Indian Journal of Veterinary Anatomy is a scientific journal of Indian Association of Veterinary Anatomists. The first issue of first volume of the journal was published in 1989. The journal is published six monthly (two issues per volume, June & December). EDITORIAL BOARD Subscription Information for Print Version
Indian Association of Veterinary Anatomist (IAVA)
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Morphological and Biometrical Features of the Temporal Bone in Mongrel Dogs (Canis Lupus Familiaris)
This study examined the anatomy of the temporal bone in Mongrel dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) based on morphological and biometrical analyses. The temporal bone, a paired structure, formed the ventro-lateral cranial wall and composed of squamous and petrous parts. The squamous part included a zygomatic process forming the zygomatic arch, while the petrous part housed ear components with petrous and tympanic subdivisions. Sexual dimorphism was evident, with males showing more prominent retroarticular process and wider zygomatic arches. Findings align with general canine anatomy and aid in diagnostics for ear conditions.
Temporal Bone, Mongrel Dog, Cranial Anatomy, Sexual Dimorphism
Copyright (c) 2026 Indian Journal of Veterinary Anatomy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Branching Pattern of Portal Vein in Pig Liver
The study was conducted on three pig livers collected from local slaughter house. Normal saline was injected to flush the portal vein. For cast preparation, 10 g of orthoplast powder and 20 ml of cross-linked orthoplast denture material was mixed. The blue colour was imparted by adding asian blue paint. The solution was stirred to attain honey like consistency. The blue solution was injected in portal vein. Then the organ was allowed to set for 4-6 hours and then transferred to conc. HCL. As tissue was dissolved in HCL, the cast was removed and washed with water. The study revealed the ramification of portal vein within the parenchyma of liver.
Morphological Studies on the different Lymph Nodes of Head Region in Buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis)
The lymphnode of head region included the parotid, mandibular, lateral retropharyngeal and medial retropharyngeal lymph nodes in buffalo. The parotid lymph node was the largest among the lymph nodes in the head region. It was located ventral to the temporomandibular joint, posterior to the upper portion of the masseter muscle and at the base of the ear. It was bean-shaped. The mandibular lymph node was located near the angle of the mandible, positioned dorsally to the linguofacial vein and medially to the sternocephalicus muscle. It rested on the lateral aspect of the rostral portion of the mandibular salivary gland and had a semi-circular shape. The lateral retropharyngeal lymph node was located under the wing of the atlas and was covered by the dorsal end of the mandibular gland. It was discoid in shape and brown to reddish-black in color. The medial retropharyngeal lymph node was situated between the caudal-dorsal wall of the pharynx and the longus capitis muscles, medial to the stylohyoideus muscles. It was roughly triangular in shape.
Parotid, Mandibular, Lateral and Medial Retropharyngeal, Head Region and Buffalo
Gross Morphometrical Studies on the Testes of Dog During Different Seasons
The present study was conducted on the testes of 18 adult dogs (mean body weight 20.28 ± 0.65 kg) during the summer, monsoon and winter seasons. Thirty-six (36) numbers of testes were collected, 12 in each season, from dogs operated for neutering at the Veterinary Hospital of Municipal Corporation. Gross anatomical and biometrical observations on testicular weight, volume, length, width, thickness and circumference were recorded. The paired testes were located in the scrotum halfway between the anus and the inguinal region. Inside the scrotum, the visceral layer of tunica vaginalis covered the testis and epididymis. The testes had their long axes oriented obliquely with a dorso-caudal direction. The reddish-coloured, roughly oval-shaped testes had two surfaces: lateral and medial, two borders: dorsal and ventral and two ends: proximal and distal. The epididymis was attached dorso-laterally to the testis. The seasonal effect was significant (p<0.05) for all biometrical parameters. Significantly lower (p<0.001) values were recorded during the summer season, while during the monsoon and winter seasons, the values were at par. The lower significant values of testicular biometrical parameters could be correlated with the inactive spermatogenesis in the seminiferous tubules of testis during the summer season.
