Indian Journal of Plant Genetic Resources
The Indian Journal of Plant Genetic Resources (IJPGR) is a highly focused journal devoted to research papers and review articles on all aspects of plant genetic resources (PGR). This includes plant exploration and germplasm collection, germplasm characterization and evaluation, genetic diversity studies, germplasm exchange and quarantine, germplasm conservation, policy and IPR issues related to genetic resources. Editorial Board
Indian Society of Plant Genetic Resources (ISPGR)
Authors are required to submite copyright certificate in original.
Correlation and Path Analysis for Seed Yield and Components Traits in Mothbean [Vigna aconitifolia (Jacq) Marechal] under Arid Environment
Among pulses, the mothbean is an important pulse crop of hot arid regions of India and adapts to extreme ecological niches, particularly extreme drought and hot climatic conditions. Being a pulse crop, it is a cheap source of vegetable protein for balancing the nutritional deficiency, most commonly cultivated on less productive soils, on which, financially less equipped, a great portion of people have been depending on their livelihood. A field experiment was conducted with 36 genotypes evaluated in a randomized block design, three replications during kharif 2020 at Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner, to study the correlation and path coefficient analysis for seed yield and its component traits. Each genotype was sown in double rows of 3-meter length and plant-to-plant distance at 12-15 cm. For each of the 26 traits studied, genotypes differed significantly. Seed yield per plant was positively correlated with agro-morphological characters such as number of pods per plant and harvest index, as well as physiological and seed characteristics such as chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, total chlorophyll content, relative water content, bulk density, and particle/true density. Days to maturity, pod length, biological yield per plant, harvest index, bulk density, particle density, seedling vigour index at 40°C, and seedling dry weight at 40°C had a positive direct effect on seed yield in mothbean. This suggests a strong hereditary link between seed yield and these traits, indicating that selection for these features may improve mothbean yield.
Arid environment, Correlation, Mothbean, Path analysis, Seed yield
Copyright (c) 2026 Indian Journal of Plant Genetic Resources https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Evaluation of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Germplasm for Heat Tolerance Using Germination Indices and Seedling Traits
Heat stress is a major constraint in barley production. In the present study, 92 genotypes of barley along with 8 checks were evaluated for heat tolerance at the seedling stage under in vitro conditions at three temperature regimes viz., 25°C (control), 30°C and 35°C. The genotypes were assessed for germination indices viz., germination percentage, speed of germination and seedling traits viz., root length, shoot length, seedling vigour index I and II. Tolerant genotypes exhibited higher germination percentage, root length, shoot length, seedling vigour index I and II at 30 and 35°C. Based on the hierarchical cluster analysis, nine heat-tolerant genotypes viz., BL 1515, BL 1729, BL 1780, BL 1784, BL 1786, BL 1792, BL 1794, BL 1797 and IBYT-E24 and three heat-sensitive genotypes viz.,BL 1723, IBON23 and IBYT-E15 were identified. These heat-tolerant genotypes can be used as potential donors for developing heat-tolerant barley varieties in future breeding programs.
Germination, Heat stress, Screening, Seedling vigour, Tolerant genotypes
Exploring Maize (Zea mays L.) Landraces: Characterizationfor Yield and Quality Traits to Foster Genetic Improvement
Maize (Zea mays L.) landraces, meticulously selected and preserved by farmers over generations, represent invaluable reservoirs of genetic diversity, providing enhanced adaptability, superior quality traits, and resilience against various stresses. This study harnessed the genetic potential of these traditional resources by collecting and evaluating 27 landraces, farmers' varieties, and cultivars from diverse agro-climatic regions. Key nutritional parameters, including protein, starch, and micronutrient content, as well as critical yieldrelated traits, were evaluated. The analysis revealed significant variation in grain colour, size, and nutritional composition, particularly for methionine, tryptophan, protein, starch, and β-carotene. Notable lines included HP Selection Kangra, Yellow op2 Composite, White op2 Composite, Kailer Solan, and Local 3, which exhibited superior levels of methionine (0.17%), tryptophan (0.052%), protein (11.95%), starch (69.62%), and β-carotene (6.24 ppm), respectively. Grain yield variability ranged from 0.42 to 4.78 t/ha, with significant differences observed in kernels per row (20–36) and thousand-kernel weight (139.80–359.83 g). Outstanding performers included JC 1455-1 for the highest grain yield (4.78 t/ha), Nadaun Selection for thousand-kernel weight (359.83 g), and JC 4 for kernels per row (36). These findings highlight the critical role of maize landraces as unique genetic resources for enhancing genetic diversity and trait improvement. The promising lines identified in this study offer a foundation for future genetic enhancement efforts, focusing on broadening the genetic base of maize and developing nutritionally enriched, high-yielding cultivars suited to diverse agro-ecologies.
