Indian Journal of Veterinary Anatomy is a scientific journal of Indian Association of Veterinary Anatomists. The first issue of first volume of the journal was published in 1989. The journal is published six monthly (two issues per volume, June & December). EDITORIAL BOARD Subscription Information for Print Version
Indian Association of Veterinary Anatomist (IAVA)
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Histomorphological and Histochemical Changes during Prenatal Development in Rectum of Goat (Capra hircus)
The present study was conducted on the rectum of twenty-one goat fetuses (n = 21) of different gestation periods. The mucosal projections appeared in the rectum during early stages of development at 45 days (W =3 g), while villi were first observed at 78 days (W = 100 g). The degeneration of villi started at 107 days (W = 400 g), and villi disappeared at 130 days (W = 900 g). The epithelium was undifferentiated and stratified during early development and began to transform into simple columnar epithelium at 107 days (W = 400 g). The goblet cells appeared in the caecum at 91 days (W = 200 g). The intestinal glands were fully differentiated in the caecum at 120 days (W = 650 g). The lamina muscularis mucosae appeared in the caecum for 130 days (W = 900 g). Tunica muscularis comprised of an inner circular and an outer longitudinal layer in a full-term fetus. The tunica serosa was well organized at full term. Histochemical studies showed varying amounts of acid- and neutral-mucopolysaccharides, total lipids, and phospholipids.
Rectum, Histochemical, Histomorphological, Prenatal
Copyright (c) 2025 Indian Journal of Veterinary Anatomy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Impact of IBDV Vaccination on Bursa of Fabricius in Rainbow Rooster Chickens: A Gross, Serological and Ultrastructural Analysis
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of IBDV vaccination on the gross morphology, serology, and ultrastructural integrity of the Bursa of Fabricius in Rainbow Rooster chickens from birth to 28 weeks of age. A total of 57 birds of both sexes were used. Blood samples (1 ml) were collected from the wing vein at 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, and 28 weeks for serological analysis. Ultrastructural studies were conducted on birds aged 8th and 12th weeks. Morphological observations revealed a progressive increase in body weight and bursal size, peaking at 12th weeks in both vaccinated and control groups before declining. The bursa appeared creamy white, soft, and oval to spherical. Length, width, and thickness significantly increased upto the 12th week. The maximum number of plicae was noted at the 4th weeks. Serologically, antibody titers peaked in vaccinated birds between weeks 12th and 16th, whereas titers in the control group were undetectable from week 8th onward. Ultrastructural analysis showed a well-defined cortex and medulla in bursal follicles, which are composed of reticular cells, lymphocytes, and macrophages.
Bursa of Fabricius, Rainbow Rooster, IBDV Vaccination, Gross, Serology, Ultrastructure
Gross Morphometrical Study on the Sternum of Guinea fowl (Numida meleagris)
The present study was conducted to evaluate the gross morphometry of the sternum in the guinea fowl, with the aim of documenting its anatomical features and establishing baseline biometric data relevant to avian skeletal biology. The body of sternum was concave dorsally and convex ventrally. The cranio-lateral process was elongated and directed cranially. Caudo-lateral process started as a single process which bifurcated into a smaller dorsal and a longer ventral process. Median pneumatic foramen was present. An oval to round foramen was observed towards the cranial-most aspect of sternum just caudal to rostrum. The cranial border presented transversely elongated grooves separated by rostrum to articulate with the distal extremity of coracoid bone. Cranially, the lateral border presented four facets for sternal ribs. The rostrum was roughly triangular plate-like structure in outline. A foramen was observed between the rostrum and cranial border of sternum. The ventral surface presented triangular shaped keel (carina) with concave cranial border. The apex of the keel was in level with the origin of cranio-lateral process. Length of sternum was 12.01 cm. Width of sternum was maximum at the level of facets (2.41 cm). The cranio-lateral processes were shortest and caudo-ventral processes were the longest. The height of keel was maximum at its apex. This study provides foundational data on the sternal morphology of guinea fowl, which may serve as a useful reference in comparative anatomy, veterinary medicine, and functional morphology of avian species.
