Indian Journal of Extension Education
type: channel
description: The Indian Journal of Extension Education (ISSN 0537-1996, eISSN 2454- 552X) is the peer-reviewed, official publication of the Indian Society of Extension Education (ISEE), New Delhi, publishing original research papers/ research notes/ research tools in the field of extension education and allied fields since 1965. The Indian Society of Extension Education, Division of Agricultural Extension, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, is a registered professional society under the Societies Registration Act XXI of 1860 (Punjab Amendment) Act 1957 as extended to the Union Territory of Delhi under registration number S-2504 dated 22.06.1964. The Indian Journal of Extension Education is published quarterly and is UGC CARE Listed since January 2023. Indexed in Elsevier Scopus, CAB International, Index Copernicus International Journal Master list, Google Scholar, Scilit, Semantic Scholar, AGRIS of FAO, BASE, WorldCat, EBSCO, Crossref, PlumX, Mendeley,Research Commons etc. The Scopus cite score 2025 is 2.2, SJR- 0.293, SNIP2024- 0.546, (https://www.scopus.com/sourceid/21100846015) SJIF 2025 ( Scientific Journal Impact factor) 5.344, (https://sjifactor.com/passport.php?id=24257) NAAS rating (2025): 5.02 NAAS Journal ID: I063 ( Effective from January 2025)
publisher: Indian Society of Extension Education, ICAR- Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi
language: en
publication name: Indian Journal of Extension Education
issn: 0537-1996
copyright: The manuscripts once accepted and published in the Indian Journal of Extension Education will automatically become the property of the Indian Society of Extension Education, New Delhi. The Chief Editor on behalf of the Indian Journal of Extension Education holds the copyright.
items: A Way Forward towards Sustainable Youth Development and Empowerment by Contemplating the Impediments
items: Participation of Generation Z Farmers in Agricultural Regeneration in Indonesia: The Role of Internal Factors and Extension-Related Social Support
items: Standardization of a Scale to Assess the Impact of Wildlife-Induced Crop Damage among Tribal Farmers
items: Marketing, Communication and Production Constraints Faced by Vegetable Growers in Western Uttar Pradesh
items: Development and Standardization of a Scale to Measure Farmers’ Perception of Climate Change
items: Social Networks of Indigenous Climate Knowledge: Ecological Memory and Resilience in Saora Tribal Communities
items: Awareness and Utilization of ICT Tools among KVK-Linked Progressive Farmers in Western Uttar Pradesh
items: Effectiveness of Community Approaches for millet-based entrepreneurial promotion in Odisha, India
items: Exploring Transformative Dimensions of Leadership and Life Skills Initiatives among Female Students in Higher Education Institution: A Qualitative Inquiry
items: Support Mechanisms and Challenges of Human Charitable Organizations: Exploring Perception and Practices Regarding Community's Discarded Goods
items: Socio economic Impact of Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana on Financial Inclusion among Beneficiaries in Haryana
items: Consumer Demand and Market Requirements for Sustainable Goat Production in Vietnam: Implications for Extension Education
items: Socioeconomic Determinants of Farmers’ Attitudes toward Climate AdaptationPractices in Northern Bangladesh
items: Climate Vulnerability and Sustainable Livelihood Strategies in Agriculture: ABibliometric Analysis
items: Mapping Global Research on Farmers’ Climate Resilience and Agricultural Extension: A Bibliometric Analysis
items: Comparative Nutritional Security of Tribal Farm Women in Andhra Pradesh Using Canonical Correlation Analysis
items: Strengthening Agricultural Household Livelihoods through Employment Guarantees: Differential Welfare Effects of MGNREGA in India
items: Perception and Utilisation of Rythu Seva Kendra (RSK) Services among Tribal Farmers in North Coastal Andhra Pradesh
items: Women as a decision maker for farm and family: A case of Lalitpur district of Nepal

A Way Forward towards Sustainable Youth Development and Empowerment by Contemplating the Impediments
type: item
description: Success in achieving food security, environmental sustainability and rural development depends on the active involvement of young people from rural areas in sustainable agriculture. This research examines the problems of sustainable farming and livelihood improvement among young people in the Terai region of West Bengal. Two blocks from Cooch Behar and Malda districts were selected using purposive and random sampling method and 200 respondents were selected. A structured interview schedule supplemented by field observations and open-ended youth suggestions was used to elicit perceived constraints. Constraints were classified under physical, technical, social and institutional dimensions and severity of the constraints were analysed using the Rank Based Quotient (RBQ) technique. The results showed that the biggest obstacle to youth involvement in sustainable agriculture were technical constraints. The main problem areas identified were lack of training institutions in the area, non-location specific training programs, poor connectivity between training agencies and rural youth and lack of infrastructure facilities. These are interrelated problem areas which hamper the interest and participation of youth in agricultural innovation. The study calls for region-specific Skill Development Programme and institutional support system for improving the sustainable livelihoods of the youth in the rural areas.
subject: Research Notes
  topic: section
subject: Agricultural skill development, Rank Based Quotient, Rural youth, Sustainable livelihood development, Technical Constraints
  topic: keywords
creator: Kausik Pradhan
creator: Biman Maity
creator: Swapnamay Ghosh
creator: Mounika Chigilipalli
creator: Praveenkumar Marimuthu
creator: Ajay Kumar Prusty
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indian Society of Extension Education, Division of Agricultural ExtensionICAR- IARI, New Delhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-08-04
publication date: 2026-08-04
doi: 10.48165/IJEE.2026.624RN01

