The Indian Journal of Veterinary Pathology (IJVP) is a quarterly peer-reviewed journal officially published by the Indian Association of Veterinary Pathologists (IAVP). IJVP publication was started in 1976 and its founder editor was Prof. P.K.R. Iyer. From 1976-90, every year one issue was brought out. Since 1991, two issues / year (June and December) were published by efforts of Dr M.C. Prasad. In 2013, Dr R.V.S. Pawaiya, new Chief Editor took a bold step to bringing out four issues of IJVP annually (March, June, September and December). He gave new look to Journal and online publication was also started. The issues from 2004 are uploaded and available in IAVP website. In the year 2010 NAAS impact factor of journal was 4.6 (S. No. 704, J. Id I050). NAAS rating w.e.f. 2017 is 5.48. Its Indian Citation Index Research Impact Indicator is 0.038.
Indian Association of Veterinary Pathologists
Unraveling the enigma of Spirocerca lupi infection in dogs: A hidden menace
Spirocerca lupi is a nematode responsible for causing true malignancies in dogs. Esophageal nodular granulomas are pathological lesions of Spirocercosis. Spirocercosis is a disease occurring predominantly in Canidae, caused by the nematode Spirocerca lupi. The present case was noted in 3 years old German shepherd dog with esophageal nodular growth having neoplastic transformation following S. lupi infection was histologically elaborated with possible pathologic mechanism. Typical clinical signs are regurgitation, vomition and dyspnoea. Grossly, there was presence of round nodular masses on wall of esophagus occupied almost obliterating the whole lumen of the esophagus. On section, red-colored worms were noticed in the mass and were identified as Spirocerca lupi by parasitological examination. The nodular masses were processed routinely and stained by Hematoxylin and Eosin (H & E) and microscopically, esophageal mass revealed numerous parasitic eggs (Spirocerca lupi) encircled by proliferating fibrous connective tissue with infiltration of polymorphonuclear cells, predominantly eosinophils and histopathologic lesions of other organs were recorded. Based on parasitic gross, microscopic and immunohistochemical evaluation, the case was diagnosed as Spirocercosis in the dog with acute renal failure.
Dog, Spirocerca lupi, glomerulonephritis, nodule
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Cavernous splenic hemangiosarcoma in a dog - A pathological study
A 12-year-old non-descript male dog was presented with a history of lethargy, vomiting, and loss of appetite. A complete blood count revealed elevated haematocrit, neutrophilia and thrombocytopenia. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed a mass at the splenic tail with a characteristic honeycomb appearance. Cytological examination showed large, pleomorphic, oval to spindle-shaped cells exhibiting nuclear hyperchromasia and a high nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio. Splenectomy was performed and the excised mass was subjected to histopathological evaluation. Histological examination revealed large cavernous vascular spaces lined by markedly pleomorphic and plump endothelial cells. Based on the histopathological features, a diagnosis of splenic hemangiosarcoma was made.
Dog, hemangiosarcoma, histopathology, spleen, ultrasonography
This report presents clinical, ultrasonographical and pathological findings in a 13-year-old dog with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Ultrasound Sonography (USG) examination of liver revealed anechoic areas with irregular borders. Gross examination of liver and spleen revealed multifocal firm nodules of various sizes. Cut section of liver was greasy. Upon gross examination of lungs, haemorrhagic nodule and pale appearance were noticed. Upon cytological examination, hepatocytes showed multiple nuclei and nuclear atypia along with vacuolated cytoplasm and few naked nuclei. Cytology of spleen revealed multinucleated cells and few hepatocytes which might indicate metastasis. On histopathological analysis, pleomorphic hepatocytes with vacuoles, multinucleated cells and mitotic figures were noticed. These results supported the possibility of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). With Masson’s Trichrome staining, collagen fibers stained blue colour around the portal triad indicating periportal cirrhosis. Histopathology of spleen revealed islands of fibrous tissue around vasculature which was also confirmed by Masson’s Trichrome staining. Immunohistochemical analysis of liver revealed intense immunopositivity for Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) and cytokeratin 18 in neoplastic hepatocytes.
Cytokeratin, hepatocellular carcinoma, nuclear atypia
Cutaneous junctional melanocytoma in a dog: Clinical, cytological, histopathological and immunohistochemical evaluation
A 4-year-old Rottweiler dog had a black, firm nodule noticed in the dorsal aspect of a paw region in the periungual region at the nail bed/nail fold area of the paw. Cytology revealed brownish-black pigments dispersed throughout the cytoplasm and histopathology revealed melanocytic cells extending from the dermo-epidermal junction into the deep dermis with melanin granules. Immunohistochemistry confirmed strong Melan-A expression.
