Indian Journal of Nematology is published by the Nematological Society of India (https://nemaindia.org.in/), which is located at the Division of Nematology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute (I.A.R.I.), New Delhi-110012. It has been continuously published since 1971 and is a bi-annual (June and December) publication of the Society. All the published issues are available at https://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:ijn&volume=54&issue=1&type=toc So far 53 volumes have been completed, and volume 54 (1) June issue has been published, 54(2) December 2024 is in progress. The IJN special issue published in March 2024 is kept as open access (OA) at the NSI website: https://nemaindia.org.in/ijn-volumes/ National Academy of Agricultural Sciences (NAAS) rating - 5.07, Citescore - 0.2; SJR - Q4 and SNIP - 0.1 IJN, a UGC-approved Journal, is abstracted in Nematological Abstracts, USDA PubAG, Veterinary Science Database, Chemical Abstracts, Google Scholar, Scopus, Index of Copernicus, ASCII, etc.
Evaluation of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Genotypes for Resistance Source against Root-knot Nematode, Meloidogyne javanica
Copyright (c) 2025 Indian Journal of Nematology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Management of Reniform Nematode, Rotylenchulus reniformis infesting Cotton
Biorational Management of Root-knot Nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) in Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.)
The current investigation was conducted to document the nematode species associated with Zingiber officinale and to formulate a biorational management approach against the predominant nematode through the application of biocontrol agents and green plant materials. A survey revealed that Meloidogyne incognita (Prominence value 13.98) was the most prevalent nematode in ginger-growing areas of Thiruvananthapuram, Kollam, and Idukki districts of Kerala, followed by Rotylenchulus reniformis (Prominence value 9.60). Microplot studies were conducted to investigate the effect of biocontrol agents (Pseudomonas fluorescens, Trichoderma asperellum, Bacillus macerans, and Purpureocillium lilacinum) as rhizome treatment, applied either alone or in combination with gliricidia as green leaf mulch, in three consecutive years (2018–2020) at Instructional Farm, Vellayani. Among the treatments, the application of a talc-based formulation of P. lilacinum (cfu 2×108) @ 3%w/w along with gliricidia leaf mulching @ 1 kg/m2, exhibited significant superiority in lowering the nematode population in the soil (83.89% reduction over untreated). Furthermore, the rhizome treatment using T. asperellum in combination with mulching of gliricidia green leaves, proved to be equally effective to the combined application of P. lilacinum rhizome treatment and green leaf mulching with gliricidia in decreasing the nematode population in the root (80.43 to 86.96% reduction over untreated) and enhancing the yield (49.43 to 66.45% increase over untreated). A similar trend was observed in root-knot index as well. The results of the study clearly indicate the effectiveness of biocontrol agents as rhizome treatment and the adoption of locally sourced green foliage as a mulching strategy in managing M. incognita in ginger, thereby encouraging natural resource conservation through low-cost technologies. Further, the risks associated with environmental repercussions resulting from synthetic chemicals can be eliminated and thus more sustainable alternatives for the management of plant parasitic nematodes can be achieved.
Biocontrol agents, ginger, mulching, nematode management, rhizome treatment
Predicting Potential Climatic Suitability for Ditylenchus dipsaci in India Using MaxEnt Modelling
The stem and bulb nematode, Ditylenchus dipsaci is a major nematode parasite of plants that causes economic damage to a wide range of plants, particularly in areas with a temperate climate. According to the Plant Quarantine Order (Regulation of Import into India) 2003, this nematode is classified as a quarantine pest and is not known to occur in India. Assessing the suitable habitat and possible geographic distribution areas for D. dipsaci would help us to better understand its level of establishment and spread in India. Therefore, in this work, the maximum entropy (MaxEnt) model was employed to determine the possible geographic distribution in India under the current climate. The model-predicted suitable areas for D. dipsaci are distributed in the parts of Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand states, and the Jammu and Kashmir union territory in northern India, besides Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh and a few parts of Manipur in the northeastern region. Among the bioclimatic variables, annual mean temperature (Bio1) and precipitation seasonality (Bio15) have more influence on the geographic suitability of D. dipsaci.