Biometry, Guinea fowl, Keel, Pneumatic foramen, Sternum
Comparative Histological and Histochemical study of Corpora amylacea in the Mammary glands of Goats and Ewes
When it comes to the study of the process of tissue regression, the mammary gland is one of the most important and unique, organs which can be considered as the best experimental model. In each and every cycle of pregnancy and lactation, this gland undergoes massive expansion of the milk-producing secretory epithelium coupled with regression of adipocytes followed by reversal of this process during involution. The functional stage of mammary gland affects the incidence and distribution of corpora amylacea. Corpora amylacea were present in the mammary glands of both the small ruminants under investigation. Corpora amylacea occurred most frequently in the ewe, and were seen comparatively more in non-lactating mammary glands when compared with that of goat. In lactating stage these were situated mostly in the alveolus. During gestation they were located outside of the alveolus and in the interalveolar connective tissue. Only in very few cases corpora amylacea were found inside and outside of the alveolus in the same mammary gland. Their origin appeared to be cellular and the desquamated and infiltrated cells accumulate in the lumen became fragmented, degenerated and lysed to form a solid lump like structure.
Mammary Gland, Small ruminate, Corpora amylacea histology and histo-chemistry
Gross Anatomical Investigation on Lymphnodes of the Abdominal and Pelvic Regions in Buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis)
The present study was carried out to elucidate gross anatomical study of lymph nodes in the abdominal and pelvic regions of buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis)” for basic as well as applied purposes. The lymph nodes namely pre-femoral, popliteal, mesenteric and superficial inguinal (scrotal and supramammary) lymph nodes of buffaloes consisted of capsule which covered whole parenchyma except at hilus. The presence of obstructive neighboring tissues close to the lymph nodes, thick skin, and the animal’s resistant behaviour were the primary hurdles when palpating these lymph nodes in living animals. Under the skin, the pre-femoral and superficial inguinal lymph nodes were the most clearly defined and easily palpable. The carcass’s lymph node position was largely consistent with reports of similar locations in cattle. The lymph nodes were found single on each side but mesenteric lymph node was presented along the mesentery near the jejunum and ilium. However, prefemoral lymph nodes were occasionally found in pairs. The lymph nodes were mostly oval or bean shaped; however some were elongated and flat. The mean biometrical value in respect to length, width, thickness and weight were slightly variable in right and left sides.
Morphological and Morphometrical Studies on the Tibia and Fibula of Tiger (Panthera tigris).
The study reports gross anatomical details of the tibiaand fibula of tiger. Bones of five adult tigers of either sex were studied out of which two procured from Department of Wildlife Health and management and three from Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Histology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry Madhya Pradesh Pashu chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya (NDVSU), Jabalpur (M.P.).The tibia was the larger of the two bones in the leg region. Tibia was long, prismatic and distinctly curved at its upper two third and cylindrical at its lower third. The mean circumference of the shaft was 16.72 + 0.29 cm, 10.06 + 0.17 cm and 10.18 + 0.18 cm at its upper, middle and lower parts, respectively.The proximal extremity presented two condyles and a tibial tuberosity. The distal extremity showed two cranio-caudally directed oblique articular groove of which the medial was deeper than the lateral. The fibula was very thin and flattened mediolaterally and curved distally. It presented a shaft and two extremities. It weighed 28.52 + 0.46 g and was 29.26 + 0.28 cm in length. The shaft was thin and cylindrical in the proximal third and flat in the lower two third. However, it differed nonsignificantly in morphometry.
Trichological Analysis on Hair of Sahiwal Cattle
For trichological analysis guard hair from back, neck, umblical and tail regions of sahiwal cattle were collected. The colour, shape and band pattern of hair was examined to know the gross profile of hair. The cuticular impressions were prepared in a thin gelatin layer on a clean glass slide for assessment of cuticular scale pattern. For medullary configuration observation hair specimen was prepared with xylene. The physical characteristic of hair like colour, shape and band pattern showed huge variation in the same individual from region to region. The hair of sahiwal cattle were flat in all body regions.Microscopically the hair was composed of cuticle, cortex and medulla from outer to inner side. The cuticular scales were in the form of regular waves with smooth margin in back, neck and tail region and crenate margin in umbilical region. Hair medulla was continuous in back region but in neck, umbilical and tail regions it was fragmented. The margins of the medulla in all the body regions were scalloped type except in tail region where it was smooth. The medullary index was more than half, it showed that the medulla form more diameter of hair than the cortex.