Cytology, dog, histopathology, immunohistochemistry, junctional melanocytoma
Vulvovaginal squamous cell carcinoma: Mimicking chronic prolapse in bitch
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a malignant epithelial neoplasm arising from squamous cells and is infrequently reported in the vulvovaginal region of bitches. Owing to its anatomical location and gross appearance, vulvovaginal SCC may clinically resemble vaginal prolapse leading to diagnostic ambiguity. The present study documents a rare case of vulvovaginal squamous cell carcinoma in a 3-year-6-month-old intact bitch presented to the Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Bihar Veterinary College, Patna with a history of protruding vaginal mass for the past 20 days. Clinically, the mass was reddish-pink, firm, irregular, non-reducible and ulcerated, closely mimicking vaginal prolapse. Based on the chronicity, progressive enlargement and ulcerative surface changes of the mass, a neoplastic condition was clinically suspected and surgical excision was undertaken as a definitive diagnostic and therapeutic approach under general anaesthesia. Haematological evaluation revealed moderate normocytic normochromic anaemia, leucocytosis with neutrophilia and borderline thrombocytopenia, reflecting a non-specific systemic response to neoplasia. Biochemical analysis demonstrated elevated total protein and globulin levels with mild increases in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) suggestive of systemic inflammatory response and hepatic stress. Gross examination of the excised mass revealed an irregular, friable growth with focal pale yellow to grey, soft areas suggestive of necrosis, along with dark red to black, blood-filled regions consistent with haemorrhage. Histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma characterized by invasive cords and nests of neoplastic squamous epithelial cells, marked cellular pleomorphism, hyperchromatic nuclei, prominent nucleoli, frequent mitotic figures and keratin pearl formation within a desmoplastic stroma, consistent with a well to moderately differentiated SCC. Vulvovaginal squamous cell carcinoma though uncommon in young bitches should be considered as an important differential diagnosis in cases of chronic vaginal prolapse-like conditions unresponsive to manual reduction. The present study emphasizes the importance of thorough clinical evaluation, histopathological confirmation and prompt surgical intervention for successful management and prevention of local invasion and recurrence.
Histopathology, vaginal prolapse, vulvovaginal squamous cell carcinoma
Partial intestinal Atresia (Stenosis) in a day-old Beetal goat kid: A case report
A one-day-old male goat kid was presented for necropsy with clinical signs of abdominal distension, weakness, and absence of faecal passage since birth. Gross examination revealed a segmental narrowing of the ileum approximately 15–20 cm proximal to the ileocecal junction. The affected part had a markedly reduced lumen diameter, resulting in partial obstruction. The proximal small intestine was severely dilated, haemorrhagic and filled with blood-tinged fluid, while the distal intestine was collapsed and empty with reduced lumen size. Histopathology of distal part showed reduced lumen diameter with intact intestinal wall layers, reduced villi and mild mucosal congestion while the proximal dilated segments showed mucosal flattening, loss of villi, congestion and marked submucosal haemorrhage. The condition was diagnosed as partial intestinal atresia (stenosis), a rare congenital anomaly in goat kids.
Congenital anomaly, goat kid, intestinal stenosis, partial atresia, pathology
Concurrent occurrence of intestinal coccidiosis and oral papillomatosis in a buffalo calf
This paper describes a unique case of concurrent oral papillomatosis and intestinal coccidiosis in a six-month-old buffalo calf with a history of anorexia, dysentry, and presence of multiple exophytic masses within the oral cavity. Microscopically, the tumors in the oral cavity were characterized by papillary projections with a fibrovascular core and characteristic koilocytes. Simultaneously, the intestines exhibited a thickened, corrugated, and hemorrhagic mucosa grossly, with coccidial oocysts in the intestinal scrapings. On histopathology, proliferative enteritis was recorded. The findings suggest that the physiological stress and immunosuppression induced by intestinal coccidiosis likely predisposed the calf to the mucosal manifestation of papillomatosis.
Buffalo calf, coccidiosis, concurrent occurrence, immunosuppression, oral papillomatosis
Effects of Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate on sperm morphology of Wistar rats
Phthalate extensively used as plasticizers in medical devices, cosmetics, children’s toys, deodorants and other industries, which is a major environmental toxicant. As they are not covalently bound to polymers and leach easily into the environment and cause a significant health risk. Hence, the present study was carried out to evaluate the effects of Di (2-ethyl hexyl) phthalate on sperm morphology in Wistar rats. Animals were exposed to DEHP at 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg b.wt in corn oil for a period of 28 days. Animals were sacrificed on 29th day and semen was collected from the cauda epididymis and stained with eosin (5%) and nigrosine (10%) staining. Results of this study revealed more sperm abnormalities in all DEHP-exposed groups with more pronounced abnormalities in the high dose group. A highly significant (P<0.01) reduction in the percentage of live sperms and an increase in dead sperms. These results indicated that DEHP has caused many sperm abnormalities and confirm its role as a potent reproductive toxicant.
Eosin, nigrosine, phthalate, sperm abnormalities
Evaluation of proliferative status of bitch mammary gland osteosarcoma using modified methods of AgNOR staining
Canine mammary osteosarcoma is a rare but highly aggressive extra medullary tumour, predominantly affecting older female dogs and marked by rapid progression and a high metastatic potential. While histopathology is the standard diagnostic and prognostic tool, it does not always accurately represent the true proliferative activity of tumour cells, necessitating more sensitive adjunct techniques. Nucleolar organizer regions (NORs), which contain argyrophilic proteins involved in ribosomal RNA synthesis, can be visualized using silver staining (AgNOR). AgNOR quantification has emerged as a valuable adjunct to routine histopathology, as increased AgNOR counts correlate with higher metabolic activity, faster cell cycles, and greater tumour proliferation. Recent advances involving zinc and silver co-localization have further improved the sensitivity and consistency of AgNOR-based assessments. The present study investigated naturally occurring mammary gland osteosarcoma in bitches. Tumour tissues were collected, formalin-fixed, and subjected to routine histopathology, followed by AgNOR staining and zinc–silver co-localization analysis. Proliferative activity was evaluated through quantitative assessment of cell-cycle phases and mitotic figures. Results revealed a significant positive association between mitotic counts and proliferative phases of the cell cycle, along with a negative correlation with the G1 phase across all staining methods. These findings highlight the reliability of AgNOR techniques and zinc-silver co-localization as sensitive markers for assessing tumour proliferation and biological aggressiveness in canine mammary osteosarcoma.
