The Indian Veterinary Journal, popularly known as IVJ among veterinarians, is a monthly periodical of international status devoted to the cause of updating knowledge of veterinarians with its research and clinical articles. It is a monthly journal with twelve issues in a year with ISSN (Print): 0019-6479; ISSN (online): 0974-9365. The website of this journal is https://www.ivj.org.in, and published papers can be accessed at https://epubs.icar.org.in/index.php/IVJ. The Journal publishes original work in veterinary medicine, animal health production, veterinary clinical subjects and allied disciplines such as Dairy development, livestock and poultry husbandry etc., The Journal is of particular importance to field veterinarians, veterinary faculty, veterinary practitioners, researchers, veterinarians from industry and Under graduate, Post graduate and doctoral students from universities of Veterinary & Animal Sciences. NAAS Rating (2025): 4.99
The Managing Editor, The Indian Veterinary Journal
Ivermectin toxicity induced retinopathy management
A two-year-old male Chippiparai dog (14 kg) was presented with blindness after treatment with ivermectin (10 mg/kg for 10 days, PO) for alopecia by the pet parent. Ophthalmic examination revealed no menace response, no pupillary light reflexes (PLR) and mydriasis. Fundus examination revealed retinopathy with circular to vermiform blackish pigmentation at the tapetal and non-tapetal border bilaterally. Intraocular pressure and other structures were normal, as were hematology and biochemistry. After stopping ivermectin and administering prednisolone (1 mg/kg, IM) and hydroxycobalamin (total dose of 1000μg, IM), PLR returned in 3 days, with complete vision recovery in 5 days. Early diagnosis with detailed fundus examination and treatment was useful in recovery of vision in this dog.
Retinopathy, Ivermectin toxicity, hydroxocobolamin, prednisolone, dog
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Successful Surgical Management of Vaginal Hyperplasia and Prolapse in a Pug
A two-year-old female pug was presented with dysuria and a protruding vulvar mass during estrus. Clinical, ultrasonographic, cytological, and histopathological examinations confirmed vaginal hyperplasia associated with ovarian follicular cysts. Surgical excision of the mass was performed under general anaesthesia, and the animal recovered uneventfully following post-operative treatment.
Surgical management, vaginal hyperplasia, prolapse
Therapeutic potential of Senna alata and Moringa oleifera in reversing paracetamol-induced hepatic stress in Nile tilapia
Pharmaceuticals are widely used in disease management and may contaminate the environment through excretion, improper disposal, and industrial and hospital effluents. Paracetamol, a commonly used pharmaceutical, induces liver damage in Nile tilapia by reducing antioxidant enzyme activity. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) are key antioxidant enzymes that protect cells against free radicals and alleviate oxidative stress. Treatment with Moringa oleifera and Senna alata leaf extracts restored SOD and CAT levels, indicating hepatoprotective effects, likely mediated by their antioxidant properties. These findings suggest that the extracts have potential in mitigating pharmaceutical-induced toxicity in fish. The results obtained were further confirmed by the histological studies of the liver tissue from all the experimental groups.
Senna alata, Moringa oleifera, Paracetamol
Co-infection of Babesia divergens and Babesia bigemina leading to Abortion in a Holstein Friesian Crossbred Cow
Bovine babesiosis is a hemoprotozoan disease transmitted by a tick vector (Battsetseg et al., 2018; Ravindran et al., 2002). Springer et al (2020) reported global spread of the bovine babesiosis due to Babesia divergens and reported the same in Austria in bovine population. Curtis and Lopez (2024) reported that the reasons related to termination of pregnancy in animal populations due to hemoprotozoan diseases yet to be explored. A case report of abortion in a crossbred Holstein Friesian cow infected with Babesiosis is presented in this report.
Influence of season and plant age on growth, biomass yield, nutritive value and soil health of Dhaincha (Sesbania aculeata L.) under semi-arid conditions
Dhaincha (Sesbania aculeata L.) is a fast-growing annual legume with potential as a forage and green manure crop under semi-arid tropical conditions. A field experiment was conducted during winter and summer to study the effect of plant age and season on growth, biomass yield, chemical composition and soil fertility. Plant height increased from 2.50 to 165.00 cm in winter and from 3.17 to 178.50 cm in summer, while fresh biomass yield was higher in summer (38 t ha⁻¹) than winter (33 t ha⁻¹). Dhaincha contained high crude protein (17.49% DM) with low tannin content (1.85 mg g⁻¹), and cultivation improved soil organic carbon and nutrient availability. Summer harvest at flowering was optimal.