Cattle,Cuticle, Hair,Medulla, Sahiwal, Trichological
Morphological and Morphometrical Study on the Distal Row of Carpal Bones in Indian Elephant (Elephas maximus indicus)
The fore and hind limbs of the elephant are arranged in almost vertical position under the body, similar to a pillar or leg of table rather than being in the angular position seen in many other quadruped mammals to support great weight. The aim of this study is to elucidate the morphological outline on the carpal bones of Elephants, thereby making more contribution in filling the gap of knowledge and skills framework in this field. The short carpal bones were eight in number and were arranged in two rows. The distal row consisted of first, second, third and fourth carpal bones. The first carpal bone of the distal row was a smallest bone. The 3rd carpal bone was almost quadrilateral shaped. Fourth carpal forms the lateral component of the distal row.
Gross and Morphometrical Studies on the Soft Palate of Domestic Pig “(Sus scrofa domesticus)”
The present study was undertaken on the soft palate of the SVVUT-17 breed of domestic pig. The soft palate extended from the posterior margin of the hard palate caudally to about the middle of the epiglottis. It was nearly horizontal in position and consisted of two surfaces, the dorsal surface (nasal surface) and the ventral surface (oral surface). The mean length of the soft palate was 5.7± 0.6 cm. The width was measured at the fixed border, at anterior pillar level, at posterior pillar level and at the free border of the soft palate and were recorded as 5.0 ± 0.4 cm, 4.4 ± 0.3 cm, 5.2±0.5 cm, 3.7 ±0.4 cm respectively. Four paired muscles, i.e., palatinus muscle, palatoglossus muscle, tensor veli palatini and levator veli palatini muscles were responsible for movement of the soft palate.
Histomorphological Study on the Testes of Non-descript Male Goats (Capra hircus)
The buck’s testicles were suspended in the scrotum by the spermatic cords and positioned vertically, just in front of the inguinal area. Each testes had two surfaces, two borders, and two ends. The lateral surface was convex, while the medial surface was flat.The testis’s caudomedial border was joined to the epididymis.Testes consisted of several important structures, including the tunica albuginea, trabeculae, mediastinum testis, seminiferous tubules, and interstitial tissue.The testes were covered by the visceral layer of the tunica vaginalis and tunica albuginea, which is mainly composed of collagen fibres.The outermost layer was the tunica albuginea, which consisted of a strong layer of connective tissue and smooth muscle fibres. The basement membrane supported the seminiferous tubules.Separate rows of spermatogenic cells were positioned from the seminiferous tubule’s basement membrane towards the lumen. They were Spermatogonia, Primary spermatocytes, Secondary spermatocytes, Spermatids and Spermatozoa.
The buck’s testicles were suspended in the scrotum by the spermatic cords and positioned vertically, just in front of the inguinal area. Each testes had two surfaces, two borders, and two ends. The lateral surface was convex, while the medial surface was flat.The testis’s caudomedial border was joined to the epididymis.Testes consisted of several important structures, including the tunica albuginea, trabeculae, mediastinum testis, seminiferous tubules, and interstitial tissue.The testes were covered by the visceral layer of the tunica vaginalis and tunica albuginea, which is mainly composed of collagen fibres.The outermost layer was the tunica albuginea, which consisted of a strong layer of connective tissue and smooth muscle fibres. The basement membrane supported the seminiferous tubules.Separate rows of spermatogenic cells were positioned from the seminiferous tubule’s basement membrane towards the lumen. They were Spermatogonia, Primary spermatocytes, Secondary spermatocytes, Spermatids and Spermatozoa. Key words: Key words- Histomorphology, Testes, Epididymis, Goat
Histological Studies on the Non-Osseous component of the Hard Palate in Domestic Pig (Sus scrofa domesticus)
The bony palate along with the mucosa covering its oral surface together constitutes the hard palate. The microanatomical studies of the non-osseous component of the hard palate showed the keratinized stratified squamous epithelium and propria-submucosa. The propria-submucosa was composed of dense irregular connective tissue containing collagen and reticular fibers, adipose tissue, smooth muscle cells, nerve fibers, blood vessels, capillary plexuses, lymphatic vessels and connective tissue cells like lymphocytes, fibroblasts and fibrocytes. The highest vascularity was observed at the papilla incisiva level, where the nasopalatine duct and plate-like hyaline cartilage surrounded by a perichondrium were also present. Notably, no glands were observed at any level of the non-osseous component of the hard palate in domestic pigs.
