The Journal is published QUARTERLY, in March, June, September and December every year, by the Indian Fisheries Association hosted at ICAR-CIFE, Mumbai. The first issue was published in the year 1971. This NAAS rated and widely circulated Journal contains original contribution from eminent scholars in the field of fisheries, aquaculture and related subjects. Now, JIFA has a new Editorial Board and sports a fresh design and layout, delivers more and better content, and assures enhanced author and reader experience.
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A Historical Review and Recent Updates on Ichthyofaunal Diversity of Ahilyanagar District, Maharashtra
A comprehensive and updated inventory of fish species in Ahilyanagar District is crucial for sustainable fisheries, aquaculture, and conservation efforts. This study systematically reviews existing literature, author-collected specimens, and records from the Zoological Survey of India, Pune, documenting 81 fish species across 12 orders and 26 families. Cypriniformes is the dominant order, comprising 43 species (53%). As per the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 57 species are assessed as Least Concern, while 2 as Data Deficient, 3 Near Threatened, 3 Vulnerable, and 3 Endangered. Additionally, the inventory identifies 3 transplanted and 10 exotic species. The inventory also updates previous records by eliminating 25 sp. due to taxonomic issues and/or distribution mismatch. This updated dataset serves as a vital reference for researchers, policymakers, and conservationists. aiding in the sustainable management of ichthyofaunal resources and supporting future biodiversity conservation initiatives in the district.
Copyright (c) 2025 Indian Fisheries Association
r-RAPFISH analysis of fisheries and its management in Mettur (Stanley) Reservoir, India
Mettur reservoir, located in Salem district, Tamil Nadu, is the largest dam in the state with an average Water Spread Area of 9324 hectares. The reservoir has been a vital resource for fisheries, supporting the livelihoods of local communities. However, the impact of illegal fishing and poaching has led to a significant decline in the fish catch per unit of the reservoir from an average of 1177 kg/ha/year (1961) to an average of 157 kg/ha/year (2015), raising concerns about its sustainability. Understanding the overall sustainability will help in identifying the dimension in which the fishery has to be strengthened through necessary interventions. To address these concerns and gain a comprehensive understanding of the fisheries and their management, a detailed analysis was conducted using both primary and secondary sources of data. The study focused on the five dimensions essential for sustainable fisheries management: Ecology, Economic, Social, Technology, and Governance. However, r-RAPFISH analysis revealed that the overall sustainability of Mettur reservoir fisheries is in “Quite” status (Sustainability score – 74.51%), which is obtained by taking an average of sustainability value obtained by the reservoir in each of the five dimensions [Ecology - 83.86%; Economic-90.40%; Social - 44.93%; Technology - 85.59%; Governance -67.76%]. It has also been observed that the social and governance aspects of the fisheries management in Mettur reservoir have to be improved to get an overall ‘good’ sustainable development status.
Copyright (c) 2023 Indian Fisheries Association
Experimental study on toxicity of Indian major carp bile
Raw bile of three Indian Major Carps viz., Catla catla, Labeo rohita, and Cirrhina mrigala was screened for their ichthyohepatotoxic properties. The raw bile of all the three species exhibited spontaneous haemolysis of sheep blood. Fish bioassay was conducted by intraperitoneal administration of raw bile to the test fish Labeo rohita of 30±5 g weight. Raw bile of all the three species studied proved to be toxic to the fish with Median Survival Time of 14 hours at 0.03 cc, 14 hours at 0.05 cc, and 18 hours at 0.05 cc of the bile of Catla, Rohu and Mrigal respectively. Behavioral and other changes included external inflammation of belly region, necrosis at the site of injection, piping, lethargy, vertical orientation, general apathy and lack of responsiveness, abdominal dropsy, and visceral hemorrhage. The results indicate Catla bile to be the most toxic followed in decreasing order by Rohu and Mrigal bile. The results are discussed in light of earlier published data and the potential risks of acute renal damage for human beings are indicated.
