The Indian Veterinary Journal, popularly known as IVJ among veterinarians, is a monthly periodical of international status devoted to the cause of updating knowledge of veterinarians with its research and clinical articles. It is a monthly journal with twelve issues in a year with ISSN (Print): 0019-6479; ISSN (online): 0974-9365. The website of this journal is https://www.ivj.org.in, and published papers can be accessed at https://epubs.icar.org.in/index.php/IVJ. The Journal publishes original work in veterinary medicine, animal health production, veterinary clinical subjects and allied disciplines such as Dairy development, livestock and poultry husbandry etc., The Journal is of particular importance to field veterinarians, veterinary faculty, veterinary practitioners, researchers, veterinarians from industry and Under graduate, Post graduate and doctoral students from universities of Veterinary & Animal Sciences. NAAS Rating (2025): 4.99
The Managing Editor, The Indian Veterinary Journal
Gastric Pylorus Gland Adenoma in a Pug: A Case Report
A 1.5-year-old female Pug with a history of chronic intermittent vomiting revealed multiple polypoid growths in the pyloric region of the stomach on endoscopic examination. Cytology revealed the presence of cohesive cells with a round nucleus and prominent nucleoli, coarse chromatin material. The masses were removed by open surgery, and samples were processed for histopathology, which showed multiple layers of atypical epithelial cells exhibiting areas of malignancy and the absence of an apical mucin cap. Alkaline phosphatase was the only hemato-biochemical parameter found to be increased significantly. Based on the above findings, the case has been concluded as a pyloric gland adenoma.
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Comparative Evaluation of Performance of Sahiwal Breed and Jersey x Red Sindhi Crossbred Cattle in Agro-climatic Zone-II of Himachal Pradesh
A total of 13 Sahiwal breed and 12 Jersey x Red Sindhi crossbred heifers were studied for their comparative performance in agro-climatic zone-II of Himachal Pradesh. The means of age at first successful conception (AFSC), age at first calving (AFC), birth weight of calves (BWC), first service period (FSP), first calving interval (FCI), first lactation length (FLL), and first lactation milk yield (FLMY) were 1190.20±52.78 days, 1462.44±57.87 days, 21.50 ±0.21kg, 193.40±18.50 days, 441.45±28.00 days, 242.20±21.64 days, and 1171.16±173.40 litres in Sahiwal and 1239.30±38.26 days, 1521.22±43.00 days, 24.50±0.35 kg, 92.28±18.74 days, 393.60±21.32 days, 287.40±20.49 days, and 1736.83±72.13 days in Jersey x Red Sindhi crossbreds. The results showed that the Jersey x Red Sindhi crossbreds were better performers, having better disease resistance than the Sahiwal breed in the study area.
Sahiwal, Jersey x Red Sindhi, Comparative Evaluation of Performance
Tree Fodder: Enhancing Livestock Mineral Nutrition – A Review
The livestock farmers often face the challenge of ensuring adequate nutrition for their livestock. This paper aims to review the potential of tree leaves as a valuable and sustainable feed resource for livestock, particularly in regions of green fodder scarcity. Tree fodders are a rich source of protein, energy, and essential minerals, significantly contributing to health and productivity. While the mineral composition varies across tree species, geographical locations, and the stage of growth of fodder trees, they can reduce reliance on conventional, often costly, feed supplements. This paper aims to provide an overview of the mineral content of tree leaves, their significance in livestock nutrition and the potential for sustainable livestock production systems.
Livestock, tree leaves, minerals, farmers’ preferences
Canine Hepatopathology: Clinical Manifestations, Pathophysiology and Diagnostic Considerations - A Review
Hepatic diseases in dogs represent a complex group of disorders with diverse etiologies and manifestations. This paper reviews the current understanding of canine hepatopathology, including clinical symptomatology, underlying pathophysiological mechanisms and diagnostic considerations. The liver's remarkable regenerative capacity and its central role in metabolism make hepatic disorders particularly challenging to diagnose and manage in veterinary practice. Various clinical manifestations of hepatic diseases/disorders have also been dealt with in this paper. This review aimed to provide veterinary practitioners with an integrated understanding of canine liver diseases, from cellular injury mechanisms to clinical presentation patterns.