AgNOR, Bitch, Co-localization, grading, mammary osteosarcoma, mitotic index, proliferative status
Epidemiological study on enterotoxaemia in small ruminants from Namakkal and Karur districts of Tamil Nadu
Enterotoxaemia remains one of the most economically important Clostridial diseases of small ruminants, which often occurs in peracute form with sudden mortality without any premonitory signs. Thus, the present study was undertaken to determine the occurrence of enterotoxaemia in sheep and goat flocks with the history of sudden death in Namakkal and Karur regions of Tamil Nadu. Totally, 62 flocks with the history of sudden death were investigated and samples like intestinal contents in necropsied animals and faecal swabs from live animals were collected. Among these, 22 flocks were found positive for different toxinotypes of Clostridium perfringens by multiplex PCR, which include 14 sheep flocks and 8 goat flocks. The study revealed that the major etiological agent for sudden death in small ruminants was C. perfringens type D and highest occurrence was recorded in sheep. Similarly, male lambs and kids were more susceptible than females. With respect to age, lambs and kids in the age group of 4 to 6 months were mostly affected. The findings also revealed, enterotoxaemia is more prevalent in the extensive system of management. Among the different toxinotypes, Type D is most commonly observed in both dead and live animals, followed by Type A. Thus, the present study highlights the continued endemicity of enterotoxaemia in this region and stresses the need for periodical vaccination, proper dietary management, disease surveillance and regular monitoring for effective disease control.
Enterotoxaemia, small ruminants, occurrence, mPCR
Toxicopathological assessment revealed expanded tissue tropism of fipronil in experimental Wistar albino rats
Fipronil is a widely used phenylpyrazole insecticide known primarily for its neurotoxic action, however, increasing evidence suggests that its toxic effects extend beyond the nervous system in non-target mammals. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the expanded tissue tropism of fipronil in Wistar albino rats with particular emphasis on organs that have received limited attention in earlier studies. Twenty-four healthy male Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into four groups (n = 6). Group I served as control, Group II received fipronil (10 mg/kg) orally for 45 days, Group III received Punica granatum peel extract (200 mg/kg) alone, and Group IV received Punica granatum concurrently with fipronil. Histopathological evaluation of fipronil treated rats revealed distinct toxic alterations in multiple organs, including the heart, spleen, pancreas, adrenal glands, thymus, lymph nodes and gastrointestinal tract. Cardiac lesions were characterized by myocardial degeneration, inflammatory infiltration and fibroblastic proliferation and lymphoid organs exhibited lymphoid depletion and vascular congestion indicating immunosuppressive effects. Pancreatic tissue showed ductular hyperplasia, acinar degeneration and islet atrophy. Intestinal and gastric sections revealed mucosal degeneration, inflammatory infiltration and villous disruption, while adrenal glands demonstrated cortical vacuolar degeneration and medullary haemorrhages. In contrast, rats receiving Punica granatum supplementation along with fipronil showed marked attenuation of these lesions, with near-normal histoarchitecture in most tissues. The findings of the present study demonstrate that fipronil exhibits expanded tissue tropism involving cardiovascular, immune, endocrine and gastrointestinal systems in rats. These results highlight the need for comprehensive multisystem toxicological evaluation of fipronil in non-target organisms.
Adrenal, fipronil, heart, pancreas, Punica granatum, wistar rats
Protective effects of Citrus limon supplementation against arsenic-induced clinicopathological, ultrastructural, and genotoxic alterations in Swiss Albino mice
Arsenic exposure poses significant toxic effects on various biological systems, and this study investigates the ameliorative potential of Citrus limon (lemon) on arsenic-induced toxicity in mice. For the experimental study, 24 Swiss albino mice were randomly divided into four groups of six mice each. Group A served as control group (C ). Group B (SA) was exposed to arsenic for 28 days. Group C (CL) was supplemented C. limon and Group D (SA+CL) received arsenic treatment for 28 days along with Citrus limon supplementation. Hemato-biochemical analysis revealed that arsenic exposure resulted in macrocytic hypochromic anemia, significantly elevated liver enzymes (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransfera, alkaline phosphatase) ), creatinine, cholesterol, and total bilirubin levels, and significantly reduced total protein and albumin levels. Oxidative stress markers indicated increased lipid peroxidation (LPO) and decreased levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR), and catalase. Group D (SA+CL)) revealed fewer ultrastructural changes like irregular nuclear membranes, fragmented chromatin, lipid droplet accumulation, and swelling of mitochondria and rough ER and microscopic changes like hydropic degeneration, fatty changes and inflammatory changes in liver as compared to group B (SA). The sperm head abnormalities were significantly reduced and the sperm count was normal in lemon supplemented arsenic toxicity group. The formation of micronuclei in normochromatic and polychromatic RBCs was reduced in arsenic treated lemon supplemented group. In conclusion, C. limon administration in mice exhibited a significant protective effect against arsenic-induced alterations in hematological and biochemical parameters, along with a marked reduction in oxidative stress, pathological lesions, and genotoxic damage.
