
  topic: subjects
subject: Agriculture Economics
  topic: disciplines
creator: Sowmya Sahadevan
creator: Malarvizhi Vaithiyanathan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indian Society of Extension Education, Division of Agricultural ExtensionICAR- IARI, New Delhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-24
publication date: 2026-06-24
starting page: 173
ending page: 178
doi: 10.48165/IJEE.2026.62326

Sectoral Ego and Data Integration Performance in an Extension Communication Perspective
type: item
description: The study examined how sectoral ego shaped innovation diffusion performance within the Indonesia One Data Forum across ten provinces. Drawing on an extension communication perspective, the study aimed to explain the paradoxical effects of sectoral ego on organisational performance in implementing integrated development data governance. A quantitative descriptive design combined with path coefficient analysis was employed using data collected from March to August 2025 from 415 forum members selected through multistage random sampling. The findings showed that sectoral ego did not uniformly produce negative effects on organisational performance. Conflict and abuse of authority negatively affected quality, efficiency, cooperation, agility, and timeliness, indicating that communication barriers constrained innovation diffusion and collaborative performance. In contrast, non-compliance and distrust positively influenced quality, responsiveness, cooperation, and agility, suggesting the emergence of adaptive leaning and informal coordination within bureaucratic systems. The findings further revealed that high responsiveness was not accompanied by strong cross-sector cooperation, indicating that communication alone was insufficient to support innovation adoption. The study concluded that innovation diffusion depends not only on formal coordination mechanisms but also on behavioural adaptation, trust-building, and collaborative learning. Extension communication therefore provides a useful framework for strengthening collaborative readiness and supporting sustainable data integration initiatives.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Innovation Diffusion
  topic: keywords
subject: Adaptive Governance
  topic: keywords
subject: Collaborative Readiness
  topic: keywords
subject: Data Integration
  topic: keywords
subject: Extension Communication
  topic: keywords
subject: Sectoral Ego
  topic: keywords
subject: Social Learning
  topic: keywords
subject: Extension Communication
  topic: subjects
subject: Adaptive Governance
  topic: subjects
subject: Organisational communication
  topic: subjects
subject: Development Communication
  topic: subjects
subject: Innovation Diffusion
  topic: subjects
subject: Extension and Development Communication
  topic: disciplines
creator: Fibriyani Nur Aliya
creator: Fransiskus Trisakti Haryadi
creator: Ahmad Romadhoni Surya Putra
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indian Society of Extension Education, Division of Agricultural ExtensionICAR- IARI, New Delhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-24
publication date: 2026-06-24
starting page: 179
ending page: 186
doi: 10.48165/IJEE.2026.62327

Gender Differences in Production Efficiency and Food Security among Rice Farmers in Ebonyi State
type: item
description: The study examined gender, production efficiency, and food security among smallholder upland and swamp rice farmers in Ebonyi State, Nigeria, between January and December 2025. The study determined technical, allocative, and economic efficiencies by gender, assessed food security status, and identified technology gaps and inadequacies. A multi-stage sampling procedure selected 180 farmers comprising 72 upland and 108 swamp rice farmers. Data were analyzed using Data Envelopment Analysis, Foster-Greer-Thorbecke index, Technology Gap Ratio, and Technology Inadequacy Ratio. The results showed low technical and economic efficiencies across production systems. Mean technical efficiency under constant returns to scale was 0.337 for upland farmers, 0.616 for male swamp farmers, and 0.532 for female swamp farmers. Economic efficiency was highest among female upland farmers (0.307) and lowest among female swamp farmers (0.133). Food insecurity was most severe among male swamp farmers, with headcount ratio, depth, and severity indices of 0.852, 0.382, and 0.180, respectively. Female swamp farmers recorded the highest technology gap ratio (91.09%). The study concluded that gender disparities and technology inadequacies significantly influenced production efficiency and food security among rice farmers in Ebonyi State.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Agricultural Extension, Food Security, Gender Analysis, Production Efficiency, Rice Farmers, Technology Adoption
  topic: keywords
subject: Agricultural Extension, Food Security, Gender Analysis, Production Efficiency, Rice Farmers, Technology Adoption
  topic: subjects
subject: Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Sociology
  topic: disciplines
creator: kelechi ANYIAM
creator: Kelechi Chima Igwe
creator: Cynthia Onyinye Obinna-Nwandikom
creator: Taofeeq Ade AMUSA
creator: Okoronkwo Christopher ENOCH
creator: Ime Godswill ISAIAH
creator: Akanele Chori OBASI
creator: Frank Nna OKORO
creator: Obumneke Emmanuel MBAKAOGU
creator: Chinwe Nnene OBICHERE
creator: Onyinyechi Innocentia ADJAERO
creator: Emmanuel Iyke NNOROM
creator: Ujunwa Miriam OLUMBA
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indian Society of Extension Education, Division of Agricultural ExtensionICAR- IARI, New Delhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-24
publication date: 2026-06-24
starting page: 187
ending page: 195
doi: 10.48165/IJEE.2026.62328