Copyright (c) 2024 Indian Fisheries Association
Analysing Constraints to Strengthen Multi-level Inland Fisheries Cooperatives in Tamil Nadu, India
Inland fisheries cooperatives in Tamil Nadu face multiple challenges across institutional levels. This study identified constraints and suggested strategies to strengthen their performance by examining 40 purposively selected primary inland fisheries cooperatives—equally divided between two-tier (directly linked to the state federation) and three-tier cooperatives (linked through district and state federations). In addition, one state level federation (TAFCOFED) and two district inland fisheries federations were included. Data were gathered through focus group discussions and interviews with executive and general body members. Using the Constraint Analysis Index, constraints were classified into five major categories: financial, infrastructural, technical, social, and cooperative governance. Three-tier cooperatives were most affected by financial constraints, particularly lack of credit facilities (CAI = 100.00), followed by political interference (CAI = 91.67). In two-tier cooperatives, the most pressing issues were poor marketing infrastructure (CAI = 100.00) and poor member interest and participation (CAI = 89.00). At the district and state federation levels, poor marketing facilities, unavailability of technical support, and weak member engagement (each with CAI = 100.00) emerged as major concerns. Common challenges across all levels included limited credit access, inadequate infrastructure, and weak financial status. To address these issues, the study recommends strengthening financial linkages and working capital, upgrading market infrastructure, and enhancing water body management. It also stresses the importance of inclusive training of all the members, increased member participation, and regular, politically neutral elections to promote the sustainable development of inland fisheries cooperatives.
Traditional Knowledge in the Management of Wild Freshwater Prawn Seed Collection from North Konkan Region of Maharashtra
The study of traditional knowledge has the potential to provide research guidelines aimed at benefiting the fisher community. Concerted attempts should be made to document, compile and validate the traditional knowledge in fisheries before it is lost with the advent of modern knowledge and urbanization. The wild freshwater prawn seed collection fishery is practiced in the North Konkan region of Maharashtra aimed at collecting Macrobrachium rosenbergii (Giant river prawn) seed from the catch. The present study attempted to analyze the use of traditional knowledge in the management of Giant river prawn seed collection fishery. A total of 70 fishers essentially involved in Giant river prawn seed collection fishery in North Konkan region constituted the sample size. The snow-ball method was employed for selecting the respondents across the randomly selected villages. Accordingly, a combination of personal interview and non-participant observation method was used for data collection. The study has documented rich, diverse and potential traditional knowledge associated with the Giant river prawn seed collection fishery. The traditional knowledge on the design of gears employed in Giant river prawn seed collection, fabrication materials used for gears, fishery season, preference time for operating the gears, effect of lunar cycle, rain and flood on catch and its storage has been documented in the present study.
A Review on Integrated Artificial Intelligence Approaches for Sustainable Aquaculture
As the aquaculture industry continues to expand, there is an increasing need to adopt modern tools to enhance productivity, sustainability, and decision-making. AI technologies are at the forefront of this transformation, offering solutions such as automation of tasks like water quality monitoring, feeding schedules, and disease detection, leading to improved operational efficiency and fish health. AI also aids in early disease detection and supports precision aquaculture by adjusting environmental variables like feeding and oxygen levels to optimize fish growth. However, the adoption of AI comes with challenges. The availability of quality data, the need for domain-specific datasets, and the complexity of AI models can hinder progress. High initial costs and infrastructure demands present obstacles for small-scale farmers. Ethical considerations, such as data privacy and responsible use of AI, also need careful attention. This article reviews the benefits and challenges of AI in aquaculture, highlighting the importance of adopting modern tools as the industry evolves and the barriers that must be addressed for successful implementation. It also discusses how AI can contribute to sustainable practices, improving efficiency while reducing environmental impact, and highlights the potential for AI to shape the future of aquaculture management.
Characterization of Geographically Isolated Stocks of Lamellidens marginalis (Lamarck, 1819) Using Microsatellite Markers
The Indian freshwater mussel, Lamellidens marginalis, is one of the key candidate species for pearl production in India. The conservation status of L. marginalis has been assessed as 'least concern', and the population trend of the species is not known. However, the increased anthropogenic activities such as overexploitation, release of industrial or agricultural waste, and construction of dams are posing threats to the natural stocks. For sustainable management of resources, knowledge of genetic stock structure is essential. Further, the genetic variation between the genetic stocks could manifest in the form of pearl quality. We analyzed the genetic structures of five populations collected from Tripura (2 locations), Maharashtra, Gujarat, and Odisha using three microsatellite (di-nucleotide SSR: 2; trinucleotide: 1) markers. Locus-wise, the number of alleles varied from 2 to 4, with an average of 2 alleles per locus. The mean observed and expected heterozygosity values varied from 0.253 to 0.345 and 0.459 to 0.638, respectively. All the stocks were in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, and no null alleles were observed. Pairwise FST analyses showed moderate genetic differentiation among the stocks of Maharashtra, Odisha, and Gujarat. The loci showed moderate diversity within the stocks and revealed moderate to high genetic differentiation among the stocks.