Dhaincha, Plant age, Soil fertility, Seasonal variation
Medical Management of Transmissible Venereal Tumors (TVT) in dogs
A five 3-6 year old male dogs were presented with dysuria, discomfort and occasional or continuous bleeding from the prepuce. Physical examination revealed fragile cauliflower like growths on the base of the penis or glans. Heamatology showed mild anemia and neutrophilia. Cytology of impression smears and histopathology revealed typical round to polyhydral sticker cells with grayish cytoplasm intracytoplasmic vacuolation, large nuclei and mitotic figures suggestive of TVT. All the dogs were treated with vincristine @ 0.025mg/kg once weekly for 4 times along with supportive therapy, among them four cases showed complete regression of growth following therapy
Dog, hematuria, venereal tumor, vincristine
Evaluation of PTZ-induced Seizures in Different Animal Models
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures resulting from abnormal neuronal excitability. The present study investigates the induction and evaluation of seizures using Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) across four animal models: Swiss albino mice, Wistar rats, Golden Syrian hamsters, and zebra fish. PTZ, a GABAA receptor antagonist, was administered intraperitoneally in species-specific doses to trigger seizure activity. Seizure characteristics were recorded using standardized behavioral parameters such as latency period, clonic and tonic seizures, and postictal depression. Zebrafish behavior was assessed using a time-budget scoring system for epileptic responses. Results demonstrated species-specific variations in seizure onset, severity, recovery, and mortality, with hamsters exhibiting the shortest latency of 32.1 ± 18.38 s and the highest variability in seizure phases. Histopathological examination of the mice brain tissue post-seizure revealed normal hippocampal and cortical structures, indicating limited neurodegeneration under the tested conditions. The findings underscore the utility of multiple animal models in seizure research and support the therapeutic potential of herbal and chemical compounds in managing epilepsy.
Epilepsy, Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ), Mice, Rat, Hamster, Zebrafish, Seizure
Surgical Management of Tail Gangrene and Necrosis in Long-Tailed Male Kashmir Merino Sheep: A Retrospective Study
This retrospective study evaluated the etiology, clinicopathological patterns, and surgical management of tail gangrene and necrosis in 22 long-tailed male Kashmir Merino sheep presented to a teaching veterinary hospital between 2019 and 2024. The most common causes were dog bites (31.8%), flystrike (27.3%), crush injuries (18.2%), and malicious docking (13.6%), with the tail tip being the most frequently affected region (68.2%). Dry gangrene predominated (68%), whereas moist gangrene accounted for 32% of cases. A statistically significant association (p < 0.01) was observed between injury etiology and gangrene type, with traumatic ischemic injuries resulting in dry gangrene and contaminated wounds leading to moist gangrene. All animals underwent surgical tail amputation cranial to the affected tissue under posterior epidural anaesthesia, followed by standard antimicrobial and analgesic therapy. Complete recovery without postoperative complications was achieved in all cases (100%). The findings confirm tail amputation as an effective and welfare-oriented therapeutic intervention for advanced tail gangrene and emphasize the severe consequences of improper docking practices.
