Indian Journal of Veterinary Anatomy is a scientific journal of Indian Association of Veterinary Anatomists. The first issue of first volume of the journal was published in 1989. The journal is published six monthly (two issues per volume, June & December). EDITORIAL BOARD Chief Executive Editor Dr.P.Jagapathi Ramayya Assocaite Dean, College of Veterinary Science,Tirupati Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University-517502 A.P Associate Editors Dr.K.Raja (Tirupati) Dr.M.P.S Tomar (Gannavaram) Members Dr.S.A.Gaikwad (Maharashtra) Dr.S.Ganga Naik (Karnataka) Dr.S.Paramasivan (Tamilnadu) Dr.A.R.Sreeranjini (Kerala) Dr.O.P.Choudhary (Punjab) Dr.Shri Prakash Singh (Uttar Pradesh) Dr.S.Ranjith Kumar (Telangana) Dr.Nidhi Gupta (Madhya Pradesh) Subscription Information for Print Version
Indian Association of Veterinary Anatomist (IAVA)
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Regional Morphometrical and Histological Studies on the Thoracic Aorta of Buffalo ( Bubalus bubalis )
The study reports morphometrical and histological details at different regions of thoracic aorta in buffalos. Specimens of adult, apparently healthy buffalos were collected from local slaughter houses in and around Proddatur. A total of six specimens each were collected three regions viz., immediately behind the origin of common brachiocephalic trunk, at the level of sixth thoracic vertebrae and at the level of hiatus aorticus. The average transverse diameter of the thoracic aorta measured 24.59 ± 0.24 mm, 18.86 ± 0.27 mm and 14.15 ± 0.29 mm, while the average longitudinal diameter of thoracic aorta measured 22.81 ± 0.16 mm, 17.90 ± 0.41 mm and 12.37 ± 0.63 mm in proximal, middle and distal segments respectively. The average transverse luminal diameter of thoracic aorta measured 18.70 ± 0.73 mm, 14.89 ± 0.21 mm and 12.49 ± 0.23 mm, while the average longitudinal diameter of its lumen measured 17.22 ± 0.26 mm, 15.59 ± 0.13 mm and 11.75 ± 0.16 mm in the proximal, middle and distal segments respectively. Average thickness of wall of thoracic aorta measured 5.48 ± 0.17mm, 3.83± 0.13mm and 1.73 ± 0.11mm in proximal, middle and distal segments, respectively. The general histological features of a large artery i.e,, Tunic intima,media and externa were appreciated. Variations were observed in endothelial cell morphology from being elongated to flattened proximally to being rounded in distal segments. Meshwork of connective tissue elements which included branched elastic fibres, collagen fibres and reticular fibres in the subendothelium. An indistinct Internal Elastic Lamina (IEL) observed in the proximal segments of the aorta which became distinct in the distal segment with prominent foldings. Tunica media which constituted the major portion of the thoracic aortic wall was predominantly made up of smooth muscle fibres, elastic lamellae, collagen fibres and reticular fibres in all three segments. Proximal and middle segment of the tunica media revealed smooth muscle fibres which alternated with elastic lamellae in the inner region while the outer region exhibited condensation of smooth muscle fibres into muscle bundles with tapering ends attached to elastic fibres thus forming muscle islands. Indistinct External Elastic Lamina was observed in all the segments. Tunica adventitia was mainly comprised of collagen fibres with fewer elastic and reticular fibres. The predominance of collagen fibres supports the role of the adventitia in providing tensile strength and structural support to withstand hemodynamic forces.The adventitia in all three segments was well supplied with vasa vasorum and nerve fibres.
Thoracic aorta, Diameter, Wall thickness
Copyright (c) 2026 Indian Journal of Veterinary Anatomy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Gross and Histoarchitecture studies on the Epididymis of Indian Mongrel Dogs
Study on the gross and micro anatomical details of the epididymis of dogs from pre- and post-pubertal age groups were recorded. The epididymis was attached to the dorso-lateral surface of the testis. The epididymis was attached to the cranio-dorsal margin of the testis. Values on the various gross morphometric parameters showed a significant difference as age advanced in both the species. Epididymis was covered by tunica albuginea composed of a tunica fibrosa and tunica vasculosa. The epithelium of epididymis was made of pseudostratified ciliated columnar type. Basement membrane of tubule, blood vessel and stereocilia showed intense activity of mucopolysaccharides. Spermatozoa were situated in longitudinal disposition with their major axis parallel to the apical surface of the epithelium and perpendicular to the larger diameter of the epididymal duct. Spermatozoa formed compact packages within the lumen of epidymis.