Participation of Generation Z Farmers in Agricultural Regeneration in Indonesia: The Role of Internal Factors and Extension-Related Social Support
type: item
description: Farmer regeneration is a strategic issue for the sustainability of Indonesian agriculture, given the low involvement of the younger generation in the agricultural sector. This study aims to analyze the influence of internal factors and extended social support on the participation Generation Z farmers in agricultural regeneration. The study used a quantitative approach, with a survey of 160 Generation Z farmers in East Belitung Regency, selected through multistage random sampling. Data was analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The results showed that internal factors consisting of motivation, self-efficacy, and social learning had a positive and significant effect on the participation of Generation Z farmers (β = 0.836; p < 0.005). In contrast, social support for counseling from peers, community leaders, and the government did not have a significant effect (β = 0.069; p = 0.704). The research model has high clarity power, with a determination coefficient of 0.745. These findings indicate that individual capacity and learning processes more strongly influence Generation Z's involvement in agriculture than does social support from extension. Therefore, farmer regeneration strategies need to focus on strengthening motivation, self-efficacy, and social learning through an extension approach that is better adapted to the characteristics of the digital generation.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Internal Factors
  topic: keywords
subject: Generation Z
  topic: keywords
subject: Social Support Counselling
  topic: keywords
subject: Social Learning
  topic: keywords
subject: Extension Education
  topic: keywords
subject: Participation of Generation Z Farmers
  topic: subjects
subject: Extension Education
  topic: disciplines
creator: Yudi Pranoto
creator: Citra Gushadi Gushadi
creator: Muntoro Muntoro
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indian Society of Extension Education, Division of Agricultural ExtensionICAR- IARI, New Delhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-08-04
publication date: 2026-08-04
starting page: 1
ending page: 7
doi: 10.48165/IJEE.2026.62401

Standardization of a Scale to Assess the Impact of Wildlife-Induced Crop Damage among Tribal Farmers
type: item
description: The increasing incidence of animal attacks on crops has emerged as a major challenge for tribal farmers, necessitating a systematic evaluation of perceptions regarding their impact. The study, conducted in 2025, developed and validated a standardised Likert-type scale to measure the impact of wildlife crop damage among the tribal farmers. An initial set of 44 items was considered on the basis of literature review and expert consultation. Fourteen judges evaluated the statements' relevancy, and based on predefined criteria (MRS ≥ 4.00, RP ≥ 80 per cent, RW ≥ 0.80), 28 statements were retained. These statements were administered to 150 tribal farmers chosen from Attappady. Item analyses were undertaken using the critical ratio (t-test), and reliability analyses resulted in the elimination of 11 items, yielding a final scale comprising 17 statements. The scale confirmed a high internal consistency with a Cronbach’s alpha value of 0.914. Exploratory factor analysis confirmed the adequacy of the data (KMO+ 0.795) and identified four components – nutritional, economic, psychological and institutional impacts – which explained 78.95 percent of total variance. The developed scale was found to be a reliable and valid instrument for examining the multidimensional impact of wildlife-induced crop damage among the tribal farmers.
subject: Research Tools
  topic: section
subject: Scale standardization
  topic: keywords
subject: Extension interventions
  topic: keywords
subject: Tribal farmers
  topic: keywords
subject: Attitude Scale
  topic: subjects
subject: Agricultural Extension and Tribal farmers
  topic: subjects
subject: Agricultural Extension; Extension Education; Tribal Development; Human–Wildlife Conflict Management.
  topic: disciplines
creator: Reshma Vattekkad
creator: Sowmya Sahadevan
creator: Manikandan Krishnan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indian Society of Extension Education, Division of Agricultural ExtensionICAR- IARI, New Delhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-08-04
publication date: 2026-08-04
doi: 10.48165/IJEE.2026.624RT01