Distribution, Ditylenchus dipsaci, MaxEnt modelling, prediction
Nematicidal Evaluation of Secondary Metabolites from Bacillus aryabhattai against Reniform Nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis) using in vitro and in silico Approaches
Reniform nematode, Rotylenchulus reniformis is an important nematode associated with castor which causes significant damage to the crop. Search for ecofriendly management options for this nematode resulted in the use of the rhizobacterium, Bacillus aryabhattai as an effective bioagent. In this study, the nematicidal efficacy of crude metabolites of B. aryabhattai was evaluated against the reniform nematode, R. reniformis pre-adult stage in vitro. Nematodes treated with different concentrations of the crude extract of the bacteria were observed at 24, 48, and 72 hrs post-inoculation. The results indicated that a 50% concentration of the crude metabolites was highly effective against the nematodes, with the LC50 of 84.1 mg/ml. The effective metabolite compounds of the bacteria identified through GC-MS analysis viz., 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol, Docosane, Tetradecanoic acid, Heneicosane, and Tetradecane were docked in silico with the GHF5 (Cellulase) of R. reniformis and based on the binding energy, 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol was found to be highly effective on the target protein of the nematode. In vitro evaluation of 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol against R. reniformis revealed that a 5% concentration of the compound exhibited 93.75 per cent mortality of the nematodes. The insights into ligand-target protein interactions described in this study will aid in the rational selection of bacterial biomolecules for the development of commercially viable bionematicidal products.
Bacillus aryabhattai, 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol, metabolites, nematicidal activity
Identification of Resistant Genotype(s) of Cherry Tomato against Root-knot Nematode under Controlled Epiphytotic Conditions
Root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita is a major problem in cherry tomatoes, that is very prominent in protected cultivation. Sixty-three cherry tomato genotypes were screened in pots under protected conditions to identify resistant genotypes against root-knot nematode along with resistant and susceptible checks. The experiment took place at Vegetable Research Farm, PAU, Ludhiana during 2021–2022 and 2022–2023. The genotypes, grown in the pots, were inoculated with second-stage juveniles of root-knot nematode; a similar set of genotypes was grown in pots with uninoculated soil. The plants were allowed to grow for 90 days and then uprooted to study the root characters, symptoms and comparison. The genotypes PCT-42, PCT-13 and PCT-27 exhibited the resistant reaction (Resistant reaction-2) and showed less development of root-knots in inoculated pots. Genotypes PCT-12, PCT-18, PCT-21, PCT-25, PCT-33, PCT-34, PCT-35, PCT-46, PCT-47, PCT-49 and PCT-59 exhibited a moderately resistant reaction (Resistant reaction-3) against root-knot nematodes. While comparing healthy and infected plants, it was found that the infected plants exhibited retarded growth, shorter root length and lower root weight. The average height difference between infected and healthy plants was 6.90 cm, with a maximum variation of 39.18 cm. Additionally, the average differences in root weight and root length were 1.25 g and 2.36 cm, respectively. This understanding enhances our comprehension of how cherry tomatoes respond to root-knot nematodes. The identified resistant genotypes can be utilized in future breeding efforts to introduce resistance into desirable varieties.