Anemia, biochemical enzymes, gross lesions, hematology, histopathology, lemon, micronuclei, oxidative stress, sperm abnormalities
Phytotherapeutic attenuation of patho-biochemical and oxidative alterations using Artemisia annua L. plant extract in experimentally induced E. coli (O101) infection in poultry birds
The present experimental study was planned to investigate the effect of Artemisia annua (A. annua) against experimental E. coli (O101) organisms intraperitoneally in Delham Red (DR) chicks. In the experiment study, 300 day-old Delham Red (DR) birds were randomly divided into 6 groups. Group I acted as a control group, group II was given E. coli infection only, and groups III, IV, and V were administered with both E. coli and 70% aqua-ethanolic extract of A. annua at the dose rates of 500 mg, 1000 mg and 2000 mg/L water, respectively. The group VI was provided with 70% aqua-ethanolic extract of A. annua only at the dose rate of 2000 mg/L of water. E. coli (O101) infection was given to the birds intraperitoneally on the 7th day of age. The 70% aqua-ethanolic extract of A. annua was given in drinking water to birds from 0 days to day 14. The birds from each group were sacrificed at 1, 3, 5, 7, 10 and 14 days post-infection (DPI). The values of biochemical parameters such as ALT, AST and creatinine were increased, whereas concentrations of total protein and albumin were decreased in group II (E. coli infection only) as compared to group I (control group). However, the clinical signs and serum biochemical values in the groups III, IV and V were significantly lower in a dose-dependent manner as compared to group II (E. coli infection only). The gross pathology comprised fibrinous perihepatitis, fibrinous pericarditis, air sacculitis, splenomegaly and peritonitis with higher severity in group II, and there was a significant reduction in the gross lesions in groups III, IV and V in a dose-dependent manner. Microscopically, the liver and heart of group II showed severe perihepatitis, pericarditis, vacuolar changes, leukocytic infiltration, degenerative changes and enhanced cytoplasmic granularity. Similarly, in group II, the microscopic lesions in the spleen were characterized by reticuloendothelial cell hyperplasia and an increase in eosinophilic coagulum material. The microscopic lesions in the liver, heart, spleen and air sacs were of less severity in groups III, IV and V, which were attributed to the antibacterial effect of the plant extract used in the present study.
Artemisia annua, E. coli (O101), hepatoprotective, liver damage, oxidative stress, serum biochemistry
Hematopathological studies on Feline Panleukopenia with emphasis on bone marrow assessment
Feline Panleukopenia Virus (FPV) is a highly contagious viral disease causing severe hematological abnormalities in cats. This study was aimed to evaluate the hematological, biochemical, and bone marrow changes in naturally infected cats and to characterize FPV at the molecular level. A total of 22 cats exhibiting clinical signs of anorexia, pallor of mucus membrane, recumbency, and emaciation were examined. Out of this 7 were subjected to detailed post-mortem evaluation. Hematological analysis revealed significant anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia in FPV-infected cats, accompanied by hypoglycemia and hypoproteinemia, while liver and kidney parameters remained largely unaffected. Blood smear and bone marrow cytology showed predominant erythroid hypoplasia, myeloid hypoplasia and megakaryocytic hyperplasia, indicating compensatory hematopoietic responses. Necropsy findings included generalized pallor of visceral organs, thickened intestines with mucosal petechiae, mild hepatomegaly, and pulmonary edema. Molecular detection of DNA of FPV from 19 bone marrow samples via PCR targeting the VP2 gene confirmed infection in 15 cats (78.95%). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the Indian bone marrow isolate clustered closely with other Indian FPV strains, forming a distinct clade separated from strains reported in Europe, Africa, and East Asia, suggesting geographic evolution patterns. These findings highlight the critical role of bone marrow in FPV pathogenesis, the systemic impact of infection, and the regional genetic distinctness of circulating FPV strains in India, which has implications for disease surveillance and vaccine strategies.
Bone marrow, cytology, Feline Panleukopenia Virus, hematology, PCR, phylogenetic analysis
Clinicopathological evaluation of Autoimmune skin diseases in dogs
Autoimmune skin diseases in dogs are uncommon but clinically important disorders arising from immune-mediated injury to epidermal, vascular or melanocytic structures. The present study was undertaken to document the clinicopathological features of autoimmune skin diseases in dogs and to establish diagnostic patterns essential for accurate identification. A total of 2,811 dogs presented to the Madras Veterinary College Teaching Hospital, Chennai, were screened for a period of one year (2024-2025). Detailed diagnostic evaluation including clinical examination, dermatoscopy, cytology, haematology, serum biochemistry and histopathology was carried out in suspected cases. Twelve dogs (0.43%) were diagnosed with autoimmune skin diseases, comprising pemphigus foliaceus, pemphigus vulgaris, ear-tip vasculitis and vitiligo. Pemphigus foliaceus presented with crusts, scales and superficial erosions and subcorneal pustules in histopathology, whereas pemphigus vulgaris exhibited severe mucosal ulceration and acantholytic cells on cytology. Ear-tip vasculitis showed ischemic necrosis with fibrinoid vascular changes, while vitiligo was characterized by distinct depigmentation with loss of melanocytes. Dermatoscopic, cytological and histopathological findings supported clinical diagnosis. Haematological and biochemical alterations were mild and not clinically significant. The study highlights that comprehensive clinicopathological evaluation is essential for the early and reliable diagnosis of autoimmune dermatological disorders in dogs.