Farmers' varieties, Maize landraces, Nutritional traits, Yield traits
180 proposals were received online for the consideration of registration of germplasm for unique/superior traits. The applications were thoroughly screened by the member-secretary, Plant Germplasm Registration Committee (PGRC), and 94 proposals complete in all respects were reviewed by the experts and were presented in the 50th meeting of the PGRC held in virtual mode on June 12, 2023. 67 proposals with unique/novel features belonging to 29 species were recommended for registration by PGRC. The information on registered germplasm is published to disseminate the information to respective crop breeders for utilization of these genetic stocks in their crop improvement programmes. Description of 34 out of the 67 recommended germplasm lines was published in IJPGR Vol 39 (Issue no. 1) 2026. Description of the remaining 33 germplasm lines is given.
A Review of Code Paroda: A Life in Service of Agricultural Science
Code Paroda, narrated by Dr Rajendra Singh Paroda to authors Sanjay Kumar and Arun Tiwari, is at once a personal memoir, an institutional history, and a sustained meditation on the purpose and practice of public agricultural science in India. Organised in four parts — “Making of the Man,” “At the Helm,” “Ascend,” and “Legacy” — the book covers, across 422 pages, a professional life that began in the agrarian landscape of Rajasthan in 1942 and has engaged with nearly every significant institution and policy development in Indian agricultural research across seven decades. It is a book that will reward readers at multiple levels: agricultural scientists and students will find in it both a career model and a map of the research ecosystem; historians of science and policy scholars will find rich primary material on institutional decision-making across a formative period; and general readers with an interest in India’s development trajectory will find it an illuminating account of how a postcolonial nation built, tested, and gradually transformed its scientific infrastructure for food and agriculture.
Ethnobotany of Job’s Tears (Coix lacryma-jobi L.): A Vanishing Minor Cereal Crop of NEH Region, India
Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi), a potential minor cereal crop cultivated primarily under shifting cultivation (Jhum) in northeastern hill region (NEH) of India. At the same time, a declining trend in crop cultivation has been observed over the years due to various reasons. Keeping this in view, an ethnobotanical study was conducted to document the traditional knowledge associated with Job’s tears and to understand the reasons for erosion from the area. Forty-five respondents belonging to twenty-six tribes of five states were interviewed during the study. Based on the information obtained, the crop is mainly grown to fulfill the basic requirements of food, fodder, medicine and various other purposes including local beverage. In addition to these, a local festival 'Mimkut' and folktale ‘the story of two brothers’ is also celebrated among the Kuki tribe. As per the information gathered during the survey, the cropped area and its diversity is declining rapidly due to changes in consumer preferences and land use patterns as well as the adoption of Christianity by the majority of the tribal communities.
Comparative Study of Sapota Varieties and Hybrids for Tolerance and Susceptibility against Seed Borer (Trymalitis margarias Meyrick)
The performance of 23 sapota varieties/hybrids was tested for their ability to withstand seed borer Trymalitis margarias Meyrick at Fruit Research Station, Navsari Agricultural University, Gandevi, Gujarat. The varietal deviation for five consecutive years (2015-16 to 2019-20) showed that Kirthibarthi had a higher fruit infestation of 7.47% than the standard check Kalipatti (6.89%), as well as being more sensitive to DHS-2 (6.58%), CO-2 (6.56%), and Cricket balls (5.89%). In contrast, Chala collection-1, Chala collection-3, Chala collection-2, Zumakhiya, CO-3 and CO-1, all exhibited infestation level less than 4%. Fruit damage intensity was highest during the initial phase of fruit harvesting in December, reaching 8.64, 7.94, and 7.67% in Kirthibarthi, Kalipatti, and CO-2, respectively. Nonetheless, DHS-2 (8.54%) and Cricket ball (6.97%) suffered the most damage in February during the middle phase of fruit harvesting. However, a non-significant correlation was revealed between seed morphology viz., length, width and thickness, as well as eight biochemical contents of the seed and pest infestation. Due to late flowering and ultimately fruiting initiation, escape-type resistance was seen in less damaged sapota varieties/hybrids.
