Indian Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Research
The Indian Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Research, published six times in a year (bi-monthly) by Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, considers original papers for publication on all aspects of Veterinary, Animal, Fisheries, and Food sciences (related to animal products). The Indian Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Research (IJVASR) has been published since 1972, initially under the name 'Cheiron' until 2005, and later as the 'Tamil Nadu Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences'. In 2014, the journal adopted its current name to reflect its national relevance and improve visibility. In its current format, IJVASR now publishes review articles, peer-reviewed research articles, short communications, and case reports. NAAS Rating (2024): 4.11
Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University
All the copy right belongs to the sponsoring Organization, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai - 51.
DEVELOPMENT, STANDARDISATION AND SHELF-LIFE EVALUATION OF A GHEE-ENRICHED SEED BUTTER PREPARED FROM PUMPKIN (CUCURBITA PEPO) AND CUCUMBER (CUCUMIS SATIVUS) SEEDS: PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND SENSORY QUALITY ASSESSMENT
Seed butters have emerged as a nutritionally rich and functionally versatile alternative to conventional nut-based spreads, garnering increasing attention in the food industry owing to their favourable fatty acid profiles, high protein content, and bioactive compound diversity. The pumpkin seeds from Cucurbita pepo and cucumber seeds from Cucumis sativus are abundant in dietary fiber, protein, good fats, vitamins, minerals, and bioactive substances and are beneficial to health when added in daily diets due to their nutraceutical components. The combinations of pumpkin seeds and cucumber seeds are used along with ghee for the standardization of seed butter. Sensory evaluation of the developed seed butter packaged in PET plastic was conducted over five-time intervals — Day 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 — across five attributes: colour, texture, taste, spreading ability, and overall acceptability, rated on a 9-point hedonic scale. All attributes recorded high mean scores ranging from 8.2 to 8.9 at 0th day , reflecting excellent initial product quality. Scores remained statistically stable from 0th day through 45th day, indicating the absence of any significant difference across these time points. At day 60, a uniform and statistically significant decline was observed across all five sensory attributes (p < 0.05) confirming a critical quality transition beyond 45 days of storage. The standardized seed butter stored at room temperature of 30°C was microbiologically safe till the end of storage days, and the impact of packaging material analysis on organoleptic parameters confirmed the most suitable package for this product was PET jars.
Copyright (c) 2026 Indian Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Research
MOLECULAR DIAGNOSIS AND RISK FACTORS ANALYSIS OF HEPATOZOON CANIS INFECTION IN DOGS
In this study we analysed risk factors and molecular diagnosis of Hepatozoonosis in the naturally infected canines of Andhra Pradesh, using thin blood smears and polymerase chain reaction. Four hundred and forty-two dog blood samples were collected and examined by microscopy and conventional PCR. Microscopic examination detected Hepatozoon canis organisms in four dogs with 0.90% case prevalence (4/442)while,18S rRNA gene conventional PCR assay detected H. canis in twelve dogs with 2.71% case prevalence (12/442). The partial 18S rRNA gene of H.canis amplified from conventional PCR, underwent DNA sequencing. The 18S rRNA gene sequences were then analysed using BLAST, confirming their identity as H. canis through comparison with existing sequences in the GenBank database.Under risk factors analysis the living condition of the dogs (stray dogs) and tick infestation were identified as major risk factors causing higher prevalence rates in canines of Andhra Pradesh.
OBSTETRICAL MANAGEMENT OF DYSTOCIA DUE TO MONOCEPHALUS TETRABRACHIUS TETRAPUS MONSTER IN A MURRAH BUFFALO – A CASE REPORT
A pluriparous Murrah buffalo was referred to Veterinary Polyclinic, Mansa with a history of complete gestational length and in the 2nd stage of parturition with two forelimbs hanging from the vulva. All basic physiological parameters were within the normal range. On per-vaginal examination, dilated cervix with a live fetus having more than two fore limbs, one head and more than two hind limbs was found. The case was diagnosed as a monster fetus. Per-vaginal delivery was not possible and caesarean section was performed and Monocephalus Tetrabrachius Tetrapusfoetus was delivered.
