The International Journal of Seed Spices is published by the Indian Society for Seed Spices half yearly basis with the aim to provide an appropriate platform presenting well considered, meaningful, constructively thought provoking, non-political and non-controversial but critically analyzing and synthesizing present and future aspects of research on seed Spices and related commodity reference to our country and rest world. The contributors are expected to highlight various issues of irrigation, management, soil, agronomic practices, precision agriculture, breeding, post harvest, IPM, climate change along with meaningful suggestions for solution, refinement and innovations.
Symptomatology and Management of Alternaria Leaf Blight in Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.)
Alternaria leaf blight, caused by Alternaria alternata, is an emerging foliar disease of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) in major growing regions, including Rajasthan, India. Field surveys recognised characteristic symptoms of the disease, including necrotic spots with concentric rings, apical blighting, and leaf desiccation. Pathogen Alternaria alternata was identified and confirmed through morphological analysis and ITS-based molecular sequencing, and pathogenicity was validated through detached leaf and pot culture assays. Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of sowing dates, bioefficacy of fungicides and plant extracts, and genotype resistance under natural epiphytotic conditions. While sowing date had minimal impact on disease severity, earlier sowing optimized yield. Among fungicides, propiconazole and difenoconazole were the most effective at suppressing disease, while neem oil and garlic extract were the most effective botanicals. Genotypes A3-23-3 and C2-55-4 showed tolerance to Alternaria leaf blight under field conditions.
Fenugreek, Alternaria leaf blight, symptomatology, disease management, fungicides, biocontrol, Trigonella foenum-graecum
Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Seed Spices https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
From petals to patterns: recent advances in breeding for diverse floral forms1
Floriculture is a dynamic and economically important sector, driven by consumer demand for novelty, aesthetics, and unique floral designs. Among breeding goals, the development of novel flower colours and forms is central, as these traits directly influence market value and consumer preference. This review summarizes the genetic and biochemical bases of floral pigmentation and morphology and examines both traditional approaches, such as hybridization, mutation breeding, and polyploidy, and modern molecular tools, including transgenics, RNA interference, CRISPR-Cas genome editing, and marker-assisted selection. Case studies in rose, chrysanthemum, petunia, gerbera, and carnation illustrate practical achievements in expanding colour diversity and floral forms. Despite these advances, challenges remain in trait stability, regulatory compliance, and consumer acceptance of genetically modified ornamentals. The integration of conventional and advanced breeding strategies offers opportunities for creating unique, visually appealing, and market-ready ornamental varieties.
Enhancing system productivity of transplanted celery (Apium graveolens L.) through Mentha intercropping
Intercropping of medicinal and aromatic plants with seed spices offers a promising approach for enhancing land-use efficiency, system productivity, and farm profitability under intensive agricultural systems. A field experiment entitled ‘Enhancing system productivity of transplanted celery (Apium graveolens L.) through Mentha intercropping’ was conducted during 2019–20 and 2020–21 at PAU, Ludhiana. The treatments comprised sole celery and celery intercropped with menthol mint (Mentha arvensis) varieties Kosi and CIM Kranti, and peppermint (Mentha piperita), both under direct planting and transplanting, in a 1:1 row proportion. Growth parameters of celery, including plant height, number of branches per plant, and umbels per plant were not significantly affected by intercropping during both years, indicating good compatibility between celery and mentha species. Seed and straw yields of celery under intercropping systems remained statistically at par with the sole crop, confirming that intercropping did not compromise celery productivity. Intercropped mentha produced substantial herb and oil yields, with menthol mint var. CIM Kranti consistently recording the highest herb yield and oil yield across both seasons. Equivalent celery yield (ECY) was significantly higher under all intercropping systems compared to sole celery, with increases ranging from 24.7 to 39.3% during 2019–20 and from 15.9 to 29.4% during 2020–21. The results clearly demonstrate that celery intercropped with menthol mint var. CIM Kranti (1:1) is a biologically efficient, stable, and economically viable intercropping system. The study supports the integration of medicinal and aromatic plants into seed spice-based cropping systems for sustainable intensification and higher overall productivity.
Current Status and Emerging Trends in Diseases of Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.): Challenges and Management Strategies
Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) is a high-value seed spice cultivated predominantly in arid and semi-arid regions, with India contributing nearly 70% of global production and trade. Despite its economic and nutraceutical importance, cumin productivity is severely constrained by biotic stresses, particularly diseases such as Fusarium wilt, Alternaria blight, and powdery mildew, whose incidence and severity have increased under intensive cultivation and changing climatic conditions. Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cumini, is the most destructive soil-borne disease, leading to chronic field infestation, severe plant mortality, and yield losses exceeding 60–80% in endemic areas. Alternaria blight, primarily caused by Alternaria burnsii and A. alternata, has emerged as a major foliar disease causing extensive canopy blight, seed discoloration, and quality deterioration, posing serious threats to export standards. Powdery mildew (Erysiphe polygoni) further exacerbates yield losses under humid and moderate temperature regimes during flowering and seed development. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the status, distribution, epidemiology, and pathogenic variability of major cumin diseases, with emphasis on recent advances in host resistance, biological control, chemical management, and integrated disease management (IDM). Sustainable disease mitigation requires a holistic IDM approach combining resistant cultivars, crop rotation, organic amendments, biocontrol agents, need-based fungicide use, and improved diagnostics. Continued research on pathogen diversity, resistance breeding, and climate-responsive management strategies is essential for resilient and profitable cumin production systems.