Effect of Dietary Supplementation of GABA and Nano GABA on the Gross morphology of Bursa of Fabricius in Post-hatch coloured Chicken
The bursa of Fabricius is a primary lymphoid organ unique to birds and plays an important role in the development of B lymphocytes and humoral immunity. The present study was conducted to evaluate the gross morphology of the bursa of Fabricius in post-hatch coloured chicken and to determine the effect of dietary GABA and Nano GABA supplementation. Thirty healthy chicks were reared up to 60 days of age and divided into three groups: Group I (control), Group II (GABA at 5 mg/ml), and Group III (Nano GABA at 2 mg/ml) supplemented through drinking water. At the end of the experimental period, six birds from each group were sacrificed for detailed examination. In all groups, the bursa appeared as an oval to spherical blind sac with a yellowish-white to pale pink colour and contained 12–14 internal plicae. The mean bursal weight and length showed a numerical increase in the supplemented groups; however, these differences were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). In contrast, a significant increase (p < 0.05) in bursal width was observed in both GABA and Nano GABA treated groups compared to the control. The findings indicate that dietary GABA and Nano GABA supplementation may support bursal growth, particularly in terms of width, without affecting its normal anatomical features.
Bursa of Fabricius, GABA, Humoral immunity and Nano GABA
Study on the Histoarchitecture of the Testis of Indian Mongrel Dogs
The present study was on study on the micro anatomical details of the in indian mongrel dogs from pre and postpubertal age groups. The microanatomical details of the testes in Indian Mongrel dogs of pre-and post-pubertal groups revealed that testis was compound tubular gland covered by tunica albuginea composed of collagen, elastic, reticular and smooth muscle fibres. A well developed septulae testis divided the gland into lobuli testis. A fibrous mediastinum testis occupied a central position along the longitudinal axis of the testis. The seminiferous tubules made the bulk of the parenchyma. Seminiferous epithelium consisted of Type A and Type B spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes, secondary spermatocytes, round spermatids, elongated spermatids and spermatozoa in different stages of development and differentiation with Sertoli cells in between. The peritubular tissue consisted of collagen, elastic fibres along with few fibroblast-like cells and myoid cells. The interstitial tissue consisted of numerous Leydig cells, few fibrocytes and blood and lymph vessels in loose connective, trabeculae, mediastinum testis,seminiferous tubules and interstitial tissue.The histological structure of right and left testis was found to be similar.
Histochemical Studies on the Adrenal gland of Large White Yorkshire Crossbred Adult Pigs
Histochemical study on the adrenal gland was conducted on twelve Large White Yorkshire pigs irrespective of their sex. The activity for neutral mucopolysaccharides was strong in capsule, zona glomerulosa,zona fasciculata and epinephrine zone, whereas, it was moderate in zona reticularis and weak in nor epinephrine zone. The activity for alkaline phosphatase was strong in capsule, zona fasciculata and nor epinephrine zone and weak in the epinephrine zone. The acid phosphatase activity was strong in the outer layer of capsule, zona reticularis and in the epinephrine zone. Strong deposits of lipids were found in epinephrine zone. Chromogranin‘A’ immune positive reaction was strong in the epinephrine zone and weak in the nor epinephrine zone.
Comparative Histological Studies in Vencobb Broiler Birds Supplemented with Kitchen Herbs
Recently, the research on the avian brain has emerged as the most exploring area due to its role in cognitive behavior of the birds. The avian brain serves as a model for the neuroanatomists as they explore the basic concepts of the nervous system with regard to behaviour, development and molecular biology. Studies on the brain mechanisms underpinning diverse cognitive abilities, like as learning, memory, attention, and awareness, heavily rely on avian models. The present gross and histoarchitectural study was conducted on the brain of 120 numbers of healthy Vencobb broiler birds divided into four groups, with each group containing 30 chicks over three replicates (10 chicks per replicate). The three treatment groups received a basal diet supplemented with kitchen herbs at concentrations of 0.5% (T2), 1% (T3) and 1.5% (T4) of the basal diet, respectively, while the control group (T1) was maintained without these herbs. Basing on the development of wulst, population of neuronal cell bodies and neuroglial cells, heterogeneity of neurons in the hippocampus and optic lobe, the visual cognitive ability of the Vencobb broiler birds of T3 was found to be best followed by the birds of T2, T4 and T1 groups.
