Indian Journal of Veterinary Surgery (IJVS) is a peer-reviewed official journal of the Indian Society for Veterinary Surgery, established in 1980. It publishes research and clinical articles in veterinary surgery and allied fields. With 45 volumes published to date, IJVS serves as a vital platform for advancing surgical knowledge in animals.
Urinary bladder retroflexion due to vaginal prolapse in a dog
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Chest tube placement for management of traumatic pneumothorax in a bully dog
Surgical management of a sebaceous adenocarcinoma in ear canal of a dog
Splenectomy of a giant torsioned haemangiosarcoma in a dog
Effect of treatment on oxidative and nitrosative stress markers in calves with septic arthritis
The current study was conducted at calf section of Cattle and buffalo Farm under the LPM Division of IVRI with the main objective to understand the oxidant-antioxidant imbalances along with changes in HR, RR, temperature, TLC, TP, LDH and their mitigation using ascorbic acid as an adjunct in calves affected with septic arthritis presented with the history of inappetence, fever, pain and local swelling at the joint. Overall incidence was reported to be 2.94%, which was highest in Vrindavani calves. To determine the oxidant-antioxidant imbalance, glutathione and lipid peroxides levels were measured, which were found to be elevated in diseased animals indicating the oxidative cell injury in arthritis. Treatment regimen adopted including administration of antibiotic and anti-inflammatory drugs, antiseptic dressing along with ascorbic acid (an antioxidant) brought earlier improvement showing that correction of oxidative stress during the course of therapy is essential for faster clinical recovery. Effect of therapy was also reflected in the composition of synovial fluid in calves receiving antioxidant as an adjunct therapy.
A study on management of fracture of tibia and fibula in dogs by bone plating and intramedullary pinning
The present study was conducted on 18 dogs (age 1 m to 8 yr, body weight 2-44 kg) with fracture of tibia/fibula presented during Oct 2018 to Dec 2019 with the objective to repair/fix the tibia/ fibula fractures in dogs by internal fixation techniques (bone plating and intramedullary pinning). The choice of technique was done on the basis of age of animal, type of fracture. Ten cases were treated by bone plating and 8 by intramedullary pinning. The average healing time of tibia/fibula fracture repaired by bone plating was 45.48±13.69 days. Bone plating provided good to excellent fracture reduction and fixation. Postoperatively there was bending of bone plate in two cases, in one case the distal part of the bone and screws got exposed and in another case there was osteomyelitis and plate induced osteopenia. The average healing time of fracture of tibia/fibula repaired by intramedullary pinning was 34.0±7.12 days without any postoperative complication. The mean weight bearing score was recorded as 8.89±1.11 and 10.0±0.0 out of 10 on final reappraisal day in fracture of tibia/fibula managed by bone plating and intramedullary pinning, respectively. The tibia/fibula fractures in dogs can be efficiently managed by both bone plating and intramedullary pinning but the extent of tissue manipulation and technical difficulty was higher in bone plating with better fracture fixation.
Radiographic and ultrasonographic assessment of liver size in dogs with hepatic affections
The study was conducted on 25 dogs suffering from hepatic affections i.e., hepatitis (n=17) and liver neoplasms (n=8) and included common breeds of dogs. The objective of the study was to establish radiographic and ultrasonographic morphometry of various liver lobes in dogs with hepatitis and liver neoplasms. The animals were evaluated on the basis of signalment, history, clinical signs, haematology, biochemistry, radiographic and ultrasonographic findings. Radiographic linear measurement of liver in lateral recumbency ranged from 8.23 cm to 20.02 cm for animals with hepatitis, and 9.02 cm to 19.10 cm for animals with suspected liver neoplasms. Evaluation of liver size by radiography was not a reliable method due to wide variations in the breed size. On the basis of ultrasonography mean size of liver lobe was 4.58±0.28 cm (range 3.98-12.98 cm) on the basis of 95% confidence interval irrespective of liver lobe for animals with hepatitis. The size of liver for animals suspected with liver neoplasm was 3.33±0.38 cm with 95% confidence interval (range 2.42-14.01 cm) irrespective of liver lobe. Reduced appetite, pale mucus membrane, fever, vomiting, anaemia, elevated liver function test enzymes such as AST, ALT, ALKP, GGT were hallmarks of hepatic affections like hepatitis and liver neoplasm in dogs. The correlation of history, clinical signs, haematology, biochemistry and ultrasonography findings aided in the diagnosis of hepatic affections in dogs.