Morphological DUS Characterization and Genetic Diversity Analysis of Maize (Zea mays L.) Inbred Lines under Waterlogging Conditions
A comprehensive study was undertaken to characterize 80 maize (Zea mays L.) inbred lines for 28 morphological DUS traits under waterlogging (WL) conditions. The descriptors included 20 visually assessed and 8 measurable characteristics. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) for measurable traits revealed highly significant differences among genotypes for all characters studied, indicating the presence of substantial genetic variability. Visually assessed DUS traits showed wide variation among lines for kernel shape, glume colour, and grain colour, except for grain type, since all entries belonged to the field corn group. Cluster analysis based on combined visual and measurable traits grouped the genotypes into two major clusters, indicating clear phenotypic diversity. When clustering was performed using measurable traits alone, SE 610, SE 601, SE 616, I 190 and I 202 formed a separate cluster, highlighting their distinct morphological expression. The combined assessment of qualitative and quantitative DUS descriptors proved efficient in differentiating maize inbred lines. The study provides valuable baseline information for varietal distinctiveness testing, genetic purity maintenance, and selection of potential parents in breeding programs aimed at improving waterlogging tolerance in maize.
Distinctiveness, Uniformity and Stability of Quantitative Characters of Traditional Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Cultivars of West Bengal
The traditional cultivars need to be collected conserved and should be characterized to identify the desirable characters to be used in rice improvement. In this piece of study, 38 traditional rice varieties had been characterized based 18 quantitative traits following the guideline as outlined by PPV&FRA (2007) for rice. Quantitative characters showed high significant variations among the cultivars. The cultivars were classified into different categories for each quantitative character. Many cultivars were identified with desirable trait(s). KNS-2-D-3-1, KNS-2-D-5-1, KNS-2-D-11, KNS-2-D-5 and Kataribhog had high yield potential with many other advantageous traits. This study will be beneficial for breeders for selection of desirable cultivars for specific trait, researchers for conservation of different cultivars for further utilization in rice improvement and protection under Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers Rights Act (2001) and for farmers to select the appropriate traditional cultivars that possess multiple desirable characters for cultivation. Based on this DUS characterization, 10 traditional cultivars, namely Biru, Lal Bhog, Desi Pizam, Dhariyal, Dungru, Gujri Nunia, Kaishali, Lal Khaiyam, Lal Manshra, Loha Swarna, Mala Sundari, Nageswari, Sugandhi Dhepi, Swet Nunia have been submitted to PPV&FRA for registration.
A total of 180 proposals were received online for the consideration of registration of germplasm for unique/superior traits. The applications were thoroughly screened by the member-secretary, Plant Germplasm Registration Committee (PGRC) and 94 proposals complete in all respects were reviewed by the experts and were presented in the 50th meeting of the PGRC held in virtual mode on June 12, 2023. 67 proposals with unique/novel features belonging to 29 species were recommended for registration by PGRC. The information on registered germplasm is published with the purpose to disseminate the information to respective crop breeders for utilization of these genetic stocks in their crop improvement programmes. Description of the 34 out of the 67 germplasm lines registered after recommendation by PGRC is given:
Fatty Acid Composition of Seeds of Three Native Garcinia Species from Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
Garcinia L. is a significant genus, comprising species revered for their edible fruits and exploited as sources of industrially valuable compounds. Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal have considerable diversity for the genus and a number of aspects are yet to be studied in most of the species. To understand the potential of native species of these islands, fatty acid composition of seed fat of three Garcinia species viz. G. kurzii Pierre, G. cowa Roxb. ex Choisy and G. dulcis (Roxb.) Kurz was determined using GC-MS-MS analysis. Results revealed that seeds of G. cowa and G. dulcis were rich in unsaturated fatty acids, while seeds of G. kurzii had higher saturated fatty acids. Oleic acid (44.24%) and Stearic acid (34.94%) were dominant in G. cowa, Oleic acid (39.82%) and Palmitic acid (33.48%) in G. dulcis, whereas Stearic acid (41.34%) and Oleic acid (23.27%) were major fatty acids in G. kurzii. Arachidic, Eicosenoic, Linoleic and Palmitoleic acid were also found in varied quantities. Thus, the present report opens up avenues for utilization of seeds of the studied species for different industrial purposes.