Adoption and Determinants of Sustainable Agricultural Practices (SAPs) among Pineapple Growers in Nagaland
type: item
description: The study assessed the extent and determinants of adoption of sustainable agricultural practices (SAPs) among pineapple growers in Dimapur, Peren and Mokokchung districts of Nagaland during 2022-2023. A total of 275 respondents were selected using proportionate random sampling. Adoption was assessed using an adoption index covering agronomic practices, resource management, pest and disease management and post-harvest management. Inter-district differences were analysed using z-test and determinants were identified through factor analysis. Results revealed that majority (64.73%) of the respondents had medium level of adoption. Post-harvest management recorded the highest adoption, whereas resource management practices showed comparatively lower adoption. Significant differences in adoption indices were observed among the districts (p<0.01), with Mokokchung recording the highest mean adoption index (57.56). Factor analysis extracted eight components explaining 62.49 per cent of the total variance, with “land use and income” emerging as the major determinant, followed by motivational factors and extension access. The study highlights the need for location-specific extension strategies, strengthened institutional support and capacity building interventions to enhance sustainable pineapple cultivation in Nagaland.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Sustainable Agricultural Practices, Pineapple, Adoption, Determinants, Nagaland
  topic: keywords
subject: Sustainable agricultural practices; Pineapple cultivation; Adoption behaviour; Determinants
  topic: subjects
subject: Agricultural Extension Education
  topic: disciplines
creator: Sentibenla Pongener
creator: Kaushal Kumar Jha
creator: Herojit Singh
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indian Society of Extension Education, Division of Agricultural ExtensionICAR- IARI, New Delhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-24
publication date: 2026-06-24
starting page: 196
ending page: 200
doi: 10.48165/IJEE.2026.62329

Competency of agripreneurs in Organic Farming: An Empirical Analysis on Palakkad District in Kerala
type: item
description: Organic farmers mainly reliy on seasonal changes and ecological conditions in Kerala, as a result, entrepreneurs in the organic sector face several uncertainties in Kerala. Earlier research rarely analysed the skills and competencies of organic agripreneurs. The study analyses the dimensions of competency of organic agripreneurs in Palakkad district of Kerala. To accomplish this goal, a mixed-method approach was adopted. Primary data were collected through a structured interview schedule from 250 respondents in February 2026. The primary data were analysed using multinomial logit regression. The organic agripreneurs needed to improve their skill levels, which were reflected in their competency levels. It indicated that policy support mechanisms such as professional training, digital exposure and access to resources were essential for enhancing the competency levels of agripreneurs in organic sector.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: agriprenuers
  topic: keywords
subject: Organic Farming
  topic: keywords
subject: skills
  topic: keywords
subject: competetencies
  topic: keywords
subject: Agriprenuer
  topic: subjects
subject: Organic Farming
  topic: subjects
subject: Skills
  topic: subjects
subject: Kerala
  topic: subjects
subject: Agricultural Economics
  topic: disciplines
creator: Sabu P J Parekkadan House
creator: Minju David Pulikkottil Pulikkottil
creator: Deepa Roy Parekkadan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indian Society of Extension Education, Division of Agricultural ExtensionICAR- IARI, New Delhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-24
publication date: 2026-06-24
starting page: 201
ending page: 207
doi: 10.48165/IJEE.2026.62330