Autoimmune diseases, clinicopathology, dog, pemphigus, vasculitis, vitiligo
Spontaneous lesions of the thyroid gland in goats (Capra hircus)
The thyroid glands play an important role in the development of various tissues, thermoregulation, metabolic function and reproduction. Abattoir and necropsy-based studies provide an excellent opportunity for detecting diseases of both economic and public health importance. In the present study, thyroid glands from 150 goats were collected and the lesions were characterized. Correlations of gross and histopathological findings, gross and histomorphometry were carried out. The macroscopic findings recorded in the thyroid gland of abattoir and necropsy cases were thyroid gland with normal appearance (87.33%); paler than normal (3.33%); darker than normal (8.33%); brownish black discolouration (0.66%); gland with solitary nodule in the parenchyma (0.33%) and cyst(s) in the hilar region (6.33%). Out of 150 thyroid glands studied, it was observed that the histology of both lobes was not uniform. The microscopic findings recorded were: thyroid gland with normal histoarchitecture (3.66%), ultimobranchial cyst (28.33%), vacuolar degeneration (25.66%), follicular degeneration (13%), cystic degeneration (6%), mineralization of cyst (0.33%), congestion (27.66%, inter-follicular haemorrhages (2.66%) and intra-follicular haemorrhages (4.66%), focal atrophy (7.66%), hypertrophy of follicular epithelium (14.66%), follicular epithelial hyperplasia (24.33%), C-cell hyperplasia (25.33%), colloid goitre (4%), melanin pigmentation (4%), macrofollicles (19.33%), microfollicles (5.33%), focal fibrosis (17.33%), signet ring variant of follicular cell adenoma (2%), C-cell adenoma (0.66%) and capillary hemangioma (0.33%). Morphological examination including histopathology of endocrine glands is a sensitive parameter for the detection of compounds that adversely affect gland function. This information would be useful in interpreting and grading the severity of changes related to any specified treatment effect.
West Nile Virus: Molecular epidemiology, pathogenesis, and global public health challenges
The West Nile virus (WNV), belonging to Flaviviridae, is an RNA arbovirus and a member of the Japanese encephalitis virus serocomplex, and has materialized as a major growing health risk. Because of its swift geographic expansion and development of severe diseases, a small proportion of infected cases progress to neuroinvasive disease, tied to high fatality rates, mainly in geriatric and immunocompromised populations. The enzootic transmission of WNV occurs between avian hosts and Culicine mosquitoes, with humans and various mammals functioning as accidental terminal hosts. Molecular epidemiology has identified at least seven genetic lineages, with lineages 1, 2 and 5 responsible for human disease, and considerable phylogenetic diversity influenced by migratory bird dispersal. Acute flaccid paralysis, meningitis, encephalitis, fever, and long-term neurologic sequelae are among the clinical symptoms. Diagnosis relies on serological detection of WNV-specific IgM and confirmatory neutralization assays, though cross-reactivity with related flaviviruses complicates interpretation. Currently, no licensed human vaccines or specific antiviral therapies exist, and management remains supportive. Preventive strategies focus on vector control, blood donor screening, and personal protective measures. Advances in molecular virology, ecological surveillance, and vaccine development are improving understanding of viral transmission and pathogenesis. However, knowledge gaps remain regarding vector competence, host susceptibility, and predictive modelling of outbreaks. A multidisciplinary approach integrating genomic, ecological, and clinical data is essential to guide effective prevention, therapeutic innovation, and global preparedness against WNV.
Encephalitis, Equines, Flaviviridae, JEV serocomplex, WNV
A rare case of Triorchidism in indigenous Fowl
A case of triorchidism in an indigenous fowl was recorded in Ranchi, Jharkhand. Triorchidism is an exceptionally rare congenital abnormality, which could be ascribed to faulty embryological development with developmental cause that are distinct from testicular asymmetry. During postmortem examination of this fowl, three testes were observed. The third testis which was smaller as compared to the right and left testes was attached to the proximal end of the left testes with which it shared the same epididymis. The left, right and third testes weighed 4.2983 gm, 2.2193 gm and 0.8475 gm, respectively, whereas the length and width of the left, right and third testes were 1.2x2.9cm, 1.2x2.0cm and 1.0x1.2cm, respectively. The testes revealed, white fluid on cutting. This appears to be the first case of triorchidism in poultry from Jharkhand, India.
Congenital, first, indigenous fowl, triorchidism
Case of hepatocellular carcinoma in horse-report
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in horses is an uncommon hepatic neoplasm often presenting with vague clinical signs and diagnosed postmortem. This case report describes the clinical presentation, pathological findings and histopathological confirmation of hepatocellular carcinoma with concurrent pericardial haemorrhage in an adult horse. The animal exhibited nonspecific symptoms including lethargy, anorexia and respiratory distress prior to death. Clinical deterioration was rapid and the horse succumbed despite supportive treatment. A complete postmortem examination was performed revealing a markedly enlarged and nodular liver with pale to tan patches on surface, unclotted blood within the pericardial sac and heavy edematous lungs with frothy exudate. Microscopic examination of hepatic tissue revealed neoplastic hepatocytes arranged in trabecular and pseudoglandular patterns with marked cellular atypia and areas of necrosis consistent with hepatocellular carcinoma. The pericardium showed extensive haemorrhage and fibrin deposition while pulmonary sections exhibited alveolar congestion and emphysema. The histopathological findings confirmed a diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma with associated pericardial haemorrhage. This report highlights a rare multisystemic manifestation of hepatic neoplasia in equines and underscores the importance of thorough postmortem and histopathological investigations in diagnosing complex systemic conditions.