Yield Gap Analysis of Indian Major Carps (IMC) and Pangassius Composite Culture in Eastern Uttar Pradesh, India
The present study was conducted during 2021-22 to assess the adoption of aquaculture practices and status of fish productivity in the eastern Uttar Pradesh, India. A total of 73 fish farmers in eight districts were surveyed and their fish culture and management practices were recorded. About 81 % of fish farmers were found to culture Indian Major Carps (Catla catla, Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala) as composite fish culture, while 6.85 % farmers grew Pangassius hypoththalmus along with 10-15% of IMC, and the rest 12.33% did monoculture of P. hypoththalmus. Farmers practices extensive (IMC), semi-intensive (IMC) and intensive culture (Pangassius/Pangasium+IMC) systems with the annual average fish production of 2.0 tons/ha, 4.14 tons/ha, and 23.59 tons/acre. It was found that the level of production varied with the level of input and type of management practices. Customised training programs on pond preparation, stocking ratio maintenance, feeding management, and water quality management can be helpful in increasing the yield and production of IMC in eastern Uttar Pradesh, considering the underexpolited potential, thereby enhancing the income and profit for fish farmers.
On the Records of Philometra sp Occurrence on Sciaenid Species
During a study on taxonomy of family Sciaenidae, two new host, Panna heterolepis and Nibea soldado for the nematode parasite Philometra sp, were recorded on specimens collected from east coast and west coast of India, respectively and also on Otolithes ruber collected from north-east coast of India. The preferred site of attachment for the parasite was found to be in the caudal fin and anal fin areas. In most cases, only one parasite was found attached on each fish, while in some few specimens, it was two parasites per fish.
Comprehensive Reconnoitre of Ichthyofauna in the Trans Himalayan Region of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh: A Detailed Checklist, Threats and Conservation Measures
This study aims to collect a comprehensive list of fish species inhabiting the trans-Himalayan region of Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh. A survey of published literature and field sampling on fish distribution in the trans Himalayan region revealed 130 fish species belonging to 10 orders, 23 families, and 58 genera. Among these species, most fish species were classified as Least Concern. However, 2 endemic hill stream fish species were identified as Critically Endangered namely (Triplophysa kashmirensis and Glyptothorax kashmirensis). The study emphasizes the IUCN conservation status of these species and proposes management strategies for their conservation and sustainable management. The study highlights the importance of understanding fish diversity, distribution patterns, and habitat preferences in devising effective conservation measures. The region's unique biotic zones and abundant cold-water resources make it a significant habitat for freshwater fishes. Studies on fish species in the trans-Himalayan region, especially in Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh, are still inadequate. This study aims to compile a detailed inventory of fish species in this region. The study also emphasizes the need for comprehensive research and conservation efforts to address the alarming decline of riverine fish resources in the trans-Himalayan region.
Effect of Biofloc, Live Feed, and Formulated Feed on Survival, Growth, and Whole-Body Proximate Composition in Larval Rearing of Pearlspot (Etroplus suratensis)
Fish larval rearing plays a critical role in aquaculture and fisheries development, serving as the foundation for successful fish production. One of the most critical aspects of larval rearing is the provision of appropriate feed. This study evaluated the effects of live feed Artemia (LF), formulated feed (FF), and a biofloc (BF) system on the survival, growth, and body proximate composition of Pearlspot (Etroplus suratensis) larvae during the rearing phase. The experiment commenced at 20 days post hatch and continued for 60 days. By the conclusion of the trial, the larvae raised in BF system exhibited the significantly highest (p= 0.001) final body weight and specific growth rate (SGR), followed by those fed LF, while FF group showed lowest results. Survival rates, which ranged from 76% to 78.33%, showed no significant differences (p= 0.46) across the treatments. The whole body proximate composition analysis revealed significant dietary effects, with larvae from BF system exhibiting superior nutritional quality compared to those in the LF and FF groups. These findings highlight the potential of biofloc technology as an effective approach for enhancing the growth performance and nutritional status of Pearlspot larvae. This study provides valuable insights that can be applied to enhance the larval rearing practice of Pearlspot, thereby supporting the development of efficient seed production techniques.