DEVELOPMENT OF ANTIOXIDANT ENRICHED GREEK YOGHURT USING SENNA AURICULATA FLOWER POWDER EXTRACT
Greek yogurt is currently the largest growing sector in the dairy industry. Greek- style yogurt, also known as strained yogurt, concentrated yogurt or thick yogurt, is a semisolid fermented milk product derived from yogurt by draining away part of its whey. This study is aimed to develop an antioxidant-enriched Greek yoghurt by incorporating Senna auriculata flower powder extract as a natural functional ingredient. The product combines the rich nutritional profile of Greek yoghurt with the radioactive properties of Senna auriculata, known for its phytochemicals such as flavonoids, phenolic acids and tannins that exhibit strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities. Three formulations were prepared with 2%, 4% and 6% Senna auriculata extract, each containing 5% sugar to enhance sweetness, mouthfeel and flavour stability. Standard Greek yoghurt processing steps including pasteurization, homogenization, fermentation and chilling were followed to maintain’ quality and extend shelf life. All formulations along with a control sample without extract were evaluated for sensory characteristics and antioxidant activity. The incorporation of 4% Senna auriculata flower extract significantly enhanced the antioxidant activity of yogurt, as evidenced by the increase in DPPH radical scavenging activity from 18.25% in the control to 60.46% in the 4% Senna auriculata flower powder extract enriched sample. Sensory evaluation results revealed that the 4% extract formulation achieved the highest acceptability in terms of taste, texture and overall appeal. The findings suggest that incorporating Senna auriculata extract at an optimal concentration of 4% can enhance both the functional and sensory qualities of Greek yoghurt, offering a promising addition to the functional dairy product market.
CLINICO-THERAPEUTIC EVALUATION OF CATS WITH SIGNS SUGGESTIVE OF VIRAL DISEASES IN CHENNAI
A total of 104 cases were presented with history of inappetence, dullness, vomiting, diarrhoea, oral ulcers, ocular discharge, nasal discharge, pyrexia in the teaching veterinary hospital of Madras veterinary college. With clinical examination and the present symptoms they were tentatively diagnosed as viral diseases of cats. In this study, the proportion of cases with Persian breed (21.15%) was lower than domestic short hair breed (78.8%), male cats revealed higher positivity (55.76%) than female cats (44.2%). Age-wise prevalence was studied with 0-6 months showing higher positivity (42.3%) than other age groups. The proportion of cases was higher in unvaccinated cats (92.3%) and symptoms wise positive proportion of cases like inappetence (41.34), vomiting (34.6), diarrhoea (19.2), ocular and nasal discharge (13.46%), respiratory distress (7.6%), oral ulcer and pyrexia (5.7%), incoordination (3.84) were recorded. All the suspected cats were treated with fluid therapy along with antibiotics and supportive therapy and all the cats recovered without any complications. It was further advised to vaccinate the cats after the recovery period of 15 days due to the presence of antibodies in the circulation.
SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF PERFORATED HYMEN WITH TRAUMA-INDUCED ABORTION IN A CROSSBRED HEIFER
A 5-months pregnant crossbred heifer was presented to the Obstetrics Unit with the history of butting with another cow 24 hours earlier. On clinical examination, the animal was found to have a perforated hymen. Surgical intervention was performed using scissors to extend the perforation in the hymen,and patency was ensured. Upon further exploration, an immature fetus with detached cotyledons,likely due to trauma was detected and the fetus was delivered by gentle traction. The heifer was treated with antibiotics along with anti-inflammatory drugs for 3 days, resulting in uneventful recovery. This case highlights the importance of prompt diagnosis of a microperforated hymen prior to performing artificial insemination at the field level.
HYALOMMA TRUNCATUM IN AN ASIAN ELEPHANT (ELEPHAS MAXIMUS) – A REPORT
Physical examination of an adult female Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) housed at the M.R. Palayam Elephant Rescue and Rehabilitation Centre, Tiruchirapalli Forest Division,revealed tick infestation in the axillary region Based on distinct morphological characters such as medium body size, long mouth parts, dark brown integument with banded legs, squarish adanal plates, posteriorly placed anal groove and large oval to comma-shaped spiracular plates, the ticks were identified as Hyalomma truncatum. The case marks the first report on its occurrence on Asian elephants from Tamil Nadu, India.
PERCEIVED EFFECTIVENESS OF INSURANCE SERVICES OF DIFFERENT DAIRY SERVICE DELIVERY SYSTEMS IN NAMAKKAL DISTRICT OF TAMIL NADU
The present study was conducted in Namakkal District of Tamil Nadu to explore the perceived effectiveness of insurance services offered by different dairy service delivery systems. A total of 120 respondents were selected for the study by stratified proportionate random sampling method and the data were collected by personal interview method using pre-tested interview schedule. The respondents predominantly availed the insurance facilities from dairy cooperatives (56.67%), followed by public departments (21.67%) while meagre percentage of the respondents received the insurance services benefit from private integrators (8.33%). Based on the mean weighted score, the dairy farmers perceived the insurance services of dairy cooperatives and state animal husbandry departments were equally effective in terms of their accessibility, coverage, premium charges, administrative procedure and claiming.
COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF OOCYTE RECOVERY METHODS IN GOATS
The present study was aimed to assess the oocyte retrieval methods in goats using multifactorial approach (retrieval techniques, season, presence or absence of corpus luteum. The mean number of good and total oocytes recovered per ovary were significantly higher (p<0.05) for slicing method (2.94 ± 0.06, 6.46 ± 0.03) compared to puncture (1.23 ± 0.04, 4.12 ± 0.14) and aspiration (0.74 ± 0.06, 2.94 ± 0.13) techniques. The number of good and fair quality oocytes were also significantly higher during winter season than summer season. Furthermore ovaries without corpus luteum produced significantly higher (p<0.05) number of good quality oocytes compared to ovaries with corpus luteum. (5.78±0.11 vs 3.24±0.08). In conclusion, good quality oocytes could be recovered by slicing technique from ovaries without CL collected during winter season.
COINFECTION WITH TRYPANOSOMA EVANSI AND ANAPLASMA MARGINALE IN A BUFFALO AND ITS SUCCESSFUL TREATMENT - A CASE REPORT
Coinfection with haemoprotozoan parasitespose a major threat to livestock health and productivity in tropical regions.Trypanosoma evansi and Anaplasma marginale are important vector-borne protozoan parasites of cattle and buffaloes. While mixed infections of Trypanosoma with Babesia and Theileria, or Anaplasma with Babesia have been documented, coinfection with T. evansi and A. marginale in livestock is rarely reported. This paper reports a case of an eight-year-old female buffalo presenting with epistaxis, bleeding from ears and hair follicles, anorexia, pyrexia, and reduced milk yield. Laboratory findingsconfirmed the presence of both T. evansi and A. marginale in peripheral blood smear examination, along with severe anaemia and thrombocytopenia. The animal was successfully treated with quinapyramine salts, oxytetracycline, haemostatic agents, supportive therapy, and nutritional supplementation, resulted in clinical recovery within seven days. This report highlights the clinical significance of mixed haemoprotozoan infections and the need for integrated diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in endemic regions.
EFFECTS OF RED SEAWEED (GRACILARIA TENUISTIPITATA) ON HAEMATOLOGICAL AND SERUM BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS IN COMMERCIAL BROILER CHICKENS
The present study evaluated the effects of graded dietary inclusion of red seaweed (Gracilaria tenuistipitata) on haematological and serum biochemical parameters in commercial broiler chickens. A total of 200 day-old Vencobb 430Y broiler chicks were randomly allotted to four dietary treatments with five replicates of ten birds each. The experimental diets consisted of a basal ration supplemented with red seaweed at 0% (T1, control), 1% (T2), 2% (T3), and 4% (T4) and were fed for 35 days. The shade- dried red seaweed was analyzed for chemical composition and contained 11.87% crude protein, 6.41% crude fibre, 0.72% crude fat, 47.20% crude ash, 2.47% calcium, 0.33% phosphorus, and 2347.10 kcal/kg gross energy, with palmitic (26.72%), oleic (31.16%), and linoleic acids (21.56%) as the predominant fatty acids. Haematological parameters, including haemoglobin concentration, total erythrocyte count, and total leucocyte count, did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) among treatment groups. Similarly, serum biochemical indices such as total protein, albumin, globulin, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), cholesterol, and triglycerides remained unaffected by dietary treatments. These findings indicate that dietary supplementation of red seaweed up to 4% maintains normal blood profiles, liver function, protein metabolism, and lipid homeostasis without inducing adverse metabolic effects. The study demonstrates that G. tenuistipitata can be safely incorporated into broiler diets as a functional, non-conventional feed ingredient.
