Established in 1965, Indian Journal of Poultry Science (IJPS), a leading peer-reviewed Indian journal in the field is an official publication of the Indian Poultry Science Association (IPSA), Izatnagar-243 122 (UP). The publication is aimed at providing access to academicians, researchers and industry professionals from across the globe to publish their work on all aspects of poultry science through research papers, short communications and review articles. The journal is published three times in a year as one volume in April, August, and December and circulated to IPSA members free of cost. Till date 58 volumes each with 3 issues have been published.
Evaluation of raw meat quality, textural and storage stability characteristics of northern hill chicken of India “Uttara” in comparison with Kadaknath
The study aimed to demonstrate meat quality characteristics of “Uttara” Indian chicken breed of northern Himalayan region. Uttara pure and cross bred with Rhode Island Red chicken (UPB and UCB) were subjected to analysis of cholesterol and fatty acid profile using breast muscle (Pectoralis major) in comparison to that of Kadaknath (K) chicken. Marinated chicken were analysed for cooking yield, texture profile analysis, microbial /oxidative stability and sensory characteristics. Omega-3 fatty acid C18: 3n6 (γ-linolenic acid) were found in muscle and edible offal of Uttara while textural characteristics represented higher chewiness, of UPB. Lower thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), with higher (P<0.05) 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) of UPB represented the higher antioxidant capacity of meat with lower (P<0.05) Total plate count (TPC) and Yeast and moulds (Y&M) count. Product from Uttara (UPB and UCB) were tender, flavour rich and revealed more (P<0.05) juiciness characteristics. Omega-3 fatty, higher chewiness, antioxidant capacity flavour and juiciness of Uttara chicken could influence consumption of this native breed in comparison to Kadaknath. It is recommended that meat of these native species could be incorporated and valued for nutritional benefits in food.
Indigenous chicken, Uttara chicken, Fatty acid, Texture profile, Antioxidant properties, Microbial quality, Sensory quality
Copyright (c) 2025 Indian Journal of Poultry Science
Phytogenic feed additives mitigate summer stress and improve performance, intestinal health, and antioxidant status in broiler chicken
This study evaluated the efficacy of three phytogenic feed additives (PFA) in mitigating summer stress and enhancing performance in broiler chickens. Two hundred and forty day-old male broiler chicks were randomly assigned to one of four dietary treatments with twelve replicates each (n=5 birds/replicate). The treatments consisted of: 1) a control diet (CD); 2) CD + PFA-I (clove and eucalyptus essential oils; 25g/100kg); 3) CD + PFA-II (a blend of oregano, cinnamon, citrus peel, and FOS; 10g/100kg); and 4) CD + PFA-III (amla and linseed powder; 10g/100kg). Birds were reared in battery brooders until day 42. Results indicated that PFA supplementation significantly (P<0.05) improved body weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared to the control. Morphological analysis revealed enhanced intestinal villi structure in PFA groups. Furthermore, PFAs positively modulated antioxidant status, evidenced by reduced lipid peroxidation (MDA levels). Serum biomarkers indicated reduced stress and improved health, with significant reductions in glucose, SGOT, SGPT, and corticosterone levels. Among the treatments, PFA-I (clove and eucalyptus essential oils) demonstrated the most pronounced beneficial effects across all measured parameters. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with phytogenics, particularly clove and eucalyptus essential oils, effectively alleviates summer stress and improves overall productivity and health in broiler chickens.
Broiler chickens, Phytogenic feed additives, Heat stress, Growth performance, Intestinal morphology, Antioxidant status
Effect of ghee residue supplementation on the performance of broiler chicken
Four hundred straight run ‘commercial day-old broiler chicks were equally and randomly distributed into four treatment groups which were subdivided into four replicates containing 25 chicks in each, reared on a deep litter system in pens up to 6 weeks of age. The dietary treatment groups were the control diet without ghee residue (T0), broiler ration containing ghee residue @ 2.5% (T1), broiler ration containing ghee residue @ 5% (T2), broiler ration containing ghee residue @ 7.5% (T3). All the diets were maintained isocaloric and isonitrogenous, with uniform standard managemental practices for all the groups.Significant (P<0.05) difference was found in live body weight, weight gain and cumulative weight gain, however, the ghee residue-supplemented group had significantly higher body weight when compared with the control group. Feed intake and feed efficiency were also found to be significant (P<0.05) in all the treatment groups. However, numerically improved feed efficiency was observed in ghee residue @ 5% (T2), followed by ghee residue @ 7.5% (T3).The maximum dressing yield was observed in ghee residue @ 5% (T2) (72.03±0.003), followed by ghee residue @ 7.5% (T3) (71.83±0.003) and lowest dressing yield i.e. 69.03±0.003% was found in the control group (T0). Economically, ghee residue @ 5% (T2) and ghee residue @ 7.5% (T3) groups have given higher profit as compared to other experimental and control groups. The average abdominal fat percentage was found to be highest in ghee residue @ 7.5% (T3) (2.10±0.003) whereas lowest in ghee residue @ 2.5% (T1) (1.37±0.003)..The average abdominal fat pad thickness found to be highest in ghee residue @ 7.5% (D) (0.70±0.003) whereas lowest in ghee residue @ 2.5% (T1) (0.37±0.003). In conclusion, broiler ration containing ghee residue @ 5% level improved body weight, weight gain, and feed efficiency without any adverse effect.