Canine hepatopathology, Vacuolar hepatopathy, Hepatotoxicity
Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Veterinary Medicine: A Review
This paper explores the transformative applications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in veterinary medicine, including diagnostic enhancements, personalised treatment, and animal welfare monitoring. Key areas included using AI in image interpretation, automated pathology, wearable health-monitoring devices, and outbreak prediction. AI’s integration in education is also discussed, highlighting virtual reality for skill development. Challenges, such as data security, bias, and ethical implications, are addressed to emphasize responsible AI deployment, besides discussing the AI's potential to improve diagnostic accuracy, streamline treatments, and advance animal health, paving the way for future innovations in veterinary care.
Artificial Intelligence, Disease Surveillance, Predictive Analytics and Veterinary Medicine
Detection oOf Polymorphism aAnd In Silico Characterization oOf Fecundity Gene (MTNR1A) iIn Beetal Goats oOf Punjab, India
Melatonin Receptor 1A regulates seasonal reproduction and circadian rhythms in goats and sheep. Limited reports are available on the polymorphism of the MTNR1A gene, especially in indigenous goats. This study investigated genetic polymorphism and the evolutionary perspectives of the MTNR1A gene in Beetal goats from Punjab. Blood samples of 35 female Beetal goats were collected, and DNA was isolated from PBMCs using the PCI method. PCR amplified the exon 2 region of the MTNR1A gene (856 bp). The samples were screened by PCR-RFLP by digestion with the restriction enzyme, RsaI. No SNPs were detected at all four cleavage sites of the RsaI enzyme in the 856 bp amplicon of the MTNR1A gene. Phylogenetic analysis of the MTNR1A gene using MEGA 11 indicated that breeds of goats were evolutionarily divergent from ruminant and non-ruminant species. Selection pressure analysis showed that the MTNR1A gene has evolved under neutral selection between species. Secondary and tertiary structure predictions using Psipred and Swiss Model tools, respectively, showed a combination of α- helix, strand, and coil structures for the MTNR1A protein. The Ramachandran plot analysis using the Molprobity indicated that 93.4% and 97.9% of all amino acid residues of the MTNR1A protein in Beetal goats were in favoured and allowed regions, respectively, indicating a correct prediction of conformation. Further research in a larger sample is warranted to explore informative SNPs in the MTNR1A gene.
MTNR1A, polymorphism, PCR-RFLP, phylogenetic analysis
Emergence of Quinolone Resistance in E. coli-associated Coliform Mastitis: A Case Report
A four-year-old Holstein Friesian crossbred cow with coliform mastitis showed poor response to enrofloxacin. Escherichia coli isolated from milk was multidrug resistant, with an enrofloxacin MIC >1024 µg/mL and QRDR mutations in gyrA (Ser83Leu and Asp87Asn) and parC (Ser80Ile). Gentamicin therapy resulted in complete recovery.
Coliform mastitis, Quinolone resistance and mutation
Cystic Papillary Adenocarcinoma in Mammary Gland of a Wistar Rat – A Case Report
A case of cystic papillary adenocarcinoma in an aged female Wistar rat on the posterior mammary glands is reported. A firm spherical mass approximately 2 cm in diameter was observed in the posterior pair of mammary glands, covered with skin. The rat was euthanized and a detailed necropsy examination was carried out. Representative tissue samples of the mass were collected in formalin, and histopathological examination revealed cystic papillary adenocarcinoma.
Wistar rat, Mammary gland, Papillary cystic adenocarcinoma
Diagnosis and Management of Splenic Torsion in a Cane Corso Dog
Splenic torsion is a life-threatening acute abdomen disorder in dogs. A four-year-old female Cane Corso dog was presented to the Madras Veterinary College Teaching Hospital with a history of abdominal pain, vomiting, inappetence and lethargy in the last three days. Physical examination revealed splenomegaly, and abdominal ultrasonography showed marked splenic enlargement with a lacy parenchymal pattern, suggestive of splenic torsion. Molecular technique revealed the presence of the Babesia species. The animal was stabilised with emergency medical management with blood transfusion and treated for babesiosis. Subsequently, an exploratory laparotomy was performed for splenectomy. The animal recovered eventually.
