Clostridium perfringes associated enteritis in a pigeon (Columbia livia domestica): Clinical, gross and histopathological observations

Abstract

Clostridium infection in pigeons is an emerging concern in avian medicine, characterized by gastrointestinal disturbances
and high morbidity. It is primarily caused by Clostridium perfringens, an anaerobic, spore-forming bacterium capable of producing
potent toxins that lead to necrotizing enteritis. This case report describes the clinical presentation, diagnosis and management
of intestinal Clostridium infection in an adult domestic pigeon (Columba livia domestica). The bird was presented with symptoms
including lethargy, decreased appetite, watery greenish droppings and progressive weight loss. Clinical examination revealed
signs of dehydration, ruffled feathers and soiled vent. Post-mortem examination showed severe enteritis with haemorrhagic
lesions along the small intestine and fibrinous exudates. Intestinal contents were collected and submitted to the Department of
Veterinary Pathology, Bihar Veterinary College, Patna for microbiological and histopathological examination. Gram staining
confirmed the presence of large Gram positive rods consistent with Clostridium perfringens. Histopathological analysis revealed
extensive mucosal necrosis, inflammatory cell infiltration and bacterial colonization in the intestinal lumen confirming clostridial
enteritis. The findings highlight the pathogenic role of Clostridium perfringens in pigeons and underline the need for timely diagnosis and appropriate antibiotic therapy. The case emphasizes the importance of incorporating routine microbial and histological
evaluations in avian gastrointestinal disorders for accurate diagnosis and effective management.