Effect of dietary rice husk as insoluble fiber on the production performance and egg quality in layers
The trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary rice husk as insoluble crude fiber on the performance and egg quality in layers. A total of 144 layers aged 25 weeks were divided into 4 groups, each of which had 6 repetitions with a total of 6 hens in each replicate. The dietary treatments were the control (T1) basal diet containing 6 % crude fiber (CF), the insoluble crud fiber enhanced using rice husk at 25%, 50%, or 75% above 6.0% for T2, T3, and T4, respectively. Productive performance was recorded for 10 weeks and egg quality was evaluated fortnightly. The birds fed rice husk (7.5, 9.0 or 10.5% CF) showed significantly lower feed consumption as compared to control. The egg production was lowered @ 1.38%, 2.84%, 4.81% in birds fed CF with rice husk at 7.5%, 9.0%, 10.5 %, respectively as compared to control. The hen house egg production (HHEP) / hen day egg production (HDEP) of the control and T2 groups are comparable. The birds fed with7.5% CF found non-significant FCR on egg number basis. However, the birds fed with 9.0 or10.5 % CF found poor FCR as compared to control. The percent weekly egg production, egg weight was reduced with increase in CF. The egg surface was decreased with increasing CF level. Body weight, shape index, haugh unit, albumen index, yolk index, yolk colour score, percent eggshell weight, egg shell thickness were not affected by higher insoluble CF levels. Economically birds fed with 25% CF got the highest profit per egg and cost of egg production reduced up to 3.8% over control. In conclusion, the 50% insoluble crude fiber over 6 % CF could be included in layers chicken diet, however, 25% insoluble CF is most economically beneficial compared to other rice husk groups.
Layer chicken, Insoluble crude fiber, Rice husk, Egg quality, Performance
Principal component analysis of morphological traits in Kadaknath chicken under intensive system in Himachal Pradesh
The present study aims to explore the relationship among morphological measurements in Kadaknath chicken and identifying the factors that determines body conformation through application of principal component analysis. Morphometric measurements viz. body weight, comb length, keel length, body length, back length, breast girth, radius ulna length, shank length, shank circumference, tail length and breast angle were recorded at 24 week of age. Mean for morphological parameters viz. 24 week body weight, comb length, keel length, body length, back length, breast girth, radius ulna length, shank length, shank circumference, tail length and breast angle were 1215.25 g, 3.11 cm, 10.97 cm, 33.0 cm, 18.33 cm, 28.30 cm, 8.44 cm, 8.57 cm, 3.89 cm, 15.5 cm and 55.57o respectively. Phenotypic correlation among traits were positive and significant and varied from 0.277 (back length and shank circumference) to 0.835 (body weight and breast girth). Among all the correlations, correlation of back length with other morphological measurement were observed to be lowest, while correlation of body weight with other morphological traits were found to be highest. Principal component analysis revealed two principal components and cumulatively accounted for 73.525% of the overall variability present in the parameters. The first principal component (PC1) explained greatest proportion of variance (63.816 %) and had high loading on keel length (0.879), breast girth (0.866), body weight (0.841), body length (0.819), tail length (0.683) and shank circumference (0.682). Whereas PC 2 explained only 9.708% of the total variance and showed high loading on back length (0.820), shank length (0.817) and radius ulna length (0.749). Therefore, principal component analysis is a useful method for evaluation that aids in lowering the number of traits required to define the body conformation in Kadaknath chicken.
Body measurement, Body weight, Kadaknath, Phenotypic correlation
Copyright (c) 2026 Indian Journal of Poultry Science
Duck farmer’s perception, constraints and expectation from research organization on duck rearing practices
A study was conducted with 167 numbers of duck farmers in respect to their liking for duck farming, constraints faced, preferred breed, best time to start duck farming and marketing etc.at Regional Station of ICAR-Directorate of Poultry Research, Bhubaneswar. Most of the farmers (38.92 %) informed that they are rearing duck for both egg and meat purpose followed by egg purpose (26.35 %) and profitable business (19.16 %). Preferred breed for duck farming is for Khaki Campbell followed by Desi duck and White Pekin. Best time they informed to start duck farming in a year is rainy season followed by other seasons. Though more than 50 % informed no problems in duck farming; however, some (17%) informed the mortality during brooding as a serious issue. Their most important expectation from the organization is availability of quality ducklings at the time of their need. Most of the farmers are disposing of their duck and egg either in the local market or to the local consumers at home, or to the local businessman. The study is able to record the different facets of duck farming as perceived by the farmers.
Constraints, Duck, Duck farming, Duck research, Farmer expectation
Cestodiasis in nomadic ducks: A study from the Cauvery delta, Tamil Nadu
Cestode infections pose a significant health concern in free-ranging and nomadic duck population, impacting both poultry health and poultry productivity. Over a six-months period, 12 deceased ducks from nomadic flocks were submitted to the Department of Veterinary Pathology, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Orathanadu, TANUVAS, for necropsy examination. Systematic necropsy revealed the presence of tapeworms in the intestines, which were collected and morphologically identified as Raillietina tetragona, Raillietina echinobothrida, Raillietina cesticillus, Amoebotaenia sphenoides, Choanotaenia infundibulum and Cotugnia digonopora. These tapeworms exhibited distinct morphological features, including armed rostellum, suckers in scolex and characteristic proglottids. The study highlights the occurence of cestodiasis in nomadic duck flocks and indicates the need for improved surveillance and control measures in free-ranging poultry systems.