Garcinia cowa, Garcinia dulcis, Garcinia kurzii, GC-MS
Present status of Pubistylus andamanensis Thoth. in Andaman Islands and its IUCN Red List Assessment
The endemic genus Pubistylus Thoth. was first described from the Interview Island in the North Andamans. The genus is represented solely by the species, Pubistylus andamanensis Thoth. It was previously known by a few collections from the North Andaman and Little Andaman Islands. The present authors have recently recorded the species from the Middle Andaman Island, showing its range extension in the Andaman group of Islands up to the Middle Andamans. Considering the limited distribution in the new locality and the decline in previously recorded areas, the species has been assessed as Endangered by applying the IUCN Red List Category and Criteria. As part of the ongoing activities on ex-situ conservation of endemic plants, the species has been introduced in the Dhanikhari Botanical Garden cum Arboretum of Botanical Survey of India, Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
Conservation, Endemic Genus, Middle Andaman Island, Pubistylus, Range extension
Aroma and Agro-morphological Diversity in Traditional Rice (Oryza sativa) Germplasm from Eastern India
Traditional aromatic and quality rice (Oryza sativa L.)landraces from eastern India harbour valuable grain quality traits, yet their agromorphological diversity and fragrance genetics remain insufficiently characterized. This study evaluated 183 accessions from the Indian National GeneBank to characterize phenotypic variation and assess allelic diversity at the BADH2 fragrance locus. Twenty-two agro-morphological traits were recorded, aroma was assessed using the KOH test, and allele-specific PCR was employed to detect the 8-bp functional deletion in exon 7 of BADH2. The accessions exhibited wide phenotypic variation, particularly in grain length, grain width, kernel shape, and pigmentation traits. Aroma profiling classified 42% of accessions as strongly aromatic and 36% as moderately aromatic. Multiple-factor analysis and clustering showed weak state-wise structuring, indicating considerable overlap among accessions, likely reflecting historical seed exchange. Genotyping showed that 31% of accessions carried the homozygous aromatic allele; however, a substantial proportion of aromatic accessions lacked the deletion, suggesting that additional genetic factors may contribute to fragrance in this germplasm. These findings highlight the diversity of agro-morphological and aroma-related traits in eastern Indian rice and provide a useful baseline for future genetic studies and quality-oriented breeding programmes, as well as for the conservation and utilization of the aromatic landraces.
Aromatic rice, Agro-morphological diversity, BADH2 gene, Eastern India germplasm, Landraces
Morphological Diversity Analysis in Brinjal (Solanum melongena) Germplasm
An experiment was conducted at the Division of Vegetable Crops, ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, aimed to characterize 480 indigenous and exotic brinjal accessions received from the National Genebank, ICAR-NBPGR, New Delhi. A lot of variability was observed for agro-morphological traits recorded such as mean plant height (88.80 cm), plant spread (53.25 cm), number of primary branches 5.0, leaf length 19.26 cm, leaf width 13.03 cm, days to fifty per cent flowering 50.00, fruit length 11.18 cm, fruit breadth 4.83 cm, number of fruits per plant 14, average fruit weight 80.15 g, yield per plant 1.13 kg and 100 seed weight 0.5 g. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) indicated 100% of the total variation based on 12 phenotypic traits. There was a significant positive relationship found among the fruit characters. The majority of the characters studied had high PCV, GCV, heritability, and GAM levels. The brinjal accessions, such as EC316273-X, EC-396492, EC-467275, IC-0090851, IC-0090891-Z, IC-0090858, IC-0090898, EC-384615, IC-0090762, IC-0090774 and IC-090922-X had shown high variability for quantitative characters.