Visual cognition, birds, gross morphology, histoarchitecture, brain
Gross Morphological Studies on the Adrenal Gland of Pig (Sus scrofa)
The present study was conducted on the adrenal gland of twelve Large White Yorkshire adult pigs irrespective of their sex. The adrenal glands of pig were embedded in a mass of adipose tissue at the cranial pole of the kidneys in retroperitoneal position and they were covered by a thick white capsule. The left adrenal gland was more anterior in position than the right adrenal gland. The left adrenal gland was elongated and the right adrenal gland was triangular in shape. The right adrenal gland presents a large oval shaped impression on its cranio-ventral aspect for liver.
Histoarchitectural, Micrometerical and Histochemical Analysis of Thyroid Gland in Beetal Goat (Capra Hircus)
The present study was undertaken to study histological, micrometrical and histochemical aspects of the thyroid gland of goat. The thyroid gland was covered by three layered connective tissue capsule which gave rise to trabeculae dividing the glandular parenchyma into incomplete lobules. The glandular parenchyma of thyroid gland was made up of follicles and small amount of interfollicular stroma. Follicles were variable in shape and size. The follicular epithelium was comprised of two kind of cells, i.e., follicular and parafollicular cells depending upon the size and functional state. The lumen of thyroid follicles was filled with homogenous, semi-solid colloid. The parafollicular cells had round or oval having lightly stained cytoplasm and nucleus larger than follicular cell and were found mainly in interfollicular spaces. The isthmus was also glandular in nature and covered by connective tissue capsule. Ultimobranchial follicles of variable structure, size and shape were observed at different locations in gland. Internal parathyroid gland was present in the center of the gland without any definite demarcation from the thyroid follicles and comprised of different cell types. Connective tissue of gland expressed moderate to strong reaction for acid mucopolysaccharides. Colloid demonstrated strong reaction for neutral mucopolysaccharides. Basic proteins exhibited moderate to strong reaction in capsule, follicular cells and blood vessels. Follicular cells and internal parathyroid exhibited moderate reaction for basic proteins in goat. Blood vessels of capsule and parenchyma showed weak to moderate reaction for iron and calcium.
Colloid, Follicle, Goat, Internal parathyroid, Isthmus, Parafollicular cells, Thyroid gland, Ultimobranchial follicles
Ultrasonographic Assessment of Kidneys in Dog Cadaver
The present study was conducted on eight non-descript adult male dog cadavers to evaluate the ultrasonographic features of kidneys. Ultrasonographic assessment was performed using a B-mode ultrasound machine equipped with a 3–9 MHz sector/curvilinear transducer following standard scanning protocols. Both kidneys were successfully visualized and assessed for their echotexture and structural characteristics. Both kidneys appeared as bean-shaped structures with smooth and well-defined margins. The renal cortex appeared homogeneous and hypoechoic relative to the spleen and slightly hypoechoic relative to the liver whereas the renal medulla appeared hypoechoic relative to both spleen and liver. A clear corticomedullary distinction was evident in all specimens. The renal sinus appeared prominently hyperechoic due to the presence of fat whereas the renal pelvis was not distinctly visualized.
Corrosion Casting of Kidneys of Domestic Fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus) with Special Emphasis on Vasculature and Ureteric Architecture
The avian kidney is characterized by a complex arterial supply with a unique renal portal system and ureteric system that regulate blood flow and excretion, respectively. Detailed visualization of this vascular architecture is essential for teaching, research, and comparative anatomy. The present study describes the vasculature and ureteric architecture of the kidneys of domestic fowl by using differential acrylic injection techniques. After removal of viscera from the body cavity, major blood vessels and ureter were identified and flushed with lukewarm normal saline solution. Cold-cure acrylic resin was mixed with different colours (red, yellow, blue) and injected into the arterial (red), venous (blue), and ureteric (yellow) systems using syringes of different volumes and appropriately gauged needles. Following polymerization, specimens were either dissected or macerated to remove surrounding tissues. The casts clearly demonstrated arterial supply, renal portal system and ureters of avian kidney. Cranial, middle and caudal renal arteries supply the respective divisions of the kidney. The renal portal system was formed by the internal iliac, caudal mesenteric, ischiadic, external iliac and common iliac veins. The ureteric cast clearly distinguished the renal and pelvic parts of the ureter.
Kidney, corrosion cast, renal portal system, ureter.