Kashmir; Merino; Tail diseases; Management; Tail amputation; Gangrene; Necrosis
FATAL AORTIC ANEURYSM RUPTURE SECONDARY TO SPIROCERCOSIS: A CASE REPORT
Canine spirocercosis, caused by the nematode Spirocerca lupi, is a clinically significant parasitic disease of carnivores in tropical and subtropical regions. This report describes a fatal case of aortic aneurysm rupture in a four-year-old non-descript dog presenting with exercise intolerance. Post-mortem examination revealed hemothorax, pale mucous membranes, and aortic aneurysm with rupture containing adult worms. Histopathological examination of the aorta demonstrated worm-filled tunnels, extensive necrosis, inflammatory infiltration, and fibrosis. Death was attributed to hypovolemic shock secondary to S. lupi-induced vascular deterioration. This case highlights the importance of early diagnosis in endemic areas
Spirocercosis, aortic aneurysm, aortic rupture, hemothorax
MOLECULAR DIAGNOSIS OF MULTICENTRIC CANINE LYMPHOMA IN A BOXER – A CASE REPORT
A 12-year-old cachectic male Boxer weighing around 18.2 kg was presented to the Department of VMD, VCC, RIVER with a history of inappetence, weakness, recumbency, polyuria and polydipsia for the past month. Physical examination revealed multifocal moist erosive plaques on the limbs, icteric conjunctival and buccal mucosae, and generalised lymphadenopathy. Lymph node aspirate was collected in PBS and sent for PARR (PCR for Antigen Receptor Rearrangement assay), which revealed the clonality of B and T-cell receptors, confirming the case as lymphoma. Owing to the senility of the patient and correlated poor prognosis, the owner objected to commence chemotherapy. Therefore, the pet was treated symptomatically. This paper emphasises the applicability of the PARR assay, a sensitive tool to differentiate between types of lymphoma and the associated outcome of the case.
Multicentric Canine Lymphoma, Molecular diagnosis, PARR Assay
Hemato -biochemical changes in a Babesia gibsoni infected German sheperd dog-A case report
A four years old German Sphered dog admitted in a private clinic, in Paralakhemundi, Gajapati district, Odisha state, India. With the clinical sign of hemoglobinuria, microscopic examination of the blood smear revealed the infection towards Babesia gibsoni. The hematological studies revealed decreased levels in hemoglobin, total leucocyte count, platelet count (PLT), hematocrit value (HCT) and the RBC count, followed by neutrophilia and lymphopenia. The biochemical studies showed, elevated bilirubin, SGOT/ AST, SGPT/ALT, alkaline phosphatase, CGT, total protein, globulin and A/G ratio. The serum creatinine level remained normal. The dog suffered with hemoglobinuria for 3 days and then brought to the clinic. The dog was resorted to the treatment with imidocarb on that day immediately but without success. The death of the dog occurred within 4 days after hemoglobinuria symptoms in the absence of immediate treatment and it was attributed to severe toxicity due to accumulation of heme in the kidney parenchyma and the development of glomerulonephritis by immune -mediated proteinuria
Acute kidney failure-B.gibsoni-hemoglobinuria
Outbreak of Equine Trypanosomiasis (Surra) with High Mortality in Horses in Chitwan, Nepal
An outbreak of equine trypanosomiasis (Surra) occurred in a horse riding facility in Chitwan, Nepal. Eight of fifteen horses died within 1–1.5 months before laboratory diagnosis. Affected horses showed fever, anemia, emaciation and icterus. Blood smear examination confirmed Trypanosoma spp. Early diagnosis and herd-level trypanocidal therapy are essential to prevent severe losses.
Effects of Bisphenol A on Haematological, Gonadal Gene Expression and Histopathological Biomarkers in Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia
Bisphenol A (BPA), a common aquatic contaminant, was tested on Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia (GIFT) juveniles. The 96‑h median lethal concentration was 6.794 mg/L. Sublethal exposure (4–6 mg/L for 7 days) altered haematology, histopathology, and gonadal defense gene expression. Leukocyte counts rose significantly at 4 mg/L, while erythrocyte counts decreased across treatments. MCV, MCH, and MCHC values increased. Histopathological damage was evident in gills, gonads, brain, and kidney. Defense genes GST, OP450, and p53 were upregulated in gonads. Overall, BPA exposure significantly disrupted blood parameters, tissue integrity, and cellular defense mechanisms in GIFT juveniles.
Bisphenol A; GIFT; Histopathology; Gonadal gene expression
Ectopic Fetal Maceration With Uterine Rupture In A Non-Descriptive Bitch- A case report
A three years old, non-descriptive bitch was presented with the complaint of inappetence and abdominal distension for 20 days and whelped a month back. Ultrasound examination revealed mixed echogenicity fluid in the abdomen with hyperechoic foetal bone and radiography revealed radiopaque foetal bones in the ventral abdomen. Based on ultrasound examination and abdominal radiography, the case was confirmed as ectopic foetal maceration. An emergency laparotomy surgery was done, ascitic fluid was drained, macerated foetal parts were removed and the ruptured uterus was managed by bilateral ovariohysterectomy.
