Indian Journal of veterinary journal publishes review article(invited), original /applied research, clinical reports short communications on all area of animal health including diagnosis treatment and control. Editorial Board Subscription Details
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Arterial Blood Gas analysis in Labrador retriever puppies with parvoviral enteritis
Labrador Retriever Puppies aged between 3 months to 5 months with parvoviral enteritis were selected and their Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) profile was analyzed. It revealed decreased pO2 and elevated anion gap affected puppies. There was significant reduction in the mean concentrations for plasma total CO2 (TCO2), partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) and HCO3 values.
Arterial Blood Gas (ABG), Canine Parvovirus (CPV), labrador retriever
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Clinico pathological changes in cattle with theileriosis
The paper reports the clinical and pathological findings in cattle suffering with abomasal ulcers in association with theileriosis. Six cattle with abomasal ulcers in association with theileriosis was identified by presence of intra-erythrocytic piroplasms of Theileria annulata in stained blood smears. Abomasal ulcers were identified based on the positive benzidine test. The clinical findings noticed were absence of rumination, anorexia, loss of milk yield, melena, depressed demeanour, emaciation, abdominal guarding, pale mucous membranes, hyperthermia, lymphadenopathy, kyphosis, tachypnea and dyspnea. Reduced serum levels of albumin, calcium, phosphorus, chloride, potassium and increased serum levels of aspartate transaminase, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine were noticed.
Prevalence of Mast Cell Tumour in Dogs in Chennai
The present study was carried out to assess the prevalence of mast cell tumours in dogs presented at Madras Veterinary College Teaching Hospital, Chennai for five months (July 2024- November 2024). A total of 802 cytological smears prepared each from the nodule of different breeds of dogs were referred to the Centralised Clinical Laboratory, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai for cytological examination. The overall prevalence of mast cell tumour was found to be 2.86 %, of which, females showed a higher prevalence (56.52 %) compared to males (43.47%). Among various age groups affected, an increased prevalence was recorded in dogs belonging to more than six years of age (56.52%), followed by 0-3 years (26.08%) and 4-6 years (17.39%). Non-descript breeds showed the highest prevalence (52.17 %), followed by Labrador Retriever (34.78%), and Golden Retrievers, Boxer and Pug (4.34 % each).
Chennai, Dog, Mast cell tumour, Prevalence,
Effectiveness of Nutritional Supplement (SKORA 33) in the Management of Malassezia dermatitis in Dogs
Malassezia dermatitis is one of the common dermatological conditions in dogs, often requiring comprehensive therapeutic management. Ten dogs were diagnosed with Malassezia dermatitis based on clinical signs and confirmed through direct microscopic examination of swab smears stained with Loeffler’s methylene blue. Treatment was carried out with iatroconazole with omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids (SKORA 33), antioxidants, vitamins, and trace minerals. Over a three-week treatment period, the supplemented group recorded marked clinical improvement, including enhanced hair regrowth.
Malassezia dermatitis, Dog, nutritional supplement (SKORA-33).
Successful Management of Oesophageal Obstruction in a Jersey Crossbred Cow
A Jersey crossbred non-pregnant cow was presented with a history of anorexia and dysphagia. The cow was unable to swallow anything. Physical examination and oesophageal palpation revealed a enlargement in the left lateral neck region. An attempt to pass a stomach tube failed, indicating oesophageal obstruction. After sedation and manual intervention, a foreign body composed of groundnut cake and feed material was retrieved. The condition of the cow improved following the removal of the obstruction.
Sumathi, D*., Ponnu Swamy, K. K., Ravi, R. and Sasikala, K
Endoscopic retrieval of Pendastomid worm occlusion in a rescued Indian Rat Snake (Ptyas mucosa)
A rat snake was presented with the history of rescue from a rural household. It was said to have some hit injury and was dull and reluctant to move. Bubbling of nasal discharge from the nostril, open mouth breathing and copious salivation were noticed. On auscultation deep breathing was observed; respiratory distress was noticed. The snake was medicated with ketamine hydrochloride and Diazepam and prepared for endoscopic assessment. A 2.8mm thin flexible endoscopy was used to assess the trachea, lungs and air sac area. In the middle of respiratory tract, occlusion with Pentastomid worm was noticed which was retrieved using grasping forceps. Dextrose Normal Saline was administered orally using feeding tubes and ivermectin was given subcutaneously. The snake recovered uneventfully after endoscopy and later rehabilitated and released in to a non-human habitat area.