Micromorphological Studies on Hemal Nodes of Sheep
collected from slaughter house and postmortem hall to elucidate its micromorphological features. Micromorphological observation revealed that hemal nodes were surrounded by capsule. A few connective tissue trabeculae extended from the capsule into the parenchyma. Underneath the capsule and trabeculae, subcapsular and trabecular sinuses were present. The subcapsular and trabecular sinuses were filled with erythrocytes with few lymphocytes. Both primary and secondary lymphoid follicles were randomly distributed in the parenchyma of hemal nodes. There was no clear demarcation between cortex and medulla. The medulla comprised of medullary cords and sinuses. The cellular elements observed in the parenchyma of hemal nodes were lymphocytes, macrophages, plasma cells, and megakaryocytes. It was concluded that hemal nodes of sheep exhibited a capsule with trabeculae, sinuses filled mainly with erythrocytes, randomly distributed lymphoid follicles without cortex–medulla distinction, and parenchyma composed of lymphocytes, macrophages, plasma cells, and megakaryocytes.
Gross and Morphometrical Studies on the Non-Osseous part of the Hard Palate in Domestic Pig (Sus scrofa domesticus)
The present study was undertaken to investigate the gross and morphometrical features of the non-osseous part of the hard palate in the domestic pig. For this purpose, fresh head specimens from 12 adult domestic pigs, irrespective of sex, were collected immediately after slaughter. The upper and lower jaws were separated by dissection at the temporo-mandibular joint level to facilitate clear visualization of the non-osseous part of the hard palate. A well-defined central palatine raphe divided the mucous membrane of the hard palate into two equal halves. The total length of the hard palate was recorded as 19.8 ± 1.8 cm. The maximum width recorded at the level of canine tooth was 7.3 ± 0.5 cm. The number of palatine ridges ranged from 22-23 on the right side and 23-24 on the left side of the palatine raphe. The palatine ridges were smooth, curved, non-serrated and irregularly arranged. A rounded or diamond-shaped incisive papilla was present rostrally and was bordered on either side by fissures containing the openings of the nasopalatine ducts.
Non-osseous part of the hard palate, papilla incisive
Gross Anatomical features and Osteometric measurements of the Humerus of Indigenous Poultry of Poonch Region
The present study revealed the gross morphology and osteometric parameters of the humerus in indigenous poultry of the Poonch region (N=06). The humerus was a long pneumatic bone with broad, cranio caudally flattened proximal extremity. It presented transversely elongated head with two distinct tubercles. Ventral tubercle was larger than the dorsal one and was separated from the head by a distinct bicipital groove. The pneumatic foramen was located below the ventral tubercle. The dorsal tubercle continued as a prominent lateral delto-pectoral crest, whereas the bicipital crest originated from the ventral tubercle. The shaft was cylindrical and slightly S-shaped. The distal extremity consisted of a larger lateral ulnar condyle and a smaller medial radial condyle separated by inter-condylar groove. The ulnar epicondyle was larger than the radial one. The caudal aspect of distal extremity presented olecranon fossa whereas brachial fossa was located cranially. Osteometric data revealed consistent bilateral symmetry. The proximal extremity exhibited the greatest width, while the shaft showed the least. The humeral head exhibited an elongated shape, as indicated by an eccentricity value close to 1. Correlation analysis revealed a strong positive relationship between humeral length and midshaft width. A significant negative correlation was observed between the smaller diameter of the humeral head and the e-value. These findings provided baseline anatomical and morphometric data that will be valuable for comparative anatomy, breed characterization, and functional adaptation studies in indigenous poultry, contributing to veterinary education and avian skeletal research.
Humerus, osteometry, morphology, poultry, supra-condyloid fossa
Morphometrical Studies on the Hooves of Pandharpuri Buffaloes
The present research work was carried on the hooves of 18 female Phandhapuri buffaloes of 5-6 years of age, 7-8 years of age and 9-10 years of age. Each group consisted of six animals. The hooves were the covering over the third phalanx of each digit. The colour of hoof of both digits was grayish black in all the age groups. The toe of the hoof was pointed, while the heel was rounded in all the age groups. Each hoof consisted of coronary band, surfaces and borders. The coronary band was soft, flat band, surrounds the coronary border of the hoof. The sole surface was concave, caudally board and continued with heel. The average values for the biometrical measurements showed significant difference between the forelimbs and hind limbs of all the age groups. These values were higher in the forelimbs as compared with those of the hind limbs in all the age groups. It was observed that the hooves of the forelimbs were larger than the hooves of the hind limbs in all the age groups. The average values for the measurements of the hooves of the forelimb and hind limb were low in the age group 5-6 years and significantly higher in the age group 9-10 years. The average values for biometrical parameters were higher in the medial digit of both forelimbs in all the age groups. While the average values for biometrical parameters were higher in the lateral digits of both hind limbs in all the age groups.