A radiographic study on correlation between Distraction Index with various stifle joint parameters in Canine Hip Dysplasia
Canine hip dysplasia (CHD) is a common orthopaedic condition in dogs, marked by increased joint laxity. This leads to a change in force distribution on the hip joint during growth, affecting limb alignment. Anatomical deformities like coxa valga or varus and genu valgum or varum increase the risk of medial patellar luxation and other stifle affections. In the present study, the angular alterations in the femur and tibia were compared and their correlation with the severity of CHD was evaluated. Statistical analysis of the data obtained from radiographic evaluation revealed that proximal femoral angular alterations showed no significant variation and correlation with distraction index (DI), except Norberg angle, while distal femoral angular alterations (femoral varus angle and quadriceps angle) were significant with severity of CHD, exhibiting a strong positive correlation with DI. Advancing CHD worsens the distal femur varus deformity, affecting the quadriceps extension mechanism and increasing susceptibility to stifle affections. Proximal tibia angles (tibial plateau angle, proximal tibial axis angle, and mechanical medial proximal tibial angle) had a statistically significant positive correlation with DI. Thus it can be inferred that dogs with CHD may develop anatomical alterations in distal femur and proximal tibia, potentially predisposing them to patella luxation and cranial cruciate ligament rupture.
Comparative analysis of butorphanol or buprenorphine in combination with dexmedetomidine-ketamine for pre-emptive analgesia in cats
The study evaluated the preemptive analgesia using butorphanol or buprenorphine in combination with dexmedetomidine and ketamine in 23 domesticated cats undergoing various surgical procedures. The cats were randomly assigned to groups receiving buprenorphine at different doses i.e., @ 20 mcg/kg body wt. for group DKBUP20, @ 30 mcg/kg body wt. for group DKBUP30 or butorphanol @ 0.2 mg/kg body wt. for group DKBUT, combined with dexmedetomidine @ 22.2 mcg/kg body wt. and ketamine @ 4.4 mg/kg body wt. Preoperative measures ensured health status, and postoperative pain assessments were done using the University of Melbourne Pain Scale for felines. Results indicated similar pre-emptive analgesic effects across groups, with the DKBUP30 combination showing slightly prolonged postoperative analgesia up to 24 hr. The study underscored the advantages of combining buprenorphine and butorphanol with dexmedetomidine and ketamine for feline anaesthesia for effective pain relief and safety. This pre-emptive analgesia holds promise for optimal pain control and smooth recovery in feline patients undergoing diverse surgical procedures.
Glutaraldehyde cross linked bubaline acellular periosteum scaffolds augment healing of fractured long bones in dogs
In the present study, glutaraldehyde-cross linked bubaline acellular periosteum (GBAP) scaffolds were used to augment long bone fracture healing in dogs. Twelve client-owned male dogs, aged 6-9 yr, with fracture of long bones, were divided randomly into groups A (control) and B (treatment). The fracture was stabilized by intramedullary pinning in both groups. Further, in group B animals, GBAP scaffold was placed circumferentially covering the fractured site. The functional limb usage, callus index, serum calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, oxidant and antioxidant status of the patients were evaluated. By day 45, group B animals showed full function at standing and walking, and mineralization of bone at the fracture site. The serum calcium, inorganic phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase levels were higher in treatment group. Levels of MDA, GSH and catalase increased significantly in control group. It was concluded that GBAP scaffolds helped to augment fracture healing and reduce the healing time.