Cumin wilt, Fusarium, Alternaria Blight and Powdery Mildew
Fennel: A comprehensive review of its botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, agronomic practices and post-harvest handling
Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.), a multi-purpose and odoriferous medicinal plant, has many culinary, pharmaceutical and even industrial applications. This review is a summative of botanical, therapeutic and agronomic management practices of fennel. Fennel can adjust to different agro-climatic situations, and its seeds are known to be rich in essential oils that have various health-promoting effects. The paper explores its morphological characteristics, growth behaviour as well as the best methods of cultivation, including timely sowing, nutrient management, timing of irrigation, and pests and diseases control measures. Sustainable agronomic practices, especially those that correlate with the organic and integrated nutrient management systems, are also brought to the limelight to increase productivity and quality of fennel. While developing a list of the existing information related to cultivation and use of fennel, the purpose of this review is to support further investigation and promote the popularity of the crop in a diversified agricultural system.
Analysis of Variability Parameters and Genetic Divergence in Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.)
The Experiment was conducted on 60 diverse cumin genotypes and observations were recorded on thirteen characters at Dr. B.R. Choudhary Agricultural Research Station, Mandor-Jodhpur (Rajasthan) during Rabi season, 2024-25 in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications. The mean sum of square (analysis of variance) due to blocks were highly significant for all the thirteen characters under study represent variability among the genotypes. The higher extent phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation were observed for biological yield per plant, while high heritability with high genetic advance as percent of mean was recorded for number of umbellate per umbel followed by number of umbels per plant, biological yield per plant, seed yield per plant and essential oil content indicating the influence of additive gene action. Genetic diversity analysis grouped the sixty diverse cumin genotypes into sixteen clusters with maximum intra cluster distance was observed in cluster-Ⅵ followed by cluster-Ⅲ. Maximum inter cluster distance was recorded between cluster-X and XII followed by cluster-XII and XIII indicated the presence of wide diversity between the cumin genotypes of the clusters.
Cuminum cyminum, Heritability, Variability, PCV, GCV, Genetic advance, Genetic divergence, D2
Comprehensive Review of Coriander Wilt: From Pathogen Characterization to Management Strategies
Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) is one of the important seed spices and fresh green leaves have a pleasant aromatic odour. Its widely used throughout the world. Fusarium wilt of coriander due to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. coriandri now became a major problem in worldwide. When fungus colonizes the xylem region, leading progressive chlorosis starting from the basal leaves to permanent wilting and also distinct by vascular browning. Enzymes viz., Polygalacturonase, β-1,4-glucanase, Xylanase, Protease, Phospholipase and Laccase are involved in disease development. Crop rotation with non-host crops, deep plowing and soil solarization with transparent polyethylene sheets (25-50 μm) during summer may disrupts the chlamydospores and the fungal mycelia. Biocontrol agents are effectively reduces the disease incidence.
Coriander, wilt, Fusarium, symptoms and management
Pesticide Applications and Their Ecological Footprint: Impact on Nutrient Dynamics and Agronomic Health
This review provides a compelling examination of the escalating use of pesticides in Indian agriculture, underscoring their profound environmental consequences, particularly regarding soil health and nutrient cycling. Initially modest, pesticide application surged dramatically following the Green Revolution, reaching 266 grams per hectare by 1976, and now represents a staggering 55% of all pesticides utilized. This pervasive reliance raises critical concerns about the persistence of pesticide residues and their environmental fate, involving complex processes such as adsorption, degradation, and transport mechanisms. Notably, despite a significant 27.69% reduction in chemical pesticide use between 1994-1995 and 2001-2002, the risks remain substantial. Research demonstrates that pesticides severely undermine soil fertility and disrupt microbial activity by interfering with essential carbon and nitrogen cycles, altering key enzymatic functions (such as dehydrogenase), and suppressing vital nitrogen-fixing bacteria. For example, glyphosate has been shown to hinder the absorption of crucial micronutrients like iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn), while chlorpyrifos compromises the availability of essential nutrients—such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK). Furthermore, the availability of zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and manganese (Mn) is variably affected by other commonly used pesticides, including 2,4-D and endosulfan. To address and mitigate these detrimental effects, this review passionately advocates for the adoption of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies and the transition to organic or bio-based alternatives. While pesticides are undeniably vital for ensuring food security, their judicious and limited application is crucial for safeguarding soil health and promoting sustainable agricultural practices. The time has come to prioritize the health of our ecosystems alongside agricultural productivity, paving the way for a more sustainable future., such as 2,4-D and endosulfan. To lessen these adverse effects and promote decreased toxicity, quicker decomposition, and increased soil biodiversity, the review highlights the importance of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and the use of organic/bio-based substitutes. Applying pesticides sparingly is essential to preserving soil health and guaranteeing sustainable agricultural production, even though they are vital for food security.