Cestodiasis, Nomadic ducks, Raillietina, Amoebotaenia, Choanotaenia, Cotugnia
Influence of Guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) supplementation with low-energy diet on meat quality and carcass characteristics of broilers
The experiment was designed to study the effects of Guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) supplementation with a low-energy diet on meat quality in broilers. Energy is the primary limiting nutrient for growing chickens, particularly due to their rapid muscle growth and development. GAA improves the efficiency of energy use and storage in broilers, supporting their fast growth and muscle development, especially under conditions where dietary energy may be limiting. For this study, a total of 192 broiler (Vencobb 430) birds were reared for 42 days. A total of one-day-old straight-run chicks were randomly distributed into four groups, with each group consisting of four replicates of 12 chicks each. The first group was fed a basal diet, while the second group also received the basal diet along with supplementation of GAA at the rate of 600 g/ton of feed, while the third group birds were fed low-energy (100 kcal/kg ME less) diet and the fourth group birds were fed low-energy (100 kcal/kg ME less) diet along with supplementation of GAA at the rate of 600 g/ton of feed. Data on carcass traits and meat quality were analysed. Present experiment revealed no improvement in carcass traits viz. breast with bone, thigh, drumstick, back, neck, wing, abdominal fat, giblet of GAA-supplemented groups rather dressing yield was reduced significantly (P<0.05) compared to non-supplemented groups. Meat pH and cooking yield (%) were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in all treatment groups compared to the control group. In contrast, drip loss (%) and water-holding capacity (%) were not significantly influenced by GAA supplementation (P > 0.05). These findings suggest that under the conditions of this study, GAA supplementation at 600 g/ton may not confer benefits to carcass yield or meat quality in broilers, especially when used in low-energy diets. Further research may be needed to optimize dosage and evaluate long-term effects under varied nutritional and management conditions.
Broiler, Carcass traits, Drip loss, Guanidinoacetic acid (GAA), Meat quality
Effect of replacement of shell grit with stone grit on egg quality characteristics in Namakkal Gold Quail
A study was undertaken to evaluate the feasibility of using stone grit as an alternative calcium source in egg type Japanese quail diet. A biological trial was conducted by using 360 numbers of five week old female “TANUVAS Namakkal Gold quail” strain developed for egg production, divided into five dietary treatment groups, by replacing shell grit with 2 mm or 4 mm stone grit at 50 or 100 per cent levels in the diet. The study was conducted for 52 weeks, monitoring egg quality and calcium content in eggshell for every 28 days period. Both external and internal quality of the eggs was ascertained from 8 to 52 weeks of age, totally seven periods at 8, 12, 20, 28, 36, 44 and 52 weeks of age. Five eggs having the average egg weight without any shell defects from each replicate were selected for egg quality analysis. Partial (50 per cent) replacement with 2 mm stone grit resulted in significantly heavier eggs at 36 (P<0.05) and 52 (P<0.01) weeks of age, compared to control and other groups. Albumen quality (albumen index and Haugh unit) was significantly lower (P<0.01) in both 50 per cent replacement groups at 8, 28 and 36 weeks. Yolk quality (yolk index) was lower (P<0.01) in the 50 per cent replacement with 2 mm stone grit group at 20, 36, 44 and 52 weeks. Yolk color was significantly reduced (P<0.01) in the 50 per cent replacement with 4 mm stone grit group at 28, 36 and 44 weeks. Eggshell thickness and eggshell weight was significantly higher (P<0.01) in 50 per cent replacement with 2 mm stone grit fed group at 8 and 52 weeks of age. Eggshell calcium content and shape index were unaffected by treatments throughout the study period. However, all egg quality parameters were not significant for the overall study period, suggesting that both 2 mm and 4 mm stone grit can be safely included in the egg type quail ration without compromising the egg quality.
Stone grit, Japanese quail, Egg quality, Eggshell calcium
Effect of Lanthanum citrate supplementation on growth performance of broilers
The study examined the impact of adding Lanthanum citrate to broiler diets on growth performance. Three groups of broilers received different diets: group A received the control diet, group B received the control diet supplemented with Lanthanum citrate at 70 mg/kg, and group C received the control diet supplemented with Lanthanum citrate at 140 mg/kg. Various parameters including live weight, weight gain, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, mortality and European production efficiency factor were assessed. The results revealed that adding 70 mg/kg of Lanthanum citrate significantly (P < 0.01) improved live body weight and weight gain compared to both the control group and group C. While average feed consumption was similar across all groups, the feed conversion ratio was notably better in the broilers supplemented with 70 mg/kg of Lanthanum citrate. Mortality rates remained within acceptable limits (3-5%) for all groups, indicating no adverse effects on bird health. Birds receiving a 70 mg/kg dietary supplement of lanthanum citrate had the highest European production efficiency factor, indicating improved overall performance. In conclusion, supplementing broiler diets with Lanthanum citrate at 70 mg/kg resulted in improved growth performance. This suggests that Lanthanum citrate may be a promising feed additive for enhancing broiler production.
Lanthanum citrate, Growth performance, Broilers
Application of edible film and coating incorporated with Syzygium aromaticum essential oil for quality enhancement of chicken patties
In the present study, the effect of edible film and coating of starch and carboxy methyl cellulose incorporated with clove essential oil on the quality of chicken patties was evaluated. A total of two treatments were prepared, viz. Control: chicken patties without any edible film or coating; T1: chicken patties coated with edible coating of 0.5% carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and 2.5% starch incorporated with 0.5% clove essential oil; T2: chicken patties coated with edible film of 0.5% carboxymethyl cellulose and 2.5% starch incorporated with 0.5% clove essential oil. The developed film was characterized in terms of thickness, moisture content (%), film solubility (%), elongation at break (%), and pH. The chicken patties were covered in edible coating and film, and evaluated for quality parameters at five-day intervals at 4±1 °C. The results indicated that the treatments (T1 and T2) significantly enhanced (P<0.05) the quality and safety parameters compared to the control. Among them, T1 demonstrated superior results for most quality parameters. Furthermore, both T1 and T2 extended the product's shelf life to 15 days, whereas the control samples spoiled by the 10th day of storage.