Cane Corso, Splenic torsion, Ultrasonography, Splenectomy
Morphopathological Evaluation of Cortical Fibrosis and Extra-Renal Changes in Dogs with Chronic Kidney Disease
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a fatal disease in dogs characterized by progressive nephron loss. Cortical fibrosis serves as a key indicator of renal dysfunction. Although frequently observed, the literature on a systematic study of histological scoring of cortical fibrosis and associated extra-renal lesions in dogs is scarce. The present study screened the kidneys of 50 dog carcasses for gross and histologic changes of cortical fibrosis, along with the associated changes in liver and heart. The kidneys with cortical fibrosis were quantified using ImageJ software in picrosirius red-stained sections. Hepatic and cardiac tissues were examined histologically. The study revealed gross and histological lesions of cortical fibrosis in 15 dogs (30 %). On scoring, moderate cortical fibrosis was observed in 93.3 % (n=14) dogs, and marked fibrosis in 6.7 % (n=1) dog. Fibrosis severity was not influenced by age, sex, or breed. Four dogs (26.6 %) had cardiac lesions, mainly cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and arteriosclerosis. Combined cardiac and hepatic lesions, like mild peri-portal fibrosis and hepatic vacuolations, were observed in 5 cases (33.3 %) of moderate cortical fibrosis. The marked cortical fibrosis case also showed combined lesions (6.6 %) of other organs. Statistically, no significant correlation was observed across age, gender and breed-wise occurrence of CKD. The study revealed a higher occurrence of chronic kidney disease in dogs with a comparatively greater association with cardiac lesions.
Chronic kidney disease in dogs, Cortical kidney fibrosis, Cardiac and hepatic lesions
Occurrence of Parapox Virus in a 3-year-old Cow and the Resulting Lesions in a Milking Calf
Parapox virus, causes Pseudocowpox in dairy cows, a mild infection of the udder and teats. Pseudo cowpox virus (PCPV) wPseudocowpoxas identified in a 3-year-old dairy cow with papule lesions on the surface of the teat and udder. Diagnostic specimens (oral swabs from the adult cow and calf from a dairy farm in Tiruvannamalai) were collected, and the poxvirus DNA was obtained from the teat lesion material. It was confirmed as Pseudocowpox virus by a PCR test, which produced 594 bp of amplicon. The results revealed that cattle were infected with PPV.
Surgical Treatment of Congenital Tail Fibrosarcoma in a Three-Year-Old Crossbred Jersey Cow
A three-year-old crossbred Jersey cow was presented with a history of a huge mass on the tail to the large animal surgery unit. The mass was reported to be present at the tail from the time of birth. The size of the mass increased as the animal aged. On physical examination, a football-sized ulcerated mass was noticed at the cranial edge of the middle one-third of the tail. On palpation, no pain was evinced, and the mass was firm in consistency. On clinical examination, all the vital parameters were found to be normal. FNAC revealed fibrosarcoma, and hence the case was tentatively diagnosed as fibrosarcoma. Surgery was scheduled after the routine pre-operative haemato-biochemical analysis. Caudectomy was performed under epidural analgesia, and the tumour mass was sent for histopathological analysis. Histopathology confirmed the case as fibrosarcoma. With postoperative antibiotics and supportive therapy, the animal recovered completely.
Improved Backyard Chicken Varieties for Enhanced Poultry Production
In the Indian rural economy, poultry farming plays a vital role in the socio-economic development of the downtrodden by generating valuable employment and income and providing protein rich diet relatively at a lower cost. This study was conducted during the period from 2017 to 2022. On-Farm Trials (OFTs) and Front-Line demonstrations (FLDs) were conducted in Dharmapuri, Salem and Vellore districts to assess the productive and reproductive traits of improved chicken varieties (Srinidhi, Gramapriya, Nandanam Broiler-3, TANVAS Aseel, and Vanashree) under backyard conditions. Data were gathered on the mean body weights at different age groups, feed consumption, mortality, livability, age at first egg production, annual egg production, hatchability, fertility and monthly income. Body weight, egg production, and hatchability were lower in local chicken, compared to Srinidhi, Gramapriya, Nandanam Broiler-3, TANUVAS Aseel, and Vanashree strains. However, no differences were observed between these improved chicken varieties. Srinidhi chicken and TANUVAS Aseel chicken for egg production and meat production, respectively, were identified as suitable strains in the study areas of Vellore district. The annual egg production was 168.23 ± 1.98 in Srinidhi chicken, and the meat production in TANUVAS Aseel chicken was 2156.12 ± 1.89 kg.