Equine, Hepatocellular carcinoma, Histopathology and Pericardial haemorrhage.
Congenital melanoma in a crossbred Jersey calf – A case report
Congenital melanocytic tumors are rather frequently occurring neoplasms in domestic animals especially in bovines. The present paper document a condition of congenital cutaneous melanoma in a 3 days old crossbred Jersey calf. Clinically, a large, firm, irregularly round growth measuring about 20X17cms was noticed on the right lateral side of the neck. The tumour mass was removed by surgical excision under local anaesthesia. The mass had a dry, dark and blackish cut surface. Cytological evaluation revealed few individual cells with blackish-brown cytoplasmic pigments. Histopathologically, round to fusiform neoplastic melanocytes were noticed proliferating in the dermis. Abundant brownish-black melanin pigments were noticed in the cytoplasm obscuring the nuclear details. Junctional activity and intra-epidermal nesting of neoplastic cells were noticed. Blood vessels and connective tissue stroma were evident amidst the neoplastic melanocytes. Bleached tissue sections revealed numerous spindle and round cells with mild or no cytoplasmic pigmentation. Nucleus was large and round with multiple nucleoli arranged near to nuclear membrane. Based on the gross and histopathological findings, the current case was diagnosed as congential cutaneous malignant melanoma.
Congenital, crossbred Jersey calf, cutaneous, melanoma
Atypical subtype of sporadic bovine leukosis in an adult crossbred bull: A case report
In the present study, a bull aged nine years with a history of fever and enlarged lymph nodes (LNs) was presented to the post mortem facility of Department of Veterinary Pathology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University thorough necropsy examination revealed enlargement of prescapular, bronchial and mesenteric lymph nodes with loss of corticomedullary differentiation and yellow creamish surface with haemorrhages. An interesting solitary hard mass was found near the right kidney. Cytological examination of LNs and hard mass revealed anaplastic changes in lymphoid cells. Histopathological examination of affected LNs and hard mass revealed medium to large sized lymphocytes with few mitotic figures that replaced the follicles and sinuses. Moreover, these neoplastic cells of LNs and hard mass were found to be immunopositive with CD3 antibody only and immunonegative with PAX-5 and BLV p24 (capsid protein) antibodies suggesting a case of sporadic bovine leukosis. However, the intriguing aspect of present case was that, neither the thymus nor the skin was affected along with the presence of atypical hard mass, indicating that it does not fall under either of the categorization of sporadic bovine leucosis. .Hence, the present case based on age, gross, cytological, histological and immunohistochemical findings, was classified as an atypical form of Sporadic Bovine Leukosis.
Atypical, bovine leukosis, BLV p24, CD3, Lymphoma, Pax-5, Sporadic
Clostridium perfringes associated enteritis in a pigeon (Columbia livia domestica): Clinical, gross and histopathological observations
Clostridium infection in pigeons is an emerging concern in avian medicine, characterized by gastrointestinal disturbances and high morbidity. It is primarily caused by Clostridium perfringens, an anaerobic, spore-forming bacterium capable of producing potent toxins that lead to necrotizing enteritis. This case report describes the clinical presentation, diagnosis and management of intestinal Clostridium infection in an adult domestic pigeon (Columba livia domestica). The bird was presented with symptoms including lethargy, decreased appetite, watery greenish droppings and progressive weight loss. Clinical examination revealed signs of dehydration, ruffled feathers and soiled vent. Post-mortem examination showed severe enteritis with haemorrhagic lesions along the small intestine and fibrinous exudates. Intestinal contents were collected and submitted to the Department of Veterinary Pathology, Bihar Veterinary College, Patna for microbiological and histopathological examination. Gram staining confirmed the presence of large Gram positive rods consistent with Clostridium perfringens. Histopathological analysis revealed extensive mucosal necrosis, inflammatory cell infiltration and bacterial colonization in the intestinal lumen confirming clostridial enteritis. The findings highlight the pathogenic role of Clostridium perfringens in pigeons and underline the need for timely diagnosis and appropriate antibiotic therapy. The case emphasizes the importance of incorporating routine microbial and histological evaluations in avian gastrointestinal disorders for accurate diagnosis and effective management.
Clostridium perfringens, histopathology, mucosal necrosis, necrotizing enteritis, Pigeon
Occurrence of Necrotic Enteritis associated with Coccidiosis in a Desi Chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) flock
The present investigation describes the occurrence of necrotic enteritis and a concurrent intestinal coccidiosis in a desi chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) flock (Size:-1400). Necrotic enteritis is an acute enterotoxaemia caused by Clostridium perfringens; a quite ubiquitous bacterium readily found in soil, dust, faeces, feed and used poultry litter. It is considered as a normal inhabitant of the intestine of healthy chickens. Along with many other factors, the coccidiosis predisposes birds to necrotic enteritis. The 5 carcasses of 137 days old desi chicken were presented to the Department of Veterinary Pathology, Krantisinh Nana Patil College of Veterinary Science, Shirwal, Dist. Satara for the necropsy with the history of dullness, inappetence and mortality. Gross examination revealed diffuse congestion of small intestine. On opening severe necrosis of mucosa of small intestine along with foul-smelling reddish-brown contents in the lumen were observed. Mucosa had diphtheritic appearance due to yellowish material covering it. Multifocal haemorrhages were also noted. The wet mount preparation of intestinal content revealed presence of oocysts of Eimeria spp. The impression smear from jejunum stained with Grams Stain showed large number of Gram-positive rod-shaped bacteria. Representative samples were collected for histopathological and molecular diagnosis. Histopathological examination showed severe necrosis of the epithelial cells lining the small intestine, fusion of villi and severe infiltration with polymorphonuclear cells, presence of oocysts and other developmental stages of Eimeria spp. The PCR amplification of 16s rRNA gene of Cl. perfringens species and subsequent agarose gel electrophoresis of PCR product revealed bands of 481 bp to confirm the infection. The gross and microscopic lesions, microscopic examination of intestinal contents and PCR confirmed the necrotic enteritis in the desi chicken flock which is of economic and public health significance.