Sources of growth to seed spices in India: A decomposition analysis
The present study analyzes the sources of growth in the Value of Produce (VOP) of major seed spices in India including, coriander, cumin, fennel, and fenugreek, over the period 2004–05 to 2023–24, using decomposition analysis. The results indicates that the combined influence of changes in area, yield, and real prices played over 90% role in enhancing the total VOP value change as interaction effect overwhelmingly dominated growth across all crops. Coriander and cumin exhibited the highest growth in VOP, driven largely by area expansion and favorable price interactions, while fennel and fenugreek showed moderate growth primarily influenced by interaction and diversification effects. The area effect contributed modestly to growth, signifying limited land expansion, whereas the price effect showed mixed trends, positive for coriander and cumin but negative for fennel and fenugreek which highlights the impact of market volatility and price instability in seed spices. Overall, the study concludes that the growth in spice value during the two decades was largely driven by multi-factor interactions rather than isolated productivity gains or area expansion. This emphasizes the need for integrated policy interventions focusing on yield enhancement, price stabilization, and market diversification to sustain value growth in India’s seed spice sector.
Seed spices, Value of produce, Decomposition analysis, Area effect, Price effect, Interaction effect, India
Field screening of cumin germplasms against wilt incited by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cumini
A field investigation was undertaken over two consecutive Rabi seasons (2022–23 and 2023–24) to evaluate fifty cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) germplasm lines, including varieties and advanced breeding entries, for their response to Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cumini. The trials were conducted under natural wilt epiphytotic conditions at the Seed Spices Research Station, SDAU, Jagudan (Gujarat), in a randomized block design with two replications. Disease incidence was assessed at 30, 45 and 60 days after sowing from three randomly selected 1 m row sections per plot. Based on pooled data from both years, 47 out of 50 entries were found to be highly susceptible, exhibiting more than 30 per cent wilt incidence. However, three entries CUM 49, JC 20-07 and GP 7 consistently recorded lower disease incidence (ranging between 26.70% and 31.10%), classifying them as susceptible but relatively more tolerant compared to the rest. In contrast, entries such as Hairy Cumin, White Flower Cumin, JC 18-09, JC 18-10 and JC 18-11 showed complete susceptibility with cent per cent disease incidence across both years.
Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Seed Spices https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Quantitative Insights into Breeder Seed Production trends and Varietal Adoption in Major Seed Spices
This study presents a comprehensive analysis of breeder seed (BS), indent, allocation and production of seed spices over a ten-year period (2015–16 to 2023–24) to assess the efficiency and future scope of the formal seed system in India. The findings reveal that only three seed spices viz., cumin, coriander, and fenugreek consistently received breeder seed indents for further multiplication. The number of varieties from seed spices entering into seed chain were also less as 29 varieties in coriander, 19 varieties in fenugreek and 2 varieties in cumin received BS indent in last decade. The seed spices varieties viz., GC-4 in cumin, RCR-436 and RCR-435 in coriander, and RMt-1 and RMt-305 in fenugreek are dominated in BS indents and production, indicating their strong farmer preference and agronomic suitability. Institutionally, research centers like RARI, Durgapura and ICAR-NRCSS, Ajmer emerged as major contributors to varietal development and seed multiplication. However, limited participation from other breeding centers underscores the need for broader inclusion and capacity enhancement across regions. The analysis also revealed crop-specific variation in BS indent sources. While cumin’s BS demand was entirely met by public sector agencies, coriander and fenugreek showed growing involvement from private seed companies, which accounted for 24% and 22% of total indents, respectively. Projections for certified seed production in 2025–26, based on seed rate, SMR, and area under cultivation, showed SRR ranging from 5.27% in cumin, 7.87% in fenugreek to 48.16% in coriander. The study emphasizes the need for enhancing varietal diversification, strengthening public–private partnerships, and aligning breeder seed production more closely with state-wise demand forecast to ensure sufficient availability of quality seeds of seed spice crops.
Gamma irradiation induced powdery mildew disease resistance in fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.)