Edible coating, Edible Film, Clove essential oil, Natural preservation
Genetic parameters and variance components for juvenile growth parameters in Dahlem Red chicken using REML -Animal model
This study aimed to estimation of variance, covariance components and genetic parameters influencing growth traits of Dahlem Red chicken at ICAR-DPR. The recent three generations data were used for estimation of genetic factors using REML animal model and assessing variance components. At 4 and 6 weeks of age, juvenile body weight (BW) and shank length (SL) were significantly impacted (P≤0.01) by both generation and hatch. At 4 weeks of age mean BW was 179.49±0.52, and at 6 weeks, it was 321.31±0.83g. At 4 and 6 weeks of age, mean SLs were 45.12±0.05 and 56.65±0.06 mm, respectively. Maternal effects were observed on juvenile growth traits. Model 4, which incorporated additive, maternal permanent environmental, and residual effects provided the best fit for BW6 and SL6. Heritability estimates derived from the optimal model were 0.31 ± 0.05 (BW4), 0.27±0.03 (BW6), 0.32±0.05 (SL4) and 0.27±0.03 (SL6). Correlation among the juvenile bodyweights was positive in direction and high in magnitude. The juvenile BW showed a significant magnitude and positive direction of correlation. At different ages, a desirable positive relationship among juvenile traits was noted. The study concluded that the population harbours optimum variability with reasonable heritability estimates for growth traits.
REML Animal model, Dahlem Red Chicken, Variance components, Heritability, Correlation
Effect of Vitamin E and Zinc supplementation on the growth performance, immunity, serum biochemistry and antioxidant profile of broiler chicken under heat stress
A six-week feeding trial was carried out to evaluate the effects of dietary vitamin E and zinc on growth performance, immune response, and serum biochemical profile in broiler chickens. A total of 360 mixed-sex day-old chicks were randomly assigned to nine dietary treatments in a 3×3 factorial design, with three levels of vitamin E (50, 100, and 150 IU/kg diet) and three levels of zinc (40, 80, and 120 mg Zn/kg diet). Each treatment had five replicates of eight birds each. Birds were reared under ad libitum feeding and watering conditions, and body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were recorded across starter (0–3 weeks) and finisher (4–6 weeks) phases. Results indicated that birds supplemented with 100 IU/kg vitamin E and 80 mg Zn/kg diet exhibited significantly higher BWG and better feed efficiency. FI was higher at 50 IU/kg vitamin E with 40 mg Zn/kg diet, whereas FCR improved with 150 IU/kg vitamin E and 120 mg Zn/kg diet. Significantly (p≤0.05) higher serum total protein was observed at 150 IU/kg vitamin E with 40 mg Zn/kg diet compared to 150 IU/kg vitamin E with 120 mg Zn/kg diet and 50 IU/kg vitamin E with 40 mg Zn/kg diet. Serum triglycerides was significantly higher at 50 IU/kg vitamin E than those recorded at other levels. Immune responses were significantly enhanced at 100 IU/kg vitamin E with 80 mg Zn/kg diet. Spleen weight was significantly affected by dietary treatments, but thymus and bursa weights remained unaffected. The study concluded that supplementation of 100 IU/kg vitamin E with 80 mg Zn/kg diet is optimal for improving growth performance, immune response, and feed efficiency in broiler chickens under heat-stressed conditions.
Broiler chickens, Vitamin E, Zinc, Growth performance, Immune response, Feed efficiency
Principal component analysis of growth traits in Aseel native chicken
Aseel is a well-recognised native chicken breed, known for its endurance, fighting skills, majestic gait and higher tolerance for heat and stress conditions etc., and is being used for development of superior crosses for backyard poultry farming. This study investigated relationship between earlier body weights with the subsequent weights until the market age, i.e., 20-week. Records of chick weight (n=620) and weights at bi-weekly intervals (n=1070) were analysed for Principal Component Analysis (PCA) using IBM-SPSS version 26. All the coefficients were significant (p≤0.01) and positive, indicating that trait has good predictability, which could be useful in chalking out of selection and improvement programs. Low to moderate correlations were estimated between juvenile body weights with weight at marketable age (0.10-0.55) while the correlations were higher (0.63 - 0.95) thereafter. Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sample adequacy and Bartlett’s test of sphericity and communality at different ages were also calculated, which revealed adequacy of samples for PCA. The selected two components collectively explain the 79.46% of total variability present in the dataset. The first component explained 66.51% variability while the second component accounts for 12.94% variability. It was concluded that PCA is an excellent tool for reducing the recording of number of traits or dimension of the original data. Further, the extracted principal components were useful in prediction of body weight at market age in Aseel native chicken
Aseel Chicken, Bartlett’s Test, Body weight, Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Test, PCA
Comparison of the Transcriptomic studies in indigenous chicken versus IBL-80 broiler chicken
Indigenous chicken breeds have played a vital role in contributing towards nutritional security and economic assistance to the rural people in the nation. These birds are well adapted to the local environment and possesses resistance to a number of diseases. However, they lack performance in terms of growth characteristics for which they are not prefered for raising in commercial broiler farming. A study was conducted to compare lung and trachea tissue transcriptomic analysis data for three groups of chickens namely Aseel, Punjab Brown, and IBL80 commercial broiler. RNA-sequencing results provided 5,282 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Out of the total DEGs, 1478 from Aseel, were up-regulated and 930 were down-regulated. 1872 DEGs belonged to Punjab Brown in which 697 were up-regulated and 1175 down-regulated and IBL-80 exhibited 1931 DEGs but 714 were upregulated and 1217 downregulated. Interestingly, all three chicken groups revealed more downregulated DEGs. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis led to most of the comparable terms among the chicken groups. The count of genes related to innate immunity were greater in Aseel compared to Punjab Brown and commercial broiler. The majority of genes were chemokines or chemokine receptors. Aseel exhibited relatively higher count of chemokines and chemokines receptor-related genes compared to Punjab Brown, and IBL-80 commercial broiler.