Histomorphological and Histochemical Characterization of Jejunum in Domestic Pig (Sus Scrofa Domesticus)
The present research work was conducted on six healthy adult pigs of local mixed breed of either sex to study the microscopic anatomy of jejunum. The pointed tapering to blunt round ends of villi present in the tunica mucosa of jejunum, were lined by simple columnar epithelium with goblet cells. Lamina propria was comprised of irregular connective tissue, fine blood capillaries and intestinal glands. The tubulo-alveolar intestinal glands were lined by simple cuboidal to columnar epithelium. The acini presented strong PAS positive pattern for mucopolysaccharides. The lymphoid aggregates were also observed in the lamina propria. The descending population of enterochromaffin cells was observed as progressed from cranial to caudal part of the jejunum. Lamina muscularis mucosa was moderately thick and was interrupted at places due to invasion of lymphatic nodules into it. The thickness of submucosa increased in size towards the caudal part of the jejunum with isolate patches of lymphatic nodules. Thickness of inner circular and outer longitudinal layer of tunica muscularis was consistent throughout the jejunum. Tunica serosa lined by loose connective tissue covered with mesothelium.
Age Related Histological Changes in the Epithelium of Bursa of Fabricius in Chabro Bird
The study aimed to provide basic findings about the age-related epithelial changes in the lymphoid follicle of bursa of Fabricius, which was conducted on the bursa of Fabricius of thirty Chabro birds. The birds were selected after hatching irrespective of sex and divided into five groups (0, 30, 60, 90 and 150 days of age) each group comprised of 6 birds. The bursa of Fabricius was a sac-like structure connected to the dorsal wall of the proctodeum of the cloaca by a small stalk. As the age increases, there was increase and decrease in the height and width of surface epithelium and formation of an epithelial cyst.
Bursa of Fabricius, Chabro Bird, Epithelium.
Morphological and Biometrical Features of the Maxilla in Mongrel Dogs (Canis Lupus Familiaris)
This study examines the morphology and biometry of the maxilla bone in Mongrel dogs based on analyses of 14 specimens. The maxilla, the largest facial bone, is paired and located laterally, forming parts of the nasal cavity, hard palate, and orbital region. It features an irregularly triangular body with concave rostral and convex caudal facial surfaces, a frontal process fitting between nasal and frontal bones, a short zygomatic process, and a palatine process contributing 64.6±0.67% to the hard palate alongside the premaxilla. The alveolar process holds the canine teeth, four premolars, and two molars. An infraorbital foramen is located 1 cm above the third cheek tooth. The Present findings align, provides a baseline for comparative studies and clinical applications in dental and maxillofacial procedures.
Maxilla Bone, Mongrel Dog, Facial Anatomy, Biometry
Postnatal Development of Pancreas in Non-Descript Pigs - Gross Anatomical Study
The present research aimed to study the gross anatomy of pancreas in postnatal age groups of non–descript pigs. Pancreas in pig was located in the dorsal part of the abdominal cavity intimately related to the proximal part of the duodenum. Six pancreases were collected from each of three different age groups of pigs from the nearby slaughter houses. The pancreas of pigs appeared lobulated and triangular in shape. It was pale yellow, in neonatal group and yellowish cream colour, in young and adult ages. It was soft to touch during postnatal ages. The pancreas of pig was observed with three lobes namely splenic lobe, duodenal lobe, and connecting lobe. Splenic lobe was the largest and formed not only one side of the triangle but also extended from the corresponding angle of the triangle. Duodenal lobe was associated with the duodenum. Connecting lobe was the smallest lobe. Two main ducts were observed; one as main pancreatic duct and the other as accessory pancreatic duct. The accessory pancreatic duct was found to be draining the pancreatic secretions of splenic lobe and the cranial part of duodenal lobe. It opened to the cranial part of duodenum and its opening was in the same level but opposite to the bile duct opening in all the postnatal ages studied. The main pancreatic duct was found to be draining the pancreatic secretions from the caudal part of duodenal lobe, connecting lobe and bridge and opened at further caudal part of the duodenum.