Adoption of Climate-Resilient Technology by smallholder farmers in Rice-Based Cropping System in Western Central Table Zone of Odisha
type: item
description: Rice cultivation in rain-fed systems of Odisha is highly vulnerable to climate variability, threatening the livelihoods of smallholder farmers. This study assessed the adoption of Climate Resilient Technologies (CRTs) among smallholder farmers during Kharif 2023-24 in Jharsuguda district under the Western Central Table Land Zone of Odisha. A multi-stage sampling technique was employed to select respondents from intervention and control villages, with 60 farmers selected from each group. Adoption was evaluated across four modules: natural resource management, crop production, livestock and fisheries, and institutional interventions. Results showed that intervention farmers had significantly higher overall adoption levels than control farmers (Z = 11.34, p < 0.01). Adoption rates for drought-tolerant varieties, seed treatment, and crop insurance were notably higher among intervention farmers (86.67%) compared to control farmers (43.33%). Intervention farmers also recorded significantly higher annual income (U = 5306, p < 0.05). Multiple linear regression and path analysis identified innovativeness, occupation, farming experience, age, social participation, and farm size as key determinants of adoption. The study highlights the importance of ICT-based participatory approaches and strengthened institutional access for enhancing resilience in rice-based farming systems in Odisha.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
creator: Abhishek Naik
creator: Samir Ranjan Dash
creator: Sarbani Das
creator: Jeebanjyoti Behera
creator: Shilpa Bahubalendra
creator: Kiarn Sourav Das
creator: Priya Ranjan Mohanty
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indian Society of Extension Education, Division of Agricultural ExtensionICAR- IARI, New Delhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-24
publication date: 2026-06-24
starting page: 208
ending page: 213
doi: 10.48165/IJEE.2026.62331

Principal Component Analysis of Entrepreneurial Attitude among CUTM Agriculture Students, Odisha
type: item
description: The study analysed the entrepreneurial attitude of agriculture students of Centurion University of Technology and Management, Odisha, using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Data were collected from 83 final-year agriculture students through a pre-tested interview schedule comprising entrepreneurial attitude statements. The reliability of the instrument was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha, which yielded a value of 0.861, indicating good internal consistency. The suitability of the data for PCA was examined using the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measure and Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity. The KMO value (0.808) and significant Bartlett’s Test result (χ² = 671, p < 0.001) confirmed the adequacy of the dataset for component extraction. PCA with Varimax rotation extracted five major dimensions of entrepreneurial attitude, namely Entrepreneurial Management Orientation, Production and Resource Management Orientation, Technical and Monitoring Orientation, Entrepreneurial Career Orientation, and Risk and Marketing Orientation. The five retained components explained 62.52 per cent of the total variance. The students generally possessed positive attitudes towards self-employment, enterprise management, production efficiency, technical guidance, and market orientation. However, comparatively lower interest in challenging entrepreneurial vocations indicated hesitation towards adopting entrepreneurship as a primary career option. The need for strengthening entrepreneurship-oriented education, experiential learning programmes, start-up incubation support, and market linkage initiatives was felt.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Agripreneurship
  topic: keywords
subject: Factor Analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: JAMOVI
  topic: keywords
subject: Rural Youth
  topic: keywords
subject: Self-employment
  topic: keywords
subject: PCA Analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Entrepreneruship
  topic: subjects
subject: Principal Component Analysis
  topic: subjects
subject: Agricutlural extension
  topic: disciplines
subject: Extension Education
  topic: disciplines
creator: Rajeeb Kumar Behera
creator: Ashok Kumar
creator: Chitrasena Padhy
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indian Society of Extension Education, Division of Agricultural ExtensionICAR- IARI, New Delhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-24
publication date: 2026-06-24
starting page: 214
ending page: 220
doi: 10.48165/IJEE.2026.62332