Comparative histomorphometric studies on spleen in adult sheep (Ovis aries) and goat (Capra hircus)
The study was conducted on the histology and micrometry of the spleen of six adult sheep and goat in Western Maharashtra region. The samples were collected from the slaughter houses near by the Shirwal village. The spleen of sheep was triangular, whereas, in goat it was roughly quadrangular in shape. Histological study revealed that the red and white pulps were enclosed by thick capsule and was subdivided by trabaculae. The spleenic capsule was composed of collagen, elastic and smooth muscle fibers. .The red pulp was consisted of sinuses and splenic cord, which contain reticular fibers, cells, macrophages, erythrocytes, lymphocytes and plasma cells. The white pulp was consisted of lymphatic nodules and diffused lymphatic tissues.The thickness of trabaculae was significantly higher in goat (217 ± 09.06 µ) as compared with that of sheep (118.83 ± 05.05 µ). The number of white pulp per mm2 was slightly higher in goat (01.83 ± 00.30) as compared with sheep (01.33 ± 00.21).The thickness of capsule in sheep and goat was 260 ± 09.76 µm and 137 ± 09.72 µm, respectively. The diameter of white pulp in sheep and goat was 335.16 ± 22.37 µm and 307 ± 12.29 µm, respectively. The level of significance was 5%.
Histology, Micrometry, Spleen, Sheep, Goat
Comparative Morphometrical Studies on Spleen of Adult Sheep and Goat
The study was conducted on spleen of adult sheep and goat in Western Maharashtra region. Six spleen samples from each species were collected from local slaughter house. The spleen was the largest major secondary lymphoid organ, which involved in filtration of blood and preserves iron for hemoglobin synthesis. The spleen was single largest lymphoid ductless gland situated in the left hypochondriac region between diaphragm and dorsal sac of rumen. The shape of spleen in sheep was triangular while in goat it was quadrangular. The average weight of spleen was larger in sheep as compared that of goat. The maximum length, width, thickness and circumference of spleen was more in sheep than goat. The biometrical observations were significant at 5 % level.
Gross Anatomy, Morphometry, Spleen, Sheep, Goat
Radiographic Anatomical Studies on the Developmental pattern of Ossification Centres in the Forelimb Bones of Local sheep of Kashmir valley
The present investigation was undertaken to document the chronological appearance and fusion of ossification centres in the developing forelimb bones of prenatal sheep of Kashmir region using radiographic techniques. A total of eighteen sheep fetuses of varying gestational ages and one 15 days old postnatal dead sheep were utilized and categorized into three groups: Group I (0–50 days), Group II (51–100 days) and Group III (101 days to full term). Radiographic evaluation was performed to study the ossification pattern of the scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, carpal bones, metacarpals and phalanges. The skeletal system remained cartilaginous up to the 7th week of gestation. Primary ossification centres of most long bones appeared around 60 days of gestation. In general, distal epiphyses ossified earlier than proximal epiphyses. Sesamoid bones were the last to ossify. The developmental progression of forelimb bones in local sheep of the Kashmir Valley appeared relatively delayed compared to reports from other Indian sheep breeds. The findings provide baseline data useful for fetal age estimation, assessment of skeletal maturity and veterinary forensic investigations.
Forelimb, Ossification centres, Prenatal sheep, Radiography
Postnatal Microanatomy of the Gall bladder in Guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus)
The objective of the present study was to document the postnatal microanatomical features of the gallbladder in four postnatal age groups of guinea pigs. Six guinea pigs in each age group irrespective of sex were collected as per ethical committee approval and used for the study. After collection, the animals were dissected,gall bladders were removed, cut into small sections and subjected to routine tissue processing methods. The paraffin blocks were cut at 3-4 m thickness and stained with routine and special staining techniques. The wall of the gall bladder consisted of tunica mucosa, submucosa, muscularis and serosa. The tunica mucosa of gall bladder consisted of irregular folds with primary, secondary and tertiary folds. The tunica mucosa consisted of lining epithelium and lamina propria in all postnatal ages. The lining epithelium was simple, tall columnar epithelium with irregular microvilli at the luminal border. Goblet cells and muscularis mucosa were absent.Lamina propria – submucosa consisted of loose connective tissue with collagen, reticular fibres, fibroblasts,lymphocytes and blood vessels. Tunica muscularis was a fibromuscular coat that consisted of a loose arrangement of smooth muscular layers in longitudinal and circular fashion. Tunica serosa consisted of a loose connective tissue layer which was covered by a single layer of mesothelium.
Microanatomy, Postnatal study, Gall bladder, Guinea pig .