Pancreas, Pig, Postnatal development, Gross anatomy
Mapping Vasculature and Nerve Networks in the Canine Skeleton: A Tool for Veterinary Anatomy Education and Learning
The skeletal system of dogs provides essential structural support, protects vital organs, and facilitates movement. One nondescript adult dog cadaver was used as animal material in this study. The cadaver was mascerated to collect the bones. Holes were drilled on the articular surfaces of bones to form the skeleton. Thick Nylon thread of three colors viz; red, blue and yellow were used to demonstrate the major arteries (red color), major veins (blue color), and major nerves (yellow color) on the dog skeleton. This teaching model explores the normal blood vessels and nerve patterns that permeate the Canis lupus familiaris skeletal framework, highlighting their roles in various functions of the body. The development of effective teaching tools is crucial in veterinary education, particularly when studying complex anatomical systems, such as the vascular and nervous networks. The study presents the development and evaluation of a life-sized Canis lupus familiaris skeleton model that visually and accurately maps the major blood vessels and nerve networks. The model is designed to serve as an educational tool, enhancing students' understanding of these intricate systems in veterinary anatomy courses.
Dog skeleton, Arteries, Veins, Nerves, Diagnostics, Surgery
Prenatal Development of Pinna in Indian Sheep
Gross and microanatomical studies of pinna were conducted in embryos and fetuses collected from Nellore sheep aged between 22 to 145 days. External ear comprised of pinna (Auricle) and external acoustic meatus. Morphogenesis revealed that the otic placode and four pairs of pharyngeal pouches were visible externally in the ventro-lateral aspect of neck region by 22 days. Five aural hillocks were appeared at 23 days. Auricle shifted its position from neck to temporal region by 63 days. The pinna presented 5-6 prominent ridges by 74 days. Histogenesis revealed that the first and second pharyngeal arches developed with an intervening first pharyngeal cleft by 22 days. Small cone shaped pinna at 24 days modified into irregular sigmoid shaped structure with mesenchymal condensation at the centre of the auricle in 31 days embryos. Differentiation of hair follicles was first initiated on the auricular epidermis by 69 days and presence of elastic cartilage in the center of pinna by 80 days. Biometric analysis of pinna revealed that the average length, width increased significantly between different age groups. It may be concluded that the development of pinna continues postnatally also in sheep.
Auricle, Pinna, Morphogenesis, Histogenesis, Morphometry, Sheep Fetus
Fine Structure of the Submucosal Layer of The Dog's Cervical Esophagus
Six samples of cervical oesophagus were collected from apparently healthy adult dogs that died in different road accidents. The samples were processed for a transmission electron microscopy study. The submucosal layer of the canine esophagus consists of compound, muco-serous glands, fibroblasts, macrophages, plasma cells, lymphocytes, and connective tissue fibers, including collagen, reticular, and elastic fibers. The mucous acini displayed mucous and subsidiary cells with large lucent granules and small dense granules, respectively. The serous acinar cells had a nucleus, electron-dense granules of varying sizes and appearances, a Golgi apparatus, and abundant endoplasmic reticulum. The myoepithelial cells were flat, spindle-shaped, rich in tonofilaments, and rested on the basement membrane of the serous or mucous acini. The cells lining the duct ranged from low cuboidal cells to two-layered forms, becoming stratified at the opening into the lumen of the esophagus. The intra-lobar duct showed cells with prominent centrally located nuclei, electron-dense secretory granules, a greater number of mitochondria, polyribosomes, and endoplasmic reticulum. The plasma membrane of the cuboidal cells located towards the lumen of the duct showed blebs. The cells of the intralobar duct were joined to one another by desmosomes and tight junctions.
esophagus, submucosa, mucous acini, serous acini, myoepithelial cell
Microscopic Anatomy of Liver in Cats of Tirunelveli Region
The liver of cat comprised of six lobes namely left lateral, left medial, quadrate, caudate, right lateral and right medial. The livers were collected from six freshly dead cats presented for post-mortem examination. The liver was cut into small pieces, fixed and routine histological processing was done and paraffin blocks were prepared. The paraffin sections of 3-5 micrometer thickness were cut and stained. The liver was the compound tubular gland with a layer of connective tissue capsule enclosing the parenchymatous tissue. The liver consisted of capsule, septa and lobules. The arrangement of hepatocytes in the lobule was in radiating cords. Hepatic sinusoids were observed between the hepatic cords. The hepatocytes were polygonal in shape with vacuolated eosinophilic cytoplasm. The dark blue stained nuclei were centrally located with single dot shaped nucleoli. The sinusoids were lined by single layer of flat squamous sinusoidal endothelial cells with flat centrally located nucleus. The sinusoidal lumen also contained Kupffer cells along with blood cells. The central vein was located at the centre of the hepatic lobule with narrow to wide lumen. The portal areas were observed at the corners of the hepatic lobule with branches of the hepatic artery, portal vein and bile duct. The size of the bile duct was from small to large in different portal areas.