Indian rat snake, Flexible Endoscopy, Pentastome, Occlusion
Clinico Pathological and Ultrasonographic Evaluation of Dogs with Ascites
Ascites is a common clinical manifestation of underlying hepatic pathology in dogs, often resulting from portal hypertension, cirrhosis, or hypoalbuminemia. The study was aimed to evaluate haematological, biochemical, electrolyte, ascitic fluid, and ultrasonographic alterations in 15 dogs with ascites. Haematologically mean values of Hb, PCV and TEC were significantly reduced while total leukocyte with neutrophil count were significantly increased. Biochemically, mean values of total protein and albumin were significantly reduced while mean values of ALT, AST, ALP, and BUN were significantly increased. On sonography increased parenchymal echogenicity, irregular liver margins, rounding of liver margins and diffuse nodular changes were noticed.
Ascites, Portal hypertension, SAAG, Sonography
Cobra Envenomation in a Doberman Dog – A Case Report
A two years old male Doberman dog was presented in a recumbent state with a history of snake bite and clinical manifestations of dullness, depression, respiratory distress and frothy salivation. Clinical examination revealed two fang marks on the lateral aspect of the left shoulder with oozing of blood. Hematological evaluation showed leukocytosis and reduced packed cell volume. Based on the clinical signs and history, the condition was diagnosed as cobra envenomation. The dog was treated with Polyvalent anti snake venom along with Atropine sulphate, Antibiotics, B complex, Fluid therapy and Antiseptic wound dressing. Uneventful recovery was observed within three days. The case emphasizes the importance of early identification, timely antivenom administration and supportive therapy in successful management of neurotoxic snake bite on dogs.
Cobra bite, Naja naja, Dog, Anti-snake venom, Neurotoxic envenomation
Haemato-biochemical changes in small ruminants with haemoprotozoan diseases
Haemoprotozoan diseases is one of the important infectious aliments affecting small ruminants. Haemato-biochemical changes in small ruminants with haemoprotozoan diseaases was carried out. Animals with fever, lymphadenopathy, haemoglobinuria, tick infestation were screened. 100 number of samples were taken up for the study during the period of November 2024 to November 2025. These blood samples were subjected to haematology and serum biochemistry analysis. Reduction in haemoglobin, packed cell volume, erythrocyte and increase in total leucocyte count and differential count were observed. Elevated serum total bilirubin, aspartate amino transferase, alkaline phosphatase and gamma glutamyl transferase and magnesium were observed. Reduced serum albumin, iron and copper were noticed in these small ruminants.
Haemoprotozoan diseases, haematology, serum biochemistry
Clinico pathological studies of Pericardial effusion in fourteen dogs
Fourteen dogs presented to the Small Animal Outpatient Unit of Madras Veterinary College Teaching Hospital, Chennai, exhibiting clinical signs suggestive of pericardial effusion were subjected to detailed clinical, radiographic, electrocardiographic, ultrasonographic, and echocardiographic evaluations. Pericardiocentesis was performed for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Echocardiography proved to be a reliable diagnostic tool for confirmation and monitoring of pericardial effusion. Cytological evaluation aided in differentiation of idiopathic, neoplastic, and inflammatory causes.
Pericardial effusion, Echocardiography, Pericardiocentesis, Cytology, Dog
Management of Acute-on-Chronic Kidney Injury in a Golden Retriever
A four-year-old Golden Retriever bitch weighing 26 Kg was presented with the history of inappetence for one week. Clinical examination revealed emaciated, pyrexia, pale mucus membrane, hypertension (170 mmHg). splenomegaly and generalized lymphadenopathy. Laboratory evaluation showed hypochromic anemia with thrombocytopenia, hyposthenuria with proteinuria with elevated blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels. Nephrosonogram revealed normal parenchyma with good corticomedullary differentiation, with irregular border and increased cortical echogenicity. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) confirmed Babesia gibsoni infection.. Targeted antiprotozoal therapy comprised a 28-day course of triple antibiotic protocol with doxycycline, clindamycin, and metronidazole along with hematinic and thrombopoietic support. Therapeutic management included fluid therapy, antiemetics, proton pump inhibitors, antihypertensives, phosphate binders, renal-specific diet, and supportive care Marked clinical improvement was observed during follow-up, with progressive normalization of renal parameters, restoration of appetite, and improvement in body condition score.