QUALITY AND SAFETY EVALUATION OF CHICKEN SHAWARMA IN CHENNAI
Shawarma is a popular ready-to-eat food consumed by a diverse spectrum of populations in Chennai and other parts of India. The consumption of shawarma has dramatically increased in recent years. Although it is consumed by many people, especially the younger generation, the quality and safety of the shawarma are questionable. In this study, 10 chicken shawarma samples were purchased from local restaurants in Chennai city to assess their quality and safety by estimating rancidity profile in terms of free fatty acid (FFA) and peroxide value, histamine content, and microbial contamination. The results revealed that the percentage of FFA and peroxide values ranged from 1.41±0.99 to 7.05±1.73 and 2±0.57 to 14±1.47 meq/kg, respectively. Among the tested samples, 30% showed the presence of a significant level of histamine content (1.7–7 mg/100g). The biochemical characterization of bacterial isolates from shawarma samples revealed the presence of contamination by Salmonella enteric sub sp. enterica, Escherichia coli STEC 367, Listeria monocytogenes, and Listeria innocua. Further, these isolates were also confirmed by PCR by amplifying a 284 bp invA gene fragment for Salmonella sp., an 884 bp uspA gene fragment for E. coli, and a 457 bp iap gene fragment for Listeria sp. The findings of this study emphasize the significance of safety monitoring for ready-to-eat foods.
A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF ASEEL CHICKEN REARING, FEEDING AND MARKETING: SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS ON FARMERS IN PUDUKKOTTAI DISTRICT
The study investigates the rearing practices and feeding systems of Aseel chicken in Pudukkottai District, Tamil Nadu, and a region where backyard poultry farming significantly contributes to rural livelihood. Data were collected from 60 farmers using structured questionnaire to assess their socio-economic profile, and management practices. Most farmers were categorized as small (51.67%) or marginal (36.67%) landholders, owning 2.5–5 acres of land, and considered poultry rearing as a secondary income source alongside agriculture, which was the primary occupation for 86.67% of respondents. Rearing systems predominantly followed the “all-in-all-out” method (55%), although housing and litter management practices often deviated from ideal standards. Only 15% of farmers provided recommended floor space of 1.5–2 sq. ft. per bird and litter thickness of 3–5 inches. Feeding practices relied heavily on scavenging (73.33%), with supplementary feeding using locally available ingredients such as broken rice, maize, and other grains. Single- type litter materials, like paddy husk, coir pith, or wooden shavings, were used by 83.33% of farmers. The study also found that the majority of farmers (66.67%) had medium experience in poultry rearing, averaging 15.48 years. Despite considerable traditional knowledge, there were notable gaps in adopting improved husbandry practices such as ideal housing, litter management, and supplementary feeding. These findings highlight the need for capacity-building initiatives to enhance farmers’ awareness and implementation of optimal rearing techniques, ultimately improving productivity and contribute to the sustainable livelihoods of rural communities.
EFFECT OF DHAINCHA AND SUNNHEMP HAY INCORPORATED TOTAL MIXED RATION ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND COST EFFECTIVENESS OF MECHERI LAMBS
The study evaluated the effect of incorporating dhaincha (Sesbania aculeata) and sunnhemp (Crotalaria juncea) hay in total mixed ration (TMR) on growth performance and cost effectiveness of Mecheri lambs. Twenty-four weaned lambs (3 - 4 months) were allotted to four dietary treatments and fed for 120 days, comprising TMR with 20% hedge lucerne hay (Desmanthus virgatus) as control, 20% dhaincha hay (Sesbania aculeata), 20% sunnhemp hay (Crotalaria juncea), and a combination of 10% dhaincha hay (Sesbania aculeata) + 10% sunnhemp hay (Crotalaria juncea), with all diets formulated to be iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric and offered ad libitum. Daily feed intake and fortnight body weight were recorded and the economic parameter was calculated at the end of the trial. The results showed no significant differences (P > 0.05) in body weight gain among the treatment groups. Although the dry matter intake was higher in the control group, the legume-based diets were maintained with comparable intake. Economic analysis indicated the lower feed cost and higher net income in lambs fed dhaincha based TMR. The study was concluded that the dhaincha and sunnhemp hay can be used as cost-effective protein-rich alternatives to hedge lucerne hay in TMR based Mecheri lamb production systems.