Gross Anatomical and Biometric Studies on the Gall bladder of Adult Pigs of Jammu Region
The present investigation was carried out to study the gross morphology and biometry of the gallbladder in pigs of the Jammu region. Gross anatomical examination showed that the gall bladder in pigs was typically pear-shaped structure placed in a deep fossa on the visceral surface of the liver, between the quadrate and right medial lobes. Structurally, the gall bladder comprised a narrow neck and a relatively larger fundus. The fundus did not extend up to the ventral border of the liver, however, it was seen from the parietal surface through a distinct V-shaped notch. The neck continued as a long cystic duct, which joined the common hepatic duct at the portal fissure to form the bile duct. Biometrical parameters were recorded. A significant difference in width was observed, with the middle of the body being the widest region. Overall, the present study provided baseline information on the gross anatomical features and biometric parameters of the porcine gall bladder.
Biometry, Gall bladder, Liver, Morphology, Pig
Histomorphological and Histochemical Changes during Prenatal Development in Rectum of Goat (Capra hircus)
The present study was conducted on the rectum of twenty-one goat fetuses (n = 21) of different gestation periods. The mucosal projections appeared in the rectum during early stages of development at 45 days (W =3 g), while villi were first observed at 78 days (W = 100 g). The degeneration of villi started at 107 days (W = 400 g), and villi disappeared at 130 days (W = 900 g). The epithelium was undifferentiated and stratified during early development and began to transform into simple columnar epithelium at 107 days (W = 400 g). The goblet cells appeared in the caecum at 91 days (W = 200 g). The intestinal glands were fully differentiated in the caecum at 120 days (W = 650 g). The lamina muscularis mucosae appeared in the caecum for 130 days (W = 900 g). Tunica muscularis comprised of an inner circular and an outer longitudinal layer in a full-term fetus. The tunica serosa was well organized at full term. Histochemical studies showed varying amounts of acid- and neutral-mucopolysaccharides, total lipids, and phospholipids.
Rectum, Histochemical, Histomorphological, Prenatal
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Impact of IBDV Vaccination on Bursa of Fabricius in Rainbow Rooster Chickens: A Gross, Serological and Ultrastructural Analysis
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of IBDV vaccination on the gross morphology, serology, and ultrastructural integrity of the Bursa of Fabricius in Rainbow Rooster chickens from birth to 28 weeks of age. A total of 57 birds of both sexes were used. Blood samples (1 ml) were collected from the wing vein at 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, and 28 weeks for serological analysis. Ultrastructural studies were conducted on birds aged 8th and 12th weeks. Morphological observations revealed a progressive increase in body weight and bursal size, peaking at 12th weeks in both vaccinated and control groups before declining. The bursa appeared creamy white, soft, and oval to spherical. Length, width, and thickness significantly increased upto the 12th week. The maximum number of plicae was noted at the 4th weeks. Serologically, antibody titers peaked in vaccinated birds between weeks 12th and 16th, whereas titers in the control group were undetectable from week 8th onward. Ultrastructural analysis showed a well-defined cortex and medulla in bursal follicles, which are composed of reticular cells, lymphocytes, and macrophages.
Bursa of Fabricius, Rainbow Rooster, IBDV Vaccination, Gross, Serology, Ultrastructure
Gross Morphometrical Study on the Sternum of Guinea fowl (Numida meleagris)
The present study was conducted to evaluate the gross morphometry of the sternum in the guinea fowl, with the aim of documenting its anatomical features and establishing baseline biometric data relevant to avian skeletal biology. The body of sternum was concave dorsally and convex ventrally. The cranio-lateral process was elongated and directed cranially. Caudo-lateral process started as a single process which bifurcated into a smaller dorsal and a longer ventral process. Median pneumatic foramen was present. An oval to round foramen was observed towards the cranial-most aspect of sternum just caudal to rostrum. The cranial border presented transversely elongated grooves separated by rostrum to articulate with the distal extremity of coracoid bone. Cranially, the lateral border presented four facets for sternal ribs. The rostrum was roughly triangular plate-like structure in outline. A foramen was observed between the rostrum and cranial border of sternum. The ventral surface presented triangular shaped keel (carina) with concave cranial border. The apex of the keel was in level with the origin of cranio-lateral process. Length of sternum was 12.01 cm. Width of sternum was maximum at the level of facets (2.41 cm). The cranio-lateral processes were shortest and caudo-ventral processes were the longest. The height of keel was maximum at its apex. This study provides foundational data on the sternal morphology of guinea fowl, which may serve as a useful reference in comparative anatomy, veterinary medicine, and functional morphology of avian species.