Marketing, Communication and Production Constraints Faced by Vegetable Growers in Western Uttar Pradesh
type: item
description: Vegetable cultivation played a vital role in farm income, employment and nutritional security in India. Growers, however, faced multiple production and marketing challenges, yet evidence on their relative severity in Western Uttar Pradesh remained limited. The study was undertaken during 2025 to analyse marketing, communication and production constraints among vegetable growers and to examine factors influencing their overall constraint level. An ex post facto design was employed in Meerut and Bulandshahr districts of Western Uttar Pradesh. Data were collected from 180 growers through multistage sampling using a pre-tested interview schedule of established validity and reliability. Constraint Severity Index (CSI), Pearson correlation and stepwise regression were used. Price fluctuation and lack of remunerative prices was the most severe marketing constraint (CSI = 87.78%), lack of technical and market-related information the leading communication constraint (CSI = 83.15%) and high cost of fertilizers and inputs the foremost production constraint (CSI = 87.04%). Economic motivation, information-seeking behaviour, annual income and landholding significantly influenced the overall constraint level, jointly explaining 44.10 per cent of the variation. Stronger extension support, reliable market information and timely access to quality inputs are recommended.
subject: Research Notes
  topic: section
subject: Communication Constraints, Constraint Severity Index, Marketing Behaviour, Marketing Constraints, Production Constraints, Vegetable Cultivation, Vegetable Growers.
  topic: keywords
subject: Agricultural Extension
  topic: subjects
subject: Agricultural Marketing
  topic: subjects
subject: Vegetable Science
  topic: subjects
subject: Rural development
  topic: subjects
subject: Agricultural Extension Education
  topic: disciplines
subject: Vegetable Science
  topic: disciplines
subject: Agricultural Economics
  topic: disciplines
creator: Pramod Tripathi
creator: D.K. Singh
creator: L.B. Singh
creator: Satya Prakash
creator: Shivendra Pratap Singh
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indian Society of Extension Education, Division of Agricultural ExtensionICAR- IARI, New Delhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-08-05
publication date: 2026-08-05
doi: 10.48165/

Development and Standardization of a Scale to Measure Farmers’ Perception of Climate Change
type: item
description: A standardized Likert Summated Rating Scale was developed during 2025 to measure the perception of farmers towards climate change across four chosen dimensions (Temperature and rainfall variability, Extreme weather events, Crop productivity, and Socio-economic impacts). Initially, 58 statements were framed based on Edwards' criteria, of which 20 statements were eliminated following the relevancy test with 68 expert judges. The remaining 38 statements were pilot tested among 60 respondents from a non-sample area. After conducting item analysis using the critical ratio (t-value) technique, 10 statements were discarded. The final scale consists of 28 statements (7 positive and 21 negative), reflecting the predominantly risk-oriented nature of climate change perception. The internal reliability was established using Cronbach’s alpha, which showed a high reliability coefficient of 0.875. Further, the split-half reliability yielded Spearman-Brown and Pearson coefficients of 0.948 and 0.901, respectively, which established a high internal consistency. This scale provides a reliable tool for researchers, extension personnel, and policymakers to accurately assess farmers' perception, thereby facilitating targeted climate resilience and adaptation strategies.
subject: Research Tools
  topic: section
subject: Agriculture
  topic: keywords
subject: Perception
  topic: keywords
subject: Climate Change
  topic: keywords
subject: Farmers
  topic: keywords
subject: Scale
  topic: keywords
subject: Perception Scale
  topic: subjects
subject: Research tool
  topic: subjects
subject: Climate change
  topic: subjects
subject: Agricultural Extension
  topic: disciplines
subject: Climate change
  topic: disciplines
creator: Pawan Kumar Gupta
creator: Uma Sah
creator: Ayush Mishra
creator: Dileep Vyas
creator: Shivam Singh
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indian Society of Extension Education, Division of Agricultural ExtensionICAR- IARI, New Delhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-08-04
publication date: 2026-08-04
doi: 10.48165/IJEE.2026.624RT02

Social Networks of Indigenous Climate Knowledge: Ecological Memory and Resilience in Saora Tribal Communities
type: item
description: Rainfed tribal farming systems are increasingly affected by climatic variability, with indigenous knowledge being a key element to adaptation. This study explored the structure, transmission and ecological memory's contribution to climate resilience of Saora tribal farmers of village Linga in Gajapati district, Odisha, during 2024 to 2026. Household surveys, participatory rural appraisal, seasonal calendars, oral history and key-informant interviews were conducted to collect data with 120 farming households. An Ecological Memory Index (EMI) and Climate Resilience Index (CRI) were created and computed with the application of correlation, regression and t-test statistical analysis, and Social Network Analysis (SNA) was applied to map the pathways of knowledge transmission. Results showed that ecological memory was significantly associated with climate resilience, with ecological memory being the strongest contributing component of climate resilience, with the highest standardised weight (β = 0.61) among all CRI pillars. Central bridging roles in the knowledge network were occupied by elders, healers and seed keepers who played a significant role in intergenerational knowledge transfer. The study has concluded that the local knowledge network (LKN) can help to improve the climate resilience of a tribal agroecosystem.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Ecological Memory Index
  topic: keywords
subject: Climate Resilience
  topic: keywords
subject: Indigenous Knowledge Systems
  topic: keywords
subject: Social Network Analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Knowledge Transmission
  topic: keywords
subject: Tribal Agriculture
  topic: keywords
subject: Saora Community
  topic: keywords
subject: Indigenous knowledge
  topic: subjects
subject: Social Network Analysis
  topic: subjects
subject: AGIRUCLTURE EXTENSION
  topic: subjects
creator: Jonnala Saikrishna Reddy
creator: Atanu Deb
creator: Victor Pradhan
creator: Preetha Bhadra
creator: Swati Suman
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indian Society of Extension Education, Division of Agricultural ExtensionICAR- IARI, New Delhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-08-04
publication date: 2026-08-04
starting page: 8
ending page: 14
doi: 10.48165/IJEE.2026.62402