Fenugreek variety “Ajmer Fenugreek-3” was irradiated with gamma rays at 250, 300 and 350 Gy for inducting disease resistance in this well adapted high yielding variety. Gamma irradiation caused a reduction in germination of M1 seed by 8.2, 17.3 and 26.5% and a decrease in seedling length by 10.3, 23.3 and 42.2% at doses of 250, 300 and 350 Gy respectively as compared to control. From M1 generation more than eight hundred single plants from each irradiation dose were harvested individually and plant to row progeny were sown to raise M2 generation. In M1 and M2 generation a wide range of variants showed abnormal phenotypes viz., stunted growth, absence of branching, narrow and elongated leaves, unusual thick leaves, dwarfness, albinism, and occurrence of terminal or apical flowers instead of the typical axillary flowers. However, in the M3 and M4 generations, the frequency of abnormal variants was found negligible. Eighty-seven progenies exhibited seed yield more or equal to parental variety and possessing resistance for powdery mildew and downy mildew were selected for further evaluation in M3 generation. On the basis of yield performance and disease resistance nineteen progenies were selected from M3 generation. Thirteen promising M4 progenies along with three checks varieties were sown in replicated trial for evaluating yield performance, uniformity and stability. Four mutants viz. AFg-3/300/207, AFg-3/300/84, AFg-3/350/48 and AFg-3/350/22 exhibited up to 13.5 % higher seed yield coupled with powdery mildew resistance as comparted to parental variety. The powdery mildew scoring of these mutants ranged from 6.7-14.7% as compared to 42.8-68.7 % in check varieties. All the mutants showed uniformity for most of the targeted traits. The variability generated in the present investigation can either be directly utilized as a new variety after evaluation for uniformity and stability or it may serve as donner germplasm for further varietal improvement programs.
Fenugreek, powdery mildew, downy mildew, disease resistance, gamma irradiation
Impact of organic, integrated and inorganic production systems on yield, quality and soil fertility in cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.)
A field study carried out during two consecutive years (2022-23 and 2023-24) at ICAR-NRCSS, Ajmer to assess the impact of organic, integrated and inorganic production systems on yield, quality and soil fertility in cumin. On the basis of nutrition, 12 treatments including organic, integrated and inorganic were planned to execute the investigation. It is found that organic production system in comparison to integrated and inorganic production systems found superior in the light of better yield, quality and soil fertility. This study also infers that among the various organic treatments, supply of 50% recommended dose of nitrogen through PGPR enriched FYM + 50% recommended dose of nitrogen through castor cake could be the promising combination to meet out the nutrition requirement of cumin in the view of higher yield (485 kg ha-1), essential oil (5.55%) and soil N (127 kg ha-1).
Assessment of Genetic Variability andDivergence in Coriander (Coriandrumsativum L.) Germplasm Using MultivariateStatistical Approaches
he present investigation aimed to assess the genetic variation and divergence among coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) genotypes using various multivariate statistical methods. The study was conducted in Randomized Block Design, evaluating ten key quantitative characters to identify promising genotypes. Correlation analysis revealed significant positive associations, notably between umbels per plant and seeds per umbel, as well as between biological yield and seed yield, suggesting their potential for indirect selection in breeding programs. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) identified four principal components that collectively accounted for 87.26% of the total variability, with PC1 contributing the highest proportion. This component was primarily influenced by plant height, number of branches per plant and oil content. Cluster analysis categorized the genotypes into four groups. Genotypes UD 619, UD 703 and RCr 728 showed close genetic affinity, while UD 603 stood out as a distinct genotype due to its notably high seed yield. Plant height and oil content exhibited high heritability coupled with a high genetic advance as percent of mean, indicating the predominance of additive gene action.
Coriandrum sativum L., genetic divergence, multivariate analysis, PCA, cluster analysis, correlation
Comparative profiling of phenolics, tocopherols and fatty acid in seed spices
Seed spices such as coriander, cumin, fennel, nigella, ajwain, and fenugreek hold great significance in Indian cuisine and traditional medicine. They are highly valued for their bioactive compounds, including phenolics, tocopherols, and fatty acids. This study aimed to profile these compounds across selected genotypes using chromatographic techniques. The plant materials consisted of seeds from two genotypes each of coriander, fennel, nigella, ajwain, and fenugreek, as well as one genotype of cumin, all procured from ICAR-NRCSS in Ajmer. Phenolics were extracted using 80% methanol and analyzed through Ion Chromatography. Tocopherols were profiled using a Polar Advantage II C-18 column, and fatty acids were quantified as fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) using Gas Chromatography. The results indicated that chlorogenic acid was the dominant phenolic compound in coriander, fennel, cumin, and ajwain, while fenugreek and nigella were particularly rich in caffeic acid. Coriander and fenugreek showed the highest tocopherol content, and both fenugreek and nigella had high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids. In conclusion, coriander and fennel exhibited significant nutraceutical potential due to their resveratrol and tocopherol content, while fenugreek and nigella were rich in antioxidants and anti-inflammatory compounds. These findings provide valuable insights for developing functional foods and value-added extracts derived from seed spices.