Balancing Catch and Conservation: Mesh Size Modifications in Traditional Dol net Along the Mumbai Coast
Dol nets are traditional bag nets widely used in artisanal fisheries along the northwest coast of India, particularly in Maharashtra, where they play a crucial role in supporting small-scale fisheries. Despite their importance, dol nets have been criticized for their non-selective nature, leading to high bycatch and juvenile capture. This study aimed to modify the cod-end of dol nets by incorporating a 35 mm square mesh panel to enhance gear selectivity and promote sustainable fishing practices. Experimental fishing was conducted off Madh Island, Mumbai, to assess the impact of this modification on catch composition, species diversity, and catch efficiency. The results revealed a significant reduction in the capture of juvenile fish in the upper cod-end (average 8.42 kg per haul) compared to the lower cod-end (average 13.15 kg per haul), where smaller species and juveniles were concentrated. 48 species from 25 families were recorded, including finfish, shrimp, prawns, crabs, cephalopods, and mantis shrimp, with a noticeable decrease in species diversity compared to previous studies, likely due to the mesh modification. Incorporating the square mesh panel improved size selectivity, with larger, commercially valuable species retained in the upper cod-end while juveniles and smaller species were sorted into the lower compartment. These findings demonstrate that gear modifications, such as larger mesh panels, can significantly reduce bycatch, enhance fishing sustainability, and contribute to the conservation of fishery resources in the region. This study highlights the potential of blending traditional fishing practices with modern innovations to achieve sustainable fisheries management.
Foraging and substrate-dependent behavioural patterns of Marphysa mossambica (Peters, 1854) in captivity
The present study explores the behavioural and foraging patterns of Marphysa mossambica, a polychaete species of ecological and commercial significance, under controlled laboratory conditions. The primary objective was to assess the influence of habitat structure, specifically the presence or absence of artificial substrate, on the species activity, territorial interactions, and feeding behaviour. Specimens were housed in tanks equipped with plastic tubes (experimental group) or without substrate (control group). Observations revealed that individuals provided with substrate exhibited reduced territorial aggression and more consistent foraging behaviour, typically feeding from within their tubes with minimal exposure. In contrast, individuals in the control group demonstrated heightened territoriality, frequent aggressive encounters, and greater vulnerability. Feeding without substrate also involved more exposure, increasing the risk of stress or predation. These behavioural differences highlight the critical role of substrate in promoting welfare, reducing stress-related behaviours, and supporting stable feeding activity. Nonetheless, the results have practical implications for polychaete aquaculture, emphasizing the need for appropriate habitat structures to optimize rearing conditions and ensure the long-term viability of M. mossambica as a resource in aquaculture
Marphysa mossambica, Polychaete, substrate, behaviour, territorial
Trout Farming: A Comprehensive Analysis of the Current Landscape and Future Opportunities
Trout farming has seen experienced significant global growth, driven by sustainable aquaculture practices and technological advancements. In northern India, it has emerged as an economically vital industry, supporting livelihoods and contributing to protein production, while aligning with conservation efforts to safeguard local ecosystems. This industry's positive trajectory is fueled by increasing consumer demand for sustainability and innovation. This paper examines the thriving trout farming sectors in Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh, where favourable climatic conditions, well-established hatcheries, and feed mills have contributed to its success. Despite on-going challenges, the Himalayan region offers substantial opportunities for expansion by leveraging local feed formulations and available resources. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the current state of trout farming, including its global reach, key production centers and economic implications. The analysis concludes with strategies to enhance cost efficiency through locally sourced feed and highlights the region’s strong potential for further growth in trout farming.