Non-osseous component of hard palate, papilla incisiva, propria submucosa.
Gross and Histological Studies on the Soft Palate Tonsil in Domestic Pig (Sus scrofa domesticus).
The present study describes the gross and microanatomical features of the soft palate tonsil in domestic pigs. Grossly, the tonsils appeared as elongated oval plaques with numerous fossules on the mucosal surface of the soft palate. Histologically, the tonsil was lined by non-keratinzed stratified squamous epithelium with numerous crypts extended deeply into the lymphoid tissue of the tonsil. Each crypt consisted of a neck formed by epithelial invagination and a body by lymphoepithelium.
Soft palate tonsil, crypt, lymphoepithelium.
Histochemical Dynamics of Ovarian Tissue across Developmental Stages in sheep
Seasonal variation had no appreciable effect on histochemical reactions; however, clear age-related differences were observed. Neutral mucopolysaccharides (PAS-positive substances) showed generally weak reactions in prepubertal animals, increasing to mild–moderate intensity in pubertal and adult groups, particularly in follicular components, zona pellucida, corpus luteum, and stroma. Glycogen content was uniformly low or absent across most ovarian structures, irrespective of age. Acid mucopolysaccharides exhibited mild to moderate reactivity in stromal tissue, follicular layers, basement membrane, zona pellucida, and follicular fluid, with comparatively higher activity in developing and tertiary follicles. Basic proteins were consistently present in most ovarian structures with moderate to strong reactions in granulosa cells, basement membranes and zona pellucida of growing follicles. Lipids and phospholipids showed mild to moderate distribution in follicular cells, luteal tissue, and stroma with relatively higher lipid content in prepubertal ovaries and a decreasing trend with advancing age.
Histochemistry, Ovarian tissue, Follicular development, Sheep
Histological Studies on the Caecum of Postnatal Guinea Pigs (Cavia porcellus)
The present histological study was conducted on the caecum of guinea pigs at different postnatal age groups. Microscopically, the caecal wall was composed of four layers namely the tunica mucosa, tunica sub mucosa, tunica muscularis and tunica serosa. The shape of the mucosal folds in the epithelium was short and stout like in 0–2-week- old guinea pigs, whereas they appeared tongue shaped in remaining age groups. The Lamina propria was composed of loose connective tissue with Crypts of Lieberkuhn. The tunica submucosa was composed predominantly of collagen and reticular fibres, with few elastic fibres mainly around the walls of the blood vessels. The tunica muscularis com- prised an inner circular and an outer longitudinal muscular layer. The mean height and width of the mucosal folds, the height of the columnar epithelial cells and the thickness of the tunica muscularis increased progressively with advanc- ing age in all the age groups studied.
Caecum, guinea pig, mucosal folds, postnatal age.
Species-specific Variations in the Gross Anatomy of the Rete mirabile cerebrale in Ox and Sheep
The rete mirabile cerebrale is one of the vital structures associated with the ruminant brain believed to play a crucial role in the cooling of the arterial circulation in this organ. The present study was therefore designed to study this vital structure in sheep and ox so as to observe any comparative differences using both ventral and dorsal approaches. A total of three adult animal heads (N=3), one sheep obtained from slaughterhouse and two male bovine heads collected during post-mortem examination were used for the present study. In ox, the rete mirabile cerebrale consisted of a well-developed rostral epidural rete and a smaller caudal epidural rete. In contrast, sheep possessed only the rostral epidural rete, with complete absence of the caudal rete. The rostral epidural rete was H-shaped in both the ox and sheep. From the present study it was concluded that the arterial blood from vertebral artery has no role in enriching the cerebrum in case of sheep. These findings highlighted species-specific variations in the organization of the rete mirabile cerebrale among ruminants and underscores its potential role in cerebral thermoregulation.