Computed Radiographic (CR) assessment of cardiac size in German shepherd dogs
Thoracic radiography is a very useful diagnostic technique, which allows a fast and non-invasive assessment to obtain valuable information on the cardiac silhouette. Objective assessment of different cardiac parameters can be helpful for diagnosing cardiac disorders in canines where echocardiography is not readily available. So, the present study was designed for objective assessment of cardiac parameters, and their correlation with age and body weight in German shepherd dogs using Computed Radiography. Different cardiac parameters viz. vertebral heart score, cardio-thoracic ratio, cardiac sphericity index, vertebral left atrial size, radiographic left atrial dimension, and manubrium heart score were measured radiographically in client owned 30 healthy German shepherd dogs in right and left lateral recumbency using standard procedures. Reference values of various cardiac parameters were recorded and correlated with age and body weight. Alteration in these reference values has the future scope for utility in diagnosis of cardiac affections in German shepherd dogs.
Clinical adaptation of tiletamine-zolazepam for conducting different diagnostic and surgical procedures in dogs
The objective of the study was to standardize the dose of tiletamine-zolazepam (Zoletil - 50®) in dogs followed by assessing the clinical adaptability of the standardized dose for various surgical manipulations. Twelve dogs were used in the study, among them 4 dogs were used to standardize the dose of tiletamine-zolazepam. The pilot doses of 3.3 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg, 6.6 mg/kg and 7 mg/kg body weight was administered intramuscularly up to satisfactory muscle relaxation with easy intubation. Out of which the dose of 7 mg/kg resulted in abolition of laryngeal reflex along with easy intubation. Thus, it was considered as standard dose and was further assessed for its adaptability in eight clinical cases. All the parameters were within the normal physiological range except for hypertension throughout the study period. In conclusion, tiletamine-zolazepam at the dose of 7 mg/kg body weight in dogs provided surgical restraint for 39.37±2.77 min without any adverse reactions with good recovery.
Multimodal balanced general anaesthesia using tiletamine-zolazepam, butorphanol, dexmedetomidine, propofol, ketamine and lignocaine in dogs
Ten adult dogs of different ages, belonging to either sex and categorized as ASA class I, II or III, posted for various surgeries were premedicated with meloxicam (0.2 mg/kg body wt) and sedated using a combination of dexmedetomidine (5 mcg/kg), butorphanol (0.2 mg/kg), tiletamine-zolazepam (2mg/kg) administered intramuscularly. Anaesthesia was induced with propofol administered intravenously ‘to effect’. Upon anaesthetic induction, all the animals were intubated and provided 100% oxygen through a suitable breathing circuit from an anaesthesia machine. Following induction of anaesthesia and endotracheal intubation, all animals were administered a loading dose of lignocaine (2 mg/kg body wt) intravenously. Anaesthesia was then maintained using two CRIs – one comprising a combination of dexmedetomidine (2 mcg/kg/hr), lignocaine (50 µg/kg/min) and ketamine (40 µg/kg/min), and the other propofol (50 µg/kg/ min), administered simultaneously through a three-way stopcock connected to the intravenous cannula. The results indicated that the combination of tiletaminezolazepam, butorphanol and dexmedetomidine provided profound sedation. Induction of anaesthesia could be achieved with propofol @ 0.58±0.06 mg/kg body wt, intravenously. Anaesthesia could be maintained with constant rate infusions of dexmedetomidine, lignocaine and ketamine, or with propofol following a loading dose of lignocaine, without compromising cardiovascular functions. The protocol provided excellent analgesia for various soft tissue and orthopaedic procedures. Some of the complications like respiratory depression resulting in hypoventilation could easily be managed by assisted ventilation. Nociception noticed with some severely painful orthopaedic manoeuvres could also be managed by supplementing ketamine at its analgesic doses.