UFSD-30 : Semi–dwarf fennel genotype for future breeding
Tall fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) varieties are prone to lodging due to their excessive height, vigorous growth and hollow stems, especially under windy conditions or following irrigation at maturity. These challenges are compounded by the plant’s high water requirement during early growth stages, which poses difficulties for cultivation in semi-arid regions. Additionally, developing an ideal fennel variety suited for limited spaces, urban gardening, intercropping and commercial-scale production has long been a challenge. Addressing these limitations, researchers at the Jobner center of the ICAR–All India Coordinated Research Project on Spices has identified a promising solution during 2018–19 and evaluated during 2020-21 to 2024-25. A semi-dwarf fennel genotype, standing at 70–75 cm, emerged through natural selection from the UF-30 germplasm. This genotype offers improved resistance to lodging, better adaptability to water-limited environments and suitability for both urban gardening and commercial-scale production, filling a critical gap in fennel cultivation. The weighted mean grain yield of five plants of this genotype ranged from 90 g to 110 g recorded under moisture stress conditions of Zone III of Rajasthan during last five years (Table: 1). This genotype has high adaptability and can be cultivated under both conventional and drip irrigation systems. It exhibits a spreading growth habit with dense, dark green foliage. It has strong and profuse root system. It is a late-flowering type, with 50% flowering observed between 120–125 days with shiny anthers with abundant pollens. The plants are highly branched, producing 12–15 branches with 80–85 umbels per plant and 16–20 umbellets per umbel, ultimately 350–375 seeds per umbel. Besides, no symptoms of Ramularia blight disease were observed. Fennel breeding has traditionally relied on conventional selection methods, which are often limited by narrow genetic variability, small floral structures, tall plant types and cross-pollination tendencies driven by protandry. In particular, the genetic base for traits like short duration and dwarf or semi-dwarf stature has been notably limited. Harvesting operations of harvesting are generally carried by the farm women and have less height, so dwarf fennel has additional advantage of easy harvesting in standing crops by the farm women. Extensive field evaluation has shown that UFSD-30 performs exceptionally under resource-constrained and moisture-deficient conditions. Its compact, highly branched architecture provides natural resistance to lodging and ensures dense floral output, contributing to a high seed yield potential. Additionally, its adaptability to both traditional and water-efficient farming systems supports sustainable agriculture in semi-arid zones. The only challenge is the segregation in height.
Sustainable management of wilt and root rot of cumin under field conditions
Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) is an economically important seed spice, widely cultivated in India, particularly in Gujarat and Rajasthan. It plays a vital role in India’s spice export market. However, its productivity is threatened by diseases such as wilt, blight, powdery mildew and more recently root rot. Root rot has been associated with multiple Fusarium species in Rajasthan and other pathogens in China, including Rhizoctonia spp. To address these issues, root rot-infected cumin plant samples were collected from research centers and farmers' fields across North Gujarat, and associated pathogens were isolated. A field experiment was conducted at the Seed Spices Research Station, SDAU, Jagudan, using a randomized block design across multiple Rabi seasons. The results showed that the most effective control of wilt and root rot was achieved with the application of 1 t/ha enriched FYM containing Trichoderma viride or T. harzianum 1.15 WP (2 × 10⁶ cfu/g) and Pseudomonas fluorescens 1.15 WP @ 2.5 kg/ha each, applied at sowing. FYM enrichment with bio-agents at 15 days before sowing.
Status of bacterial inoculants for micronutrientssolubilization in perspective of Seed spicescrops: a review
Bacterial inoculants play a crucial role in improving soil fertility and enhancing plant nutrition by facilitating the solubilization of essential micronutrients in agricultural ecosystems. Their ability to mobilize micronutrients is crucial for optimizing both the yield and quality of seed spice crops. This review provides a comprehensive assessment of bacterial inoculants and their efficacy in solubilizing key micronutrients such as zinc, iron, manganese, and copper, with a particular focus on seed spice cultivation. It highlights the mechanisms employed by various bacterial species to enhance micronutrient availability and discusses their potential applications in sustainable agriculture. Given the small seed size of spice crops, germination remains a significant challenge, adding complexity to their cultivation. The review also examines the factors that influence the effectiveness of bacterial inoculants, including soil characteristics, environmental conditions, and agronomic management practices. Additionally, it addresses the challenges and limitations associated with their application in seed spice production and suggests potential strategies for overcoming these constraints. Emphasizing the need for continued research and innovation, this review underscores the significance of bacterial inoculants in promoting sustainable micronutrient solubilization for improved seed spice productivity.
Optimization of Drip Irrigation Scheduling, Crop Geometry and Mulching for Growth, Yield attributes and Yields of Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.)