Brain, Gross anatomy, Ox, Rete mirabile cerebrale, Sheep,
Age-Related Scanning Electron Microscopic Studies on the Articular Cartilage of Femoral Head in Buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis)
Femoral head articular cartilages of 24 apparently healthy buffaloes irrespective of their breed, sex and nutritional status were procured from local slaughter houses in and around Hyderabad. Collected specimens were divided into four groups viz., Group I (Prenatal stage)and three post-natal stages such as Group II (neonatal), Group III (young adult) and Group IV (aged). Scanning electron microscopic features of articular surface of femoral head articular cartilage in Group-I revealed a continuous surface without any break with longitudinal folds and numerous tightly packed chondrocytes, which were unidirectional and protruding outwards, separated by fine grooves. At much higher magnification, uniformly dispersed chondrocytes protruded as hemispherical, irregular or spindle-shaped elongations. In Group-II and III specimens articular cartilage surface of femoral head was smoother with few erythrocytes. Protrusions of chondrocytes were seen along with numerous minute debris of synovial fluid secretions. At the junction of articular cartilage and sub-chondral bone, cartilage matrix was smoother and osseous part comprised collagen fibres. Femoral head articular cartilage surface in specimens of Group III and IV revealed an uneven outline with deeply located cells and remnants of synovial fluid. Few cells were surrounded by a furrow caused by collapse of pericellular matrix. These findings demonstrate a progressive transition from a highly organized and proliferative chondrocytic arrangement in prenatal cartilage to smoother, functionally adapted surfaces in postnatal stages, followed by structural deterioration in aged animals. This study confirmed that the femoral head articular cartilage of buffaloes undergoes progressive degeneration as the age advances.
Buffalo, femoral head, articular cartilage, SEM
Histoenzymic Localization of Oxidoreductases and Phosphatases in the Tonsils of Naso-pharyngeal region of Buffaloes
The present study was aimed to explore the localization of oxidoreductases and phosphatases enzymes in the nasopharyngeal, tubal and paraepiglottic tonsils of six adult healthy buffaloes. The succinic dehydrogenase, lactic dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and glutamic dehydrogenase showed a strong positive activity in the pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium and stratum basale layer of the stratified squamous epithelium of the tonsils. The diffuse lymphoid tissue and the striated muscles showed moderate to strong positive reactions. The mucous secretory acini did not show any affinity for these enzymes, however, a uniform moderate to strong positive reaction was observed towards their basement membranes. The acid and glucose- 6-phosphatases showed a moderate activity in the respiratory epithelium and the deepest layer of cells next to the basement membrane of the stratified squamous epithelium. The associated submucosal lymphoid tissue and the glandular tissue of the tonsils showed positive reactions like those of the oxidoreductases group of enzymes. A comparison of the pattern of localization of these enzymes in healthy and infected animals may play a significant role in disease diagnosis, if any.
Buffalo, Oxidoreductases, Phosphatases, Tonsils
Comparative Gross Morphological Study on the Pituitary Glands of Pig (sus scrofa domestica) and Goat (Capra hircus)
The pituitary gland (hypophysis cerebri) plays a central role in regulating growth, metabolism, reproduction, and homeostasis through its endocrine functions. The present study was undertaken to comparatively evaluate the gross morphology and morphometry of the pituitary gland in pigs and goats. The study was conducted on eight adult Large White Yorkshire crossbred pigs and six adult goats. Following careful dissection, the pituitary glands were examined for their location, relations, external morphology, lobation and biometric parameters. In both species, the pituitary gland was located on the ventral aspect of the diencephalon within the sella turcica and connected to the hypothalamus by the infundibular stalk. However, distinct species-specific differences were observed. The diaphragma sellae was incomplete with a large central aperture in pigs, whereas it was complete with a minute opening in goats. Externally, the gland was irregularly triangular in pigs and elongated oval to pyriform in goats. Sagittal sections revealed clear lobation of the adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis in both species, with more prominent hypophyseal cleft and compact lobation in goats. Morphometric analysis showed that width, thickness, volume, and weight of the pituitary gland were significantly greater in pigs compared to goats (P < 0.01), while length did not differ significantly. These findings demonstrate marked species-specific variations in pituitary morphology and morphometry, providing valuable baseline data for comparative anatomy and endocrinological studies in domestic animals.