An Overview of Geography and Biodiversity in the Himalayan Region
The Himalayan region is a geologically dynamic and ecologically rich mountain system,spanning diverse climate zones and altitudes. Its unique geography supports a wide range of ecosystems, from tropical forests to alpine meadows, and harbors significant biodiversity, including endemic cold-water fish like Schizothorax spp. and Tor putitora. However, climate change, glacial retreat, habitat degradation, and invasive species threaten both ecological balance and local livelihoods. This review highlights the interlinked geographical and biological features of the Himalayas and emphasizes the need for integrated conservation and sustainable management strategies
Socio-economic Analysis and Farming Practices in Coastal Cage Aquaculture in India
This study examines the socioeconomic characteristics, operational dynamics, and farming practices of mariculture cage farmers. The results indicate that cage farming is predominantly male-dominated (75.9%), and most farmers (53.3%) where in the age group of 35–50 years. In terms of their occupational characteristics, 49.9% of farmers are primarily fishers whereas 31.1% consider cage farming as their main livelihood source, and 56.1% have adopted it as a secondary income source. Cage farming is capital-intensive, leading 23.6% of farmers to form some kind of partnership to share the initial capital expenditure. It was also found that a significant 83 % of farmers are interested in joining a fish farmer producer organisation if given an opportunity. Institutional support, mainly from ICAR-CMFRI (75.0%), has significantly influenced adoption. Most cage farmers ( 93.9%) have attended some type of training in cage farming. Key factors influencing adoption of cage farming were institutional support (84.4%), economic potential (65.6%), and peer influence (35.4%). Farmers are using different dimension of cages wherein rectangular (4x4x3 m3) and circular (6m diameter) cages were popular. Popular species for cage farming were found to be asian sea bass (Lates calcarifer) (90.6%), pearl spot (Etroplus suratensis) (34.9%), and cobia (Rachicentron canadum) (25.0%). Integrated Multitrophic Aquaculture (IMTA) is practiced by 13.2% of farmers. Harvesting practice followed is mostly periodic (51.9%). While 63.7% have maintained same number of cage numbers, 24.1% of farmers have expanded their operations. Findings highlight the role of institutional support, financial considerations, and species selection in shaping cage farming. Strengthened policies and cooperative initiatives can enhance sectoral growth and sustainability. The study found that cage culture farmers were getting a BCR ratio of 2.11 in composite cage culture with seabass and Pearl sport in 4x4x3 m3 cage size indicating good financial viability.
Tour(F)ism: An Innovative Start-up Model for Aggregating AquaTourism Experiences
India has made significant strides in fisheries (18.40 million tons; 2nd in aquaculture; 1.12% of national GVA), tourism (5% of GDP; 12.42 lakh direct jobs), start-ups (3rd largest ecosystem; 25% CAGR), eco-tourism (5% of tourism GDP), and agri-tourism (₹60 crore annual revenue in Maharashtra; 0.2% of tourism GDP). Despite this structured growth and progress, aqua-tourism – the intersection of fisheries and tourism—remains underdeveloped and fragmented. Currently, there is no structured model in India to connect fish farmers directly with clients seeking immersive, educational, and leisure-based aqua-tourism experiences. Potential tourists face limited booking options, high transaction costs, and a lack of value-added services. At the same time, many fish farmers are willing to offer but are unequipped due to the lack of expertise, digital access, or marketing channels. Existing centres remain isolated and under-promoted. Tour(F)ism aims to fill this critical gap as India's 1st rural aqua-tourism e-aggregator platform. The initiative moves beyond simple digital aggregation by enhancing the aqua-tourism experience through tourism-focused value additions at fish farms, seamlessly combining education, entertainment, and leisure elements. By reducing transaction costs and eliminating costly intermediaries, the platform empowers fish farmers to diversify their income through tourism. Additionally, it offers clients never-before-authentic, affordable rural aqua-tourism experiences. Thus, by effectively bridging the urban demand with rural supply within the fisheries-tourism interface, this novel platform creates a win-win solution for both fish farmers and clients.