Age-Related Morphological and Morphometrical Changes in the Goat Brain: A Gross Anatomical Study
The present study was conducted on the brain of the black Bengal goat irrespective of sex. Whole experiment was divided into two groups i.e Group-I comprise of six young goats (6 to 8 months of age) and Group- II comprise of six adult goats (above 8 months of age). The gross biometrical observation of cerebrum and cerebellum were recorded. The cerebrum was the largest part of the whole brain in both age groups of Black Bengal goat. Its shape varied from triangular to oval in outline. The cerebellum was the largest part of the rhombencephalon situated behind the cerebrum and dorsal to the pons and medulla oblongata. The cerebellum was oval with wider dimension along transverse axis. In mid- sagittal section of cerebellum, ten distinct lobules were observed in both the age groups of goats. The length as well as width of cerebrum was found to be increased with the advancement of age from group I to group II, but no significant differences were observed in length and width of cerebrum of goat from Group I to II.
Black Bengal Goat; Cerebellum; Cerebum; Morphology; Morphometry
Histomorphological Study on the Neurohypophysis of Jaffarabadi Buffalo during Different Seasons
The study was conducted on neurohypophysis of 30 adult Jaffarabadi buffaloes to explore the histomorphological changes during different seasons. The tissue samples were collected during the winter, summer and rainy seasons (10 samples during each season) from the slaughterhouse. The samples were processed and stained with various histological stains, by standard procedures. The pars nervosa and infundibulum were two main components of the neurohypophysis, which forms the caudo-dorsal portion of the pituitary gland. Both parts consisted of axon bundles and pituicytes (cells of neurohypophysis). The neurosecretory material was distributed diffusely along with the axonal bundles and blood vessels. In addition to diffuse neurosecretory material, membrane-bound, round or oval-shaped accumulations (Herring body) were also observed between the axonal bundles and close to the blood vessels. During winter the average diameter of the Herring body was smallest which increased gradually during summer and the rainy season. The diameters of Herring bodies were significantly higher during the rainy season. The pituicytes showed a wide variation in the shape and size of cells and nuclei. The highest cell density was observed during the summer season as compared to the winter and rainy seasons.
Neurohypophysis; Jaffarabadi buffalo; Seasonal; Histomorphology
Histological, Histochemical, and Scanning Electron-Microscopical Studies on the Vestibular Region of Nasal Cavity in Dogs
The present study was conducted to determine the histological, histochemical, and scanning electron-microscopical details of the vestibular region of the nasal cavity in adult dogs. The mucosa of the vestibular region (straight and the alar folds, and rostral portions of the dorsal and ventral nasal turbinates) was lined by a non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. The superficial part of the propria submucosa contained different connective tissue cells, collagen, elastic, and reticular fibres in various concentrations, isolated sero-mucous glands, fine blood capillaries, small blood vessels, and venous caverns-like structures. The deeper portion featured large clusters of sero-mucous glandular acini along with their ducts, nerve bundles, and blood vessels. Hyaline cartilage in the deeper part formed a supportive framework. The stratified squamous lining, gradually transitioned caudally into stratified cuboidal (transitional zone) to pseudostratified columnar type with occasional goblet cells. The glandular units reacted differently to various histochemical stains revealing different moieties of carbohydrates but these glands were lacking proteins in their secretions. SEM presented small, irregular, scale-like flat squamous cells which were continuous with each other, displaying microplicae in various arrangements at higher magnification. In the region of transition, a few ciliated cells started appearing along with some raised cells bearing microvilli of different shapes and sizes and a few goblet cells.