Aseel, Commercial broiler, Differentially expressed gene, Pathway analysis, Punjab Brown, Transcriptome
Microclimate modification in broiler chicken during hot-dry summer: effect on growth performance, carcass traits and cost economics
The present work investigated the effect of microclimate modification on growth, carcass traits, and cost economics of broiler chicken during hot-dry summer. One-day-old, 160 chicks (Vencobb 400) were randomly distributed into four equal groups each having four replicates (10 birds in each). Control group (T0) birds were kept under a metal sheet roofed shed without any modification, while modified sheds had a false ceiling of paddy straw thatch (T1), sprinklers above the roof (T2), and foggers under the roof (T3). The mean air temperature and temperature humidity index (THI) were lower (p<0.05) inside the sheds T1, T2, and T3 than T0 shed. Broilers of group T3 showed higher (p<0.05) body weight and feed intake than the T0 group. Relatively lower values of feed conversion ratio (FCR) and water intake were observed in group T3 followed by T2, T1, and T0 groups. The values of dressed weight and meat bone ratio were relatively higher in groups T1, T2, and T3 than in the T0 group. The profit per bird was maximum for group T3, followed by T2, T1, and T0 groups. The benefit-cost ratio was highest (1.20) for group T3 and lowest (1.13) for the T0 group. The findings of the present study revealed that microclimate modification using false ceiling, and intermittent sprinkling, and fogging offered a relatively comfortable micro-environment which improved both the productivity and profitability of broiler farming during heat stress. Therefore, such shelter modifications may be applied to ameliorate heat stress in broilers during hot-dry summer. Additionally, more use of paddy straw as false ceiling material not only improves the thermal comfort of the chickens during summer but also protects the environment by reducing its burning in the agriculture fields.
Broiler, False ceiling, Foggers, Heat stress, Microclimate, Shelter, Sprinklers
Bacterial contaminants in chicken eggs available from various sources
Microbial contamination of eggs significant impact on poultry industry and poses a serious public health problem risk globally In present study a total of 40 chicken egg samples, comprising 10 eggs each from a poultry farm, wholesaler shop, retail shop, and directly from a transportation vehicle delivering eggs from farm to wholesaler. The mean Total Viable Count (TVC) on eggshell surfaces was 106.20, 168.00, 165.00 and 250.00×104 CFU/ml respectivelyThe TVC on poultry farms eggsshells was significantly higher (P≤0.01, while wholesaler shop eggs recorded significantly lower TVC (P≤0.01) compared to other sources.The TVC differences between eggs from retailer shops and transportation vehicles were not statistically significant. No microbial growth was detected in the egg contents of the any samples. Among the 40 eggshell samples, 30/40 (75%) yielded various Staphylococcus spp isolates including Staphylococcus lentus in 12/40 (40%), Staphylococcus xylosus in 9/40 (30%), Staphylococcus kloosii in 2/40 (7%), Staphylococcus sciuri in 7/40 (23%). The remaining 10/40 (25%) isolates were Proteus spp 4, Citrobacter spp. 2, and Klebsiella spp 4 were. All 30 Staphylococcus spp isolates tested negative for biofilm production on Congo red agar and presence of the Nuc gene via PCR amplification. Antibiotic sensitivity tests on 40 isolates using disc diffusion method revealed that Staphylococcus spp isolates were sensitive to Ciprofloxacin, Vancomycin, Gentamicin, but resistance to Penicillin and Erythromycin. Proteus spp, Klebsiella spp, and Citrobacter spp. were sensitive to Ciprofloxacin, Gentamicin, Neomycin and resistant to Penicillin and Erythromycin.
Chicken eggs, Microbial contaminants, Total Viable Count, Antibiogram
Study of combination of curcuma longa, lutein and cissus quadrangularis on production performance and egg quality in layers
The study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of supplementation of Curcuma longa, Lutein and Cissus quadrangularis on production performance and egg quality in layers. The birds from control group A and group C received diets with normal and 25% reduced levels of Calcium (Ca) and Phosphorus (P), respectively. The birds from groups B and D received diets similar to groups A and C supplemented with combination product of Curcuma longa, Lutein and Cissus quadrangularis @ 500 g/T, respectively. The trial was conducted on 208 White Leghorn (BV 300) layers for 12 weeks at age of fifty five weeks old layers randomly divided into four groups, viz A, B, C and D with two replicates per group. The birds from group B also recorded numerically lower number of broken eggs and feed consumption per bird per day. The birds from group B showed reduction in Total Viable Count (TVC) than the birds from all groups. The birds from group B recorded better profit margins than the birds from all groups. It is concluded that, the supplementation of combination product containing Curcuma longa, Lutein and Cissus quadrangularis @ 500 g/T to the diet with normal levels of Ca (4%) and P (0.05%) is beneficial in improving production performance, egg quality and profit margins in layers.
Combination product, White Leghorn layer, Egg quality, Production performance
Association of melatonin receptors type C (MTNR1C) gene polymorphism with layer economic traits in Rhode Island Red
The aim of this study was to assess allelic polymorphism of melatonin receptors type C (MTNR1C) gene and their association with layer economic traits in RIR chicken. Jugular vein was used to collect blood samples from 120 pullets belonging to two hatches. Data were recorded on age at sexual maturity (ASM), body weight at 20 and 40 week of age (BW20 & BW40), egg weight at 28 and 40 weeks of age (EW28 & EW40) and egg production at 40 week of age (EP40). Amplified product was digested with MobI restriction enzyme i.e. reveal the polymorphic pattern. Allele frequencies were observed as 0.29 (A) and 0.71 (B) and genotypic frequencies of AA, BB and AB genotype were 0.04, 0.46 and 0.5, respectively. A significant association was found of MTNR1C-RFLP genotype with ASM (P≤0.10). The overall least squares means along with standard error of ASM, EW28, EW40 and EP40 were observed as 186.37±1.67 days, 41.69±00.29g, 48.87±00.21g and 51.06±1.33g respectively. The birds with AB genotype achieved earliest age at sexual maturity (171.42±5.34 days). This study suggested that MTNR1C locus AB RFLP genotype can be used as a potential marker to enhance age at sexual maturity in RIR birds.