Improved chicken varieties, Egg and meat production
Impact of Tick Infestations on Haematological Profile and Health in Labrador Dogs
The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of tick infestations on hematological profile in male Labrador dogs. A total of 20 adult male Labrador dogs were randomly selected for the study and they were divided into two groups: GI: control (healthy animals, n=10) and GII: infected (tick-infested, n=10). Whole blood was collected by venipuncture into EDTA vacutainers and used for the estimation of haematological parameters. Analysis of the data revealed that total erythrocyte count, hemoglobin and packed cell volume were significantly (P<0.05) lower, while eosinophil and lymphocyte counts were significantly (P<0.05) higher in the tick-infested group compared to the healthy control group. However, the total leukocyte, granulocyte and monocyte counts did not reveal any significant (p>0.05) difference between the groups. From the results, it could be concluded that the tick infestation induced significant changes in hematological profile, which in turn impaired the animal's health.
Canine, ectoparasites, ticks, haematology
Molecular Detection of Virulence Genes of E. coli in Urinary Tract Infections in Dogs
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the most common bacterial infections in dogs, with E. coli being the predominant etiological agent. In this study, 18 E. coli isolates obtained from canine UTI cases were investigated for the presence of selected virulence-associated genes and their antimicrobial resistance profile. Standard bacteriological methods confirmed the isolates, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect the fimH, hlyA, and papC virulence genes. Antibiotic susceptibility test was used using the disc diffusion method. Molecular analysis revealed the presence of fimH in the majority of isolates; papC and hlyA were detected in a few isolates, indicating varying virulence potentials among the strains. Antibiogram profiling indicated a high level of resistance to β-lactam antibiotics, cephalosporins, and aminoglycosides, highlighting the emergence of multidrug-resistant E. coli in canine UTIs. The findings emphasized the role of virulence genes in the pathogenesis of canine UTIs and underlined the need for routine molecular surveillance and judicious antimicrobial use in veterinary care.
E. coli, urinary tract infection, virulence genes, antibiotic resistance
MRI Diagnosis of Suspected Subcortical Heterotopia in a Mixed-Breed Dog with History of Seizures
A rare case of congenital brain anomaly in a 2-year-old mixed-breed neutered female dog is presented in this study. The dog was admitted for further diagnosis because of episodic tonic-clonic generalised seizures. All blood tests and urinalysis results were unremarkable. MRI of the brain revealed an increase in volume of the frontal lobe, which was isointense to the grey matter and non-contrast enhancing and consistent with congenital subcortical heterotopia.
Surgical Management of Gangrenous Mastitis in a Dairy Cow: A Case Report
This report details the management of acute gangrenous mastitis in a six-year-old Holstein-Friesian crossbred cow presented with systemic signs of inflammation, discoloured and necrotic udder tissue, and foul-smelling discharge. Haematological analysis revealed leukocytosis and mild anaemia, while milk culture identified Escherichia coli. Rapid progression of the condition necessitated surgical intervention. A partial mastectomy was performed to excise necrotic mammary tissue. Postoperative care included antimicrobial therapy, anti-inflammatory treatment and wound management. The cow recovered fully in 51 days and conceived three months post-surgery. This case highlights the efficacy of targeted surgical intervention, combined with supportive care, in managing gangrenous mastitis.
Gangrenous mastitis, necrotic tissue, partial mastectomy
Haematological Profile of Indigenous Punganur Cattle
This study aimed to establish baseline haematological reference values of Punganur cattle, to address the data gaps due to its limited population. Blood samples from 175 healthy cattle were collected three times, at intervals of 15 days. Data on 18 parameters, including total leucocyte count, lymphocyte, monocyte, granulocyte, erythrocyte, haemoglobin, packed cell volume, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, RBC distribution width, platelet count, mean platelet volume, platelet distribution width, and plateletcrit were collected and recorded. These data would serve as baseline reference values for the health assessment of Punganur cattle.