Meloidogyne incognita, resistance, screening, Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme
Diversity and Distribution of Soil and Plant Nematodes in Mizoram, India
This study aimed to investigate the nematode diversity in various cropping systems across five districts (Aizawl, Kolasib, Mamit, Serchhip and Champhai) of Mizoram, India. The study revealed the presence of 11 nematode orders, encompassing 35 families and 70 genera. Among the 70 genera, 14 belong to the order Tylenchida, 2 to Aphelenchida, 26 to Dorylaimida, 1 to Mononchida, 15 to Rhabditida, 3 to Araeolaimida, 1 to Monhysterida, 4 to Triplonchida, 2 to Enoplida, 2 to Plectida, and 1 to Isolaimiida. Important plant parasitic nematode (PPN) genera included Meloidogyne (M. incognita, M. javanica), Pratylenchus (P. coffeae, P. zeae), Rotylenchulus (R. reniformis), Hirschmanniella (H. oryzae, H. mucronata), Tylenchorhynchus (T. mashhoodi), Helicotylenchus (H. dihystera, H. multicinctus), Hoplolaimus (H. indicus), Criconemoides, Hemicriconemoides, Xiphinema, and Longidorus. The distribution of economically important PPNs was visualized using a thematic spatial distribution map along with the population density of nematode abundance. Our study demonstrates that root-knot nematodes could be a potential threat to the vegetable cropping system in Mizoram. To our knowledge, this study will generate baseline information on economically important PPNs, which could help assess biological soil health scenarios, and identify the likely risk of growing crops in the area.
Abundance, identification, mapping, nematofauna, taxonomy, tropic group
Impact of Root-knot Nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) and Mungbean Yellow Mosaic Virus on Nutrient Content of Mungbean Seed
Mungbean (Vigna radiata) is a leguminous crop with considerable significance for its rich nutritional profile. Nevertheless, it faces susceptibility to various diseases and pests, among them the root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) and the mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) exert substantial adverse effects on yield and quality. This study endeavours to delve into the impact of biotic stresses induced by the root parasite, M. incognita at inoculum levels of 1 to 4 J2/cc soil, and MYMV infection on the nutritional composition of mungbean seeds. Findings indicate a significant reduction in nutritional components when infested by M. incognita @ 1–4 J2/cc soil, with crude protein decreasing by 20.37 per cent, lipids by 8.44 per cent, carbohydrates by 9.83 per cent, and various minerals such as calcium and iron by over 30 per cent. MYMV infection had a lesser, yet considerable impact, reducing crude protein by 6.93 per cent and other nutrients such as iron by 25.42 per cent and sodium by 6.48 per cent. Combined infections exacerbated nutrient loss, with crude protein dropping by 32.39 per cent and calcium by 35.92 per cent. These findings underscore the importance of integrated pest management strategies in maintaining the nutritional quality of mungbean crops. Nematode control measures of the mungbean not only mitigate losses attributable to nematodes but also partially alleviate crop losses arising from MYMV, thereby retention of nutritional value of seeds.
Mungbean, nutritional content, root-knot nematode, Vigna radiata, yellow mosaic virus
Effect of Soil Solarization alone and in Combination with Carbofuran on Meloidogyne graminicola and Rice Yield
A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of soil solarization on rice root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne graminicola in rice during kharif seasons, 2016–2020. The experiment was laid out in a paired plot with two treatments viz., soil solarization of the nursery beds area after applying light irrigation covered with 25 μm transparent polythene sheet for 15 days during months of May-June followed by carbofuran 3G as soil application @ 1 kg a.i./ha at 45 days after transplanting (DAT), and untreated check during the first two years i.e., 2016 and 2017. Results revealed that soil solarization in combination with carbofuran significantly reduced the final nematode population (84.3%) and increased the yield to an extent of 13.8 per cent over untreated check. During 2018–2020, treatments were - soil solarization of the nursery beds area after applying light irrigation covered with 25 μm transparent polythene sheet for 15 days during the months of May-June, and untreated check. Soil solarization in the nursery area significantly reduced the final nematode population (62.6%) and increased the yield by 17.2 per cent over the untreated check. It was also observed that a transparent polythene sheet raises the soil temperature by 7°C and reaches up to 40–49°C in the upper 15 cm of soil profile.