Awareness and Utilization of ICT Tools among KVK-Linked Progressive Farmers in Western Uttar Pradesh
type: item
description: The study was conducted in 2025 using an ex post facto research design to assess awareness and utilization of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) tools among progressive farmers associated with Krishi Vigyan Kendras in Ghaziabad and Hapur districts of Western Uttar Pradesh. A total of 160 progressive farmers were selected through purposive sampling and primary data were collected using a pre-tested structured interview schedule. Data were analysed using frequency, percentage, mean score, standard deviation, Pearson's product moment correlation and multiple linear regression. The overall awareness and utilization of ICT tools were 69.52 per cent and 62.60 per cent, respectively, with platforms embedded in routine KVK advisory work recording the highest recognition and use, while artificial-intelligence-based tools, Internet of Things-based sensors and Krishi Mapper recorded the lowest scores. Regression analysis showed that social participation, education, farm assets, annual income and land holding positively influenced ICT utilization, whereas age had a significant negative effect. The findings indicated that strengthening digital literacy and expanding KVK-led ICT extension activities could improve the effective adoption of digital technologies among farmers and support more responsive agricultural advisory services.
subject: Research Notes
  topic: section
subject: Awareness, ICT Tools, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Progressive Farmers, Utilization, Western Uttar Pradesh
  topic: keywords
subject: Awareness, ICT Tools, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Progressive Farmers, Utilization, Western Uttar Pradesh
  topic: subjects
subject: ICT in Rural development
  topic: disciplines
subject: Agricultural extension
  topic: disciplines
creator: Shivendra Pratap Singh
creator: R.N. Yadav
creator: D.K. Singh
creator: Satya Prakash
creator: Pramod Tripathi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indian Society of Extension Education, Division of Agricultural ExtensionICAR- IARI, New Delhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-08-07
publication date: 2026-08-07
doi: 10.48165/IJEE.2026.624RN03

Effectiveness of Community Approaches for millet-based entrepreneurial promotion in Odisha, India
type: item
description: Millets are emerging as a powerful solution for tackling malnutrition and promoting economic development in rural communities. Milletpreneurship is a key to reduce poverty, sustaining livelihoods and fostering agricultural resilience. Community approaches are critical for promoting milletpreneurship, yet empirical evidence on their effectiveness remains limited. This study addresses how diverse stakeholders' interactions influence entrepreneurial outcomes in the millet value chain. 120 purposively selected milletpreneurs engaged in millet production and enterprises across the value chain of high millet producing areas of Odisha were interviewed in the year 2024. Thirteen effectiveness indicators were developed through expert judgement using a normalization method. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) technique was used, validated through Kaiser-Mayer-Olkin (KMO=0.934) and Bartlett’s test (χ²=1324.788, p<0.001), revealed that particular entrepreneurial competencies like leadership ability, fund management and risk orientation drove 64.1% of the variance in perceived effectiveness. While 41.7% perceived moderate effectiveness and 26.6% high effectiveness, 72.1% cumulative variance suggested heterogeneous community profiles. Results indicated deficiencies in social media exposure and marketing channels. Policymakers need to intervene through capacity building in financial management and leadership development, multidimensional support integrating infrastructure, finance and market linkage and differentiated interventions acknowledging diverse operational realities rather than uniform approaches.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Millet entrepreneurship , community approach , rural development, effectiveness, milletpreneurs
  topic: keywords
subject: milletpreneurs
  topic: subjects
subject: effectiveness
  topic: subjects
subject: community approach
  topic: subjects
subject: millet enterprises
  topic: subjects
subject: entrepreneurship
  topic: subjects
subject: Agricultural Extension Education
  topic: disciplines
creator: Smruti Paik
creator: Pranoy Ray
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indian Society of Extension Education, Division of Agricultural ExtensionICAR- IARI, New Delhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-08-04
publication date: 2026-08-04
starting page: 15
ending page: 23
doi: 10.48165/IJEE.2026.62403

Exploring Transformative Dimensions of Leadership and Life Skills Initiatives among Female Students in Higher Education Institution: A Qualitative Inquiry
type: item
description: Leadership and life skills development programs play an important role in sculpting empowered, confident, and socially responsible women leaders in higher education. This qualitative study investigated how female undergraduate and postgraduate students at MMV, BHU, perceive these initiatives, examining program choices, information sources, motivational factors, perceived benefits, and barriers to participation. The study was conducted between February 2023 and July 2025. Using a purposive sampling approach, in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted across two phases. Braun and Clarke's theme framework was used in the data analysis, supported by NVivo. The analysis revealed six prominent themes: interpretations of leadership, information sources, workshop types, motivation determinants, perceived benefits, and perceived barriers, each encompassing multiple subthemes. Findings demonstrate that leadership and life skills initiatives exert a significant and positive influence on students’ personal growth, self-confidence, communication abilities, and leadership orientation. Participants highlighted enhanced self-awareness, goal clarity, and preparedness for professional and community engagement, while also identifying structural and personal constraints that limited full participation. Findings underscore the critical need for flexible, inclusive, and student-centred leadership development programs within women’s colleges to effectively nurture future leaders capable of driving meaningful social and professional change.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: leadership, life skills, motivational factors, programs, college girls, university
  topic: keywords
subject: leadership
  topic: subjects
subject: life skills
  topic: subjects
subject: programs
  topic: subjects
subject: motivational factors
  topic: subjects
subject: college girls
  topic: subjects
subject: university
  topic: subjects
subject: Home Science
  topic: disciplines
subject: Education
  topic: disciplines
subject: Education Psychology
  topic: disciplines
creator: Lalita Vatta
creator: Sabina Bano
creator: Pratibha Rai
creator: Jagriti Jaiswal
creator: Shikha Panwar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indian Society of Extension Education, Division of Agricultural ExtensionICAR- IARI, New Delhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-08-04
publication date: 2026-08-04
starting page: 24
ending page: 31
doi: 10.48165/ijee.2026.62404