Necrotic enteritis, coccidiosis, gross & histopathological lesions, PCR
Diagnosis and management of oral squamous cell carcinoma in an eight-year-old labrador retriever
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a malignant epithelial tumour originating from squamous cells and is among the most common oral neoplasms in dogs. It typically affects older animals and is known for its locally invasive behaviour, with variable potential for metastasis. This case report describes the clinical presentation, diagnosis and management of oral SCC in an eightyear-old male Labrador Retriever. The dog presented with a proliferative, ulcerated mass involving the gingiva of the right mandible, accompanied by halitosis, difficulty in mastication, drooling and intermittent bleeding. Clinical examination revealed a friable, haemorrhagic oral mass along with mandibular lymphadenopathy. The mass was surgically excised under general anaesthesia with help of electrocautery and submitted at Department of Veterinary Pathology, Bihar Veterinary College, Patna for histopathological examinations. Microscopic examination revealed invasive cords and islands of malignant squamous epithelial cells exhibiting marked nuclear atypia, keratin pearl formation and frequent mitotic figures, confirming a diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma. Bleeding was ceased after surgical removal of tumour and starts normal feeding from next days. The animal was fully recovered without any complications after 3 days. Upon re-examination after three months, there was no evidence of recurrence. Present case emphasizes the importance of early detection and histopathological confirmation for appropriate therapeutic planning in canine oral tumours.
General anaesthesia, nuclear pleomorphism, oral cavity, squamous cell carcinoma, surgical excision
Parakeratosis: Hypozincemia and its therapeutic management in captive Asian Elephants (Elephas maximus)
Three captive Asian elephants presented with chronic skin lesions characterized by thickened, crusty and scaly growth on the ears and limbs. Clinical examination, blood sampling, mineral profiling and skin biopsy were carried out to investigate the underlying cause. Histologically skin biopsy revealed hyperkeratosis and marked parakeratosis. Serum analysis showed reduced zinc levels. Based on the clinical signs, histopathology and biochemical findings, zinc deficiency was identified as a contributing factor.
Asian elephant, hypozincemia, keratinization, parakeratosis, skin
Mycobacterium orygis associated generalised tuberculosis in Indian Cattle
The present report describes two cases of generalised tuberculosis in cattle caused by Mycobacterium orygis. The affected cattle, both adult female cows from an organized dairy farm in Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh exhibited severe clinical signs including weakness, lethargy and respiratory distress and succumbed to the disease despite treatment efforts. Necropsy examination revealed marked emaciation, a rough body coat and pale mucous membranes. Gross lesions consisted of variably sized caseo-calcified nodules in multiple organs, including the lungs, lymph nodes (prescapular, mediastinal, mesenteric), kidneys, udder, uterus, meninges and brain. Histopathological examination revealed diffuse caseo-calcified granulomas in above mentioned organs. Duplicate sections of various organs were positive for acid-fast bacilli on Zeihl-Neelsen staining. Generalized tuberculosis caused by M. orygis was diagnosed based on pathomorphology, Ziehl-Neelsen staining, culture isolation and multiplex PCR. This report highlights the broader implications of mycobacterial infections in livestock and the potential risks to public health.
Cattle, Mycobacterium orygis, region of difference, tuberculosis
Hepatoprotective effect of microalgal Spirulina extract fortified with finger millet and Moringa leaves on arsenic induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar rats
The present study was conducted to assess the hepatoprotective effects of microalgal Spirulina extract fortified with finger millet and Moringa leaves (MSFM) in male Wistar rat model of sodium arsenite induced hepatotoxicity. The study consisted of six groups (Group I to VI), comprising of six rats in each group. Group I (normal control) rats received normal saline orally daily for 60 days. All the rats in Group II (disease control) to VI rats received sodium arsenite @ 10mg/kg body weight orally daily for 60 days. In addition to sodium arsenite, Group III (reference control) rats received Telmisartan @ 10mg/kg body weight orally for 60 days; while Group IV, V and VI rats received MSFM@100mg/kg, @200mg/kg and @400mg/kg body weight orally daily for 60 days, respectively. Sodium arsenite exposure in Group II rats resulted in significant alterations in body weight, hematological, biochemical, antioxidant, lipid peroxidation and pathomorphological parameters of liver compared to the normal control rat. Telmisartan administration partially alleviated these changes. MSFM supplementation demonstrated a dose-dependent protective effect, evident through marked improvements in hematological and serological parameters, antioxidant status, reduction of lipid peroxidation and histopathological restoration when compared to Group II rats. Among the treatment groups, MSFM at 400 mg/ kg bodyweight offered the highest degree of protection, surpassing Telmisartan, while 200 mg/kg provided moderate protection. These findings highlight the potential of Spirulina, Moringa and finger millet based MSFM formulation as a natural therapeutic strategy for mitigating sodium arsenite induced hepatotoxicity.