Babesia gibsoni, Dog, Kidney injury, Triple therapy
Cutaneous Ulcerative Disease in a Star Tortoise
A rescued Indian Star Tortoise (Geochelone elegans) was presented with shell deformities, limb weakness and ulcerative plastron lesions. Clinical evaluation, radiography and biochemical analysis were carried out. The plastron was abnormally soft and pliable, deviating markedly from the rigidity observed in healthy individuals. Deep ulcerative lesions were noted on the pectoral and abdominal scutes of the plastron. Hypocalcaemia with elevated phosphorus, parathyroid hormone and alkaline phosphatase levels was observed while reduced serum vitamin A and 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol concentrations. Microbiological culture of the ulcerative plastron lesions yielded Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus spp. Treatment included calcium and vitamin supplementation, fluid therapy and antimicrobial therapy, resulting in significant clinical improvement and shell remineralization within six weeks.
Star tortoise, Cutaneous Ulcerative Disease
Karthika, K. Jyothipriya, R and Ponnu swamy, K.K
A one-day old female Crossbred Jersey (CBJ) calf was presented to the Referral Veterinary Polyclinic (RVP), ICAR-IVRI with the complaint of dullness, inappetence and dribbling of urine from the umbilical cord since birth. Physical examination revealed high temperature (104.5°F), difficulty in drinking milk, erect ears, muscle rigidity, hindlimb stiffness and difficulty in walking. Based on these classical findings, the present case was diagnosed as Tetanus associated with persistent urachus. The calf was treated with Anti Tetanus Serum (ATS), antibiotic, muscle relaxants and fluid therapy for 5 days. The animal showed uneventful recovery following therapeutic management.
Tetanus, Clostridium tetani, Calf, Anti tetanus serum (ATS)
Sodium chloride is an essential dietary component for cattle, but excessive intake or water restriction can cause salt poisoning and hypernatremia, leading to severe neurological dysfunction. This report describes a case of salt toxicosis in one year old buffalo heifer that developed acute neurological signs after ingesting 1.5 kg of common salt without access to drinking water. Diagnosis was based on history, clinical presentation, and elevated serum sodium and chloride levels. The heifer was successfully treated through gradual rehydration, isotonic fluid therapy, and supportive management.
Clinical and molecular evaluation of Proteus mirabilis in a family pet dog with urolithiasis
Urinary tract infections are a major concern in family pet dogs. Golden Retriever dog was found to have urinary incontinence, haematuria, stranguria and foul-smelling urine. Radiography and ultrasonography confirmed multiple nephroliths in the right kidney and urethral calculi measuring 5.28 mm. Elevated BUN, creatinine, phosphorus, anemia, haematuria, proteinuria, and struvite crystalluria were noticed. The isolation and characterization of Proteus mirabilis, using both conventional and molecular methods, including 16S rRNA gene sequencing, confirmed its association with urolithiasis. Urethral calculi were relieved by retrograde urohydropropulsion, and the dog was treated with Amoxicillin-Clavulanate along with dietary and supportive therapy. Post-treatment urinalysis by the fourth week showed no abnormalities, indicating clinical improvement.
Proteus mirabilis, dog, struvite crystals.
Therapeutic Management of Anaplasmosis in a Kid
A non-descript male kid about 4 months old was presented with complaint of anorexia, lethargic and tick infestation. Clinical examination revealed elevated temperature (104.6⸰F), pale conjunctival mucous membrane, anaemia and enlarged lymph nodes. Peripheral blood smear showed the presence of Anaplasma organism in the RBCs. Whole blood was collected and subjected to PCR, in which sample shown positive for Anaplasma ovis infection. The kid was administered with oxytetracycline @ 20 mg/kg body weight I/M, Sharkoferrol vet (@ 5 gm daily) and B- complex injection (@ 1 mL I/M) at an interval of 48h. Significant clinical improvement was noticed after five days of treatment.