COMMUNITY AWARENESS LEVEL ON ZOONOTIC POTENTIALITY OF CANINE LEPTOSPIROSIS: A CROSS-SECTIONAL SURVEY IN CAUVERY DELTA REGION OF TAMIL NADU
Leptospirosis is a globally important zoonotic disease with dogs serving as major reservoirs. Ascertaining the community awareness is essential for early diagnosis, prevention and control of disease transmission. A cross-sectional survey was conducted to assess the community knowledge on zoonotic potentiality of canine leptospirosis in Cauvery delta region (Thanjavur district) of Tamil Nadu, India using a structured questionnaire for collection of information regarding socio-demographic details and level of knowledge on transmission, symptoms and prevention of leptospirosis. Data were gathered from 141 participants, including pet owners, farm animal owners, and the general public, using different parameters. Educational status and age were highly significantly associated (p˂0.001) with awareness on leptospirosis, with younger respondents and those with higher education showing higher awareness on leptospirosis. Nearly half of the participants (46.1%) were unaware of transmission routes, and only 37.8 per cent participants recognized the leptospirosis as zoonotic disease. Awareness of clinical symptoms was limited (51.1%), with fever being the most recognized symptom (32.6%). Preventive measures such as avoiding contact with contaminated water sources (14.2%), hand hygiene (19.9%) and rodent control (17.0%) were poorly understood. Veterinary hospitals were the preferred treatment option (85.1%) than traditional methods and owner-directed medication. These findings highlighted the substantial gaps in awareness, underscoring the need for education, outreach and preventive practices to reduce canine-mediated leptospiral transmission and improve public health.
EFFECT OF ORGANIC ACID SUPPLEMENTATION IN DRINKING WATER ON HEMATOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF JAPANESE QUAIL
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of supplementation of a mixture of acetic acid and citric acid in drinking water on hematological and biochemical parameters in male and female Japanese quails. A total of 540 day-old quails were randomly distributed into four treatments and three replicates with 135 birds for each group as follows: T1 drinking water without acids; T2, T3, and T4 treatments with 1ml+1g, 2ml+2g, and 3ml+3g of acetic acid + citric acid per liter of drinking water, respectively. At 42 days of age, blood samples were collected from six quails per treatments (three repicats per sex)for haematological and biochemical analysis. The results showed that the organic acid mixture significantly (P≤0.01) increased red blood cell count, packed cell volume, haemoglobin concentration, and high-density lipoprotein levels in both males and females. It also significantly decreased cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein, and aspartate aminotransferase levels in both sexes. Significant increase in total protein(P≤0.05) and globulin (P≤0.01) levels in males, while albumin levels increased significantly (P≤0.01) in females was also observed. In conclusion, adding acetic and citric acids to drinking water positively influenced haematological and biochemical parameters, indicating enhanced health and productive performance in Japanese quails.
BREWERS’ DRIED GRAINS AS AN UNCONVENTIONAL FEED INGREDIENT IN BROILER RATION: A REVIEW
Rising feed costs and competition for conventional feed ingredients such as maize and soybean meal have intensified the search for economical, and sustainable alternatives in poultry nutrition. Brewery waste, particularly brewers’ dried grains (BDG), has gained attention as a promising unconventional feed resource rich in crude protein, fermentable fibre, B-complex vitamins, and minerals such as phosphorus. A critical appraisal of existing studies indicates that BDG can partially replace conventional feed ingredients without adversely affecting growth performance, feed conversion ratio, carcass yield, or haematological and biochemical indices of broilers, provided inclusion levels remain within optimal limits. However, high fibre content, variability in nutrient composition, and susceptibility to microbial contamination constrain its wider adoption. Enzyme supplementation, proper drying, and blending with energy- rich ingredients can improve its digestibility and nutrient balance. Economic analysis consistently demonstrate reduced feed costs and improved profit margins with BDG inclusion, underscoring its potential for cost-effective and environmentally sound poultry production. Further research is warranted to standardize processing techniques, optimize inclusion levels, and ensure product safety and consistency across brewery waste sources.
SETARIA IN A FREE-RANGE MALE SPOTTED DEER (AXIS AXIS): A CASE REPORT
The occurrence of Setaria digitata in the pleural and peritoneal cavities of a free-range male spotted deer (Axis axis) observed during necropsy is reported.A total of 25 worms were recovered out of which 23 were female worms and 2 were male worms. The worms were found in the visceral organs of the pleural cavity and peritoneal cavity. Only one female worm was found in the pleural cavity whereas all the other worms were found in the peritoneal cavity. One worm in the peritoneal cavity was found embedded in a patch of inflammatory tissue. The worms were morphologically identified as Setaria digitata. Cranial ends of both male and female worms had a central helmet with triangular lateral lips. In male worms, the cuticle was corrugated with a coiled caudal end possessing a pair of light brown-coloured unequal spicules, the right spicule was stout and thick with narrow proximal end and the left spicule had a shaft and blade. In female worms, the cuticle was smooth and tail had a smooth knob with lateral appendages. The present will help to map the status of nematode infection in spotted deers in wild and to frame strategies for control of setariosis in spotted deers.