Diaphragma sellae, Hypophysis cerebri, Neurohypophysis, Pituitary gland, Sella turcica
Morphological and Biometrical Features of the Temporal Bone in Mongrel Dogs (Canis Lupus Familiaris)
This study examined the anatomy of the temporal bone in Mongrel dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) based on morphological and biometrical analyses. The temporal bone, a paired structure, formed the ventro-lateral cranial wall and composed of squamous and petrous parts. The squamous part included a zygomatic process forming the zygomatic arch, while the petrous part housed ear components with petrous and tympanic subdivisions. Sexual dimorphism was evident, with males showing more prominent retroarticular process and wider zygomatic arches. Findings align with general canine anatomy and aid in diagnostics for ear conditions.
Temporal Bone, Mongrel Dog, Cranial Anatomy, Sexual Dimorphism
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Branching Pattern of Portal Vein in Pig Liver
The study was conducted on three pig livers collected from local slaughter house. Normal saline was injected to flush the portal vein. For cast preparation, 10 g of orthoplast powder and 20 ml of cross-linked orthoplast denture material was mixed. The blue colour was imparted by adding asian blue paint. The solution was stirred to attain honey like consistency. The blue solution was injected in portal vein. Then the organ was allowed to set for 4-6 hours and then transferred to conc. HCL. As tissue was dissolved in HCL, the cast was removed and washed with water. The study revealed the ramification of portal vein within the parenchyma of liver.
Morphological Studies on the different Lymph Nodes of Head Region in Buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis)
The lymphnode of head region included the parotid, mandibular, lateral retropharyngeal and medial retropharyngeal lymph nodes in buffalo. The parotid lymph node was the largest among the lymph nodes in the head region. It was located ventral to the temporomandibular joint, posterior to the upper portion of the masseter muscle and at the base of the ear. It was bean-shaped. The mandibular lymph node was located near the angle of the mandible, positioned dorsally to the linguofacial vein and medially to the sternocephalicus muscle. It rested on the lateral aspect of the rostral portion of the mandibular salivary gland and had a semi-circular shape. The lateral retropharyngeal lymph node was located under the wing of the atlas and was covered by the dorsal end of the mandibular gland. It was discoid in shape and brown to reddish-black in color. The medial retropharyngeal lymph node was situated between the caudal-dorsal wall of the pharynx and the longus capitis muscles, medial to the stylohyoideus muscles. It was roughly triangular in shape.
Parotid, Mandibular, Lateral and Medial Retropharyngeal, Head Region and Buffalo
Gross Morphometrical Studies on the Testes of Dog During Different Seasons
The present study was conducted on the testes of 18 adult dogs (mean body weight 20.28 ± 0.65 kg) during the summer, monsoon and winter seasons. Thirty-six (36) numbers of testes were collected, 12 in each season, from dogs operated for neutering at the Veterinary Hospital of Municipal Corporation. Gross anatomical and biometrical observations on testicular weight, volume, length, width, thickness and circumference were recorded. The paired testes were located in the scrotum halfway between the anus and the inguinal region. Inside the scrotum, the visceral layer of tunica vaginalis covered the testis and epididymis. The testes had their long axes oriented obliquely with a dorso-caudal direction. The reddish-coloured, roughly oval-shaped testes had two surfaces: lateral and medial, two borders: dorsal and ventral and two ends: proximal and distal. The epididymis was attached dorso-laterally to the testis. The seasonal effect was significant (p<0.05) for all biometrical parameters. Significantly lower (p<0.001) values were recorded during the summer season, while during the monsoon and winter seasons, the values were at par. The lower significant values of testicular biometrical parameters could be correlated with the inactive spermatogenesis in the seminiferous tubules of testis during the summer season.