Chicken, Layer economic traits, MTNR1gene, Rhode Island Red
Effect of dietary supplementation and in ovo feeding of menthol on the growth performance, development of lymphoid and digestive organs and carcass quality traits of broilers
This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of in ovo feeding and dietary supplementation of menthol on the growth performance, digestive and lymphoid organs, and carcass yield of broiler chickens. Fertile eggs (n = 372) of CARIBRO VISHAL birds were set for incubation. On the 18th day, in ovo feeding was done at the broad end of the egg. The eggs were divided into three groups: un-injected control, sham control (injected with 0.5 ml of 5% ethanol), and in ovo injected with menthol (0.5 ml of 1% menthol solution). After hatching, 180 one-day-old chicks were reared for feeding trial. Chicks from these three groups were further divided into two subgroups, each with three replicates and ten chicks per replicate. One subgroup received a basal diet, while the other received a basal diet with menthol supplementation (250 mg/kg diet). Day old body weight of in ovo menthol group birds was significantly higher (P<0.01) compared to un-injected control. Day old and 1st week body weight of basal diet along with menthol supplementation group birds were significantly higher (P=0.04, P=0.003) than basal diet. No significant differences were recorded in digestive and lymphoid organs, carcass quality traits, yield of giblets and cut-up-parts after in ovo feeding and/or dietary supplementation of menthol. Thus, in ovo feeding of 1% menthol as well as dietary supplementation of menthol @ 250 mg/ kg diet resulted in significant positive effects on early body weight.
Carcass quality, In ovo, Menthol, Growth, Broiler
Effect of dietary supplementation and in ovo feeding of alpha-ketoglutaric acid on the growth performance, development of lymphoid and digestive organs and carcass quality traits of broilers
The present study was conducted to assess the effect of dietary supplementation vis-à-vis in ovo feeding of alpha-ketoglutaric acid (AKG) on the performance of commercial broilers. A total of 375 fertile eggs of CARI-VISHAL birds were set for incubation for first 18 days in the setter and last 3 days in the hatcher. On the 18d, in ovo feeding was done at the broad end of the egg. The eggs were divided into three groups: un-injected control, sham control and in ovo injected with AKG (0.6 ml of 1.5% AKG solution). After hatching, 180 day-old chicks were reared for feeding trials. Chicks from these three groups were further divided into two subgroups, each with three replicates and ten chicks per replicate. One subgroup received a basal diet, while the other received a basal diet with 1% AKG supplementation diet. Birds were reared for 42 days (6 weeks) and kept on a basal or control diet [BIS, 2007; broiler starter diet till 3 weeks and thereafter broiler finisher diet till 6 weeks]. Day-old and 1st week body weight of in ovo AKG group birds were significantly higher and weekly body weight of birds from 2nd week onwards was significantly higher (p<0.01) till the end of the experiment after dietary supplementation of AKG as compared to basal diet group birds. During 2nd and 3rd week of age, body weight gain of dietary AKG supplemented group was significantly higher (p=0.001) than the basal diet group. Small intestine weight was significantly lower (p<0.01) in basal diet supplemented with AKG than basal diet. However, large intestine length was significantly higher (p=0.005) in the in ovo AKG group than un-injected control. Thus, it may be concluded that in ovo feeding of AKG and/or dietary supplementation of AKG did not result in any significant difference in weekly body weight gain, weekly feed consumption, weekly feed conversion ratio, carcass quality traits and development of digestive and lymphoid organs. However, body weight of day-old and 1st week age chicks was significantly higher after in ovo feeding of AKG as compared to basal diet.
In ovo feeding, Alpha-ketoglutaric acid, Glutamin, Growth, Carcass quality, Broiler
Sex-related variations in hematological and sero-biochemical profiles of Kadaknath chicken
The studies were conducted to find out the sex-related variations in the hematological and sero-biochemical profiles of Kadaknath chicken in the Gird region of Madhya Pradesh at the ITM University, Gwalior, from June to October 2023, with thirty male and female Kadaknath chickens each. The experiment was started with the day-old chicks and lasted for 112 days. The blood samples were drawn on day 112 for the determination of haematological and sero-biochemical profiles from male and female birds from brachial wing vein. The hematological parameters were analyzed using an auto hematology analyzer, with differential counts performed on Giemsa-stained blood films. For biochemical analysis, serum samples were obtained by centrifuging blood collected in sterile vials, and parameters were measured using standard diagnostic kits. Lymphocytes, MCV, PLT, and PCT in both sexes did not differ significantly (P>0.05). RBC and MCH were significantly higher (P<0.05) in male blood, whereas eosinophils and TLC in female blood. WBC, haemoglobin, monocytes, MCHC, and haematocrit were significantly lower (P<0.01), whereas basophils, heterophils, MPV, PCV, TEC, and heterophil to lymphocyte (HL) ratio were significantly higher (P<0.01) in female blood. Phosphorus, albumin, globulin, albumin to globulin ratio, creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were not significantly different (P > 0.05) in between the sexes. Cholesterol content was lower (P<0.05) in male, whereas serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGLT) to alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and bilirubin in female. Calcium content was recorded to be higher (P<0.01) in male, whereas blood glucose, total protein, and serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase/aspartate aminotransferase in female blood. Based on the present study, it can be inferred that the sex of chickens significantly influenced various hematological parameters such as total RBC, hemoglobin, PCV, and MCHC, primarily due to physiological differences, including hormonal fluctuations and metabolic variations between males and females. Similarly, among biochemical parameters, the mean values showed significant differences for total protein, serum cholesterol, SGOT, SGPT, calcium, and phosphorus, which can be attributed to variations in hormonal regulation, growth patterns, and nutrient metabolism associated with sex.