Anaplasmosis, PCR, Oxytetracycline, Small ruminants
Cystoisosporosis in a puppy- A Case Report
A two-month-old male German Shepherd pup was presented to the small animal outpatient unit, Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Pookode, Wayanad with a history of malodorous dark tarry diarrhoea, intermittent vomiting and weakness for 5 days. The condition was diagnosed by microscopic examination of the faecal sample as cystoisosporosis. The treatment was initiated with intramuscular injection of sulphadiazine trimethoprim @ 20mg/Kg body weight for three days followed by sulphamethoxazole trimethoprim tablets for the next four days. The animal made an uneventful recovery.
Cystoisosporosis Sulphadiazine-Trimethoprim
Successful Management of Pemphigus vulgaris in dogs with Prednisolone
Two dogs were presented to Small Animal Clinics Out-Patient Dermatology Unit (SAC-OPDU) at Madras Veterinary College Teaching Hospital (MVCTH) with oral ulcers and erosions on gums and palate. The oral lesions and erosions were positive for direct Nikolskiy’s sign and the samples from the lesions were also negative for bacterial and fungal infections.Direct Impression smears from the ulcers and erosions of the two animals were taken and subjected to cytology which showed the presence of acantholytic cells surrounded by neutrophils. Based on the cytology evaluation and distribution of lesion it was confirmed as Pemphigus vulgaris (PV). Both the animals were treated with prednisolone at 0.5 mg/kg body weight for a month along with supplements such as omega fatty acids and vitamins. Improvement was observed in two cases but one dog showed recurrence of lesions after 2 weeks of discontinuation of prednisolone. Complete blood count and serum biochemistry values of the dogs remained within normal limits throughout therapy. since recurrence is common in Pemphigus in dogs, it is concluded that prednisolone is effective in managing Pemphigus vulgaris in dogs and prednisolone can be tapered to the lowest effective dose for prolonged period to avoid recurrence.
Urolithiasis in a Dog with Diabetes Mellitus - A Case Report
A 7-year-old female Beagle, diagnosed with diabetes mellitus six months earlier and on insulin therapy, presented with haematuria, dysuria, and abdominal discomfort. Diagnostic workup included complete blood count, blood smear, mean blood glucose estimation, serum amylase and lipase, rapid Snap 4DX test, Babesia spp. antigen tests, radiography, and ultrasonography. All infectious disease tests (E. canis, Anaplasma spp., Dirofilaria immitis, Borrelia burgdorferi, Babesia canis, B. gibsoni) were negative. Complete blood count showed a platelet count of 399,000/µL. Random blood glucose was 600 mg/dL, reduced to 224 mg/dL post-insulin. Imaging revealed a 3.52 cm hyperechoic, radio-opaque structure in the lower abdomen, consistent with cystic calculi, along with a thickened urinary bladder wall (0.61 cm), suggestive of cystitis likely associated with diabetes and uroliths. Surgery was performed, and a 24.42 g, yellowish, apricot seed-shaped calculus (3.1 × 2.4 × 1.3 cm) was removed.
Cystitis, Diabetes mellitus,Dog, Hematuria, Urolithiasis
Electrocardiographic changes in dogs with Mitral Valve Disease
Mitral valvular disease is the most common acquired cardiac disease in dogs, which is characterised grossly by nodular distortion of the valve leaflets, as well as by thickening and lengthening of the chordae tendineae. The electrocardiogram is an insensitive gauge of cardiac chamber size. The diagnosis of mitral valve disease is difficult in field conditions especially in non sophisticated hospitals. The study was conducted in six dogs with mitral valve disease. Dogs brought to general health check up and vaccination were selected as the control animals. Confirmation of mitral valve disease was carried out using echocardiography. Fine atrial fibrillation was the major electrocardiographic findings in dogs diagnosed with mitral valvular disease. Even though, no statistical significance could be established between control and diseased dogs, duration of P wave, QRS, PR, ST and QT interval were increased in diseased dogs. The present study aids in the diagnosis of dogs with mitral valve disease with the help of electrocardiography.