Brinjal, Correlation, Genetic advance, Genetic variation, Principal component analysis
Exploring Genetic Diversity and Yield-Contributing Traits in Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) using D² Statistics and Principal Component Analysis
Sorghum is a vital cereal crop with immense potential for grain and fodder, especially in semi-arid regions. This study evaluated the genetic diversity among 96 sorghum genotypes using Mahalanobis D² statistics and principal component analysis to identify key traits contributing to yield and other agronomic characteristics. The field experiment was conducted at the Millet breeding station, TNAU, Coimbatore, with two replications. The genotypes were grouped into 10 clusters, with distinct clusters showing unique trait combinations valuable for targeted breeding goals. For example, genotypes such as IS 28517, IS 29114, and TNSS 223 are ideal for biomass production because of their tall, late-maturing traits, whereas IS 10939 and AS 3883 are promising for high seed weight and high yield, respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA) identified traits such as leaf width, panicle weight, plant height, and flag leaf length as major contributors to genetic variability. The distribution of genotypes in the PCA biplot highlighted specific associations between yield-related traits and genotype groupings, offering insights for selecting parents for hybridization. This research provides valuable information for sorghum breeding programs aimed at enhancing productivity and resilience in dryland regions, thereby supporting food security and sustainable agriculture.
Sustainability Benefits Following the Adoption of Genetically Modified Crops in Canada
The adoption of genetically modified canola in 1995 in Western Canada was done to improve the control of weeds during crop production. Thirty years later, Western Canadian agriculture has witnessed a complete transformation, whereby the use of summerfallow as the leading form of weed control has virtually disappeared, to be replaced by continuous cropping, zero or minimum tillage land management practices. Of course there are trade-offs. The removal of tillage practices has increased soil moisture conservation and reduced soil erosion, but it has also resulted in an increase in herbicide applications. However, the environmental impact from the current suite of herbicides applied are considerably lower than previous ones, which often required soil incorporation instead of foliar application. All food production practices have impacts on the environment and biodiversity, however, the key is to identify best practices that contribute to increased production coupled with a lower environmental footprint. This article reviews the transition that Western Canadian agriculture has undergone over the past 30 years, highlighting the benefits for the environment and biodiversity.
Biodiversity, Genetically modified crops, Innovation, Regulation, Tillage
Deciphering Genetic Variability and Stability for Yield Improvement in Mungbean (Vigna radiata)
Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek] is an important short-duration and widely adaptable pulse crop known for its nutritional and soil-ameliorative properties. However, its productivity still lags due to photo- and thermo-period sensitivity, the seasonal specificity of the available cultivars, and susceptibility to a wide range of biotic and abiotic factors. Therefore, breeding for developing stable elite cultivars is urgently required to improve productivity. A total of 55 genotypes of mungbean, including released varieties and elite lines, were tested over a period of three years to identify the stable elite lines for high yield. A wide range of variability was recorded for seed yield per plant (SYP) and its key component traits. Based on correlation coefficient analysis, PL and NSP were found to be key components. The significant interaction of genotype × year indicated the crucial role of the environment on SYP. The correlation coefficient analysis revealed that pod length (PL) and number of seeds per pod (NSP) were key yield contributing traits. GGE biplot analysis demonstrated that five genotypes, i.e. G42 (BMS 19-3), G17 (Shikha), G49 (ML 134), G18 (TRAM-18), and G27 (BMS 18-4), were found most stable and high-yielding genotypes over the year. Further, the molecular characterisation of these selected genotypes with SSR and functional markers opens the scope for their effective utilization in the mungbean breeding programme
Adaptability, DNA fingerprinting, Functional markers, Greengram, G × E interaction, Promising genotypes, Stability, SSR
Preliminary characterization and assessment of wild Actinidia callosa var. strigillosa female accessions as potential genetic resources from North Sikkim, India
A preliminary morpho-biochemical characterisation of fruit sampled from 81 wild kiwifruit (Actinidia callosa var. strigillosa) female vines distributed across the Lachung and Lachen territorial regions of North Sikkim district of Sikkim in Northeast India during 2021- 2023 resulted in the identification of nine promising female accessions as potential genetic resources. Among these, SKNLC-18 and SKNLC-14 recorded the highest fruit weight, while SKNFF-05 and SKNLA-16 exhibited the highest vitamin C content, SKNLA-15 and SKNLC-16 resulted in the highest sugar: acid ratio, SKNZM-09 and SKNLC-10 produced the highest yield per vine, whereas SKNFF-07 exhibited greenish-yellow flesh colour. Sensory evaluation (9-point hedonic scale) of these nine superior accessions together revealed the highest overall acceptability in SKNLC-18 and SKNLA-16. The present preliminary assessment identified these nine accessions as promising plant genetic resources (PGRs) for breeding cold-hardy kiwifruit cultivars and expanding cultivation in the high-altitude Himalayan region.