IMPACT OF SEASONAL CHANGES ON MASTITOGEN AND N-ACETYL-Β-D-GLUCOSAMINIDASE ACTIVITY IN KARAN FRIES COW
The activity of N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (NAGase) in milk serves as an indicator of mammary tissue damage and bovine mastitis. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between NAGase levels in both milk and plasma and the pathogens responsible for mastitis across different seasons. A total of 92 early-lactation KF cows maintained at the Livestock Research Centre, NDRI, Karnal, were screened for subclinical mastitis using the California Mastitis Test. From the positive cases, eight milk samples were collected in each season (thermoneutral, winter, and summer) for bacteriological and enzyme analysis. Bacteriological examination was performed to identify major pathogens, and NAGase levels were estimated using a commercial ELISA kit. Climatic parameters were recorded, and the Temperature Humidity Index (THI) was calculated to assess environmental stress. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, which revealed that no significant seasonal variation was observed in milk and plasma NAGase activity in cows affected by either pathogen. Furthermore, no significant difference was found between mastitogens and milk enzyme levels.The stable NAGase activity across seasons suggests its usefulness as a reliable biomarker for monitoring udder health and subclinical mastitis in dairy cattle.
OCCURRENCE OF CANINE PARVOVIRAL GASTRO ENTERITIS IN AND AROUND BENGALURU
Canine parvoviral gastroenteritis is one of the most common viral diseases found in dogs and caused by canine parvovirus (CPV) type 2. Young dogs are highly susceptible to the disease with high morbidity and mortality. The present study was conducted at the Department of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary College, Bengaluru to know the occurrence pattern of CPV infection among PCR positive dogs under one year of age presenting with signs of gastroenteritis. The occurrence of CPV infection was high in puppies less than three months old, non-descript, male, irregularly dewormed, unvaccinated dogs weighing between four andeight kilograms, acquired from breeding kennels and housed indoors in a multi-pet household. These epidemiologic patterns highlighted the need for timely vaccination, deworming and biosecurity measures to mitigate CPV burden and improve survival in puppies.
A COMPREHENSIVE CASE REPORT ON CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE IN A GOLDEN RETRIEVER
International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) grades canine chronic kidney disease based on proteinuria, blood pressure, serum creatinine, and SDMA (Symmetric Dimethylarginine). The inter-related structural and functional changes associated with canine chronic kidney disease can be used in diagnostic evaluation of kidney injury. Structural alterations can be studied readily with the non-invasive sonographic assessment of kidneys. Increased cortical echogenicity, loss of corticomedullary differentiation, reduced renal size, and irregular renal contour are observed during B-mode ultrasound imaging. The Doppler ultrasound studies supplement the ultrasonic B-mode assessment and enable the evaluation of renal perfusion based on hemodynamics. Doppler studies would allow clinicians to evaluate or define patient’s response to the therapeutic management of chronic kidney disease.
CLINICAL MANAGEMENT OF PEMPHIGUS USING AZATHIOPRINE IN A LABRADOR RETRIEVER
An array of autoimmune diseases that cause blisters and damage to the skin and mucous membranes is known as the pemphigus complex. It is marked by the development of autoantibodies directed towards keratinocyte adhesion molecules. Clinical signs include crusts, erosions, erythema, macules, pustules and hyperkeratosis. These lesions are typically found on the foot pad, nasal planum, ear margins and ear pinna etc. There can also be generalized lesions accompanied by pruritus and alopecia. A five-year-old female Labrador was brought with erythematous lesions around nose, periorbital area, ears, foot pads and vulva for three days prior to presentation. Cytology revealed acantholytic cells, indicating that the problem was pemphigus. For six weeks, oral immunosuppressive azathioprine and other supportive medications like ranitidine, fexofinadine and niacinamide were recommended. The animal experienced total recovery following treatment.
CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC INSIGHTS INTO HYPOTHYROIDISM IN A SHIH-TZU – A CASE REPORT
Hypothyroidism in dogs is a common endocrine disorder resulting from deficient thyroid hormone production, leading to a reduced metabolic rate. A four- year-old, neutered female Shih Tzu was presented with a history of progressive weight gain, lethargy, bilateral symmetrical alopecia, and cold intolerance over the preceding three months. Physical examination revealed a dull coat, seborrhoeic dermatitis, bradycardia and mild obesity. Routine haematology and serum biochemistry were within normal limits except for mild hypercholesterolaemia. Thyroid function testing demonstrated low total thyroxine (T4) and free T4 levels with elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), confirming primary hypothyroidism. The dog was treated with oral levothyroxine sodium at 20 µg/kg twice daily, resulting in significant clinical improvement within six weeks.