Support Mechanisms and Challenges of Human Charitable Organizations: Exploring Perception and Practices Regarding Community's Discarded Goods
type: item
description: Human charitable organizations play an important role in satisfying the needs of underprivileged groups. Despite their significant contribution, they confront several obstacles, such as unstable finances, ineffective operations, and trouble obtaining external community support. The main objective of this study is to explore the support system, needs and challenges faced by the human charitable organization in Varanasi district, Uttar Pradesh, India. A qualitative in-depth interview guide was designed to collect data for the study to understand the surroundings, needs, and challenges faced by the organization management and its beneficiaries. The study was conducted in 2025 using a purposive and stratified sampling technique to choose participants who could offer pertinent insights and were actively involved in the operation of these organizations. The findings indicate that the donation of discarded goods is a significant way for charitable communities to fulfil their common needs. It was found that most of the charitable organizations are performing well, however they are facing some challenges such as lack of fulfilled requirements of necessities, education promoting things and health issues. The research also highlighted the necessity of capacity building infrastructure, long-term funding plans, and increased cooperation with external society people through digital or another convenient platform.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Discarded Goods, Donation, Human Charitable Organization, Social Welfare, Underprivileged Groups
  topic: keywords
subject: Discarded Goods, Donation, Human Charitable Organization, Social Welfare, Underprivileged Groups.
  topic: subjects
subject: Extension Education
  topic: disciplines
subject: Social welfare
  topic: disciplines
subject: Sociology
  topic: disciplines
creator: Indu Yadav
creator: Prashansa Sharma
creator: Lalita Vatta
creator: Snigdha Borah
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indian Society of Extension Education, Division of Agricultural ExtensionICAR- IARI, New Delhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-08-04
publication date: 2026-08-04
starting page: 32
ending page: 39
doi: 10.48165/IJEE.2026.62405

Socio economic Impact of Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana on Financial Inclusion among Beneficiaries in Haryana
type: item
description: The Indian government introduced the Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) in 2014, to advance financial inclusion. The current study examined its socioeconomic effects in Haryana from 2024 to 2025. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect primary data from 500 respondents from eight districts, which was then corroborated by suitable secondary data sources. Changes in important variables such as income, education, living standards, social interactions and resource access were the main focus of the study. This study aimed to examine the socio-economic impact of PMJDY on its beneficiaries in Haryana. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and factor analysis. The ANOVA results showed that annual income significantly influenced the ease of opening a PMJDY account (p < 0.001), while availability shows marginal significance (p = 0.066). Factor analysis confirms data adequacy with KMO = 0.810 and a significant Bartlett’s test (p < 0.001), extracting eight factors, with the highest loading (0.775) on the perception that PMJDY reduces poverty and improves living standards. The findings indicate that while PMJDY has improved financial access, low-income beneficiaries still face challenges in regular usage. The study suggested that policy efforts should focus on enhancing financial literacy and encouraging active utilization of accounts.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Banking Accessibility, Economic Empowerment, Financial Security, Poverty Alleviation, Rural Development
  topic: keywords
creator: Megha Goyal
creator: Kautilya Chaudhary
creator: Suman Ghalawat
creator: Joginder Singh Malik
creator: Minakshi
creator: Sunil Kumar
creator: B. Arulmanikandan
creator: Nitin Kumar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indian Society of Extension Education, Division of Agricultural ExtensionICAR- IARI, New Delhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-08-04
publication date: 2026-08-04
starting page: 40
ending page: 46
doi: 10.48165/IJEE.2026.62406