Meloidogyne graminicola, plant parasitic nematodes, rice, soil solarization
Search for Resistant Genotypes of Rice and an Organic Approach for Managing Meloidogyne graminicola
A total of 57 rice genotypes from Assam and adjoining states (3 from Sikkim, 5 from Mizoram, 14 from Arunachal Pradesh, and 35 from Assam) were screened for their resistance against Meloidogyne graminicola under controlled conditions. All 57 rice varieties were found to be susceptible to M. graminicola. A field study on the management of M. graminicola using organic resources revealed that combination of agricultural lime @ 10 kg/ha + FYM @ 1 t/ha + wood ash @ 2 kg/ha in two split doses viz., half as basal application and another half at 45 days after sowing exhibited better result in reducing the M. graminicola population is soil (34.57% reduction over control) as well as in root (43.2% reduction over control). This treatment exhibited the highest per cent increase in yield (44.57% increase over control) as well as other yield-attributing characters. However, the recommended check (application of Pseudomonas fluorescens @ 20 g/m2 at sowing) recorded the best result in reducing the population of M. graminicola, both in soil (34.94%) and roots (50%).
Farmyard manure, Meloidogyne graminicola, organic amendments, Pseudomonas fluorescens, resistant variety, rice, wood ash
Nematicidal Activity of Native Bacillus subtilis Against Reniform Nematode, Rotylenchulus reniformis Infesting Castor
Castor (Ricinus communis L.) is one of the important non-edible oilseed crops infected by Rotylenchulus reniformis all over the world. The control of this nematode primarily relies on the chemical nematicides. With the growing concern of environmental safety, bio-management of nematodes has been gaining importance in recent years. In the present study, the effect of five indigenous Bacillus isolates was evaluated for their ability to control reniform nematode, Rotylenchulus reniformis population, and to improve the growth of the castor. Among the different isolates tested (BG31, BG37, BG42, BG57 and BG66), B. subtilis BG42 effectively suppressed egg hatching (96.2%) and induced maximum mortality of R. reniformis (77.8%) at 30% concentration. In pot trials, all the Bacillus species significantly reduced the root and soil population of nematode over untreated control. A minimum nematode root population of 23.7 females + 21.7 egg masses/g root was observed in the B. subtilis BG42-treated roots, while in untreated control it was 86.7 females + 66 egg masses/g root; soil population was also least (45/200 cc) compared to 253/200 cc soil in the untreated control. B. subtilis BG42 also significantly improved plant growth parameters over other isolates and untreated control. In field studies also carried out for two seasons, B. subtilis BG42 induced maximum plant growth characteristics and maximum reduction in nematode population. The highest yield of 912.3 kg/ha was recorded with the same isolate.
Bacillus subtilis, nematicidal activity, Ricinus communis, Rotylenchulus reniformis
Effective Management of Root Grub (Leucopholis coneophora Burmeister) in Arecanut Using Inundative Soil Application of Entomopathogenic Nematodes
Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) from the families Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae offer effective biological control of several soil insect pests as a biological component of the Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programmes. This study evaluated the field efficacy of inundative applications of Steinernema carpocapsae against Leucopholis coneophora, in root grubinfested arecanut gardens of Bare village in Kasaragod district of Kerala, India. Biannual applications of S. carpocapsae at 2×106 infective juveniles (IJs) per palm over three years (2015–2016 to 2017–2018) significantly reduced mean root grub populations from 7.22 to 2.19 larvae per palm, while arecanut yield increased by an average of 122.43 per cent in the nematode-treated plots compared to the control (farmer’s practice). EPNs were re-isolated from 42.5 per cent of treated soil samples, indicating successful nematode establishment and recycling. These results suggest that native strains of S. carpocapsae are effective components of IPM strategies for long-term insect suppression.