Actinidia callosa var. strigillosa, Cold-hardy, Genetic resources, North Sikkim, Vitamin C
DUS Characterization of Dahlia (Dahlia variabilis L.)
Characterisation and evaluation of native germplasm are fundamental for facilitating genetic improvement, safeguarding varieties, and conserving biodiversity. In this study, thirty-two dahlia (Dahlia variabilis L.) genotypes were evaluated over two consecutive years (2022–23) and (2023–24) at the Regional Horticultural Research and Training Station (RHRTS) Dhaulakuan, Sirmour (H.P). Morphological characteristics (51) were used for the identification and grouping of dahlia genotypes. A set of 51 morphological traits was used to distinguish and classify the genotypes in line with the DUS (Distinctiveness, Uniformity, Stability) testing framework developed by RHRTS, Dhaulakuan, Sirmour, in collaboration with BCKV, Kalyani (West Bengal) funded by PPV & FRA, India. The DUS characteristic profile was developed for all 32 genotypes, enabling clear varietal grouping and identification.
Role of Macrosclereid Length in Seed Hardness and Dormancy in Vigna Species
Pulses are an important and affordable source of dietary protein, and the genus Vigna includes species with high agronomic and nutritional value. Seed dormancy, mainly controlled by seed coat hardness, is a key trait that affects germination, crop establishment, and management of genetic resources. In this study, we explored how macrosclereid length influences hard-seededness (Physical dormancy) in six Vigna species representing different levels of domestication: domesticated (V. mungo, V. radiata), semi-domesticated (V. stipulacea), and wild relatives (V. sublobata, V. silvestris, V. setulosa). We studied nineteen accessions for seed coat anatomy using a light microscope, and the data were analysed through ANOVA, Duncan’s test, and correlation analyses. We found a clear domestication-related pattern: domesticated species had smoother testa with shorter macrosclereids, wild species showed rough, thick-walled testa with longer macrosclereids, and the semi-domesticated species was intermediate. Macrosclereid length and seed hardness were negatively associated with germination. These results shed light on the structural basis of dormancy and provide guidance for germplasm conservation and breeding for improved seed permeability in Vigna.
Identification of Potential Bell Pepper Crosses with Improved Nutritional Traits Under Open Cultivation
A half diallel mating design was used to hybridize seven bell pepper inbred parental lines, yielding 21 F hybrids, excluding reciprocals. The generated F hybrids, parental lines, and commercial check hybrid were evaluated to investigate per se performance, combining 1 ability effects, and the magnitude of heterosis over the better-parent and commercial check for quality traits such as ascorbic acid, total carotenoid, and antioxidant traits, using a randomised complete block design with three replications. It was inferred that hybrids that were superior based on per se performance involved good specific combiners, and their crosses were heterotic over commercial check. The present study also concluded the non-additive gene action, governing the nutritional traits in bell pepper.
Genetic Variability, Character Association and Path Coefficient Analysis in Satputia (Luffa acutangula var. hermaphrodita)
A study was carried out to assess the genetic architecture of 36 genotypes of satputia. Fruit yield and fourteen yield contributing traits were recorded from five plants at random. The mean performances of 36 satputia genotypes for yield and its attributing traits showed wide variation. The difference between the genotypic and phenotypic correlation coefficients was narrow for various traits. This indicates lesser influence of the environment in the expression of these traits and the presence of a strong inherent association among the traits. High heritability (%) estimates coupled with high genetic gain (%) were observed for fruit yield per plant (88.27, 72.08), number of fruits per plant (87.83, 53.60), average fruit weight (87.17, 45.41), number of primary branches (91.25, 46.73) and fruit diameter (79.15, 43.13), indicated that these traits are under additive gene effects, hence are more reliable for effective selection. The highest positive significant direct effect on yield was recorded by fruit length, followed by number of clusters per plant, node number of the first hermaphrodite flower and number of fruits/plant at both genotypic and phenotypic levels. Therefore, direct selection for these traits would be worthwhile for the improvement of yield in satputia.