Clinical efficacy of procedural sedation combined with femoral and sciatic nerve blocks for stifle and tibial surgeries in dogs
The term procedural sedation (PS) is now popular in human anaesthetic practice where a semi-conscious state is achieved allowing the patient to be comfortable during certain therapeutic and diagnostic procedures. This raised the question of whether PS could be used in conjunction with local/regional anaesthesia in veterinary practice, to provide adequate conditions suitable for performing orthopaedic surgeries. Ten adult dogs posted for surgeries of tibia or stifle were used for the study. All the dogs were premedicated with meloxicam (0.2 mg/kg). 30 min later, all the animals were administered intramuscularly with a combination of dexmedetomidine (2 mcg/kg), butorphanol (0.2 mg/kg) and midazolam (0.2 mg/kg). Upon sedation, a loading dose of propofol (0.5 mg/kg body wt) was administered intravenously, followed by an intravenous infusion of propofol (70-150 mcg/kg/min) to maintain the sedation, till the end of surgery. Oxygen was supplied via nasal prongs at a flow rate of 6 L/min. Femoral and sciatic nerve-blocks were then achieved by injecting a combination of dexmedetomidine and bupivacaine for each nerve, through anatomical landmarks, employing a Nerve Stimulator-Mapper-Locator. Procedural sedation combined with femoral and sciatic nerve blocks provided excellent analgesia and muscle relaxation for orthopaedic procedures in stifle joint and structures distal to it. In six animals, nociception was noticed when the bone was drilled, or when the surgical incision was extended proximal to stifle, which could be managed by supplementing analgesic dose of ketamine (0.5 mg/kg body wt, i.v.). The protocol maintained normal mean arterial pressure, oxygenation and ventilatory status of patients. From this study it was concluded that the protocol of PS combined with femoral and sciatic nerve blocks was effective for stifle and tibial surgeries in dogs without compromising cardiopulmonary functions.
Evaluation of aluminium based circular external skeletal fixator for long bone fracture fixation in dogs
The present study was conducted on nine clinical cases of radius-ulna (n=3) or tibial (n=6) fractures (either closed or open) in dogs of either sex, weighing 5-21 kg. The fracture was reduced and stabilized by transfixation of pins using aluminium based ring fixator. The main component of fixator, the aluminium rings, was designed locally using 4 mm aluminium sheets. The complete assembly was prepared with aluminium rings (n=2/3) weighing 21.22g each, 4.5 mm diameter with standard 75 mm length iron based connecting rods (n=4) weighing 7.56 g each and stainless steel transcortical pins (n=4/6). Specialised wire fixation bolt (iron based, weighing 5.5 g) was designed for pin-ring articulation. The parameters studied during the postoperative period were weight bearing on the operated limb, stability of the assembly, pin tract discharge, pin loosening, bending/breakage of any fixator component, infection/osteolysis and radiographic healing. Based on the results, it was concluded that aluminium based circular ESF was a feasible and cost-effective technique, and was well tolerated by dogs leading to complete fracture healing.
Clinical studies on shear wave elastography (SWE) of liver in healthy dogs
Shear wave elastography (SWE) has been documented as a useful tool for evaluating liver parenchyma in human medicine for diagnosis of chronic liver disorders including neoplasia. The aim of this study was to evaluate SWE of liver in healthy dogs. A total of 40 healthy dogs were included in this study. The most suitable acoustic windows for recording shear wave ultrasonography in dogs were established and documented on the basis of consistency of results, ease of recording SWE and animal compliance. The mean value of the SWE measurements of healthy liver in 40 dogs was 2.09±0.73 kPa for left liver lobes and 2.23±0.84 kPa for right liver lobes. The liver stiffness values obtained by SWE were not influenced by the gender and size of the animal. The mean value liver stiffness in dogs below 1 yr age group was significantly (Pd”0.01) lower than the dogs above 1 yr of age. It was concluded that left paracostal for left liver lobe in right lateral recumbency and right 11th-12th intercostal space for right liver lobe in left lateral recumbency were ideal windows for performing liver shear wave elastography in healthy dogs. The stiffness values of liver in healthy dogs range from 1.86-2.50 kPa.