Vestibule, Alar fold, Straight fold, Dogs, Scanning electron-microscopy
Thymus of Buffalo: Ultra Structural Perspective
Ultrastructural features of the thymus were studied in five young buffalo with age ranges from 1 to 1.5 years old. In the cortex, densely packed thymocytes (lymphocytes) in various stages of differentiation were observed. The shapes of thymocytes were round to elliptic in outline. The cytoplasm was poor in terms of organelles. Thymic epithelial cells (TEC) were also observed throughout the cortex. They were characterised by pale, electron-lucent cytoplasm, irregular shape with long cytoplasmic processes connected to each other by desmosomes to form a reticular network. In medulla, a loose arrangement of mature thymocytes, and medullary thymic epithelial cells (TECs) were observed. There was degenerative nuclear and cytoplasmic structure in the central part of Hassall's corpuscles. Additionally, other cell types within the thymus, including macrophages and mast cells, which contribute to the phagocytic clearance of apoptotic thymocytes and antigen presentation were also observed.
Buffalo, Thymus, Thymic epithelial cells, Transmission electron microscope.
Postnatal Morphological Development of Pancreas in Guinea Pig (Caviaporcellus)
The pancreas is an accessory organ of the digestive system and also an important endocrine organ of vertebrates. The research work is carried out to study the morphological development of the pancreas in postnatal age groups of guinea pig. Guinea pigs were procured from the Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, TANUVAS. The pancreas was white fatty coloured, irregularly lobulated and located on the left side of the abdominal cavity. It presented three lobes viz; splenic, ventricular and intestinal lobe. The main pancreatic duct was formed by the union of pancreatic ducts of all the three lobes.
Developmental anatomy, guinea pig, morphology, pancreas
Copyright (c) 2025 Indian Journal of Veterinary Anatomy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Morphological and Morphometrical Studies on the Radius and Ulna of Himalayan Mongoose
The present study was carried out on the radius and ulna of Himalayan mongoose, a brown mongoose species which is native to the Himalayan region of Indian subcontinent. The specimen under study was collected from an animal that was hit by a moving car in Palampur. The specimen was preserved and the dissection was done to record the gross anatomical observations on the radius and ulna of Himalayan mongoose. The radius and ulna were long bones of the forearm region and were straight. The interosseous space extended along the length of the bone. The shaft of the radius was slightly curved. Proximal extremity had an ovoid articular surface. The bicipital tuberosity was present on the proximal part towards the lateral border. Distally it had a styloid process on the medial side. Ulna was longer and heavier than radius. Proximal extremity had olecranon process, anconeus process and a trochlear notch.
Mongoose, Himalayan, Radius, Ulna, Gross Anatomy
Morphometric and Micrometrical Studies of the esophageal tonsil in Siruvidai Chicken of Tamil Nadu
The study aimed to investigate the morphometric and micrometric age-related changes in the esophageal tonsil of Siruvidai, a native chicken breed from Tamil Nadu. The tissue samples from six birds of each age group were collected from 4th week, 8th week, 12th week, 18th week, 24th week and 52nd weeks, respectively. Both male and female Siruvidai chicken were included in the study. The topography of the esophageal tonsil across all age groups was found to be similar. The esophageal tonsil had become more clearly visible from 8th week onwards and became distinct and more defined with the advancement of age. Statistical analysis of morphometrical data showed that esophageal tonsil reached to its maximum size by 18th weeks of age and remained constant in 24th and 52nd week of age. The micrometric measurements revealed that the lymphoid nodule of the esophageal tonsil also reached to its maximum diameter by 18th weeks , of age and gradually decreased during 24th and 52nd week of age.