Arsenite, Finger millet, hepatotoxicity, microalgal Spirulina extract, Moringa
Hepato-nephropathy associated with aflatoxicosis complicated with inclusion body hepatitis in Broilers
Poultry continues to be one of the fastest growing segments of the agricultural sector in India today. However, this sector faces greater degree of economic losses due to mycotoxicosis. The present study investigated the aflatoxicosis complicated with inclusion body hepatitis. A total of 64 birds from 10 different broiler farms were presented for necropsy. The carcasses revealed large areas of cooked or parboiled appearance in the pectoral muscles. The liver showed diffuse swelling with multifocal, small to large, pale whitish necrotic stripes/patches. In many birds, liver appeared yellowish and fragile and in few cases, focal hemorrhages were also observed. Kidneys were diffusely swollen, necrotic and mottled. The cardiac muscles showed multifocal to diffuse whitish areas. Hydropericardium was recorded in carcasses from 2 flocks. The spleen was diffusely swollen, pale and focally congested. The histopathological examination of liver revealed moderate to severe multifocal round vacuoles in cytoplasm, multifocal areas of necrosis leading disruption of hepatic cord arrangement, individualization of hepatocytes and multifocal areas of infiltration predominantly by PMNs with a few MNCs. In 2 out of 10 flocks, the liver also revealed typical intranuclear inclusion bodies in addition to above changes. Kidneys showed mild to moderate degenerative and necrotic changes with tubular swelling, thickening of glomerular basement membranes and increased number of mesangial cells. The cardiac muscles exhibited interstitial infiltration. Spleen showed multifocal areas of lymphoid depletion and associated reticulo endothelial cell hyperplasia. Bursa of fabricius showed moderate to severe lymphoid depletion. DNA was extracted from liver and spleen samples and the conventional PCR targeting hexon gene specific for FAdV yielded expected product of 897 bp in 3 flocks. Toxicological analysis of feed samples confirmed the presence of toxic levels of aflatoxin (AFB1-181, 196 and 241 ppb, AFB2-15, 15 and 20 ppb) from 3 different farms including those 2 farms showing intranuclear inclusions in hepatocytes and PCR positivity for FAdV. The gross and histopathological lesions, toxicological analysis and PCR confirmed the occurrence of aflatoxicosis and IBH together.
Aflatoxin, fowl adenovirus, hepato-nephropathology
Histopathological findings in a cat with feline panleukopenia
Feline panleukopenia (FPL) is a highly contagious and often fatal viral disease of cats, characterized by viral tropism for rapidly dividing cells. This study aimed to document the histopathological changes in various organs of a cat affected with feline panleukopenia virus (FPV). Necropsy was performed on one of the sixty-three confirmed FPL cases presented to the Department of Veterinary Medicine, KVAFSU, Hebbal, Bengaluru. The cat, which succumbed during therapy, was subjected to post-mortem examination and the diagnosis was confirmed by PCR, antigen ELISA and pathognomonic lesions. Sixteen tissue samples were collected and processed for histopathology. Gross lesions included emaciation, segmental enteritis with necrotic mucosa, pulmonary congestion, hepatic hemorrhages, cortical necrosis of kidneys and lymphoid depletion in the spleen. Microscopically, epithelial necrosis, villous atrophy, crypt depletion, goblet cell hyperplasia, lymphoid depletion in spleen and mesenteric nodes, bone marrow appeared pale and hypoplastic and extra-intestinal changes in the liver, lungs, kidneys, heart and cerebellum were observed. These findings confirm the predilection of FPV for mitotically active cells in the intestines, bone marrow and lymphoid tissues, leading to severe immunosuppression and systemic organ damage. The results underscore the importance of strengthening vaccination strategies beyond 12 weeks of age for effective prevention.
Feline panleukopenia, histopathology, lymphoid depletion, necropsy
Canine Parvovirus-2a infection in a juvenile pup: Bone marrow findings and clinical implications
A 2 month old non descriptive pup was presented to the Emergency and Critical Care Unit (ECCU) at Madras Veterinary College Teaching Hospital with a 4-day clinical history of bloody diarrhoea, vomition and neurological manifestations suggestive of severe systemic involvement. Haematological analysis revealed anaemia and profound leukopenia, indicative of marked immunosuppression. Necropsy findings demonstrated extensive hemorrhagic enteritis and multi-organ pathology, including fatty enlarged liver and epicardial pallor. Histopatholgical examination revealed hepatic fatty degeneration, myocardial fibre degeneration, and intestinal crypt cell necrosis.Bone marrow examination showed severe hypocellularity with depletion of myeloid and erythroid cell lines that lead to leukopenia. Molecular detection and characterization of the VP2 gene confirmed infection with the CPV-2a variant, genetically related to strains reported from India, Bangladesh, and Nigeria. The study highlights the importance of bone marrow evaluation in diagnosing and managing CPV-2 infection, and underscores the value of integrating molecular and pathological findings for accurate diagnosis and improved treatment outcomes.
Bone marrow, Canine Parvovirus, Colony-Stimulating Factors, Hypocellularity, Leukopenia, Phylogeny, VP2 Gene