The field experiment was conducted at Niche Area of Excellence Farm, S.K. Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner (Rajasthan) during the rabi season of 2015-16 and 2016-17 for optimization of an appropriate drip irrigation schedule under proper crop geometry for maximizing fennel productivity. The experiment was laid out in a split plot design comprising of four irrigation levels in the main plot, three crop geometry in the sub-plot and two mulch treatments in the sub-subplot and replicated three times. The results revealed that growth attributes viz. plant height (117.8 cm), dry matter accumulation (48.72 g plant-1) at harvest and total chlorophyll content (1.83 mg g-1 of fresh leaves) at 75 DAS, yield attributes viz. number of umbels per plant (20.42), test weight (7.10 g), and seed yield (1684 kg ha-1) were recorded as significantly highest with drip irrigation scheduled at 0.8 ETc on pooled result basis. Under crop geometry, paired row sowing of 40 cm x 60 cm recorded significantly higher growth, yield attributes, and seed yield of fennel. Moreover, use of plastic mulch significantly increased yield attributes and yield as compared to without mulch treatment. Thus, in arid and semi-arid parts of Rajasthan, integrated use of drip irrigation scheduled at 0.8 ETc and plastic mulch under paired row sowing of 40 cm x 60 cm proved more viable for ensuring higher productivity of rabi fennel.
Analytical Methods and Regulatory Perspectives on Residual Ethylene Oxide and Its Derivatives in Food Products
Ethylene oxide (EtO), a crucial industrial chemical, has diverse applications ranging from the production of ethylene glycol to its use as a sterilizing agent for medical equipment and a fumigant for food and textiles. However, its potential health risks, particularly carcinogenicity, have raised significant concerns. This review explores the synthesis, chemical properties, and metabolism of EtO, focusing on its transformation into 2-chloroethanol (2-CE). Here we described the industrial uses of EtO and the implications of its residues in food products, particularly spices, which have recently faced regulatory scrutiny in various global markets. The review highlights the challenges in accurately detecting EtO and 2-CE residues, presenting various analytical techniques such as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and headspace-GC-MS. Additionally, we examine the regulatory landscape, noting the disparity in maximum residue limits (MRLs) across different regions and the need for harmonization. The review emphasizes the importance of developing standardized analytical methods and provides recommendations for international regulatory bodies to ensure food safety.
Analysis of defense related enzymes in Chilli Genotypes Infected with Root-Knot Nematode (Meloidogyne incognita)
To determine the defence enzymes activity in chilli varieties against M. incognita an experiment was laid out. The enzyme (PO, PPO, PAL and SOD) activity was analyzed in resistant variety (Pusajwala and NP 46-A) and susceptible variety (S-5 and Ghoomar) of chilli. The roots of inoculated and un-inoculated plants were analyzed after 7, 14, 21, 28 and 60 days after transplanting. Enzyme activity was observed maximum in resistant as compared to susceptible varieties which was increased after root-knot nematode infection. The highest activity of enzymes was found between 21 and 28 days after transplanting. Among all the treatments, resistant varieties of chilli were found to be the best in highest enzyme activities, improving plant growth character and reducing nematode population over other treatment.
GUJARAT AJWAIN 3: HIGH YIELDING AND BOLD SEEDED CULTIVAR
A new variety of Ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi L.), Gujarat Ajwain 3 (GA 3) was tested in six trials at Jagudan and three trials of CVT at seven different locations (Jagudan, Jobner, Ajmer, Guntur, Hisar, Kumarganj, Raigardh) across India. Gujarat Ajwain 3 (GA 3) is high yielding variety with 12.9 and 4.5 per cent higher seed yield over national checks viz., AA 1 and AA 2, respectively. This new variety had uniform seed size with attractive seed colour, bold seed size, more pungent and good aroma. Gujarat Ajwain 3 has Medium leafy, green foliage colour and medium maturity duration. Due to all above salient feature variety was recommended for release in Gujarat, Rajasthan, Haryana, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Chhattisgarh.
Seasonal Incidence of Thrips, Thrips tabaci Lindeman infesting Cumin, Cuminum cyminum L.
An experiment was conducted to study the seasonal incidence of thrips, Thrips tabaci Lindeman, infesting cumin (variety GC-4) at the Instructional Farm, Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh, during the Rabi season of 2019. The incidence of thrips started in the third week of December (51st Standard Meteorological Week or SMW), corresponding to 20 days after sowing (DAS), and continued until the third week of February (8th SMW), with thrips population ranging from 0.4 to 22.79 thrips per plant. The first peak of infestation (22.79 thrips per plant) was observed during the third week of January (2nd SMW). Following this peak, the thrips population gradually declined and reached 5.21 thrips per plant by the third week of February (8th SMW). The thrips population exhibited a continuous increase from germination until the first peak, after which it consistently decreased. The correlation between thrips population and weather factors revealed a negative and non-significant relationship with minimum temperature (MinT: -0.281) and mean temperature (MeanT: -0.528). A significant positive linear correlation was observed between the thrips population and bright sunshine hours (BSS: 0.716*). Additionally, maximum temperature (MaxT: -0.541), wind velocity (WV: -0.441), and evening relative humidity (RH2: -0.451) showed negative correlations with the incidence of thrips. Morning relative humidity (RH1: 0.342) was positively but non-significantly correlated with the thrips population.