Predicting Artificial Intelligence Awareness among Agricultural Professionals Using Random Forest and SHAP Analysis
type: item
description: Agriculture plays an important role in economic development, rural livelihoods and food security. The increasing integration of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in agriculture has enhanced productivity, decision-making and resource management. The present study was conducted during 2024-2025 among agricultural professionals working under Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University (ANGRAU) in Andhra Pradesh to assess their awareness of AI and identify the factors influencing it. Correlation analysis, Random Forest regression, Permutation Feature Importance (PFI), SHAP analysis (SHapley Additive exPlanations), Partial Dependence Plots (PDP), Individual Conditional Expectation (ICE) and interaction analysis were employed for data analysis. The findings revealed that agricultural professionals possessed a moderately high level of AI awareness. Technical exposure-related factors, particularly familiarity with AI tools, practical application of AI technologies, participation in seminars and training programmes, and media exposure, emerged as the most influential predictors of AI awareness. The interpretability analyses further demonstrated that technology-oriented variables contributed more strongly to awareness levels than demographic characteristics. The study highlights the importance of strengthening capacity-building initiatives, experiential learning opportunities and digital extension programmes to enhance AI readiness among agricultural professionals and support the effective integration of AI-based innovations in agricultural extension systems.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Artificial Intelligence, Awareness, Agricultural Professionals, Interaction analysis, Correlation analysis.
  topic: keywords
subject: Agricultural Extension, Artificial Intelligence and Agricultural Professionals
  topic: subjects
subject: Agricultural Extension Education
  topic: disciplines
creator: Ashok Kumar
creator: Harshini Bathula
creator: Ajay Kumar Prusty
creator: Akkamahadevi Naik
creator: Bikramjeet Ghose
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indian Society of Extension Education, Division of Agricultural ExtensionICAR- IARI, New Delhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-24
publication date: 2026-06-24
starting page: 221
ending page: 228
doi: 10.48165/IJEE.2026.62333

Comparative Analysis of Entrepreneurial Behaviour among Pokkali and Non-Pokkali Farmers in Kerala
type: item
description: In Kerala's coastal districts of Ernakulam, Alappuzha, and Thrissur near the Arabian Sea, Pokkali rice farming is a long-standing, organic, traditional, and environmentally beneficial style of paddy production. The study was conducted in 2025 to compare the entrepreneurial behaviour between Pokkali and non-Pokkali farmers. A pre-tested interview schedule was used to gather primary data from 120 respondents and focus groups with key informants were conducted to validate the results. The Cronbach’s alpha value obtained was 0.826 for the 31-item scale.The results revealed that Pokkali farmers exhibited significantly higher entrepreneurial behaviour compared to non-Pokkali farmers. Among Pokkali farmers, extension contact, source of information and social participation exhibited a positive and significant relationship with entrepreneurial behaviour. Despite its ecological and economic importance, Pokkali cultivation has declined considerably in recent years due to multiple constraints. Therefore, strengthening such traditional and integrated farming systems through targeted extension interventions, capacity building, institutional support, and conservation efforts may support the development of entrepreneurial competencies, improve livelihood security, and contribute to sustainable agricultural development.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Pokkali Cultivation
  topic: keywords
subject: Entrepreneurial Behaviour
  topic: keywords
subject: Agriculture
  topic: keywords
subject: Kerala
  topic: keywords
subject: Pokkali cultivation
  topic: subjects
subject: Entrepreneurial Behavior
  topic: subjects
subject: Agriculture
  topic: subjects
subject: Kerala
  topic: subjects
subject: Agricultural Extension Eduaction
  topic: disciplines
creator: Grison Paul
creator: Mary N Odyuo
creator: Kaushal Kumar Jha
creator: Sentinungshi
creator: Ngangshikokba I Pongen
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indian Society of Extension Education, Division of Agricultural ExtensionICAR- IARI, New Delhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-24
publication date: 2026-06-24
starting page: 229
ending page: 234
doi: 10.48165/IJEE.2026.62334