Bitch, Ectopic foetal maceration, Uterine rupture, Ovariohysterectomy
Efficacy of Homoeopathic Remedy in the Treatment of Prolapse of third eyelid in street dog: A case report
Prolapse of third eyelid is common disease among dog and in modern medical science there is only surgical treatment is available for treating such disease with high recurrence chances. Homoeopathy is very unique medical science which was discover by Dr Samuel Hahnemann in 1796 and this science have based on some basic concept for treatment of living organism that is similia similibus curantur. Homoeopathy (Overall, 2009).has very good affinity in case of animals’ especially surgical disease (Dugan,1992). One a case street dog was suffering from prolapse of third eye lid since 3 months. It was observed and given suitable homoeopathic medicine to this.dog (Raza, 2013).
prolapse of third eyelid, street Dog, homoeopathic medicine, Rhus toxicodendron.
Multiple drug resistant Edwardsiella tarda associated disease outbreak in Labeo catla
The present study documented an Edwardsiella tarda associated disease outbreak in a Labeo catla commercial fish farm in Tamil Nadu, India. Samples of infected fish (n=10) were collected from the L.catla farm in Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India that had reported an outbreak of disease. Bacterial isolation was done from kidney, eye, liver, intestine, brain and gills and the isolates were biochemically characterized, confirmed by PCR amplification and nucleotide sequencing as E.tarda (E4L/SRLAAH/2020). Antibiogram showed that the isolate was either resistant or intermediately resistant to Chloramphenicol, Ampicillin, Oxytetracycline, Cefotaxime, Vancomycin, Amoxicllin, Erythromycin, Ceftazidime, Kanamycin and Tetracycline and sensitive to five antibiotics viz., Norfloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Nalidixic acid, Oflaxacin and Co-trimazole.
Edwardsiella tarda, fimbrial gene, antibiotic resistance
Dystocia Due to Dicephalus Fetal Monster in a Buffalo
This case report documents a rare case of dystocia caused by a dicephalus fetal monster in a buffalo. Vaginal examination revealed a fully dilated cervix and a dead fetus with duplicated heads in anterior presentation. The fetus was delivered per-vaginum by lubrication and obstetrical manoeuvre with uneventful recovery of the dam.
Buffalo, dicephalus, fetal monster, dystocia, traction
In-vitro assessment of antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of ethyl acetate extract of Commiphora mukul
Commiphora mukul (Guggul), native to India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, is widely used in traditional medicine for cancer, atherosclerosis, rheumatism, and obesity. This study evaluated the phytochemical composition, antioxidant activity and cytotoxic potential of its ethyl acetate extract. Phytochemical analysis confirmed alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, steroids, and terpenoids while saponins, glycosides, cyanin, and proteins were absent. The extract showed high flavonoid content (84.54 mg CE/g) and lower phenolic content (9.76 mg GAE/g). DPPH and reducing power assays confirmed strong antioxidant activity. Cytotoxicity evaluated by MTT assay showed 89.24% inhibition at 1 mg/ml, with an IC50 of 46.67 µg/ml, indicating significant therapeutic potential.
Antioxidant, Commiphora mukul, MTT assay , Phytochemicals
Detection and Adhesion Gene Profiling of Biofilm-Producing Staphylococcus aureus from Chicken Meat and Raw Milk Samples
The present study, aimed to investigate the presence of S. aureus (Staphylococcus aureus) in food samples (chicken meat and raw milk), as well as the biofilm-forming ability of isolates, and to characterise different adhesion genes. Out of 20 chicken meat samples, five (25%) tested positive for S. aureus. Out of 20 raw milk samples, 6 (30%) tested positive for S. aureus. Microtitre plate assay revealed that all isolates were weak to moderate biofilm producers. The isolates were characterized and confirmed to be S.aureus by PCR using 16S rRNA. The adhesion genes were detected using PCR with specific primers. Among the isolates, nuclease gene nuc (60%), coagulase gene coa (80%), agr (80%), and sdrD (80%) were detected in S.aureus isolated from chicken meat. In S.aureus isolated from milk samples nuc (66%), coa (100%), agr (50%) and sdrD (50%) genes were detected. All isolates were negative for fnpB, bap, and icaD genes. This study identified biofilm-forming S. aureus in food samples, which serves as a contaminant that contributes to food spoilage. Furthermore, they pose risks to consumer health and safety.