Impact of Temperature and pH on the Growth of Pestalotia anacardii in vitro on Grey Leaf Blight of Cashew
Cashew is one of the significant fruit crops grown extensively in South Gujarat which was viewed as seriously impacted by grey leaf blight disease. In this experiment, exposure of microorganism to various Temperatures and pH to evaluate the mycelial development and colony diameter (mm) of P. anacardii was finished. For the temperature analyze plates were incubated at various temperatures viz., average ambient temperature (27 ± 2°C), 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40°C with four repetitions. The outcomes uncover that there was essentially higher mycelial development of P. anacardii was seen at normal surrounding temperature for example 27 ± 20°C which was viewed as at standard with 30°C temperature kept by 25°C temperature and 35°C temperature. Impact of eight pH levels viz., 5.0, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5 and 8.0 on mycelial development and No. of conidia/low power micro field (10x) of P. anacardii was examined and noticed. Dry mycelial development was seen at all the pH levels tried however it was most extreme at pH 5.0 (319.66 mg) which was at standard with pH 5.5 (307.33 mg), trailed by pH 6.0 (285.66 mg), pH 6.5 (153.66 mg). The sporulation was significantly superior at 5.0 pH (360.66 spores/LPM). The following best arranged by merit were 5.5 pH (333.66 spores/LPM) and 6.0 pH (309.33 spores/LPM). The pH studies indicated that the fungus could grow and sporulate under a wide range of pH from 5 to 8. However, pH ranging from 5.0 to 6.0 was ideal for growth and sporulation of the fungus.
Evaluation of IPM modules for the management of thrips on coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) under semi-arid conditions
Three species of thrips viz., Frankliniella schultzei Trybom, Thrips tabaci Lind., and Caliothrips indicus Bag. (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) causes major damage to coriander crops under favourable environmental conditions. Thrips infestation initiated on coriander crop at 20 days after seed germination with very few in numbers and then gradually increased population to its maximum at 45 to 50 days after seed germination. In this study, eight strategically developed IPM modules were evaluated against thrips’s mixed population, amongst them, IPM module M-5 consisted with imidacloprid 600FS @ 3ml/kg (ST) at sowing time followed by foliar application of ker plant extract @ 10ml/lit., Verticillium lecani (1x108cfu/g) @ 6g/lit., and fipronil 5%SC @ 0.035% at definite interval, given effective management of thrips (96.39 and 94.88% mortality in thrips population in 2018-19 and 2019-20, respectively) with relative safety to natural enemies, and pollinators, and lower the pesticide load for pest management practices. Two years study data were also revealed the effectiveness of IPM modules M-5 correlated with higher seed yield (2709 kg/ha), economics (Rs.1.50 Lakh) and B: C ratio (4.9:1). Subsequently, it recommends that IPM modules consisted with botanical product, entomopathogenic fungi based bio-pesticides and insecticides exhibited sustainable management module for thrips on coriander and comparatively safer to natural enemies.
Biochemical characterization of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) genotypes for downy mildew resistance
Downy mildew (Peronospora trigonella Gaumann) of fenugreek is the most serious disease all over the country.The leaves of fenugreek genotypes AM-232, AM-251, AM-85, AM-256 and AM-286AM-660, AM-661, AM-663, AM-651 AM-665 and AFg-1 were taken after 5 days of visual symptoms from the field for biochemical characterization. Biochemical data were correlated with percent disease index (PDI) score. Maximum PPO activity was observed in AM-85 (10.5 unit min-1g -1 protein) and AM-256 (8.5 unit min-1g -1 protein). Genotypes AM-85 and AM-256 had PDI score of 26.3 and 16.3, respectively for downy mildew disease. Catalase activity was observed maximum in AM-660 (17.5µmol H2O2 min-1 g-1 protein) followed by AM-660 and AM-232 with a PDI score of 21.3, 23.8 and 8.8 respectively. Peroxidase activity was found maximum in AM-651 (1102.6 µmol guaiacol min-1 g-1 protein) with a maximum PDI score (32) while minimum activity was observed in AM-256 (517µmol guaiacol min-1 g-1 protein). Total phenol concentration in fenugreek genotypes was observed from 1.1 to 4.0 mg-1 g FW . Genotypes with higher phenol content scored less PDI than those with lower phenol content. PCA-biplot and correlation analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between PDI score and peroxidase activity while a significant negative correlation of PDI score was observed with catalase(-0.769**), PPO activity (-0.754**) and phenol content (0.570*). Biochemical and PDI score data were further used to obtain hierarchial clustering of genotypes which clustered fenugreek genotypes into three groups. The first group consisted of AM-232 and AM-256 with a PDI score of 8.8 and 16.3, respectively and identified as resistant sources for downy mildew disease of fenugreek. Thus, the present study demonstrated that PPO, peroxidase and catalase activity along with phenol content can distinguish the resistant germplasm.