Successful management of Babesiosis in a Dog – A Case Report
A three-year-old intact male Labrador Retriever was presented to the Small Animal Clinic, Veterinary College Hospital, Bengaluru, with a history of pyrexia, anorexia, lethargy, and ascites. Clinical examination revealed pale mucous membranes, fever, generalized lymphadenopathy, and mild halitosis. Haematobiochemical analysis revealed anaemia, thrombocytopenia, neutrophilic leucocytosis, lymphocytopenia, hypoproteinaemia and elevated creatinine and ALT values. Peripheral blood smear examination revealed piroplasm-like structures, later confirmed as Babesia gibsoni by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Abdominal ultrasonography demonstrated moderate hepatomegaly, ascites, and splenomegaly. The dog was successfully treated with a triple therapy regimen consisting of doxycycline, clindamycin, and metronidazole. Supportive care included protein supplements, antacids, haematinics, hepatoprotectants, antioxidants, and B-complex vitamins.
Assessment of economic impact of babesiosis in cattle in Andhra Pradesh
The goal of the current study was to document the financial losses incurred by cattle infected with babesiosis between January 2023 and December 2024 in Chittore district of Andhra Pradesh, India. Throughout the course of the study, the total average financial impact resulting from babesiosis was ₹31,60,464 and the average annual loss resulting from individual cattle was ₹15,049. When comparing the different variables causing the economic loss highest percent was due to mortality loss (39.87 percent), reproductive loss (37.79 percent), production loss (8.05 percent), treatment cost (7.64 percent) and for daily wages loss (6.65 percent).
Radiographic, Electrocardiographic and Echocardiographic Evaluation in dogs with ascites
The present study was carried out at Veterinary Clinical Complex, College of Veterinary Science, Tirupati from May 2024 to November 2024. Animals presented with the history of abdominal distension, anorexia, respiratory distress and pedal oedema were selected for study. Diagnosis of ascites was done by radiography, ultrasonography and echocardiography. Radiographic findings were characteristic ground glass appearance. Ultrasonographic findings were hepatomegaly, hyperechoic, hypoechoic and mixed echogenicity of liver parenchyma etc. Echocardiographic findings were dilated cardiomyopathy, congestive heart failure, pericardial effusions etc.
Ascites, Radiography, Ultrasonography, Echocardiography
Ebstein’s Anomaly in a Golden Retriever puppy
A 3-month-old Golden retriever pup was presented with complaints of abdominal distension, lethargy and inappetence. On clinical examination pale mucous membrane, tachycardia and cardiac murmurs were observed. Haemato-biochemical examination revealed anaemia, leukocytosis, hypoalbuminaemia and elevated serum alkaline phosphatase. Radiographic findings indicated cardiac enlargement and ascites. Increased P wave duration and atrial tachycardia were the major findings on electrocardiography. Echocardiography revealed enlarged right chambers, collapsed left chambers and posteriorly placed tricuspid valves along with regurgitant flow diagnostic of Ebstein’s anomaly. Treatment was initiated with antibiotics, diuretics, ACE inhibitors and cardiac supportive. Pup succumbed to death the next day.
Two dogs were presented with complaint of haematuria, inappatance, dyspepsia and stranguria. Leukocytosis, low Hb while urinalysis revealed protienuria with pH 9, erythrocytes, pus cells and abundant struvite crystals in female. Culture result showed Staphylococcus growth in female and mixed growth of Pseudomonas, Proteus and Klebsialla in male. Antibiotic sensitivity was present predominantly for cephalosporins. On abdominal ultrasonography examination, the bladder displayed increased wall thickness, and hyperechoic crystals which concluded the case as cystitis. Culture result showed Staphylococcus growth Antibiotic sensitivity was present predominantly for cephalosporins and enrofloxacin. They were treated with cephalexin with other supplements and was advised for struvite diet. Improvement with resolution of signs and normal appetite was noticed after 15 days.
M.Manaswini, Khushi Sharma, Vaishnavi, S
Haematobiochemical examination and urinalysis in dogs with renal disease
Early detection of renal diseases in canines is crucial for improving prognosis and extending quality of life. Urinalysis plays major role in identifying renal dysfunction. This study was aimed to evaluate different haemato-biochemical parameters along with urinalysis in dogs with Stage I and II of renal disease. Study was conducted on 13 dogs with Stage I and II renal disease. Mean values of TEC, PCV, Sodium, Potassium and Calcium were decreased while mean values of TLC, Monocytes, MCH, MCHC, Creatinine and ALT were increased. The urine pH of 10 dogs ranged from 5.0-6.5 whereas 3 dogs had pH 8. Mean value of UP:C was found to be significantly increased. Crystaluria (5), struvites (4) and bilirubin crystals (1) were found.
Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Syndrome in a Lhasa Apso Dog
Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome is an infrequently described complication of canine diabetes mellitus, differing from diabetic ketoacidosis in certain aspects, including treatment. A nine-year-old Lhasa Apso was presented to the Madras Veterinary College Teaching Hospital with a history of polyuria and polydipsia for a period of one week, and sudden dullness and inappetence. Clinical examination revealed the presence of hyperglycemia (799 mg/dL). An arterial blood gas analysis revealed a primary respiratory alkalosis, hyponatremia and hypokalemia. The serum creatinine level was elevated. Based on the absence of acidosis and ketonuria, and the eventual development of obtundation, a diagnosis of hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome was made. Chronic kidney disease was diagnosed by ultrasonography. Treatment was done with intravenous infusion of normal saline, soluble insulin as a constant rate infusion and potassium chloride. The animal died after four days of treatment. The prognosis is guarded to poor.
hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome, diabetes, dog
Intravenous Lipid Therapy in the Management of Ivermectin Toxicity in a Cat
A 6-month-old female domestic short-haired kitten weighing about 1 kg was presented to Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal with ataxia and lateral recumbency for 10 hours following accidental ingestion of a 10 mg over-the-counter ivermectin tablet. Mydriasis, absence of menace response, sluggish pupillary reflexes, tachycardia and dyspnoea were noticed. Ivermectin toxicity was diagnosed based on history and clinical findings. Treatment involved intravenous administration of lipid with normal saline. Significant clinical improvement was noted within 24 hours and by the third day, the kitten showed complete recovery.
Sumathi, D., Ravi, R., Sasikala, K. and Ponnu Swamy, K. K.
Incidence of canine parvovirus infection in and around Tirupati
Canine parvovirus (CPV) is the most significant viral cause of acute haemorrhagic enteritis. The objective of the present study is to detect the incidence of canine parvovirus infection in and around Tirupati. A total of 154 faecal samples were collected from the dogs showing clinical signs of vomiting, diarrhoea, anorexia, dehydration and pyrexia. Out of 154 samples, 62 samples were positive for CPV 2 by PCR with an overall prevalence of 40.25 %. Occurrence of CPV infection in relation to age was highest in 0 to 3 months (45.16 %) and least was recorded in dogs above 1 year of age (9.67 %). Breed wise analysis of data indicated highest occurrence in Non-descript dogs (38.70 %). The occurrence of CPV in the present study was more in male dogs (66.12 %) than female dogs (33.87 %). Out of 62 dogs positive for canine parvoviral enteritis, 15 dogs (24.19%) were vaccinated wheras, 47 (75.80%) were non- vaccinated. The results indicate the necessity of implementing control and preventive measures to combat canine parvoviral infection.
Canine parvovirus, incidence, Age, Breed, Sex
Electrolyte, blood gas and acid-base imbalance in canine chronic renal disease in dogs
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) in dogs is a progressive and often irreversible condition where the kidneys gradually lose their ability to filter waste, regulate fluid balance and maintain essential electrolyte levels. Acid-base disturbances are commonly identified in critically ill veterinary patients. So, the present investigation was aimed to study blood gas, acid base and electrolyte alteration in canine chronic kidney disease. Study was conducted on 20 dogs suffering from stage IV chronic kidney disease out of which 10 cases were found to be positive for haemoprotozoan infection through microscopic examination or rapid diagnostic kits. Haematologically mean values of TEC, PCV and Platelets were significantly reduced. Biochemically the mean values of Creatinine, SGPT and SGOT were significantly increased. Mean values of HCO3, pCO2, BE and BB were significantly decreased as compared to healthy dogs on venous blood gas and acid-base analysis. Electrolyte and mineral estimation revealed significant decrease in the values of sodium, chloride, calcium and magnesium whereas phosphorus were increased. The assessment of blood gas, acid-base balance, electrolyte levels and timely presentation of clinical cases played a crucial role in managing canine chronic kidney disease.
Chronic kidney disease, Acid-base, Electrolytes