Consumer Demand and Market Requirements for Sustainable Goat Production in Vietnam: Implications for Extension Education
type: item
description: The study examined consumer demand, restaurant purchasing preferences, and market requirements for goat meat in Vietnam and discussed implications for market-oriented extension. Data were collected from 86 goat meat restaurant owners/managers and 509 consumers across ten provinces and cities in Northern and Central Vietnam. Descriptive statistics and Pearson’s Chi-square tests were used for data analysis. The goat meat consumption was strongly associated with restaurant-based dining. Significant relationships were found between consumption frequency and place of consumption (χ² = 17.476, p = 0.002) and between consumption frequency and preferred product form (χ² = 26.934, p < 0.001). More than half of consumers (54.8%) preferred processed goat meat dishes, while food safety, product origin, and traceability were identified as the most important purchasing attributes. Restaurants consumed an average of 98.8 goats per month and relied mainly on traders (67.2%) for supply. Restaurant owners preferred Vietnamese Co goats (a type of indigenous goat breed), Vietnamese crossbred goats and animals weighing 20–30 kg. The Findings from this study highlight the need for market-oriented extension programmes that integrate technical husbandry training, food safety standards, market information, entrepreneurship development and value-chain linkages to improve the competitiveness and sustainability of goat production in Vietnam.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Goat production
  topic: keywords
subject: Consumer preference
  topic: keywords
subject: Market-oriented extension
  topic: keywords
subject: Food safety
  topic: keywords
subject: Value chain development
  topic: keywords
subject: Vietnam
  topic: keywords
subject: Market-oriented extension
  topic: subjects
subject: Goat production
  topic: subjects
subject: Consumer demand
  topic: subjects
subject: Value chain development
  topic: subjects
subject: Food safety and traceability
  topic: subjects
subject: Livestock Production
  topic: disciplines
subject: Agricultural Extension
  topic: disciplines
subject: Sustainable Agriculture
  topic: disciplines
creator: Ba Nguyen Xuan
creator: Van Nguyen Huu
creator: Nam Le Van
creator: Hung Hoang Gia
creator: Mui Nguyen Thi
creator: Loi Bui Van
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indian Society of Extension Education, Division of Agricultural ExtensionICAR- IARI, New Delhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-08-04
publication date: 2026-08-04
starting page: 47
ending page: 53
doi: 10.48165/IJEE.2026.62407

Socioeconomic Determinants of Farmers’ Attitudes toward Climate AdaptationPractices in Northern Bangladesh
type: item
description: The objective of the study conducted during 2025 was to determine the factors contributing to farmers’ attitudes toward climate adaptation practices. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews with 98 sampled farmers in the Dinajpur district of northern Bangladesh. Descriptive statistics, Pearson’s product-moment correlation, and stepwise multiple regression analysis were used for data analysis. The results indicated that most farmers (72.4%) had a moderately favorable attitude toward climate adaptation practices. Pearson’s correlation analysis showed that education, farm size, household income, organizational participation, and information access had significant positive relationships with farmers’ attitudes toward climate adaptation practices. Multiple regression analysis revealed that education and information access were the most significant determinants of farmers’ attitudes, explaining 36.6% of the variation. In the stepwise regression model, only education and information access emerged as significant predictors, jointly explaining 29.8% of the variation in farmers’ attitudes toward climate change adaptation practices. Education alone explained 25.5% of the variation, while the inclusion of information access contributed an additional 4.3%. The findings suggest that improving non-formal education and strengthening extension services through farm and home visits, mass media campaigns, and ICT-based information dissemination can enhance farmers’ adaptive attitudes and promote climate-resilient agricultural practices in Bangladesh.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Farmers’ attitudes, Climate change adaptation, Extension services, Educational opportunities, Northern Bangladesh.
  topic: keywords
subject: Climate change adaptation; Farmers’ attitudes; Agricultural extension; Rural livelihoods; Socioeconomic factors; Northern Bangladesh
  topic: subjects
subject: Agricultural extension
  topic: disciplines
creator: Md. Rezaul Karim Mamun
creator: Susmita Sarmin
creator: Atia Shahin
creator: Md. Faruq Hasan
creator: Md. Mamunur Rashid
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indian Society of Extension Education, Division of Agricultural ExtensionICAR- IARI, New Delhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-08-04
publication date: 2026-08-04
starting page: 54
ending page: 59
doi: 10.48165/IJEE.2026.62408

Climate Vulnerability and Sustainable Livelihood Strategies in Agriculture: ABibliometric Analysis
type: item
description: Rural households are increasingly vulnerable to climate-induced risks by impacting livelihoods, income, food security, access to resources and adaptive capacity. We review and map the literature on livelihood capitals and sustainable livelihood strategies for climate vulnerability through bibliometric analysis. Scopus-indexed journal articles published during 2017–2026 were analysed following PRISMA-based screening. Biblioshiny and VOSviewer were used to examine annual scientific production, major sources, keyword co-occurrence, thematic mapping, trend topics and conceptual structure. The findings show a steady increase in research output after 2020, with sustainability, development, climate change and disaster-risk journals contributing prominently. Keyword and thematic analyses revealed that livelihood, vulnerability, agriculture, food security, adaptation and resilience form the core knowledge structure of the field. Recent trends indicate a shift from descriptive vulnerability assessment towards solution-oriented themes such as adaptive capacity, livelihood diversification and climate-smart agriculture. However, livestock systems, gender dimensions, local institutions and extension advisory mechanisms remain weakly integrated. The study concludes that agricultural extension must move beyond crop-centred advisory services towards livelihood-based, climate-resilient extension models that emphasise vulnerability diagnosis, diversification support, institutional convergence, climate information services, and capacity building.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Adaptive capacity; Climate-smart agriculture; Food security; Livelihood diversification; Resilience; Rural households.
  topic: keywords
creator: Nibedita Mishra
creator: Ajay Kumar Prusty
creator: Bibhuti Bhusan Sahoo
creator: Bishnu Prasad Dash
creator: Soumik Ray
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indian Society of Extension Education, Division of Agricultural ExtensionICAR- IARI, New Delhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-08-04
publication date: 2026-08-04
starting page: 60
ending page: 67
doi: 10.48165/IJEE.2026.62409