Biometry, Guinea fowl, Keel, Pneumatic foramen, Sternum
Comparative Histological and Histochemical study of Corpora amylacea in the Mammary glands of Goats and Ewes
When it comes to the study of the process of tissue regression, the mammary gland is one of the most important and unique, organs which can be considered as the best experimental model. In each and every cycle of pregnancy and lactation, this gland undergoes massive expansion of the milk-producing secretory epithelium coupled with regression of adipocytes followed by reversal of this process during involution. The functional stage of mammary gland affects the incidence and distribution of corpora amylacea. Corpora amylacea were present in the mammary glands of both the small ruminants under investigation. Corpora amylacea occurred most frequently in the ewe, and were seen comparatively more in non-lactating mammary glands when compared with that of goat. In lactating stage these were situated mostly in the alveolus. During gestation they were located outside of the alveolus and in the interalveolar connective tissue. Only in very few cases corpora amylacea were found inside and outside of the alveolus in the same mammary gland. Their origin appeared to be cellular and the desquamated and infiltrated cells accumulate in the lumen became fragmented, degenerated and lysed to form a solid lump like structure.
Mammary Gland, Small ruminate, Corpora amylacea histology and histo-chemistry
Gross Anatomical Investigation on Lymphnodes of the Abdominal and Pelvic Regions in Buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis)
The present study was carried out to elucidate gross anatomical study of lymph nodes in the abdominal and pelvic regions of buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis)” for basic as well as applied purposes. The lymph nodes namely pre-femoral, popliteal, mesenteric and superficial inguinal (scrotal and supramammary) lymph nodes of buffaloes consisted of capsule which covered whole parenchyma except at hilus. The presence of obstructive neighboring tissues close to the lymph nodes, thick skin, and the animal’s resistant behaviour were the primary hurdles when palpating these lymph nodes in living animals. Under the skin, the pre-femoral and superficial inguinal lymph nodes were the most clearly defined and easily palpable. The carcass’s lymph node position was largely consistent with reports of similar locations in cattle. The lymph nodes were found single on each side but mesenteric lymph node was presented along the mesentery near the jejunum and ilium. However, prefemoral lymph nodes were occasionally found in pairs. The lymph nodes were mostly oval or bean shaped; however some were elongated and flat. The mean biometrical value in respect to length, width, thickness and weight were slightly variable in right and left sides.
Morphological and Morphometrical Studies on the Tibia and Fibula of Tiger (Panthera tigris).
The study reports gross anatomical details of the tibiaand fibula of tiger. Bones of five adult tigers of either sex were studied out of which two procured from Department of Wildlife Health and management and three from Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Histology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry Madhya Pradesh Pashu chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya (NDVSU), Jabalpur (M.P.).The tibia was the larger of the two bones in the leg region. Tibia was long, prismatic and distinctly curved at its upper two third and cylindrical at its lower third. The mean circumference of the shaft was 16.72 + 0.29 cm, 10.06 + 0.17 cm and 10.18 + 0.18 cm at its upper, middle and lower parts, respectively.The proximal extremity presented two condyles and a tibial tuberosity. The distal extremity showed two cranio-caudally directed oblique articular groove of which the medial was deeper than the lateral. The fibula was very thin and flattened mediolaterally and curved distally. It presented a shaft and two extremities. It weighed 28.52 + 0.46 g and was 29.26 + 0.28 cm in length. The shaft was thin and cylindrical in the proximal third and flat in the lower two third. However, it differed nonsignificantly in morphometry.
Trichological Analysis on Hair of Sahiwal Cattle
For trichological analysis guard hair from back, neck, umblical and tail regions of sahiwal cattle were collected. The colour, shape and band pattern of hair was examined to know the gross profile of hair. The cuticular impressions were prepared in a thin gelatin layer on a clean glass slide for assessment of cuticular scale pattern. For medullary configuration observation hair specimen was prepared with xylene. The physical characteristic of hair like colour, shape and band pattern showed huge variation in the same individual from region to region. The hair of sahiwal cattle were flat in all body regions.Microscopically the hair was composed of cuticle, cortex and medulla from outer to inner side. The cuticular scales were in the form of regular waves with smooth margin in back, neck and tail region and crenate margin in umbilical region. Hair medulla was continuous in back region but in neck, umbilical and tail regions it was fragmented. The margins of the medulla in all the body regions were scalloped type except in tail region where it was smooth. The medullary index was more than half, it showed that the medulla form more diameter of hair than the cortex.