Gross Anatomy, Esophageal tonsil, Morphometry, Micrometry, Siruvidai chicken
Histomorphology of Endometrium during Follicular and Luteal Phases of Estrous Cycle in Umblachery Cow
The histomorphological study was performed on the endometrial tissue obtained by biopsy from adult Umblachery breed of cows reared at District Livestock Farm, Korukkai, Thiruvarur district of Tamil Nadu. The endometrium of uterus consisted of four distinct layers from within outwards namely, lamina epithelialis, stratum compactum, stratum spongiosum and stratum basalis. The endometrium was lined with simple columnar epithelium during follicular phase with the occasional patches of pseudostratified epithelium in between the folds of endometrium, while a typical pseudostratified columnar type was observed during luteal phase of estrous cycle. The endometrial glands were relatively more in number in stratum basalis than in stratum spongiosum during follicular phase of estrous cycle, and further increased in numbers during luteal phase. The endometrial glands were highly coiled and branched during the luteal phase as compared to follicular phase. The histomorphological and mircrometrical parameters confirmed that the endometrium was more active and secretory during luteal phase than the follicular phase of estrous cycle in Umblachery cow.
Histomorphology, Endometrium, Oestrous Cycle, Umblachery Cow
Anatomical and Histological Evaluation of Novel PLA-Keratin Bio-Composite Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering Applications
Keratin, a natural protein extracted from poultry feathers, has gained significant interest in biomedical applications due to its biocompatibility, bioactivity, and ability to support cell growth. However, its large-scale utilization is limited by extraction challenges. In this study, keratin was successfully extracted from chicken feathers using a reductive method involving sodium metabisulfite, SDS, and urea, followed by dialysis and lyophilization. Biocomposite scaffolds were fabricated by solvent casting using polylactic acid (PLA) and varying concentrations of keratin. Subcutaneous implantation of PLA and PLA-keratin composites was performed in Sprague Dawley rats for 7, 14, and 28 days to assess biocompatibility and biodegradability. Histological analyses showed minimal inflammation and favorable tissue integration in all groups, with PLAkeratin scaffolds exhibiting increased cellular infiltration without adverse responses. The addition of keratin did not significantly alter fibrous tissue encapsulation but enhanced cellular response, indicating promising potential for tissue engineering. This simple and scalable method for keratin extraction and scaffold fabrication offers a viable approach to developing biodegradable, bioactive materials combining the mechanical strength of PLA with the biological functionality of keratin.
Keratin, Chicken feathers, Polylactic acid (PLA), Biocomposite scaffold, Tissue engineering, Biocompatibility, Subcutaneous implantation
Morphological Characteristics of the Oropharyngeal cavity in White-breasted Waterhen (Amaurornis phoenicurus)
The present study represents the anatomical description of theoropharyngeal cavity of the white breasted water hen. The oropharyngeal cavity of the White-breasted Waterhen is part of its unique anatomical features that help in its feeding and vocalization.The oropharyngeal cavity consisted of roof formed by incomplete hard palate cranially and the pharynx caudally and floor formed by mandible, occupied by the tongue cranially and laryngeal mound caudally. The beak was thinner and more pointed, adapted for foraging in water and mud. The upper and lower beak was almost equal in size, with triangular shaped pointed apex. The roof/palate was divided into two regions: a small rostral non-papillary and a large caudal papillary region. The rostral region was characterized by the presence of three longitudinal ridges.The papillary crest had two paramedian longitudinal papillary rows, the paramedian ridges were separated from the median ridge by shallow grooves on each side. There was a transverse papillary row between the caudal border of the infundibular cleft and oesophagus. The floor of the oropharyngeal cavity was filledwith the tongue and the laryngeal mound. The tongue was typically slender and pointed with a tapered apex that carries a terminal lingual nail. There were no macroscopic lingual projections on the dorsal surface of the tongue. The lingual body had a median lingual sulcus. Macroscopically, the transverse papillary crest with the large mechanical caudally directed conical papillae was located between the lingual body and thelingual root.The lingual root was consisted of four parts: round, triangular, semilunar and depressed parts. The laryngeal mound had an elongated glottic fissure, carrying a single row of papillae at the rear edge. There were caudally directed mechanical large conical pharyngeal papillae at the caudal border of laryngeal mound. The pharyngeal papillae were arranged as W-shaped structure. The pharynx was narrower, longer and more specialized for swallowing small food material
Integrating Clinical Anatomy and Tissue Engineering for Abdominal Wall Repair in Ruminants