Arecanut, entomopathogenic nematodes, integrated pest management, Leucopholis coneophora, root grub, soil pest control, Steinernema carpocapsae
Evaluation of the Peptides Derived from CED-4 Protein of Caenorhabditis elegans on Root-knot Nematode, Meloidogyne incognita
Root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, is one of the most damaging plant parasitic pathogens in horticultural and agricultural crops. The present study is based on a novel synergistic combination of peptides derived from CED-4 protein demonstrating promising nematicidal activity against M. incognita. In laboratory studies, second-stage juveniles (J2) of M. incognita were directly exposed to peptides 3 and 12 at concentrations of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, and 0.8 mg/ml, respectively for the individual and combined peptides in the ratio of 1:1. It was revealed that 0.6 mg/ml and higher doses were more efficient at limiting the survival of root-knot nematode J2. However, combining peptides in a 1:1 ratio was more effective against M. incognita. Maximum J2 mortality of 89 and 94.4 per cent was observed at 0.7 and 0.8 mg/ml after 24 hrs of exposure, with an LC50 value of 0.38 mg/ml in the combined peptides. Likewise, the in vitro assessment of peptides against egg hatching of M. incognita was also evaluated. A gradual decrease in the rate of egg hatching of M. incognita with an increase in the concentration of peptides was observed. The combined peptides reduced egg hatching to the highest levels of 0.7 mg and 0.8 mg/ml (74.58 and 76.14%), respectively, after seven days of washing of the egg masses in sterile distilled water. The findings indicate root-knot nematode juvenile mortality by different peptide concentrations, whether used alone or in combination of 1:1, and egg hatching was also hindered. Information derived from the current study suggests that the new molecules of peptides derived from the cell death protein 4 (CED-4) of C. elegans can be used for the management of M. incognita and could be a worthy alternative to synthetic nematicides.
Biological control, C. elegans, CED-4 protein, mortality, peptides, root-knot nematode
Diversity of Meloidogyne spp. in Nepalese Vegetable Cultivation, with Notes on their Economic Importance
Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) are significant plant parasitic nematodes that impact the quantity and quality of numerous annual and perennial crops throughout the tropics and subtropics. The main goal of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and species diversity of RKNs in Nepal utilizing both morphological and molecular analysis. The samples were collected from vegetable growing areas of six districts of Nepal namely, Kathmandu, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur and Kavrepalanchok in the mid-hills, and Sunsari and Morang in the plains. Our results showed that the overall prevalence of RKNs was 75 per cent. The most prevalent Meloidogyne sp. found in both the regions was M. incognita, followed by M. javanica. This study presents compelling evidence of the significant prevalence and frequency of Meloidogyne spp. in Nepal, underscoring the urgent need to adopt effective management practices for these nematodes.
Diversity, molecular characterization, morphological characterization, root-knot nematode
New Record of Steinernema siamkayai (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) from Kerala, India
Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) with their specific endosymbionts are effective against soil-borne pests and are widely utilized as popular bio-control agents. In the last decade, many new species and new reports have been recorded from the Indian subcontinent. Indigenous isolates are well-adapted to the local climate and prove to be more efficient against local insect pests. In our study, a random survey was conducted in Uchakkada, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, to detect the occurrence of EPNs. One sample from a cassava field tested positive for the presence of EPNs, and the EPN was designated as CTCRIS1. Based on the morphology and molecular sequencing of ITS region, the isolate CTCRIS1 was identified as Steinernema siamkayai. The DNA sequence of S. siamkayai CTCRIS1 has been deposited in the NCBI database under the accession number MN583000. This is the new distributional record of Steinernema siamkayai from cassava field in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala.
Biological control, endosymbiont, entomopathogenic nematodes, molecular characterization, morphological characterization
Organic Approach of Managing Root-knot Nematode, Meloidogyne incognita in Tomato Nursery under Field conditions
The experiment was conducted for the management of root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita infesting tomato nursery with different organic amendments viz., castor cake, groundnut cake, jatropha cake, pongamia cake, neem cake, and farmyard manure (FYM) under field conditions. During two years (2021–2022 and 2022–2023) of field trials in tomato nursery, the highest seed germination was recorded in FYM @ 2.5 tons/ha (91.6%) and the least in the case of pongamia cake @ 2 tons/ha (88.1%). Lowest nematode population (142.9 J2/200 cc soil) was found in the treatment neem cake @ 2 tons/ha as compared to untreated check (348.1 J2/200 cc soil). The same trend was observed for the number of eggs per egg mass, root-knot index, and nematode population in the root system over untreated check; neem cake @ 2 tons/ha showed superior results in this case also. The lowest reproduction factor was recorded in the treatment where neem cake @ 2 tons/ha (21.1 and 23.4 during 2021–2022 and 2022–2023, respectively) was applied, followed by carbofuran 3G @ 2 kg a.i./ha.