Cattle,Cuticle, Hair,Medulla, Sahiwal, Trichological
Morphological and Morphometrical Study on the Distal Row of Carpal Bones in Indian Elephant (Elephas maximus indicus)
The fore and hind limbs of the elephant are arranged in almost vertical position under the body, similar to a pillar or leg of table rather than being in the angular position seen in many other quadruped mammals to support great weight. The aim of this study is to elucidate the morphological outline on the carpal bones of Elephants, thereby making more contribution in filling the gap of knowledge and skills framework in this field. The short carpal bones were eight in number and were arranged in two rows. The distal row consisted of first, second, third and fourth carpal bones. The first carpal bone of the distal row was a smallest bone. The 3rd carpal bone was almost quadrilateral shaped. Fourth carpal forms the lateral component of the distal row.
Gross and Morphometrical Studies on the Soft Palate of Domestic Pig “(Sus scrofa domesticus)”
The present study was undertaken on the soft palate of the SVVUT-17 breed of domestic pig. The soft palate extended from the posterior margin of the hard palate caudally to about the middle of the epiglottis. It was nearly horizontal in position and consisted of two surfaces, the dorsal surface (nasal surface) and the ventral surface (oral surface). The mean length of the soft palate was 5.7± 0.6 cm. The width was measured at the fixed border, at anterior pillar level, at posterior pillar level and at the free border of the soft palate and were recorded as 5.0 ± 0.4 cm, 4.4 ± 0.3 cm, 5.2±0.5 cm, 3.7 ±0.4 cm respectively. Four paired muscles, i.e., palatinus muscle, palatoglossus muscle, tensor veli palatini and levator veli palatini muscles were responsible for movement of the soft palate.
Histomorphological Study on the Testes of Non-descript Male Goats (Capra hircus)
The buck’s testicles were suspended in the scrotum by the spermatic cords and positioned vertically, just in front of the inguinal area. Each testes had two surfaces, two borders, and two ends. The lateral surface was convex, while the medial surface was flat.The testis’s caudomedial border was joined to the epididymis.Testes consisted of several important structures, including the tunica albuginea, trabeculae, mediastinum testis, seminiferous tubules, and interstitial tissue.The testes were covered by the visceral layer of the tunica vaginalis and tunica albuginea, which is mainly composed of collagen fibres.The outermost layer was the tunica albuginea, which consisted of a strong layer of connective tissue and smooth muscle fibres. The basement membrane supported the seminiferous tubules.Separate rows of spermatogenic cells were positioned from the seminiferous tubule’s basement membrane towards the lumen. They were Spermatogonia, Primary spermatocytes, Secondary spermatocytes, Spermatids and Spermatozoa.
The buck’s testicles were suspended in the scrotum by the spermatic cords and positioned vertically, just in front of the inguinal area. Each testes had two surfaces, two borders, and two ends. The lateral surface was convex, while the medial surface was flat.The testis’s caudomedial border was joined to the epididymis.Testes consisted of several important structures, including the tunica albuginea, trabeculae, mediastinum testis, seminiferous tubules, and interstitial tissue.The testes were covered by the visceral layer of the tunica vaginalis and tunica albuginea, which is mainly composed of collagen fibres.The outermost layer was the tunica albuginea, which consisted of a strong layer of connective tissue and smooth muscle fibres. The basement membrane supported the seminiferous tubules.Separate rows of spermatogenic cells were positioned from the seminiferous tubule’s basement membrane towards the lumen. They were Spermatogonia, Primary spermatocytes, Secondary spermatocytes, Spermatids and Spermatozoa. Key words: Key words- Histomorphology, Testes, Epididymis, Goat
Histological Studies on the Non-Osseous component of the Hard Palate in Domestic Pig (Sus scrofa domesticus)
The bony palate along with the mucosa covering its oral surface together constitutes the hard palate. The microanatomical studies of the non-osseous component of the hard palate showed the keratinized stratified squamous epithelium and propria-submucosa. The propria-submucosa was composed of dense irregular connective tissue containing collagen and reticular fibers, adipose tissue, smooth muscle cells, nerve fibers, blood vessels, capillary plexuses, lymphatic vessels and connective tissue cells like lymphocytes, fibroblasts and fibrocytes. The highest vascularity was observed at the papilla incisiva level, where the nasopalatine duct and plate-like hyaline cartilage surrounded by a perichondrium were also present. Notably, no glands were observed at any level of the non-osseous component of the hard palate in domestic pigs.
Non-osseous component of hard palate, papilla incisiva, propria submucosa.