Abdominal wall defects, particularly hernias, pose significant challenges in veterinary medicine due to high recurrence rates and complications associated with traditional repair methods. This study introduces the BioBridge approach, a novel tissue engineering technique utilizing bioscaffolds (BioGrafts) to facilitate abdominal wall repair in ruminants. This study evaluated the clinical efficacy of BioScaffolds (BioGrafts) for repairing large abdominal wall defects in ruminants, introducing the innovative BioBridge approach. Twelve ruminants with abdominal wall defects (hernias) were treated at the Department of Veterinary Clinical Complex, Veterinary College, Shivamogga. Animals were implanted with plain and chitosan-treated scaffolds (n=6 each). Complete healing was achieved by the 15th postoperative day. Ultrasonography revealed proper tissue apposition, decreased wound gap and progressive bridging of tissues with adequate muscular tissue regeneration, without complications. Results were supported by physiological, clinical-hematological analysis, and enhanced wound healing properties of ECM-CS (Bioscaffolds/BioGrafts). Ultrasonography showed gradual increases in implanted ECM size and neovascularization, indicating chitosan-treated scaffolds' potential for clinical application. These scaffolds demonstrated non-immunogenicity, sufficient mechanical strength, and improved biocompatibility without complications. The BioBridge approach, leveraging BioGrafts' non-immunogenicity, mechanical strength, and biocompatibility, demonstrates potential to revolutionize abdominal wall repair in veterinary medicine, offering enhanced wound healing and tissue regeneration.
BioGraft, Abdominal Wall Repair, Tissue Engineering, Clinical Anatomy & Ruminant Surgery
Gross anatomical studies on the lips of non-descript goats of Jammu region-An age related study
The present study was carried out to provide age-related information on gross anatomical features and biometrical measurements of the upper and lower lips of non-descript goats of Jammu region. Samples of healthy goats (young, adult, and senile), regardless of gender, were collected from the slaughter house located in and around Jammu city. The lips were covered by skin on the outside and labial mucosa on its inner part. The skin of both the upper and lower lips was characterized by the presence of tactile hair along with ordinary hairs. The upper lip was divided by a vertical median philtrum surrounded by labial projections grouped on either side. Projections in upper lip were arranged in 3-4 rows. These projections were more rounded and smaller rostrally, became larger and arranged in single row caudally, finally merged with the conical buccal papillae. The free border of lower lip was thinner and presented single row of labial projections. The upper lip was longer than the lower lip in all the three age groups. In all age groups, the upper and lower lips were thicker along the oral angle than in the centre. The senile group had the longest philtrum but this difference was statistically non-significant (p>0.05). The number of lower lip projections were significantly greater in adult goats (p<0.05). Lower lip projections were higher than upper lip projections across all the three age groups.
Age, Goat, Labial projections, Lip, Philtrum
Histogenesis of Pituitary gland in prenatal sheep (Ovis aries)
The pituitary is a master endocrine gland involved in homeostasis and regulation of growth, reproduction, sexual maturation, pregnancy, metabolism, lactation, and stress responses. Present study on pituitary gland of prenatal sheep revealed that in group I, Rathke's pouch formation was seen at 25 days of gestation. In group II, at 55 days of gestation, in pars distalis cells were differentiated into chromophils and chromophobes, at 85 days of gestation chromophils were differentiated into acidophils and basophils. In group III, the number of cells and capillaries were increased.
Histology, Pituitary Gland, Prenatal development, Sheep
Gross Anatomical and Histomorphometrical Studies on the Spleen of Rhesus Monkey (Macaca Mulatta)
The present study was carried out to investigate the anatomy and histomorphometry of spleen of monkey. Grossly, the spleen was greyish in colour and elongated in outline. Histologically, spleen was covered by capsule with thickness of 76.31 ± 6.56 μ and had two layers. Outer layer of capsule was composed of mostly collagen fibres and inner zone had predominantly smooth muscle fibers. From capsule trabeculae extended into the splenic parenchyma in form of bands dividing the parenchyma incompletely. Thickness of trabeculae ranged from 33.82 μ to 45.04 μ with mean value of 40.94 ± 1.77 μ. Sub-capsular and peri-trabecular sinuses were distinct. Splenic parenchyma was composed of white pulp and red pulp. The white pulp of spleen was composed of splenic nodule or lymphatic nodule and peri-arterial lymphatic sheath (PALS). The clear demarcation between white and red pulp was observed. The maximum and minimum diameter of splenic nodule was 296.71 ± 17.33 μ and 234.09 ± 19.81 μ, respectively. Eccentricity (E value) of splenic nodule was 0.37 ± 0.06 indicating more spherical shape. The number of splenic nodules per field at 40X was 12.67 ± 0.67. The spaces between white pulp and trabeculae were filled by red pulp which consisted of splenic sinuses and cords.