Blood, Chicken, Haematology, Kadaknath, Sero-biochemistry
Parasitic invaders: A report on Trinoton querquedulae lice and helminthiasis in a nomadic duck flock
A nomadic flock of 1500 ducks were sheltered in paddy fields near Orathanadu, Thanjavur district. The flock owner reported that the ducks showed symptoms like dullness, reduced feed intake, decreased egg production and body weight gain. Physical examination of the birds revealed the presence of lice over the body surface, which were identified as Trinoton querquedulae. Faecal samples were collected for screening of endoparasites revealed the ova of Echinostoma spp., Raillietina spp., Capillaria spp. and oocysts of Eimeria sp. The present study highlights the economic importance of ecto- and endo-parasitic infections in nomadic duck rearing practices.
Incidence of parasites in house-hold pigeons (Columba livia) from Thanjavur region
The research focuses on the potential impact of the ecto and endo parasitic infections on the health of pigeons, as well as the associated risks to other domestic and wild avian species. In this study a total of 80 house-hold pigeons from four different locations of Thanjavur region were examined for the parasitic incidence. The incidence of ectoparasites such as Pseudolynchia canariensis (50 %), Columbicola columbae (10 %), Menacanthus stramineus (8.75 %) and Goniodes sp., (3.75 %) and endoparasites such as Capillaria sp., (10 %) Ascaridia columbae (8.75 %) and Raillietina sp., (5 %) were reported. In addition, protozoan infections viz., Haemoproteus columbae (53.75 %), Trichomonas gallinae (12.5 %) and Eimeria sp., (5.6 %) were identified. The findings underscore the intricate web of parasitic infections prevalent in domestic pigeons, emphasizing the importance of understanding and addressing these challenges for the sustainable coexistence of diverse bird species.
Pigeons, Thanjavur, Ecto-parasites, Endo-parasites, Haemoproteus sp.
Empowerment of rural women and sustainable livelihood through native chicken farming in Karur district of Tamil Nadu
In order to provide sustainable livelihood to economically weaker sections of society by facilitating subsidiary income and supplemental nutrition, a rural poultry rearing scheme was implemented in Karur Paramathi block of Karur district of Tamil Nadu. Inputs such as Aseel birds, cages, feeds and health care were provided to 8 common livelihood groups comprising of 300 members. Capacity building activities related to rearing of birds, operation and maintenance of feed grinder, egg incubator and vaccination of birds including ethnoveterinary practices were imparted. Performance assessment was done one year after the input supply. Mean number of birds alive per beneficiary was 4.78 ± 0.11. Mean number of eggs consumed per day per family was 4.3 ± 2.12. Overall hatchability (%) of eggs was 68.2 ± 0.03. Supplementary income to the tune of INR 1200 ± 47 per month per family was recorded. The adoption (%) of various key technologies involved in rural poultry farming varied from 15.0 to 98.66 percent. The adoption of technology towards health care was more than 72 % as compared to others. The major constraints faced by the scheme beneficiaries while rearing native chicken was loss of young chicks by predator attack and conflicts among the users of egg incubator. From this study, it can be inferred that rural poultry rearing scheme was found to improve the livelihood in economically backward areas and enhance nutritional status of family.
Rural women, Common Livelihood Group (CLG), Native chicken
Development and quality evaluation of extruded chicken meat puffs
Most of the snack products available in the market are rich in carbohydrates and fats and devoid of proteins, minerals, and vitamins. Under the present study, the formulation and processing conditions are standardized for the development of extruded chicken meat puffs that are rich in proteins and other valuable nutrients. Three different levels of chicken meat powder (10, 20 and 30%) and barrel frequency (25 Hz, 30 Hz and 35 Hz) of twin screw extruder was standardized for the development of meat puffs. The chicken meat powder was incorporated after replacing the yellow corn flour in the pre-standardized formulation of extruded puffs. The highest scores for most of the sensory parameters were observed for the product prepared at the extruder barrel frequency of 30 Hz and incorporated with 10% level of meat powder. The control and treatment products were analysed for physicochemical parameters, proximate composition, instrumental colour profile and texture profile analysis. The pH values increased consistently (P<0.05) with increasing level of meat powder in the formulation. The protein, fat, and ash content values were significantly (P<0.05) higher for treatment extruded meat puffs incorporated with chicken meat powder. Hardness value declined significantly (P<0.05) with the increase in level of chicken meat powder in treatment meat puffs. The water solubility index, expansion ratio and water absorption index decreased with the incorporation of chicken meat powder in treatment products. Lightness and yellowness values decreased significantly (P<0.05) as the level of incorporation of meat powder was increased in the treatment meat puffs. On the basis of results, it is concluded that, excellent quality extruded chicken meat puffs can be developed through the incorporation of chicken meat powder at 10% level at the extruder barrel speed of 30 Hz.