Study of Maternal Influence and Identification of Stable Donors for Grain Protein Content in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
An experiment was conducted during Kharif 2021 at Paddy Breeding Station (PBS), Coimbatore, Regional Research Station (RRS), Paiyur and Tamil Nadu Rice Research Institute (TRRI), Aduthurai and during Kharif 2022 at Paddy Breeding Station (PBS), Coimbatore to identify the stable donors and to determine the existence of maternal influence for grain protein content. The genetic diversity studies with a panel of 169 rice genotypes which included landraces and cultivated varieties revealed the significant variations for grain protein content in rice. The genotypes IG74, Gandhasala, Ponkambi samba, Purple puttu and Burma kavuni were found to be promising and stable genotypes with higher grain protein content (>10 %) across three locations. The genotypes IG74 and Gandhasala were found to be the best parents for breeding programme to enhance grain protein content together with grain yield. The maternal influence on grain protein content was observed which indicated that high protein donors could be recommended to be used as female parents.
Studies on Genetic Divergence in Tulsi (Ocimum basilicum) under Semi-Arid Conditions for the Development of Novel Cultivars
In the present investigation, 40 Tulsi (Ocimum basilicum) genotypes were grown in RBD in the Research Area of Medicinal, Aromatic and Potential Crops Section, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. The observations were recorded for 17 quantitative traits. All the genotypes were grouped into 10 different clusters, demonstrating the presence of genetic divergence among the genotypes studied. The maximum intra-cluster distance was recorded for cluster VII and maximum inter-cluster distance was recorded between cluster II and cluster X. Relative contribution of diverse traits towards genetic diversity analysis revealed that 1000 seed weight contributed maximum (41.41%) towards genetic divergence followed by number of spikes per plant (17.31%), fresh herbage yield per plant (13.46%) and oil content (10.77%). Based on the maximum mean performance for seed yield, number of primary branches, fresh as well as dry herbage yield, oil content and seed vigour index-I & II, the genotypes EC 338772, EC 388890 and IC 326732 may be exploited in the breeding program for the development of novel improved cultivars of Tulsi for higher oil content, seed yield, and other economic traits.
Chimeric Apple: A Study of Morphological and Biochemical Variations
Chimeras are generally derived from spontaneous bud sport mutations in plants whose tissues are made up of two or more types of cells with different genetic makeup. The apple, one of the most well-known fruits, is very prone to these spontaneous mutations or chimeras. In this study, we discovered a half-red and half-green colouring spontaneous apple chimera 'JCS' from the cultivar 'Royal Delicious' in the Kinnaur district of Himachal Pradesh, India. Apple chimera 'JCS' also showed variation in different morphological and biochemical characters as compared to its parent tree. Spontaneous chimeras with different colour combinations may attract consumers and also may be a vital resource for revealing molecular mechanisms, and might be employed in future apple breeding programmes.
Economic, Social, and Cultural Factors Influencing On-farm Mango (Mangifera indica) Diversity Conservation in Uttar Pradesh
This study examines the conservation practices employed by mango custodian farmers in Uttar Pradesh, specifically targeting those who cultivate a minimum of ten mango varieties in their orchards. Data were collected on various motivational factors (personal, social, economic, cultural, environmental and policy) influencing on-farm mango diversity conservation from 101 mango farmers in 23 districts of India. Results indicated that economic and personal incentives were the most driving factors for the farmers to conserve and maintain mango diversity. This research underscores the essential contribution of custodian farmers to the conservation of mango diversity and the necessity for supportive policies that acknowledge farmers' roles in these conservation initiatives. Comprehending these motivational factors enables stakeholders to formulate effective strategies for improving on-farm biodiversity conservation in mango cultivation regions of Uttar Pradesh.
UTR-181: A Fine Grain, Long Duration, Blast Resistant Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Culture Suitable for Irrigated Ecology of Andhra Pradesh
UTR-181 is a fine grain rice culture more suitable for irrigated ecology and being a long duration culture is further more appropriate for Single Cropped Areas of the Andhra Pradesh state. It is derived from a cross of NLR-34449/MTU-1010 through Pedigree method of breeding at A, Utukur, Kadapa. It recorded 10.1 % yield improvement over the check BPT-5204 and exhibited 21.2 % improvement over RGL 2537 in Station, Multilocation trials, minikit testing across the state of Andhra Pradesh. It has non-lodging nature, high yielding, nitrogen responsive, with medium green foliage, low shattering and exhibits complete exertion of panicle. It is also tolerant to leaf blast, neck blast in comparison with the popular check BPT-5204. This variety is having excellent cooking quality, intermediate amylose content and glycemic index. It also possesses essential grain characters like high head rice recovery (more than 65 %) with translucent grains to get premium market price.