Factors Influencing Farmers’ Perception of Climate Variability and Change in Kano State, Nigeria
type: item
description: The study examined the socio-economic determinant of farmers’ perception of climate change in Kano State, Nigeria in 2025. A quantitative research design was employed using structured questionnaires received from 369 farmers with minimum of 10 years’ experience. Descriptive statistics, composite perception index and multiple linear analysis were used for analysis of data. The level of perception index indicate a high level of climate change awareness among farmers (Mean =3.11), while rainfall unpredictability, temperature changes and declining agricultural productivity being the most perceived indicators. Multiple regression analysis showed that annual household income, farming experience, age, and education positively and significantly influenced farmers’ perception of climate change (R² = .636, p < 0.05). Contrarily, source of information had significant and negative effect, highlighting that increase access to information does not necessarily means better understanding because of issues around quality and reliability. The study concludes that while farmers perceived climate change, their understanding level is driven by socio-economic variables and reliable sources of information. The study recommends focus on improving access to education, enhancing extension services and ensuring dissemination of reliable climate information to strengthen farmers’ ability to respond to climate change.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Climate change
  topic: keywords
subject: Farmers’ perception
  topic: keywords
subject: Smallhoder farmers
  topic: keywords
subject: Socio-Economic determinants
  topic: keywords
subject: Composite index
  topic: keywords
subject: Multiple regression analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Kano State, Nigeria
  topic: keywords
subject: Agricultural Extension
  topic: subjects
subject: climate change
  topic: subjects
subject: Agricultural extension
  topic: disciplines
subject: Extension education
  topic: disciplines
creator: F.S. Yakubu
creator: Bibudha Parasar
creator: Rajeeb Kumar Behera
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indian Society of Extension Education, Division of Agricultural ExtensionICAR- IARI, New Delhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-24
publication date: 2026-06-24
starting page: 235
ending page: 240
doi: 10.48165/IJEE.2026.62335

Digital Technology Use for Agricultural Extension Information among Rural Leaders in Tel Kayf District
type: item
description: Digital technology has become increasingly important as an extension support tool, facilitating access to current agricultural information. The current research evaluated the utilisation of digital technology by rural leaders to obtain agricultural information in Tel Kayf District, Nineveh Governorate, Iraq. A multi-stage sampling method was applied and 101 rural leaders were selected from three villages. The data were collected in June 2024 via face-to-face interviews employing a structured questionnaire. The use of digital technology was evaluated using 20 statements on a five-point rating scale. Mean, standard deviation, relative importance, frequency, percentage and random forest regression were applied for the analysis. The findings showed mean item scores exceeded 4.0 on a five-point scale across all twenty statements. The random forest regression model achieved a test R² of 0.3920 in the utilisation of digital technology. Age was the most influential variable, followed by education and information sources. The high prices of modern mobile phones and Internet charges were the main barriers. The findings imply that the existing favourable use of digital technology among rural leaders can be leveraged through affordable Internet access, practical skill enhancement and locally relevant digital extension content to strengthen agricultural information dissemination in rural communities.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Digital technology
  topic: keywords
subject: Extension communication
  topic: keywords
subject: ICT adoption
  topic: keywords
subject: Internet access
  topic: keywords
subject: Mobile phone use
  topic: keywords
subject: Rural leaders
  topic: keywords
creator: Wisam Yako Aziz Masso
creator: Ajay Kumar Prusty
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indian Society of Extension Education, Division of Agricultural ExtensionICAR- IARI, New Delhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-24
publication date: 2026-06-24
starting page: 241
ending page: 246
doi: 10.48165/IJEE.2026.62336