Mapping Global Research on Farmers’ Climate Resilience and Agricultural Extension: A Bibliometric Analysis
type: item
description: The study mapped global research on farmers' climate resilience and agricultural extension through a bibliometric analysis of 353 Scopus-indexed publications published between 2015 and 2026. Bibliometric data were analysed using Biblioshiny in the Bibliometrix package. The results revealed rapid publication growth, with an annual growth rate of 40.62%, increasing from two documents in 2015 to 100 in 2025. The literature received an average of 17.86 citations per document, indicating growing scholarly interest. Research output was concentrated in Ethiopia, India, China, the United States, Ghana, and the United Kingdom, while Ethiopian universities accounted for five of the ten most productive institutions. Author keyword analysis identified two dominant thematic clusters centred on climate adaptation, resilience, and agricultural systems. Thematic evolution showed a shift from livelihood-oriented studies toward resilience and adoption-focused research. Although collaboration networks remained fragmented, publication output continued to expand. A key finding was that agricultural extension remained conceptually embedded within broader climate adaptation and resilience research rather than emerging as an independent thematic domain. The study provided future research directions for strengthening the theoretical and empirical integration of agricultural extension interventions to enhance farmers' resilience under changing climatic conditions, particularly in Southeast Asia and Latin America.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Agricultural extension
  topic: keywords
subject: Bibliometric analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Biblioshiny
  topic: keywords
subject: Climate change adaptation
  topic: keywords
subject: Farmers’ resilience
  topic: keywords
subject: Knowledge mapping
  topic: keywords
subject: Sustainable agriculture
  topic: keywords
subject: Agricultural extension
  topic: subjects
subject: Bibliometric analysis
  topic: subjects
subject: Climate change
  topic: subjects
subject: Agriculture extension
  topic: disciplines
subject: Development Communication
  topic: disciplines
creator: Rafnel Azhari
creator: Adi Firmansyah
creator: Fara Shaliza
creator: Siti Syamsiah
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indian Society of Extension Education, Division of Agricultural ExtensionICAR- IARI, New Delhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-08-04
publication date: 2026-08-04
starting page: 68
ending page: 83
doi: 10.48165/IJEE.2026.62410

Comparative Nutritional Security of Tribal Farm Women in Andhra Pradesh Using Canonical Correlation Analysis
type: item
description: The study was conducted during 2025-2026 in the Palnadu and Prakasam districts of Andhra Pradesh and examined the significant relationship between a selected set of socioeconomic, livelihood and nutritional security indicators among Chenchu and Lambada tribal women. Canonical Correlation Analysis was used to assess the connection between a set of 14 independent and 3 dependent variables, namely Body Mass Index (BMI), Food security and Nutritional security for both tribes separately. For Chenchu, the first and second canonical functions were significant at a level of 0.01 with canonical correlations of 0.775 and 0.728 respectively and were supported by eigenvalues of 2.419 and 1.128 and low Wilks’lambda values of 0.165 and 0.412 whereas the third function with a correlation of 0.351, was non-significant. The significance of the first two canonical functions of Lambada’s was found to be 0.01 with canonical correlations of 0.841 and 0.810, respectively, with eigenvalues of 2.419 and 1.907, respectively and with Wilks' lambda of 0.085 and 0.292, respectively. However, the third function was insignificant with a canonical correlation of 0.389. Thus, there was a multivariate relationship between BMI, food security and nutritional security with socioeconomic and livelihood variables in both samples.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: BMI, Tribal women, Canonical Correlation Analysis, Food security, Nutritional security
  topic: keywords
subject: Agricultural Extension and Nutritional Security
  topic: subjects
subject: Agricultural Extension Education
  topic: disciplines
creator: Harshitha Kodamagundla
creator: Ashokkumar
creator: Biswajit Sahoo
creator: Idemakanti Chandrakanth Reddy
creator: Bikramjeet Ghose
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indian Society of Extension Education, Division of Agricultural ExtensionICAR- IARI, New Delhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-08-04
publication date: 2026-08-04
starting page: 84
ending page: 89
doi: 10.48165/IJEE.2026.62411