Yellow Nana–A Dwarf Pomegranate (Punica granatum) Variety for Ornamental Purposes
The genus Punica to which pomegranate belongs also has a miniature pomegranate 'Nana', which produces orange red flowers with pink pigmentation in the new foliage and it is often used for decorative purposes. We developed a yellow variant of 'Nana' by introgressing the gene for yellow pigment from edible 'Kabul Yellow' variety. “Yellow Nana” was evaluated for 46 characters, including morphological and physico-chemical traits in comparison with Nana. The results showed the morphological similarity between 'Yellow Nana' and 'Nana' except for flower, fruit and aril colour. Most distinguishable characters of the 'Yellow Nana' are the dwarf plant stature (0.8 m), miniature leaves, profuse yellow flowers with white petals, small yellow fruits (9.45 g weight) with tiny light yellow highly acidic arils (5.19%) and hard seeds in comparison to 'Nana'. 'Yellow Nana' can grow as a new ornamental pomegranate variety as it is phenotypically similar to 'Nana' variety except for flower and foliage colour.
Genetic Variation and Elite Clone Selection in Gmelina arborea for Seed Source Development in Northeast India
Gmelina arborea Roxb., a fast-growing timber species of tropical Asian origin, holds significant potential for industrial plantations in Northeast India. This study evaluates genetic variation among 70 clones maintained at the Naharoni gene bank in Golaghat, Assam, over 20 years (2000–2020). Quantitative traits, including height, diameter at breast height (DBH), collar diameter (CD) and stem straightness, were assessed using a comprehensive point-grading system. Significant variation occurred across all traits (p<0.01), with coefficients of variation (CV) from 14.35% (CD) to 24.91% (straightness). Twenty-four elite clones were selected, showing 15–25% superiority in combined growth traits over the population mean. Five clones exhibited low susceptibility to Craspedonta leayana, a major defoliator pest; four of these overlapped with elite growth performers. Phenotypic (PCV) and genotypic (GCV) coefficients of variation yielded high broad-sense heritability (h² = 0.62–0.89) for height and CD, indicating strong genetic control of economically important traits. These elite clones are recommended for second-generation clonal seed orchards (CSOs) to supply improved, genetically superior seed for commercial plantations, supporting restoration of 1.2 million hectares of degraded lands in Northeast India.
Clonal seed orchard, Elite clone selection, Genetic variation, Germplasm conservation, Heritability, Point-grading, Pest resistance
Assessment of Antioxidant Activity and Quality Attributesin Indigenous Pran (Kashmiri Shallot) Genotypes
Pran is a condiment vegetable of the Kashmir region and belongs to family Alliaceae.Indigenous landraces of Alliums represent an important reservoir of nutritional and functional diversity; however, they remain poorly characterized in many mountain agroecosystems. Pran also known as Kashmiri shallot (Allium x cornutum clementii ex vis.), is widely cultivated for its distinctive pungency and culinary value, yet comprehensive information on its biochemical attributes is not available. The present study aimed to characterize the antioxidant potential, nutritional composition, and quality traits of indigenous Pran genotypes collected from diverse agro-ecological regions of Jammu and Kashmir. Thirty Pran genotypes along with a commercial check were evaluated for antioxidant activity (DPPH radical scavenging), vitamin C, total phenols, dry matter, total soluble solids (TSS), pyruvic acid, and total sugars. Significant genotypic variation (p≤0.05) was observed for all traits studied. Antioxidant activity ranged from 49.57 to 71.12%, vitamin C from 2.93 to 3.51 mg 100 g⁻¹, and total phenolics from 3.12 to 9.12 mg 100 g⁻¹. Dry matter and TSS varied from 13.20 to 23.89% and 9.79 to 22.14 °Brix, respectively. Pyruvic acid content ranged from 4.34 to 5.33%, while total sugars varied between 5.71 and 8.77%. Several genotypes exhibited superior performance across multiple biochemical and quality parameters, significantly outperforming the check. The pronounced biochemical diversity observed in Kashmiri Pran highlights its potential as a valuable genetic resource for nutritional improvement, the development of functional foods, and the sustainable utilisation of Pran germplasm. The identified elite genotypes may serve as promising candidates for breeding programmes and conservation initiatives in temperate and high-altitude regions
Antioxidant activity, Biochemical diversity, Indigenous germplasm, Pran