Meloidogyne incognita, neem cake, organic amendments, tomato nursery
News, obituary, manuscript submission guidelines, contents etc.
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Molecular Pathways Involved in the Interaction of Rice Plants with Rice Root-knot Nematode Meloidogyne graminicola
The search for newer methods to counter the menace of rice root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne graminicola, has been enhanced by the use of molecular tools and methods. Root-knot nematode resistance in rice is thought to be governed by a complex interplay of jasmonate, salicylic acid, ethylene and other hormone pathways. In addition, the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway, diterpenoid biosynthesis pathway and flavonoid synthesis pathway are also involved through the production of diverse secondary metabolites that deter nematode infections. In spite of the plant responses, the nematodes manage to establish a successful infection in the susceptible host plants by manipulating plant immune responses. In order to engineer nematode resistance in plants, it is critical to understand key genes and pathways modulating resistance to nematodes, and also the ones that are manipulated by the nematode effectors to establish infection. The information on molecular mechanisms of nematode infection generated from other plant-nematode systems may also be verified in the rice plants and may be used to develop new nematode management strategies.
Meloidogyne graminicola, omics, pathways, resistance, rice, root-knot nematode, susceptibility
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Community Analysis of Nematodes Infecting Guava and Mango at IARI and the First Report of Citrus Nematode from Guava Orchard
The present studies were undertaken with the objectives of recording the diversity of plant parasitic nematodes in the rhizosphere of the mango and guava at IARI farm. Seven species of plant parasitic nematodes were found in mango and guava orchard. These were Helicotylenchus indicus, Hemicriconemoides strictathecatus, Rotylenchulus reniformis, Hoplolaimus indicus, Mesocriconema sphaerocephala, Tylenchorhynchus mashhoodi and Tylenchulus semipenetrans. Amongst the plant parasitic nematodes in mango orchard H. strictathecatus was in high numbers followed by Helicotylenchus indicus. T. mashhoodi was in low numbers. M. sphaerocephala was recorded for the first time on guava and mango. In guava, Helicotylenchus indicus was having maximum density followed by H. strictathecatus and Hoplolaimus indicus. The identity of citrus nematode, Tylenchulus semipenetrans juvenile from the rhizosphere of guava was confirmed based on the ITS region.
Mango, guava, nematodes, community analysis
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EDITORIAL BOARD Editor-in-Chief : DR. GAUTAM CHAWLA Editor : DR. VISHAL S. SHOMVANSHI MEMBERS PROF. QAMARMAJEED, Sokoto, Nigeria PROF. H.S. GAUR, Meerut PROF. IRSHAD MAHMOOD, Aligarh DR. KEITH G. DAVIES, UK DR. RICHARD SIKORA, Germany DR. BYRON ADAMS, USA DR. R.K. KAUL, Jodhpur DR. SJ EAPEN, Calicut DR. M. NAGESH, Shimla DR. S.S. HUSAINI, Bangalore DR. ANJU VERMA, USA DR. S.B. SHARMA, Australia DR. ALY KHAN, Pakistan DR. A.U. SIDDIQUI, Udaipur DR. K.K. KAUSHAL, New Delhi DR. A.H. WANI, Jammu DR. B.A. PATEL, Anand DR. R.K. WALIA, New Delhi DR. N.K DHILLON, Ludhiana
Copyright (c) 2019 Indian Journal of Nematology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Host Race-Status of Pigeonpea Cyst Nematode, Heterodera cajani in India
Host race status of 11 populations of Heterodera cajani from eight states viz. Delhi, Haryana, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Telangana, Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh, was evaluated. Suitability of pigeon pea - Cajanus cajan (UPAAS 120), sunn hemp, Crotalaria juncea (Local), cluster bean - Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (HG-258), cowpea - Vigna unguiculata (Pusa komal), sesame - Sesamum indicum (TMV -7), green gram - Vigna radiata (Pusa 672), black gram - Vigna mungo (LBG 402) and soybean - Glycine max (JS 335) as a host for H. cajani populations was assessed. All populations multiplied on pigeon pea, sesame, cowpea, green gram, black gram and soybean. None multiplied on cluster bean and only one population from Bhiwani multiplied on crotalaria. Ten populations did not multiply on cluster bean and crotalaria and were designated as race 2 as per the race numbers designated by Siddiqui and Mahamood, 1993. Only Bhiwani population did not multiply on cluster bean thus constituting a separate race (designated as race 3). Race 1 multiplying on cluster bean, crotalaria and also sesame was not found in 11 populations of H. cajani studied.