Punganur cattle, Andhra Pradesh, Haematological profile
Establishment of Historical Control Data on Rats and Mice for Preclinical Studies
Toxicology studies and other biomedical research can only be interpreted when adequate reference ranges established from healthy control animals are available. Each animal species being evaluated requires a unique set of reference values for various hematology and biochemical parameters. The stock animals were selected from Mass Biotech, Chengalpet, Tamil Nadu, India, during the years 2019 to 2023. The selected animals were found to be healthy under veterinary examination. Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) and Swiss albino mice (Mus musculus) were selected from the age group of 5-12 weeks. Heamatology, biochemistry, feed consumption and body weight were estimated and mean reference range was tabulated with standard deviation. The mean SGPT value of male rat was 70.16; the female rat was 41.14. The mean SGOT value of the male rat was 124.49, and that of the female rat was 95.3. The mean SGPT value of female mice was 31.14, and that of male mice was 46.72. The mean SGOT was 64.31 in female mice and 170.83 in male mice. The mean ALP value of female mice is 147.7. The mean haemoglobin value of male mice is 9.22, and the mean RBC and WBC count is 3.30 and 6.39, respectively. Other hematology and biochemical parameters of both sexes were estimated. The estimated variations in each parameter, with wider ranges, might be due to animal sources, geographical variations in terms of environment and genetic factors. So, the estimated values could be comparable with the data generated in similar geographical regions.
Rodents, Haematology, Biochemistry, Reference range value
Exploring Diverse Oral Pathologies among Various Breeds of Canines: A Review
The paper summarizes the existing state of knowledge, which provides a resource for reviewing the oral pathologies in canines that may possibly be helpful in curative or analytical goals for human and veterinary medicine. It reviews the data of 462 cases that have been reported in 17 previously published articles. A search was conducted to identify appropriate papers from different databases (Google Scholar, PubMed, SCOPUS and Web of Science) and were analyzed for quality. In addition to this, outcome data were extracted in the form of graphs for summary. A high degree of heterogeneity was observed in the included studies regarding their inclusion and exclusion criteria, pathologies in different breeds, and the definition of survival. There is a need to standardize the reporting of diseases with appropriate treatment modalities. This present paper covers the various oral pathologies that may support the design of future studies.
Forensic Characterization of Hair in Spotted Deer (Axis axis)
To facilitate precise forensic species identification of spotted deer through hair is undertaken. The gross and microanatomy of hair with ultrastructural details were observed and interpreted in this study. The hairs of spotted deer showed a banded pattern of alternating black and brown colour. The surface view of the hair was made up of cuticle, cortex and medulla from without inwards. A regular wave pattern with a smooth margin was a predominant cuticular scale pattern present in different parts of hair. A characteristic multiseriate lattice-type medulla was observed in the middle part of the hair. In the cross-section, the hair shaft was oval in shape. Micrometry of the hairs in the head, trunk and tail regions was recorded and compared.
Spotted deer, Forensic anatomy, Micrometry, Ultrastructure
Evaluation and Optimization of Vaccine Priming in Dogs against Rabies
Vaccination of dogs against rabies is fundamental for rabies control since the dog is the main reservoir and transmitter of rabies in India. Though the young puppies are generally primed with rabies vaccine when they attain three months of age, a few cases of puppies aged below 2 months old were presented to the Rabies Surveillance Unit, Madras Veterinary College Teaching Hospital, which showed positive for rabies by FAT. This study was designed to assess the maternal-derived antibody status of puppies from vaccinated and unvaccinated bitches (Group I and II), and the dynamic status of rabies virus neutralizing antibody in adult dogs (Group III: one year after primary vaccination, Group IV: Regularly vaccinated adults and Group V: Irregularly vaccinated adults). Longitudinal vaccine efficacy was also studied to elucidate the frequency and magnitude of Rabies Virus Neutralization Antibody (RVNA) in pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP; Groups VI and VII). Each group comprised 18 healthy dogs, vaccinated with inactivated vaccine and blood samples were collected on 0, 21, 90 and 180 days post vaccination (dpv0, 21, 90 and 180) for PrEP, and the serum neutralizing rabies antibody titres were assessed by Rapid Fluorescent Foci Inhibition Test (RFFIT). In the pre-exposure study, all puppies in both groups had insignificant antibody titre on day 0, which evidenced the waned status of maternal-derived antibody at 12 weeks of age. The dogs that received the prime-boost dose resulted in maintaining the protective titre (≥0.5 IU/mL) in all immunized dogs on dpv180, with a mean titre of 7.09±0.83, whereas primovaccinated dogs resulted in having protective titre only in 88.88 per cent of immunized dogs with a mean titre of 1.94±0.34. Since the level of maternal-derived antibodies, even in puppies born to vaccinated bitches are insignificant at 10 to 12 weeks of age, the immunization strategy against rabies in puppies warrants the advancement of priming age with one booster vaccine at a suitable interval of 3 to 4 weeks to achieve the population immunity in view of effective containment of rabies spread.