Capsule, Histology, Micrometry, Monkey, Spleen
Impact of Indian Journal of Veterinary Anatomy through Google Scholar
A Scientometric research of the Indian Journal of Veterinary Anatomy (IJVA) was undertaken between 1990 and 2023 utilizing the Publish or Perish (PoP) software platform. The data for 34 years collected for the study. The influence of Indian Journal of Veterinary Anatomy (IJVA) on contemporary academic research was assessed by extracting unprocessed data from Google Scholar and employing 12 h-Index metrics to analyse it. The study analyzed 658 scientific articles to investigate Zipf's Law in relation to annual contributions, authorship patterns and author productivity trends. The study period also involved an examination of IJVA's relative growth rate and doubling time. Based on our data, the year 2018 had the highest number of publications, with 62 articles, accounting for 9.42% of the total publications. The examined impact rankings of IJVA are presented as an average. The current study utilised data from many sources, including indexes (h and g), h-index, g-index, papers, citations, years, citations per year, citations per paper, citations per author and papers per author.
Indian Journal Veterinary Anatomy, Scientometric study, Zipf's Law, Relativegrowth rate, Doubling time, Journal impact study
Anatomical Studies on the Mandible of Mongrel Dog
The present study was carried out on the mandible of the Mongrel dog. It was the largest bone of the skull and made up of two halves, which were united anteriorly forming mandibular symphysis. The lingual surface was smooth and concave. Its symphyseal surface was rough and irregular. The most prominent curve of the ramus formed the angle of the jaw; the part of the ramus between the body and the angle formed horizontal part and carries the lower cheek teeth. The part of the ramus above the angle formed the vertical part, which was non-tooth bearing expanded part of the mandible.
Osteological Study on the Proximal row of Carpal Bones in Indian Elephant (Elephas maximus indicus)
The present study was conducted on the proximal row of carpal bones of fore limb in Indian elephant (Elephas maximus indicus). In the present study the short carpal bones were eight in number and were arranged in two rows. From medial to lateral side the proximal row consisted of radial, intermediate, ulnar and accessory carpals. The radial carpal was nearly small, truncated pyramid shaped bone. Proximally this bone was narrower than distally. It articulated proximally with the radius and distally with 1st and 2nd carpal bones of distal row. The ulnar carpal bone was the largest bone of the proximal row and roughly triangular in shape. The intermediate carpal bone was wedge shaped. The accessory carpal bone was falciform in shape and had only one articular surface which articulated with the posterior (palmar) surface of the ulnar carpal.
Prenatal Gross Morphometrical Study of Spleen in Kosali Cattle
The present study was conducted on 24 Kosali foeti to study prenatal gross morphometrical development of the spleen. Kosali is the newly registered native cattle breed of Chhattisgarh, India, mostly reared in villages on agricultural residue. As per the CRL,foeti were categorised into four groups with six foeti in each group i.e. Group I (below 20cm CRL), Group II (Above 20 up to 40 cm CRL), Group III (Above 40 up to 60 cm CRL) and group IV (Above 60 cm CRL). The shape of spleen was oval and elongated in all four groups. The color of spleen varied from plum red in group I to bluish red in group IV. In group I, the spleen was directed straight dorsoventrally between twelfth to tenth rib and in group IV, spleen was directed obliquely downward and forward from tenth rib to five cm above the xiphoid cartilage.Weight of spleen increased 117 times from group I to group IV.The maximum length of spleen was increased 5.56 times and in percentage 456.06 from group I to group IV and was significant. The five times increase in width of spleen was recorded from group I to group IV and was significant. The location of hilus relative to maximum total length shifted dorsoventral from group I to group III.