Visitor Behaviour and Economic Valuation of Spiritual Tourism in Rameshwaram Island, India
type: item
description: The study evaluated visitor behaviour and the economic importance of spiritual tourism in Rameshwaram Island during 2025 using the Individual Travel Cost Method (ITCM). Primary information was obtained from 400 spiritual tourists through a field survey conducted at important pilgrimage centres in the study area. Tourism demand and visitation patterns were estimated using Poisson and Negative Binomial regression approaches. The Negative Binomial specification was found to be more suitable for explaining tourist visitation behaviour. Travel expenditure showed an inverse relationship with visitation frequency, indicating that higher travel costs reduced repeat visits. In contrast, visitor satisfaction positively influenced tourism participation and revisit intention, while income showed a favourable association with tourism demand. The estimated consumer surplus was Rs. 20,833 per trip, reflecting substantial welfare gains derived from spiritual tourism. The findings also indicated that spiritual tourism contributed notably to the regional economy through tourism expenditure and service-related activities. The study emphasised the need for effective tourism planning, visitor awareness programmes, infrastructure improvement and extension support for promoting sustainable spiritual tourism development in Rameshwaram Island.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Tourism
  topic: keywords
subject: visitor Behaviour
  topic: keywords
subject: Extension
  topic: keywords
subject: Extension
  topic: subjects
subject: spiritual Tourism
  topic: subjects
subject: Extension
  topic: disciplines
subject: Economics
  topic: disciplines
creator: Jeyashree Arumugam
creator: Sathaiah Manimuthu
creator: Periasami Nagappan
creator: Rajasekaran Ramakrishnan
creator: Arjunvishwak Prabhakar Sriram
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indian Society of Extension Education, Division of Agricultural ExtensionICAR- IARI, New Delhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-24
publication date: 2026-06-24
starting page: 247
ending page: 253
doi: 10.48165/IJEE.2026.62337

Agricultural Mechanization and Its Problems in Gauradaha Municipality of Jhapa District, Nepal
type: item
description: Mechanisation can lower labour costs, workloads, and operating times, which eventually boosts agricultural productivity and output. The study aimed to assess the status of mechanisation, problems of adoption of mechanisation, and its impact was conducted during 2024-25. Purposive random sampling of 120 farmers from four wards of the Gauradaha municipality of Jhapa was used and collected data on socio-economic status, problems, and the impact of farm mechanisation. Chi-square test was used to determine the relationship between selected variables. This study suggested that 100% farmers used cultivators and threshers, followed by 79.17% pump sets/ motor, 55% combine harvester, 42.5% Reaper and 11.7% others (Power tiller, Corn sheller, Corn harvester, Driller, Paddy straw cutter). Subsidy to buy farm machinery was obtained by 10% of farmers only. Larger holdings of farmers' land had a positive significance in the use and adoption of farm mechanisation.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Agri-tools; Farm mechanization; Farm power; Machinery and tools, etc.
  topic: keywords
creator: Santosh Khanal
creator: Ramila Basnet
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indian Society of Extension Education, Division of Agricultural ExtensionICAR- IARI, New Delhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-24
publication date: 2026-06-24
starting page: 254
ending page: 259
doi: 10.48165/IJEE.2026.62338