Can Countries Learn from each Other? Navigating Change in Fisheries and Gleaning Lessons from Growth Stories of Bangladesh, India and Thailand
The fisheries play a vital role in the economy and food security of many Asian nations, especially Bangladesh, India and Thailand. This study analyses the growth of fisheries GDP, fish production, fish yield and export and import dynamics of the fisheries sector in Bangladesh, India and Thailand from 1991 to 2020. Developing economies witnessed a transformation in their GDP composition with steady decline of agricultural sector share. During 1991-2020, the agriculture sector's contribution to overall GDP declined from 34%, 32% and 15% in 1991 to 12%, 18% and 9% in 2020 in Bangladesh, India and Thailand, respectively. Within the agricultural sector, fisheries contribution increased gradually in Bangladesh and India, while it halved in Thailand from 2% to 1% due to a decline in fish production since 2001. One-way ANOVA revealed significant differences (p < 0.05) in fisheries GDP, production, exports and imports across the selected countries. Aquaculture production outpaced capture fisheries, with India exhibiting the highest marine fish yield growth but lagging in inland fish yield. Thailand initially led fisheries exports but experienced a decline after 2016, necessitating greater reliance on importing raw materials for value-added re-exports. Unlike Thailand and Bangladesh, India has lagged in improving per capita fish consumption during the period in spite of higher growth in fish production. Gleaning evidence and insights from the cross-country comparison, this study underscores the economic significance of fisheries and suggests key interventions to prioritize and reorient fisheries development policies to make them more sustainable and fastrack the attainment of SDG 2030 targets.
Proficiency Enhancement of KVK-Scientists: Illustrating the Capacity Development Needs in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu
Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVK) provide a basket of extension and advisory services and act as bridge between research and extension systems at the district level. The present study assessed the information and training needs of 62 SMSs of the KVKs in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu through an online survey. Training needs were collected on a three-point continuum scale and ranked using the Weighted Sum Method (WSM). The majority of the respondents were men and belonged to the age group of <35 years and possessed a PhD (58%), of which 19% had specialisation in fisheries. About three-fifth of SMS spent significant and adequate time on extension work (61%), perceived the available budget to be adequate (58%), and infrastructure to be inadequate (76%). Reportedly, interaction with colleagues (53%) and digital media (51%) are the primary sources of technical information, and 71% expressed the need for the development of user-friendly technical material to aid in extension work. Recent Technologies in Aquaculture (14.67) and Success story documentation (9.33) were the most preferred topics of training by the SMS of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh, respectively. Spearman’s correlation showed no significant association between the training needs of the SMS and their profile variables as well as the perceived organisational climate. Most SMS preferred offline trainings (60%) with a preferred duration of 5-7 days (45%) and a fee structure of Rs. 2500 (52%). Attention of the KVK administrators (ICAR ATARI and SAUs) and KVK coordinators is drawn to the findings of the study to design tailored competency enhancement programs for SMS to make them deliver extension services, especially in the field of fisheries and aquaculture, more effectively.
Beyond the Waters: Unveiling the Occupational Hazards of Dal Lake’s Women Fish Retailers in Jammu and Kashmir
Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir contributes 31% to India’s cold-water fish production, and Dal Lake is important for fisheries in this region. Many local women around the lake engage in fish capture and marketing, facing various occupational hazards that are often unreported. Thus, a study was done to assess occupational hazards and injuries faced by women fisher retailers using interview and observation methods. A list of occupational hazards was prepared through interactions with key informants and a review of literature. These were classified as cold weather, physical, biological, ergonomic, and psychosocial hazards. A sample of 60 fisherwomen was selected based on their active participation in fish capture and marketing activities within the lake region. Frostbite (90%) was the most frequent cold-weather injury, while cuts from fish fins or knives (96.6%) were the most common physical injuries. Biological hazards, primarily fish bites, affected 86.6% of fisherwomen. Ergonomic issues included back and neck pain from carrying heavy fish tubs, and psychosocial challenges involved anxiety (96.6%) and stress (73.3%) due to regional instability and the COVID-19 pandemic. Control measures were limited to traditional remedies like turmeric and henna, with no structured safety practices in place. This study emphasizes the need to integrate occupational safety measures in fisheries development planning to better support these essential workers.