Strengthening Agricultural Household Livelihoods through Employment Guarantees: Differential Welfare Effects of MGNREGA in India
type: item
description: Enhancing the livelihood security of agricultural households remains a central challenge for rural development policy in India. As India’s largest welfare programme, MGNREGA, which is presently renamed as Viksit Bharat–Guarantee for Rozgar and Ajeevika Mission (Gramin) (VB-G RAM G), seeks to address this challenge by providing supplementary wage employment and strengthening rural economic security. This study examined MGNREGA's impact (presently, VB-G RAM G) on the socio-economic well-being of agricultural households, with emphasis on income, consumption expenditure, and indebtedness, using unit-level data from NSSO Situation Assessment Survey covering 42,819 households. Propensity Score Matching (PSM) was employed to estimate the average treatment effect while addressing selection bias, and propensity score-weighted regression was used to assess robustness. The findings indicated that programme participation improved income and consumption outcomes, although its effects on indebtedness varied across beneficiary groups. The disaggregated analysis revealed substantial heterogeneity in programme impacts across social categories, gender, educational and farmer groups. Household income increased by up to 20.2% among beneficiary groups, with comparatively larger gains observed for graduate households (19.5%) and small farmers (20.1%). The findings reaffirm importance of employment guarantees in strengthening agricultural livelihoods and promoting inclusive rural development while highlighting need for targeted extension and livelihood interventions.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Employment guarantee
  topic: keywords
subject: MGNREGA
  topic: keywords
subject: Agricultural households
  topic: keywords
subject: Sustainable rural development
  topic: keywords
subject: Livelihood security
  topic: keywords
subject: Indebtedness
  topic: keywords
subject: Q16
  topic: subjects
subject: R11
  topic: subjects
subject: O13
  topic: subjects
subject: Public Policy and Agricultural Economics
  topic: disciplines
creator: Anived Mishra
creator: Sandeep Tripathi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indian Society of Extension Education, Division of Agricultural ExtensionICAR- IARI, New Delhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-08-04
publication date: 2026-08-04
starting page: 90
ending page: 96
doi: 10.48165/IJEE.2026.62412

Perception and Utilisation of Rythu Seva Kendra (RSK) Services among Tribal Farmers in North Coastal Andhra Pradesh
type: item
description: The study aimed to examine the association between tribal farmers' profile characteristics and their perception and utilisation of Rythu Seva Kendras (a village-level agricultural service centres established by the Government of Andhra Pradesh to provide quality agricultural inputs and extension advisory services) in North Coastal Andhra Pradesh 2025–26 using Canonical Correlation Analysis for180 tribal respondents. The results of the 1st canonical function (U1, V1) revealed a very high canonical correlation of 0.890, square of correlation 0.792, eigenvalue 3.791, Wilks statistic 0.163 and significance 0.000*, indicating that nearly 79 per cent of the shared variance between farmers' profile characteristics and their perception -utilization behaviour was explained by the function, confirming a very strong and significant multivariate relationship. The second function (U2, V2) had a canonical correlation of 0.466, the squared canonical correlation of 0.217, the eigenvalue of 0.277 and Wilks' statistic of 0.783 (p< 0.001*), reflecting a comparatively weak and practically less meaningful relationship, given its low eigenvalue and high Wilks’ lambda. The main elements affecting tribal farmers' perceptions of and use of RSK services were education, inventiveness, and extension interaction. Strengthening extension communication, digital infrastructure and digital literacy is advocated to improve the use of ICT-enabled services.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Canonical Correlation Analysis, Extension contact, Perception, Rythu Seva Kendras, Tribal farmers, Utilisation behaviour
  topic: keywords
subject: Agricultural Extension and Tribal farmers
  topic: subjects
subject: Agricultural Extension Education
  topic: disciplines
creator: Vasanth Singisetti
creator: Ashokkumar
creator: Peddi Naga Harsha Vardhan
creator: Bikramjeet Ghose
creator: B. Pavan Kumar Naik
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indian Society of Extension Education, Division of Agricultural ExtensionICAR- IARI, New Delhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-08-04
publication date: 2026-08-04
starting page: 97
ending page: 102
doi: 10.48165/IJEE.2026.62413

Women as a decision maker for farm and family: A case of Lalitpur district of Nepal
type: item
description: Women play a vital role in agricultural production and household management in Nepal, yet their participation in decision-making often remains limited. Objective of this study was to examine the extent and nature of women’s involvement in farm and family decisions in Godawari Municipality, Lalitpur District. A cross-sectional mixed-methods design was applied using survey data from 115 households and semi-structured interviews were one during June-July of 2025. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics, while qualitative data supported interpretation. Majority of women participate jointly i.e., 38 % in crop selection, 47 % for fertilizer use and >50% for irrigation use. Women also influence household decisions concerning budgeting, child care, and education. Training (r=0.67), family member support (r=0.72) and women involvement in community organization (r=0.32) were found to be positively and significantly associated with women participation in farm decisions. Despite increased awareness and access to training, women continue to face barriers such as unequal land ownership, cultural norms, and limited access to credit. Their participation nonetheless contributes positively to household economic conditions and empowerment. The findings highlight the importance of promoting gender-responsive agricultural policies and community-based initiatives that enhance women’s leadership and equitable decision-making.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Women’s empowerment
  topic: keywords
subject: Gender roles
  topic: keywords
subject: Farm decision-making
  topic: keywords
subject: Household decision-making
  topic: keywords
subject: Rural Nepal
  topic: keywords
creator: Santosh Khanal
creator: Anusha Bhattarai
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indian Society of Extension Education, Division of Agricultural ExtensionICAR- IARI, New Delhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-08-06
publication date: 2026-08-06
doi: 10.48165/IJEE.2026.62414