Rabies vaccine, Pre-exposure priming, Population Immunity
Acute Phase Proteins: Implications for Animal Disease Prevention and Management
Acute phase proteins (APPs) are biomarkers that are essential for comprehending the dynamic interactions that occur within biological systems in response to infections, physiological processes, or therapeutic interventions. These proteins play a crucial role in illustrating the complex interactions that occur between cytokines, innate immune responses, and changes in serum concentrations during the acute-phase response. Although APPs are widely used in human medicine, their application in Veterinary Sciences is limited. Current research has identified about 40 distinct APPs in different species. The role of APPs in food safety, drug development, and general animal welfare, beyond disease management, calls for identifying APPs in animals. A comprehensive strategy combining biomarker measurements with other diagnostic tools for improved clinical precision is required. The review explores the complex role that APPs, especially C-reactive protein, serum amyloid A, haptoglobin, and alpha-1 acid glycoprotein, play in animal health, emphasizing their importance in prognosis, diagnosis, and therapeutic monitoring and highlights the importance of finding new biomarkers for proactive healthcare management.
APPs, Biomarkers, C-reactive protein, Cytokines
Management of Vitamin A Responsive Dermatosis: A Comprehensive Approach
Two Labrador Retriever dogs were presented to the Small Animal Dermatology Unit, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai, with a history of recurrent skin lesions and mild pruritus in the last 1.5 months. The animals were active and alert with pink conjunctival mucous membranes. Vital signs revealed a rectal temperature of 38.4oC and 38.2oC. Generalized dry crusty lesions, patchy alopecia, hyperkeratinization and rancid fatty odour were noted on integumentary examination. The blood picture revealed leukocytosis and neutrophilia. Skin scraping, adhesive tape impression technique, and Wood's lamp technique were negative. Skin histopathology revealed no keratinization. Based on clinical examination and differential diagnosis of primary keratinization disorder, the animals were treated with a Inj. Vitamin AD3E @ 2mL intramuscularly once a week for five weeks and Inj. Chlorpheniramine maleate @ 0.5 mg/kg/IM once followed with oral antihistamine for 5 days and Vitamin A supplementation. The skin lesions healed rapidly and completely with vitamin A treatment, and the cases were confirmed as vitamin A-responsive dermatosis
Management of Lumpy Skin Disease in a Cow using Homoeopathic Remedies
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a viral disease of cattle caused by the LSD Virus (LSDV), a member of the genus Capripoxvirus under the family Poxviridae. It is characterized by fever, nodular eruptions on the skin and mucous membranes, lymphadenopathy, emaciation, oedema, and occasional mortality. A two-year-nine-month-old graded Sahiwal heifer (about 300 kg) in late pregnancy from Chitwan, Nepal, was presented with inappetence, fever (103 °F), and multiple skin nodules around the neck and teat regions. The case was diagnosed as LSD. Homoeopathic medicines - Rhus Toxicodendron 30C, Belladonna 30C, Thuja Occidentalis 30C, Arsenicum Album 30C, and Pulsatilla 30C - were selected using repertory software and administered @ 10 drops thrice daily. Improvement in appetite and regression of nodules were observed after a week, with complete clinical recovery within two weeks. This case highlights the potential of homoeopathic therapy as a cost-effective and safe approach for managing LSD in cattle.
Effect of Herbal Preparations on Immune Response in Broilers immunized with Gumboro Disease Vaccine
This study aimed to know the effect of three commercial products, namely, Sumerfeed, Oregofarm and garlic, which are routinely used in poultry farms, on enhancing immunity. Seventy-five one-day-old broiler chicks were used and divided into five equal groups. Three groups were treated with Sumerfeed, Oregofarm, and garlic, respectively and vaccinated against Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD). The fourth group was left as a positive control group without any treatment but vaccinated against IBD, and the fifth group was left as a negative control that was neither treated nor vaccinated. Antibodies against IBD, in addition to CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell levels, were estimated using commercial ELISA kits. The results of the study showed a high efficiency with Sumerfeed and Oregofarm, followed by garlic in enhancing immune response against the IBD vaccine. This study showed increasing of specific antibodies against IBD with increasing levels of CD4+ and CD8+ cells.