Acute Septicaemic Pasteurellosis In a Domestic Duck: Diagnostic Approach Using Conventional and Molecular Methods
Pasteurellosis remains an important bacterial disease in both domestic and wild ducks. This report details a case of acute septicemic pasteurellosis in an eight-month-old backyard Pekin duck. The bird exhibited lethargy, nasal discharge, and diarrhoea before succumbing within two days. Gross changes included pulmonary congestion, epicardial haemorrhages, and multifocal hepatic necrosis. Microscopy of blood and liver smears revealed bipolar bacteria. Bacterial isolation and biochemical tests supported identification within the genus Pasteurella. Molecular detection through PCR targeting the rpoB gene further confirmed the organism. This case underscores the threat of pasteurellosis in small-scale duck production and stresses the value of prompt diagnosis and improved biosecurity.
Pasteurella spp., duck, septicaemia, PCR, diagnosis
An An Incidence of Co-infection of Rabies with Canine Distemper in a Pup
Disease Unit, Madras Veterinary College, with the symptoms of ocular discharge, temporal twitching and circling movement and with a dog-bitten wound. Ocular swab and corneal impression smear were sent for Polymerase Chain Reaction and Direct Fluorescent Antibody Test (DFAT), and they were positive for Canine Distemper (CD) and Rabies, respectively. The animal was placed under observation for Rabies and died on day-7. The impression smear of the brain was also positive for rabies with DFAT. Since CD is clinically indistinguishable from rabies, care must be taken to rule out rabies, since both viruses attack the nervous system.
Pup, Rabies and Canine Distemper co-infection, DFAT.
Gastric Pylorus Gland Adenoma in a Pug: A Case Report
A 1.5-year-old female Pug with a history of chronic intermittent vomiting revealed multiple polypoid growths in the pyloric region of the stomach on endoscopic examination. Cytology revealed the presence of cohesive cells with a round nucleus and prominent nucleoli, coarse chromatin material. The masses were removed by open surgery, and samples were processed for histopathology, which showed multiple layers of atypical epithelial cells exhibiting areas of malignancy and the absence of an apical mucin cap. Alkaline phosphatase was the only hemato-biochemical parameter found to be increased significantly. Based on the above findings, the case has been concluded as a pyloric gland adenoma.
Comparative Evaluation of Performance of Sahiwal Breed and Jersey x Red Sindhi Crossbred Cattle in Agro-climatic Zone-II of Himachal Pradesh
A total of 13 Sahiwal breed and 12 Jersey x Red Sindhi crossbred heifers were studied for their comparative performance in agro-climatic zone-II of Himachal Pradesh. The means of age at first successful conception (AFSC), age at first calving (AFC), birth weight of calves (BWC), first service period (FSP), first calving interval (FCI), first lactation length (FLL), and first lactation milk yield (FLMY) were 1190.20±52.78 days, 1462.44±57.87 days, 21.50 ±0.21kg, 193.40±18.50 days, 441.45±28.00 days, 242.20±21.64 days, and 1171.16±173.40 litres in Sahiwal and 1239.30±38.26 days, 1521.22±43.00 days, 24.50±0.35 kg, 92.28±18.74 days, 393.60±21.32 days, 287.40±20.49 days, and 1736.83±72.13 days in Jersey x Red Sindhi crossbreds. The results showed that the Jersey x Red Sindhi crossbreds were better performers, having better disease resistance than the Sahiwal breed in the study area.
Sahiwal, Jersey x Red Sindhi, Comparative Evaluation of Performance
Tree Fodder: Enhancing Livestock Mineral Nutrition – A Review
The livestock farmers often face the challenge of ensuring adequate nutrition for their livestock. This paper aims to review the potential of tree leaves as a valuable and sustainable feed resource for livestock, particularly in regions of green fodder scarcity. Tree fodders are a rich source of protein, energy, and essential minerals, significantly contributing to health and productivity. While the mineral composition varies across tree species, geographical locations, and the stage of growth of fodder trees, they can reduce reliance on conventional, often costly, feed supplements. This paper aims to provide an overview of the mineral content of tree leaves, their significance in livestock nutrition and the potential for sustainable livestock production systems.