Histomorphological and Histochemical Characterization of Jejunum in Domestic Pig (Sus Scrofa Domesticus)
The present research work was conducted on six healthy adult pigs of local mixed breed of either sex to study the microscopic anatomy of jejunum. The pointed tapering to blunt round ends of villi present in the tunica mucosa of jejunum, were lined by simple columnar epithelium with goblet cells. Lamina propria was comprised of irregular connective tissue, fine blood capillaries and intestinal glands. The tubulo-alveolar intestinal glands were lined by simple cuboidal to columnar epithelium. The acini presented strong PAS positive pattern for mucopolysaccharides. The lymphoid aggregates were also observed in the lamina propria. The descending population of enterochromaffin cells was observed as progressed from cranial to caudal part of the jejunum. Lamina muscularis mucosa was moderately thick and was interrupted at places due to invasion of lymphatic nodules into it. The thickness of submucosa increased in size towards the caudal part of the jejunum with isolate patches of lymphatic nodules. Thickness of inner circular and outer longitudinal layer of tunica muscularis was consistent throughout the jejunum. Tunica serosa lined by loose connective tissue covered with mesothelium.
Age Related Histological Changes in the Epithelium of Bursa of Fabricius in Chabro Bird
The study aimed to provide basic findings about the age-related epithelial changes in the lymphoid follicle of bursa of Fabricius, which was conducted on the bursa of Fabricius of thirty Chabro birds. The birds were selected after hatching irrespective of sex and divided into five groups (0, 30, 60, 90 and 150 days of age) each group comprised of 6 birds. The bursa of Fabricius was a sac-like structure connected to the dorsal wall of the proctodeum of the cloaca by a small stalk. As the age increases, there was increase and decrease in the height and width of surface epithelium and formation of an epithelial cyst.
Bursa of Fabricius, Chabro Bird, Epithelium.
Morphological and Biometrical Features of the Maxilla in Mongrel Dogs (Canis Lupus Familiaris)
This study examines the morphology and biometry of the maxilla bone in Mongrel dogs based on analyses of 14 specimens. The maxilla, the largest facial bone, is paired and located laterally, forming parts of the nasal cavity, hard palate, and orbital region. It features an irregularly triangular body with concave rostral and convex caudal facial surfaces, a frontal process fitting between nasal and frontal bones, a short zygomatic process, and a palatine process contributing 64.6±0.67% to the hard palate alongside the premaxilla. The alveolar process holds the canine teeth, four premolars, and two molars. An infraorbital foramen is located 1 cm above the third cheek tooth. The Present findings align, provides a baseline for comparative studies and clinical applications in dental and maxillofacial procedures.
Maxilla Bone, Mongrel Dog, Facial Anatomy, Biometry
Postnatal Development of Pancreas in Non-Descript Pigs - Gross Anatomical Study
The present research aimed to study the gross anatomy of pancreas in postnatal age groups of non–descript pigs. Pancreas in pig was located in the dorsal part of the abdominal cavity intimately related to the proximal part of the duodenum. Six pancreases were collected from each of three different age groups of pigs from the nearby slaughter houses. The pancreas of pigs appeared lobulated and triangular in shape. It was pale yellow, in neonatal group and yellowish cream colour, in young and adult ages. It was soft to touch during postnatal ages. The pancreas of pig was observed with three lobes namely splenic lobe, duodenal lobe, and connecting lobe. Splenic lobe was the largest and formed not only one side of the triangle but also extended from the corresponding angle of the triangle. Duodenal lobe was associated with the duodenum. Connecting lobe was the smallest lobe. Two main ducts were observed; one as main pancreatic duct and the other as accessory pancreatic duct. The accessory pancreatic duct was found to be draining the pancreatic secretions of splenic lobe and the cranial part of duodenal lobe. It opened to the cranial part of duodenum and its opening was in the same level but opposite to the bile duct opening in all the postnatal ages studied. The main pancreatic duct was found to be draining the pancreatic secretions from the caudal part of duodenal lobe, connecting lobe and bridge and opened at further caudal part of the duodenum.
Pancreas, Pig, Postnatal development, Gross anatomy
Mapping Vasculature and Nerve Networks in the Canine Skeleton: A Tool for Veterinary Anatomy Education and Learning
The skeletal system of dogs provides essential structural support, protects vital organs, and facilitates movement. One nondescript adult dog cadaver was used as animal material in this study. The cadaver was mascerated to collect the bones. Holes were drilled on the articular surfaces of bones to form the skeleton. Thick Nylon thread of three colors viz; red, blue and yellow were used to demonstrate the major arteries (red color), major veins (blue color), and major nerves (yellow color) on the dog skeleton. This teaching model explores the normal blood vessels and nerve patterns that permeate the Canis lupus familiaris skeletal framework, highlighting their roles in various functions of the body. The development of effective teaching tools is crucial in veterinary education, particularly when studying complex anatomical systems, such as the vascular and nervous networks. The study presents the development and evaluation of a life-sized Canis lupus familiaris skeleton model that visually and accurately maps the major blood vessels and nerve networks. The model is designed to serve as an educational tool, enhancing students' understanding of these intricate systems in veterinary anatomy courses.