CANINE EHRLICHIOSIS INDUCED MULTI-ORGAN DYSFUNCTION SYNDROME IN A LABRADOR RETRIEVER: A CASE REPORT
Canine monocytic ehrlichiosis is a tick-borne infectious disease of dogs caused by Ehrlichia canis, transmitted primarily through Rhipicephalus sanguineus. The disease typically progresses through acute, subclinical, and chronic stages, each characterized by distinct hematological and clinical alterations. A three-years-old male Labrador Retriever was presented to the Small Animal Medicine Unit, Veterinary College Hospital, Bengaluru, with a history of progressive anorexia, vomiting, and lethargy for the past seven days.Clinical examination revealed pallor of mucous membranes, multiple lymphadenopathies, mild dehydration, and tick infestation along with enlarged hepatic silhouette on abdominal palpation. Hematological analysis revealed normocytic normochromic non-regenerative anemia and thrombocytopenia, while serum biochemistry indicated markedly elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and total bilirubin levels. Molecular confirmation by multiplex PCR detected genome of Ehrlichia canis, establishing a diagnosis of Canine Monocytic Ehrlichiosis. The dog was treated with inj. doxycycline @ 10 mg/kg IV q24h for three days followed by oral route along with supportive treatment. Initial improvement was observed; however, three weeks later, the dog developed azotemia and persistent elevation of BUN and creatinine, consistent with chronic kidney disease (CKD) secondary to multi-organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS).Therefore, early diagnosis combined with effective tick control remains essential, as advanced cases often carry a guarded prognosis despite appropriate antibiotic therapy.
MIXED INCIDENCE OF GASTRO-INTESTINAL PARASITOSIS IN A SINGLE SMALL RUMINANTS FLOCK
A small ruminant flock of 19 Non-descript Goat and 9 Ramnad White Sheep were investigated for the complaint of anorexia, voiding of diarrhoeic watery faeces and sudden death of two lambs on previous day of presentation. Faecal samples were collected from the flock and subjected for routine parasitological examination. Microscopic examination of the faecal samples revealed mild to severe infection of Eimeria spp., Amphistome, Haemonchus contortus, Moniezia expansa and Trichuris spp. Mixed infection with 4 parasitic stages was observed in 6 (21.42%) animals, mixed infection with 3 parasitic stages in 8 (28.57%) animals, mixed infection with 2 parasitic stages in 12 (42.85%) animals were found. Eimeria spp. oocysts in faecal samples were further confirmed after sporulation using 2.5% potassium dichromate solution. Haemonchus contortus larvae were identified from faecal samples by culture using the jar method. Morphometry of oocysts, parasite eggs and larvae were also carried. Incidence of single parasite species infection was not recorded in this flock.
GASTRO-INTESTINAL PARASITES IN WILD CARNIVORES OF WESTERN GHATS OF TAMIL NADU
Western Ghats is a hotspot of biodiversity with different species of carnivores. The gastrointestinal parasites prevailing among free-ranging carnivores were documented by examination of forty-three (N=43) faecal samples collected in selected regions of Western ghats by perambulation from February to September, he study revealed an overall percentage of endoparasitic infection of about 60.46% (n=26). The percentage of infection of gastrointestinal parasites in tiger (n=13), leopard (n=17), dhole (n=8) and golden jackal (n=5) were 38.46%, 76.47%, 75.00% and 40.00% respectively. Toxocara spp. and Taenia sp. were documented in all four carnivore species, whereas Diphyllobothrium sp. eggs were recorded only in leopards. Trichuris sp.and Sarcocystis sporocyst were detected only in tiger samples. Strongyle eggs were recorded only in leopards and dholes.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ARIMA AND LSTM MODELS IN FORECASTING EGG PRODUCTION TRENDS IN INDIA
Egg production forecasting is crucial for managing the agricultural supply chain, as it impacts operational planning, market stability, and environmental sustainability. Efficient egg production ensures dietary needs are met and economic stability is maintained in the agricultural sector. Accurate forecasts aid resource allocation, market demand prediction, pricing optimization, and mitigation of supply chain disruptions.This research compares the efficacy of ARIMA (Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average) and LSTM (Long Short-Term Memory) models in predicting trends in egg production. Historical data spanning several decades were utilized, and the models’ performance was evaluated using the Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE). ARIMA, a traditional statistical model, and LSTM, a recurrent neural network, were applied to the data. The LSTM model demonstrated a significantly lower RMSE (2,299.54) compared to ARIMA (13,394.96), indicating superior performance in capturing the underlying patterns in egg production data. The LSTM model provided forecasts that were closer to the actual figures, particularly reflecting the upward trend in production from 2019 to 2021. The findings suggest that LSTM models are more effective for forecasting in agricultural contexts due to their ability to handle complex, nonlinear data. This can lead to better resource allocation, optimised supply chain management, and more stable market conditions. The study highlights the potential for integrating advanced machine learning models into agricultural forecasting to enhance decision-making processes. Future studies could explore hybrid models that incorporate external variables to further enhance forecast accuracy and reliability.