Livestock, tree leaves, minerals, farmers’ preferences
Canine Hepatopathology: Clinical Manifestations, Pathophysiology and Diagnostic Considerations - A Review
Hepatic diseases in dogs represent a complex group of disorders with diverse etiologies and manifestations. This paper reviews the current understanding of canine hepatopathology, including clinical symptomatology, underlying pathophysiological mechanisms and diagnostic considerations. The liver's remarkable regenerative capacity and its central role in metabolism make hepatic disorders particularly challenging to diagnose and manage in veterinary practice. Various clinical manifestations of hepatic diseases/disorders have also been dealt with in this paper. This review aimed to provide veterinary practitioners with an integrated understanding of canine liver diseases, from cellular injury mechanisms to clinical presentation patterns.
Canine hepatopathology, Vacuolar hepatopathy, Hepatotoxicity
Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Veterinary Medicine: A Review
This paper explores the transformative applications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in veterinary medicine, including diagnostic enhancements, personalised treatment, and animal welfare monitoring. Key areas included using AI in image interpretation, automated pathology, wearable health-monitoring devices, and outbreak prediction. AI’s integration in education is also discussed, highlighting virtual reality for skill development. Challenges, such as data security, bias, and ethical implications, are addressed to emphasize responsible AI deployment, besides discussing the AI's potential to improve diagnostic accuracy, streamline treatments, and advance animal health, paving the way for future innovations in veterinary care.
Artificial Intelligence, Disease Surveillance, Predictive Analytics and Veterinary Medicine
Detection oOf Polymorphism aAnd In Silico Characterization oOf Fecundity Gene (MTNR1A) iIn Beetal Goats oOf Punjab, India
Melatonin Receptor 1A regulates seasonal reproduction and circadian rhythms in goats and sheep. Limited reports are available on the polymorphism of the MTNR1A gene, especially in indigenous goats. This study investigated genetic polymorphism and the evolutionary perspectives of the MTNR1A gene in Beetal goats from Punjab. Blood samples of 35 female Beetal goats were collected, and DNA was isolated from PBMCs using the PCI method. PCR amplified the exon 2 region of the MTNR1A gene (856 bp). The samples were screened by PCR-RFLP by digestion with the restriction enzyme, RsaI. No SNPs were detected at all four cleavage sites of the RsaI enzyme in the 856 bp amplicon of the MTNR1A gene. Phylogenetic analysis of the MTNR1A gene using MEGA 11 indicated that breeds of goats were evolutionarily divergent from ruminant and non-ruminant species. Selection pressure analysis showed that the MTNR1A gene has evolved under neutral selection between species. Secondary and tertiary structure predictions using Psipred and Swiss Model tools, respectively, showed a combination of α- helix, strand, and coil structures for the MTNR1A protein. The Ramachandran plot analysis using the Molprobity indicated that 93.4% and 97.9% of all amino acid residues of the MTNR1A protein in Beetal goats were in favoured and allowed regions, respectively, indicating a correct prediction of conformation. Further research in a larger sample is warranted to explore informative SNPs in the MTNR1A gene.
MTNR1A, polymorphism, PCR-RFLP, phylogenetic analysis
Emergence of Quinolone Resistance in E. coli-associated Coliform Mastitis: A Case Report
A four-year-old Holstein Friesian crossbred cow with coliform mastitis showed poor response to enrofloxacin. Escherichia coli isolated from milk was multidrug resistant, with an enrofloxacin MIC >1024 µg/mL and QRDR mutations in gyrA (Ser83Leu and Asp87Asn) and parC (Ser80Ile). Gentamicin therapy resulted in complete recovery.
Coliform mastitis, Quinolone resistance and mutation
Cystic Papillary Adenocarcinoma in Mammary Gland of a Wistar Rat – A Case Report
A case of cystic papillary adenocarcinoma in an aged female Wistar rat on the posterior mammary glands is reported. A firm spherical mass approximately 2 cm in diameter was observed in the posterior pair of mammary glands, covered with skin. The rat was euthanized and a detailed necropsy examination was carried out. Representative tissue samples of the mass were collected in formalin, and histopathological examination revealed cystic papillary adenocarcinoma.
Wistar rat, Mammary gland, Papillary cystic adenocarcinoma