Catalase, Downy mildew, Fenugreek, PPO, Peroxidase, Phenol
RECENT ADVANCEMENTS IN ADDRESSING THE NUTRITIONAL, INDUSTRIAL AND THERAPEUTIC EFFECTS OF MAGICAL SPICE: KALONJI (Nigella Sativa)"
Nigella Sativa, also called black cumin or kalonji, is a highly valued and flexible plant that has been used in food, medicine, and industry for a long time. Because of their unique taste and smell, the seeds are very popular. They are used in everything from lamb meals to bread and chutneys. Nigella sativa is used in food, but it has also been looked at to see if it could be used as a drug. It's been used to treat health problems like hyperhomocysteinemia, heart disease, and high blood pressure because it kills bacteria and fights free radicals. This "magical spice" is also used in many different businesses. As a preservative, it keeps cheeses and pickles free of harmful germs throughout production. Constant new research into its potential health advantages further strengthens the case that it is a multipurpose plant of considerable scientific interest. More and more research is being done on Nigella sativa, and each new discovery highlights its potential benefits. Oxidative stress, high cholesterol, and cardiovascular health are just few of the concerns that have been demonstrated to benefit from it.
Impact of hydro priming on seed germination and field emergence in ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi)
Seed priming, a pre-sowing treatment aimed at enhancing germination speed and early seedling vigor, was evaluated in Ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi). Hydropriming durations significantly influenced germination and seedling vigour parameters. Seeds primed for 65 hours exhibited the shortest germination initiation time (16 hours) compared to 66 hours in non-primed seeds and 94 hours in seeds primed for 10–15 hours, highlighting the importance of optimal hydration for metabolic activation. The shortest Mean Germination Time (66 hours) and the highest germination uniformity were observed with hydropriming durations of 50–55 hours, demonstrating enhanced synchronization and seedling vigor. Although field emergence rates remained statistically insignificant across treatments, the hydropriming for 40-50 hrs significantly enhance the speed of field emergence, seedling length (8.81 cm) and biomass (fresh and dry weights) (45 DAS), as compared to the control (8.31 cm), indicating physiological benefits under field conditions. However, non-significant impact on seed yield (g/plot) was observed, likely due to environmental variability. These findings revealed that hydropriming can be used as a potential tool for improving germination speed and early seedling vigour in Ajwain, with possible applications in other seed spice crops.
Effect of Foliar Application of Micro nutrients on Growth and Yield of Black cumin (Nigella sativa L.)
An field study was conducted at department of Plantation, Spices, Medicinal and Aromatic crops, College of Horticulture, RVSKVV, Mandsaur, (M.P.) during the Rabi season 2020-21 in simple Randomized Block Design with replicated three times. Result revealed that the treatment T - (FeSO + MnSO + ZnO @2g each) showed early8 4 4 flowering (69.17), maturity (122.67), plant height (12.07, 35.57, 54.43 and 54.50 cm), number of branches (3.93, 7.53, 8.73 and 8.73plant ), fresh weight (3.62, 31.67, 48.77 and 42.43 g plant ), dry weight (0.41, 6.20, 12.96 and 15.13 g plant ) at 40, 80, 120 days after sowing and at harvest respectively but at same weather condition and other edaphic factor the minimum data were recorded in T -(control). Moreover, the highest number of capsule (26.01) number of1 seeds (71.01), seed yield (7.81 q ha ), biological yield (21.27), test weight (2.24), harvest index (36.95) were observed under the same treatment as compared to untreated control. The highest net returns (? 99600) and benefit: cost ratio (2.43:1) was also recorded in T - (FeSO + MnSO + ZnO @2g each) over T -(control).
D.K. Dhakad , K.C. Meena , I.S. Naruka and Nitin Soni
Copyright (c) 2021 International Journal of Seed Spices https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Efficacy of Agro Clean as pesticide in cumin and coriander
An experiment was conducted during two consecutive rabi seasons of 2018-19 and 2019-20 to study the efficacy of Agro Clean as pesticide in cumin and coriander. The product showed maximum effectiveness against cumin blight @ 5ml litre and inhibited maximum mycelial growth (26.27%) when compared with control. In field conditions also the product showed effectiveness against cumin blight disease and observed the minimum disease (PDI 13.2) at 5ml/litre. In coriander in field conditions the product showed various degrees of effectiveness against coriander powdery -1 -1 mildew disease and observed the minimum disease (PDI 6.9) at 5ml litre . In cumin Agro Clean @ 2ml litre significantly reduced aphid, green aphid and thrips population and recorded of 3.84, 1.20 and 1.00 populations per plant. Agro Clean @ 5 ml litre is promising to control cumin blight and coriander powdery mildew. Agro Clean @ 2 ml litre could be used to manage aphid, green aphid and thrips in cumin. Agro Clean could be used as pesticide in order to achieve safe and sustainable yield of cumin as well coriander.
Agro clean, cumin, coriander, efficacy, pesticide
N. Chaudhary, K. Kant, P. N. Dubey, R. D. Meena, S.S. Meena, Shiv Lal and S.N. Saxena