Extrusion, Sensory evaluation, Barrel frequency, Chicken meat powder
Effect of dietary incorporation of various forms of zinc and selenium on the production performance and carcass characteristics of Japanese quails
An experiment was conducted to explore the effect of various forms (organic, inorganic and nano) of dietary Zn and Se on production performance and carcass qualities in Japanese quails (n=288). Six diets were formulated (NRC, 1994) with Zn and Se (mg/kg), viz., control (T1; not supplemented), 25 and 0.2 (T2; inorganic), 50 and 0.4 (T3; enhanced inorganic), 25 and 0.2 (T4; organic), 12.5 and 0.1 (T5; 50% nano) and 6.25 and 0.05 (T6; 25% nano). Enhanced inorganic (T3) group was having significantly (p<0.05) lower fifth week body weight and body weight gain when compared to negative (T1) and positive control (T2). Significant (p<0.05) differences were noticed in four to six-week feed consumption, first two weeks feed conversion ratio (FCR) among the treatments. There was no significant (p>0.05) difference in livability, per cent loss of blood and dressing yield. Feeding higher level (2X) of inorganic Zn and Se (T3) and one fourth of the requirement through nano forms (T6) reduced the cost of production (COP) by Rs. 11.85and 9.26, respectively, when compared to negative control (T1). Significantly (p<0.05) higher eviscerated yield was noticed in both nano supplemented groups with respect to negative control and organic mineral groups. It can be concluded that dietary supplementation of inorganic Zn and Se at higher level (2X; T3) or one fourth of the requirement through nano (T6) sources could be of beneficial for improving the European Economic Factor (EEF) and reducing the cost of production.
Zinc, selenium, organic, nano, Japanese quail, production performance, carcass characteristic
A survey on different cooking methods of chicken products sold in different outlets in Chennai: Its texture profile and sensory properties
This survey was envisaged to study the effect of different cooking methods (dry heat cooking and moist cooking) on the texture profile and sensory characteristics of chicken products sold in three different outlets (street outlets, small hotels and restaurants) and around Chennai. Hardness, gumminess and chewiness values were found higher in street outlets that that of small hotels and restaurants. Whereas, adhesiveness, springiness and cohesiveness values (P>0.05) were found non-significant in all the four chicken products prepared by dry and moist cooking, in street outlets, small hotels and restaurants, except for cohesiveness value (P<0.05) in chicken gravy. But in all the three outlets, highly significant differences (P<0.01) were found between products, of which chicken 65, than grilled chicken, chicken biryani and chicken gravy was found higher in all the texture profile properties. Colour and appearance, flavour, tenderness, juiciness and overall acceptability score were higher (P<0.01), in chicken products from restaurant than that from street vendors and small hotels. In street outlets and small hotels chicken biryani, followed by chicken gravy scored the lowest value in all the sensory properties when compare with chicken 65 and grilled chicken. Whereas, in restaurants all the four chicken products scored the highest value (P<0.01) in all the sensory properties, except for juiciness score was found not significant. The result showed that dry cooked and moist cooked chicken products such as chicken 65, grilled chicken, chicken biryani and chicken gravy sold in restaurants had better texture profile and sensory properties among different products grilled chicken had good sensory scores in all the three outlets.
Chicken products, Texture profile, Sensory properties, Different outlets
Effect of dietary supplementation of thyme and garlic essential oils on the growth performance and carcass characteristics in commercial broilers
A biological experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation of thyme and garlic essential oils individually and in combination on growth performance and carcass characteristics. Two hundred-day-old commercial broiler chicks were randomly allotted to four dietary treatments with ten replications of 5 birds each and reared in a battery brooder up to 42 d of age. Broilers were fed on corn-soy-based broiler pre-starter (1-14 d), starter (15-28 d) and finisher (29-42 d) diets. The treatment consists of a control diet supplemented with no essential oil (CD), a control diet supplemented with thyme essential oil (TEO) or garlic essential oil (GEO) @ 25 g/100 kg and thyme and garlic essential oil (TGEO) @ 50 g/100 kg. Performance parameters were recorded at weekly intervals and at the end of the experiment; the birds were slaughtered, dressed then used for assessment of carcass parameters. Dietary supplementation of essential oils was effective in improving body weight gain, feed consumption and feed conversion ratio. No significant difference was observed in carcass characteristics. Overall body weight gain (BWG) and overall feed consumption were significantly (P<0.05) improved in essential oil supplemented groups than the control. Supplementation of TEO and GEO in the diet significantly (P<0.05) improved body weight gain, feed consumption and FCR compared to TGEO and CD. It was concluded that using essential oils as feed additives enhanced the overall performance of broiler chicks.
Body weight, Broiler chickens, Feed intake, Garlic, Thyme
Evaluating the performance of Vanaraja female line (PD-2) chicken for fertility, hatchability, body weight, shank length and keel length
The present study was aimed at evaluating the performance of Vanaraja female line (PD-2) chicken. Data collected on 3737 chicks, progeny of 50 sires and 250 dams produced in a pedigreed full sib mating at the Directorate of Poultry Research, Hyderabad in four hatches during 15th generation were utilized for the present investigation for estimating various parameters. The results indicated that the mean fertility was 83.57 percent. The overall mean hatchability percentage was 72.66 on Total Eggs Set (TES) and 86.95 on Fertile Eggs Set (FES). The mean fertility (83.57%) and hatchability (86.95 %) indicating the good reproduction and mothering of the PD-2 population. Highly significant (P<0.01) difference among the four hatches were observed for body weights at day old, 2, 4, 6, 12, 16, 20 and 40 weeks of age and hatch effect was observed for shank length at 4, 6 weeks of age and keel length at 6 weeks of age. Carcass traits such as live weight, dressing, and blood percent were significantly higher in male than female. Percent live weight of liver, gizzard, heart and feathers were significantly (P<0.01) higher in females than males.
Body weight, Shank length, Fertility, Hatchability, Carcass parameters, Vanaraja