IN VITRO EFFICACY EVALUATION OF PROBIOTIC PROPERTIES OF BACILLUS ALBUS STRAIN PLAFFS01
Bacillus albus strain PLAFFS01 was screened for in vitro probiotic properties including thermal tolerance, simulated gastrointestinal fluids resistance, hydrophobicity of bacterial surface, autoaggregation, adhesion capacity, antioxidative activity and antibiotic sensitivity. Bacillus albus strain PLAFFS01 was identified by amplifying 1514 bp of 16S rRNA ribosomal gene sequence and the sequence was deposited in the NCBI GenBank database with accession number PP968101. Results showed that the Bacillus albus strain PLAFFS01 was found high survival rate of 97.72% and 79.09% in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids respectively. Also it exhibited sensitivity to antibiotics and good performance on hydrophobicity (64.88%), autoaggregation (41.75%), DPPH free radical scavenging activity (92.68%) and adhesion ability to HT-29 intestinal epithelial cell lines. Moreover, this strain possessed considerable tolerance to thermal treatment, which shows that it can be used in the feed industry also. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that Bacillus albus strain PLAFFS01 is a potential probiotic candidate.
NUTRITIONAL INTERVENTION WITH FLAXSEED FOR UTERINE HEALING AND FERTILITY ENHANCEMENT IN SUBCLINICAL ENDOMETRITIS AFFECTED CROSSBRED DAIRY COWS
Subclinical endometritis (SCE) is characterized by increased polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) in the endometrium without clinical signs of uterine infection. This condition adversely affects fertility and herd productivity. The present study aimed to assess the efficacy of dietary flaxseed supplementation in improving uterine health and reproductive performance in lactating dairy cows diagnosed with SCE. Twelve SCE- positive cows, confirmed by the White Side Test (WST) and endometrial cytology (>5% PMNs), were randomly assigned to two groups: Group I (control; n=6) received a standard ration, and Group II (treatment; n=6) supplemented with flaxseed concentrate for three months. Post-treatment evaluation after second subsequent estrus revealed a significant improvement of the uterine status in the flaxseed-supplemented group. WST positivity declined from 100% to 16.67% in Group II, as compared to 66.67% in the control group. PMN percentage significantly decreased from 15.74 ± 0.99% to 3.67 ±0.55% in the flaxseed group, whereas a lesser decline (13.67 ± 0.67% to 5.33 ± 0.39%) was observed in controls. Conception rate was markedly higher in the flaxseed group (83.33%) compared to the control group (33.33%). The results demonstrated that the flaxseed supplementation effectively reduced uterine inflammation and enhances fertility in SCE-affected cows, offering a practical nutritional strategy for dairy herd reproductive management.
HISTOLOGY AND HISTOCHEMISTRY OF THE CERVICAL OESOPHAGUS IN THE EIGHTEEN WEEKS- OLD SIRUVIDAI CHICKEN
Siruvidai chicken is an indigenous ecotype and reared as backyard poultry in Ariyalur district of Tamil Nadu state. The oesophagus is a distensible and tube shaped organ situated on the right side of neck in the birds.The present study was conducted on six numbers of 18weeks- old Siruvidai chicken.The tissues pieces from the cervical oesophagus were collected and fixed in 10 percent neutral buffered formalin and processed for histological and histochemical staining methods. The oesophagus was composed of four tunics viz., tunica mucosa, tunica submucosa, tunica muscularis and tunica serosa. The lamina epithelium was lined by stratified squamous epithelium with less keratinisation. The lamina propria contained mucous glands. The lamina muscularis was distinct. The submucosa was thin. The tunica muscularis has two layers. The tunica adventitia covered cervical oesophagus. The presence of carbohydrates in the oesophageal glands and proteins in the muscle cells of lamina muscularis and tunica muscularis layers were demonstrated by histochemical staining methods. Micrometric observations were recorded on the thickness of different layers and diameter of mucous gland of cervical oesophagus.