Air gun pellet retrieval from the thoracic cavity of a dog
Surgical management of dystocia due to single pup syndrome in a bitch
Rabbit Neutering: The open technique unveiled
Diagnosis and successful surgical management of complicated granulosa cell tumour with cystic endometrial hyperplasia in a Beagle dog
Extraocular transconjunctival foreign body in a mixed breed dog
Surgical management of a rare case of mechanical intestinal ileus with extra-luminal adhesions between jejunal loops due to a linear foreign body in a Murrah buffalo
Management of complications following carpal hygroma excision in a heifer
Ocular transmissible venereal tumour: Diagnosis and clinical management in a dog
Management of diaphragmatic hernia in cats: A review of four cases
Surgical management of metacarpal fracture with dowel pinning in a dog
Effect of femoral fracture stabilization with titanium elastic stable intramedullary nail on haemato-biochemical profiles in young dogs
Femoral fractures in young dogs pose significant orthopaedic challenges, necessitating comprehensive understanding for effective clinical management. This study aimed to elucidate the hemato-biochemical changes in young dogs undergoing surgical stabilization using the titanium elastic stable intramedullary nail (Ti-ESIN) for femoral fractures. Twelve young dogs with femoral fractures received closed reduction and internal fixation via Ti-ESIN, and their haematological and biochemical parameters were evaluated preoperatively and at multiple postoperative intervals. The results revealed a notable rise in haemoglobin and packed cell volume on day 45, coupled with a significant decrease in total leukocyte counts on day 30 and day 45 postoperatively, indicative of preservation of regional blood circulation with the prevention of infection following the minimally invasive surgical approach. Additionally, fluctuations in mean value of serum calcium and phosphorus were transient in nature and remain within the normal physiologic limits throughout the study period. Bone alkaline phosphatase (BALP) levels underscored the intricate processes of bone healing and turnover during fracture repair. The mean value of BALP significantly higher on day 15 during the study period. These findings provide essential insights into the physiological responses of young dogs to femoral fractures and Ti-ESIN treatment, emphasizing the dynamic adaptation of their bodies to trauma and subsequent surgical intervention.
Management of mandibular fractures with ESF type-I, bone plating, and interfragmentary wiring in cattle
Three cattle of different ages were reported with history of injury due to accidents leading to mandibular fractures. All fractures were involving horizontal ramus of the mandible, of which two were bilateral (C1 and C2) and one was unilateral (C3). In C1, bilateral hemimandibular fracture was stabilized with type-I ESF, and in C2, only the displaced left hemimandible fracture was stabilized with Limited Contact Dynamic Compression Plate (3.5, 6-hole LC-DCP). Unilateral left hemimandibular fracture in C3 was stabilized with inter-fragmentary orthopaedic wiring. In all the three cases, postoperative antibiotics, analgesics, multivitamins and calcium-phosphorus supplement were prescribed, also, regular flushing of oral cavity with light potassium permanganate solution, along with flushing of ESF pin tract in C1. Owners were advised to provide soft feed to animals for 6 weeks postoperatively. In the final outcome, all the three animals were able to use the jaw for feed mastication.
Electrocardiography study in the dogs subjected to ovariohysterectomies anaesthetized with tiletamine-zolazepam and ketamine-diazepam combinations
The study was conducted to evaluate the electrocardiographic changes in 12 healthy female dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy pre-anaesthetized with xylazine. These dogs were randomly divided into two equal groups. In Group I induction and maintenance of anaesthesia was achieved using Tiletamine – Zolazepam (3 mg/kg BW IV) combination whereas in Group II induction and maintenance of anaesthesia was achieved using Ketamine (3 mg/kg BW IV) preceded by administration of Diazepam (0.25 mg/kg BW IV). Significant increase in the value of P wave duration was observed at 30 min. P-R and Q-T interval was significantly increased at different time intervals. Amplitude of T wave was increased in both groups. Sinus arrhythmia and sinus bradycardia were recorded in both groups, however, first degree AV block was observed in Group I.
Low dose ketamine-xylazine protocol for immobilization of problematic wild rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)
Rhesus macaques, known for their adaptability and proximity to human settlements, often pose challenges when their behaviour becomes problematic or pose a threat to both the environment and human population. Chemical immobilization of problematic rhesus macaques has emerged as an approach to mitigate these challenges. This study investigated the use of ketamine (a dissociative anaesthetic) 5 mg/kg body wt. combined with xylazine (α2-adrenoreceptor agonist) 2 mg/kg body wt. in achieving temporary immobilization for the capture of problematic rhesus macaques and then transport them to a safe and natural habitat. The anaesthetic combination was delivered intramuscularly through a dart with the mean induction time of 3.56±0.15 min. Different physiological variables were recorded at different time intervals once the animals were safe to handle. It was found that this combination provided 86.21±1.63 (Mean±SE) min window of anaesthesia and analgesia with a mean recovery period of 30.19±1.67 min that provided sufficient time to translocate problematic rhesus macaque.