Immune enhancers, immune response, IBD vaccine, CD4+, CD8+
Growth Performance of Calves of Nattukuttai Cattle under Different Feeding Regimes
A study to assess the growth performance of Nattukuttai calves under different feeding regimes in an organized farm for a period of 5 months. 18 calves of age 3 to 4 months, divided into 3 groups (T1, T2 and T3). The T1 calves allowed for grazing only, T2 calves fed with only roughages and T3 calves fed concentrates along with roughages based on total dry matter requirement. Parameters such as fortnightly body weight, body weight gain, average daily gain, dry matter intake, feed conversion ratio, body measurements and body condition score revealed no significant difference among the groups. However numerically higher body weight, BWG, ADG and BCS were observed in T3 group followed by T2 and T1. This study gives the baseline data on the growth parameters of Nattukuttai cattle calves.
Nattukuttai calves, feeding, growth performance
Pyometra is frequently found as one of the clinical problems of the female reproductive system in the bitches. It is one of the life-threatening conditions, requiring immediate medical attention. The frequent causes for the occurrence of pyometra in female dogs often include hormonal imbalances in the bitches as well as pathogenic bacterial species like E. coli organisms. Further, other miscellaneous etiological agents like cysts in the uterus, thickened uterine wall, etc., were also implicated in pyometra. The frequent occurrence of clinical symptoms of multiple organ dysfunction, especially those related to the renal system, is also dealt with. The pathogenesis-related information has also been dealt with. Various symptoms like persistent vomiting, signs related to deranged renal functions, anorexia, lethargy, etc., have been detailed. The different treatment measures associated with the administration of drugs like Cabergoline, Cloprostenol, Mifepristone, etc., have been dealt with apart from the prophylactic measures.
Gross Biometrical Analysis of the Sternum of Indigenous Poultry of Poonch Region of Jammu and Kashmir
The present study was conducted on the sternum (N=06) of indigenous poultry of Poonch region. The sternum is the major supportive element within the ventral body wall. The body of the sternum was elongated, concave dorsally and convex ventrally for attachment to breast muscles. The cranio-lateral process was elongated and directed cranially. The caudo- lateral process started as a single process, which bifurcated into a smaller dorsal and a longer ventral process, both directed caudally. The caudo-dorsal process was much wider at its terminal end than the caudo-ventral process. Two lateral pneumatic foramina were located on either side of mid-line towards the cranial end of the body, whereas the median pneumatic foramen was absent. The cranial border of the sternum presented transversely elongated grooves separated by a rostrum to articulate with the distal extremity of the coracoid bone just below the cranial border. Anteriorly, the lateral border presented four facets for the sternal ribs. The rostrum was a quadrilateral plate-like in outline. The ventral surface presented triangular shaped keel (carina) in the midline. The cranial border was concave, and the apex was in level as the origin of the caudo-lateral process. Length of sternum was 13.36 ± 0.093 cm. The width of the sternum was maximum at the level of facets (3.27 ± 0.051 cm). The cranio-lateral processes were the shortest, and the caudo-ventral processes were the longest. The height of the keel was maximum at its apex.
Biometry, Keel, Sternum, Pneumatic foramen, Poonch
Elucidation of the Heparin Binding Domain of Goat Vitronectin by Deletion Mutagenesis
Vitronectin is a multifunctional glycoprotein present in the extracellular matrix. The RGD motif and the heparin-binding domains of the human protein play a major role in cell adhesion and bacterial binding. Goat vitronectin is unique in having two RGD motifs compared to human vitronectin. The heparin-binding domain of goat vitronectin has not yet been identified, and the amino acids from 340 to 380 of human vitronectin are known to be involved in heparin binding primarily. The proposed HBD of goat protein contains consensus sequences of many known heparin-binding proteins. PCR-based deletion mutagenesis of this region indicated that the basic residues are essential for heparin binding and protein multimerisation.
Goat vitronectin, Heparin binding domain, HBD, Deletion mutagenesis