Dog skeleton, Arteries, Veins, Nerves, Diagnostics, Surgery
Prenatal Development of Pinna in Indian Sheep
Gross and microanatomical studies of pinna were conducted in embryos and fetuses collected from Nellore sheep aged between 22 to 145 days. External ear comprised of pinna (Auricle) and external acoustic meatus. Morphogenesis revealed that the otic placode and four pairs of pharyngeal pouches were visible externally in the ventro-lateral aspect of neck region by 22 days. Five aural hillocks were appeared at 23 days. Auricle shifted its position from neck to temporal region by 63 days. The pinna presented 5-6 prominent ridges by 74 days. Histogenesis revealed that the first and second pharyngeal arches developed with an intervening first pharyngeal cleft by 22 days. Small cone shaped pinna at 24 days modified into irregular sigmoid shaped structure with mesenchymal condensation at the centre of the auricle in 31 days embryos. Differentiation of hair follicles was first initiated on the auricular epidermis by 69 days and presence of elastic cartilage in the center of pinna by 80 days. Biometric analysis of pinna revealed that the average length, width increased significantly between different age groups. It may be concluded that the development of pinna continues postnatally also in sheep.
Auricle, Pinna, Morphogenesis, Histogenesis, Morphometry, Sheep Fetus
Fine Structure of the Submucosal Layer of The Dog's Cervical Esophagus
Six samples of cervical oesophagus were collected from apparently healthy adult dogs that died in different road accidents. The samples were processed for a transmission electron microscopy study. The submucosal layer of the canine esophagus consists of compound, muco-serous glands, fibroblasts, macrophages, plasma cells, lymphocytes, and connective tissue fibers, including collagen, reticular, and elastic fibers. The mucous acini displayed mucous and subsidiary cells with large lucent granules and small dense granules, respectively. The serous acinar cells had a nucleus, electron-dense granules of varying sizes and appearances, a Golgi apparatus, and abundant endoplasmic reticulum. The myoepithelial cells were flat, spindle-shaped, rich in tonofilaments, and rested on the basement membrane of the serous or mucous acini. The cells lining the duct ranged from low cuboidal cells to two-layered forms, becoming stratified at the opening into the lumen of the esophagus. The intra-lobar duct showed cells with prominent centrally located nuclei, electron-dense secretory granules, a greater number of mitochondria, polyribosomes, and endoplasmic reticulum. The plasma membrane of the cuboidal cells located towards the lumen of the duct showed blebs. The cells of the intralobar duct were joined to one another by desmosomes and tight junctions.
esophagus, submucosa, mucous acini, serous acini, myoepithelial cell
Microscopic Anatomy of Liver in Cats of Tirunelveli Region
The liver of cat comprised of six lobes namely left lateral, left medial, quadrate, caudate, right lateral and right medial. The livers were collected from six freshly dead cats presented for post-mortem examination. The liver was cut into small pieces, fixed and routine histological processing was done and paraffin blocks were prepared. The paraffin sections of 3-5 micrometer thickness were cut and stained. The liver was the compound tubular gland with a layer of connective tissue capsule enclosing the parenchymatous tissue. The liver consisted of capsule, septa and lobules. The arrangement of hepatocytes in the lobule was in radiating cords. Hepatic sinusoids were observed between the hepatic cords. The hepatocytes were polygonal in shape with vacuolated eosinophilic cytoplasm. The dark blue stained nuclei were centrally located with single dot shaped nucleoli. The sinusoids were lined by single layer of flat squamous sinusoidal endothelial cells with flat centrally located nucleus. The sinusoidal lumen also contained Kupffer cells along with blood cells. The central vein was located at the centre of the hepatic lobule with narrow to wide lumen. The portal areas were observed at the corners of the hepatic lobule with branches of the hepatic artery, portal vein and bile duct. The size of the bile duct was from small to large in different portal areas.