Host races, Heterodera cajani, sesame, crotalaria, cluster bean
Diversity and Community Structure of Soil Nematodes Associated with Tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L.) from District Hapur (Uttar Pradesh)
Study was undertaken to explore diversity and community structure of soil nematodes associated with Tuberose in 2018. During the survey, collected 68 soil samples from different localities of five villages in each of Hapur, Garhmukteshwar and Dhaulana thesil of district Hapur (Uttar Pradesh). Different nematode genera and trophic groups were assessed in terms of absolute frequency, relative frequency, density, relative density, prominence value and relative prominence value. The analysis revealed the association of the nematode genera, among which eight belong to plant parasitic nematodes; five belong to predaceous nematodes and four to bacteriovorus nematodes. Results showed that Pratylenchus sp. was more frequent, while Meloidogyne incognita was the most abundant and prominent nematode in the community. All the predatory and bacteriovorus nematodes found are the reports first time from this crop as well as regions. This study indicated that a great diversity of nematode fauna are still unexplored and there is an urgent need to explore diversity of both beneficial as well as harmful nematodes in tuberose ecosystem.
Diversity, community analysis, nematodes , tuberose, Hapur
Antibiosis and Egg Parasitization in Root-Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne incognita by Indigenous Isolates of Trichoderma harzianum Rifai, 1969 in Relation to Chitinase and Protease Levels
Among the thirteen native isolates of Trichoderma harzianum of Indian Type Culture Collection (ITCC) screened against the plant-parasitic nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, using the cell free extracts (CFF), the average antibiosis effect was the highest in ITCC 6888 leading to 97.30% mortality in infective juveniles (J2) .The egg masses incubated in the CFF for 20 days caused 99.50% egg hatch inhibition, compared to control. The attachment of spores and mycelia increased with an increase in days of incubation. The isolate was found to produce 51.42 U/mL of chitinase and 4.27U/mL of protease. On comparing the thirteen isolates of the fungal species, it was found that a level greater than 29U/mL resulted in egg parasitization, irrespective of protease levels.
Trichoderma harzianum, antibiosis, egg hatch inhibition, chitinase, protease
EDITORIAL BOARD Editor-in-Chief : DR. PANKAJ Editor : DR. T.K. DUTIA MEMBERS PROF. QAMARMAJEED, Sokoto, Nigeria PROF. H.S. GAUR, Meerut PROF. IRSHAD MAHMOOD, Aligarh DR. KEITH G. DAVIES, UK DR. RICHARD SIKORA, Germany DR. BYRON ADAMS, USA DR. R.K. KAUL, Jodhpur DR. SJ EAPEN, Calicut DR.M. NAGESH, Shimla DR. S.S. HUSAINI, Bangalore DR. ANJU VERMA, USA DR. S.B. SHARMA, Australia DR. ALY KHAN, Pakistan DR. A.U. SIDDIQUI, Udaipur DR. K.K. KAUSHAL, New Delhi DR. A.H. WANI, Jammu DR. B.A. PATEL, Anand DR. R.K. WALIA, New Delhi DR. N.K DHILLON, Ludhiana
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