Social Life Cycle Assessment of Irrigation Technologies in Indian Cassava Farming
type: item
description: Sustainable irrigation technologies play a vital role in improving rural livelihoods and strengthening social sustainability in agriculture. The present study assessed the social sustainability performance of cassava production systems under solar-powered and electric irrigation technologies in Kallakurichi district of Tamil Nadu, India, during 2025. A Social Life Cycle Assessment (SLCA) framework integrated with Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was employed to evaluate seven social dimensions, namely labour availability, labour welfare, women participation, capacity building, household welfare, community participation, and post-harvest participation. Primary data were collected from 640 cassava farmers using a structured interview schedule. The Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin value (0.853) and Bartlett’s test of sphericity (p < 0.001) confirmed the suitability of the data for factor analysis. Seven principal components explained 79.42 per cent of the total variance. The findings revealed that farmers adopting solar irrigation achieved higher social sustainability scores than electric irrigation farmers across all dimensions. Greater improvements were observed in labour welfare, community participation, and capacity building. The composite SLCA index was higher for solar irrigation farmers (0.65) compared to electric irrigation farmers (0.50). The study concluded that renewable irrigation technologies promoted social sustainability, farmer welfare, and inclusive rural development in cassava production systems.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Solar irrigation
  topic: keywords
subject: Cassava cultivation
  topic: keywords
subject: Social sustainability
  topic: keywords
subject: Renewable Energy
  topic: keywords
subject: Agricultural Extension
  topic: keywords
subject: Solar irrigation
  topic: subjects
subject: Cassava cultivation
  topic: subjects
subject: Social sustainability
  topic: subjects
subject: Renewable Energy
  topic: subjects
subject: Agricultural Extension
  topic: subjects
subject: Agricultural Economics
  topic: disciplines
subject: Agricultural extension
  topic: disciplines
creator: Arjunvishwak Prabhakarsriram
creator: Sathaiah Manimuthu
creator: Anbarassan Ariputhiran
creator: Muhammed Iqshanullah Abdul Kadar
creator: Jeyashree Arumugam
creator: Shyamsundar Gandhi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indian Society of Extension Education, Division of Agricultural ExtensionICAR- IARI, New Delhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-24
publication date: 2026-06-24
starting page: 260
ending page: 266
doi: 10.48165/IJEE.2026.62339

Sustainable Growth: Enhancing Youth Livelihoods with Agricultural Financial Capital Enhancement Skills in Terai Region, West Bengal
type: item
description: Financial capital has been found as one of the important factors towards sustainability in the rural youth livelihoods, but research on how financial capital can be built through skills enhancement among the rural youth in India is limited. The study aimed to explore the effect of profile factors on skill development based financial capital generation among rural youths of Cooch Behar and Malda districts, West Bengal. A total of 200 farm youth were randomly sampled from 20 randomly selected villages from the four blocks. The data collected during 2025 were analysed with descriptive statistics, correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis. Eight factors such as annual income, annual expenditure, material possession, agricultural implement possession, land holding, risk taking ability, economic motivation and skill possessed were found to influence the financial capital generation through the skill development process positively and significantly whereas training exposure and attitude towards agriculture were negatively and significantly related to the dependent variable of the study. When using multiple regression analysis, the R² value is 0.324. The results indicate the need for targeted skill development training for adolescents to facilitate the development of financial capital and sustainable livelihoods in agriculture in rural communities.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Financial capital, Rural Youth, Sustainable livelihoods, Skill Development and Risk taking ability.
  topic: keywords
subject: Enhancing Youth Livelihood with Agricultural Financial Capital Enhancement Skills in Terai Region
  topic: subjects
subject: Agricultural extension
  topic: disciplines
creator: Swapnamay Ghosh
creator: Kausik Pradhan
creator: Biman Maity
creator: Praveenkumar Marimuthu
creator: Mounika Chigilipalli
creator: Ajay Kumar Prusty
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indian Society of Extension Education, Division of Agricultural ExtensionICAR- IARI, New Delhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-24
publication date: 2026-06-24
starting page: 267
ending page: 272
doi: 10.48165/IJEE.2026.62340