Synergistic Impacts of Microplastics and Heavy Metals in Aquatic Environments and Strategies for Mitigation
One increasing environmental concern is the extensive pollution of aquatic habitats by heavy metals and microplastics. Oceans, estuaries, lakes, and even deep-sea sediments are contaminated by microplastics, which are now found from the polar regions to the equator. They come from both primary sources, like synthetic fabrics, and secondary sources, like the breakdown of bigger plastic waste. Heavy metals, introduced through industrial, agricultural, and urban activities, interact with these microplastics, particularly after the particles undergo physical and chemical weathering in aquatic environments. The surface area, size, and type of polymer of the microplastics, as well as the water's salinity and pH, all affect these interactions. This article examines the complex dynamics between microplastics and heavy metals, shedding light on their combined impact on aquatic ecosystems and the broader implications for environmental health
Inter-island Fishery Resources of Indian Ocean: A budding prospect for the Indian Seafood sector
The oceans describe our mother planet as blue and make her alive. The living resources of the oceans contribute immensely towards the development of global seafood sector. Seafood is well known for its health benefits, with the presence of quality protein, essential amino acids and presence of omega 3 fatty acids. These aquatic resources also form reserves of several bioactive compounds possessing excellent pharmaceutical and medicinal values. Hence, the presence of oceanic reserves of a country significantly influences its overall GDP. Indian Ocean is the third largest ocean among all the five oceans of the world, with unique oceanic currents and upwelling patterns making it ecologically diverse. The only ocean to be named after a country, Indian Ocean resembles an embayed ocean bordered by landmasses along three sides along the Indian peninsular. This distinctive feature of the Indian Ocean, geologically, has made her a rich reserve of fishery resources. The inter archipelago of Indian Ocean consists of numerous islands with low cays of coral sand, reefs and high islands that harbours huge diversity of marine organisms. This review discusses about the key island nations along the Indian Ocean, sharing potential seafood resources with our country and could become a leading collaborator for boosting the seafood sector globally
Fish Consumer Behaviour and Constraints in Haryana and Punjab: Empirical Insights from Urban Markets
The current study was conducted to understand fish consumers’ behaviour and constraints faced by fish consumers in Haryana and Punjab. The study was conducted from November 2019 to February 2020. Data were collected using a structured interview schedule from 100 consumers from 10 fish markets in Haryana and Punjab. Descriptive statistics and multiple linear regression model have been used to analyse the data. The analysis revealed that in non-veg food items, mutton was the most preferred non-veg food item in both states, with the highest RBQ scores of 90.5 and 95 in Haryana and Punjab, respectively. Average expenditure on non-veg food items was found high in Punjab (Rs 2,523 per month) compared to Haryana (Rs 2,029.2 per month). It was seen that relative to non-veg food items, expenditure on fish was comparatively lesser, Rs 478.6 per month (23.3% of total non-veg food expenditure) in Haryana and Rs 432 per month (17.1% of total non-veg food expenditure) in Punjab. Rohu was the most preferred fish with an RBQ score 94.18, and in Haryana, while Pangasius was the most preferred fish (RBQ score of 92.36) in Punjab. The t-test results revealed that two groups of consumers (Haryana & Punjab) (n 100) are significantly same except for the family size variable (P value 0.007). Hence, MLR was run with the pooled data, and the results revealed that income was not a significant variable affecting consumer expenditure. Rather, education, occupation (govt. job), and family type (nuclear) were the most significant variables. This indicated that education has a role to play in enhancing fish consumption in Haryana and Punjab. The constraint analysis revealed that bad smell and unhygienic fish markets' conditions were top-ranked by consumers in both states, with an RBQ score of 77 and 60.33 in Haryana and Punjab, respectively.
Exploring Fishing Gear Efficiency: A Case Study of Fishing Crafts and Gears along the Wainganga River, Maharashtra, India
This extensive study, conducted along Maharashtra's Wainganga River, meticulously examined the effectiveness of diverse fishing gears employed by local fishermen. Over a year, the gathering of catch per unit effort (CPUE) data of distinct fishing gears used specifically in the lower stretches of the river. Monthly surveys were conducted across five distinct sampling sites to collect data on gear dimensions, operational methods, and building materials. The Wainganga River, known for its rich biodiversity, showcased three main fishing crafts: dug-out canoes, plank-built boats, and wooden-framed iron/tin/aluminium sheet boats. This study identified eleven distinct fishing gears commonly used in the study area, including gill nets, cast nets, dragnets, trap nets, and various types of traps and spears. Monofilament gill nets dominated year-round, while dragnets were favoured for larger catches in the summer. Despite advancements in fishing elsewhere, the preference for traditional methods persists. The selection of fishing methods depends on various factors such as fish behavior, geography, climate, and microhabitat types. Understanding these factors is crucial for the sustainable exploitation and management of fisheries resources. Overall, the study aimed to provide comprehensive knowledge about the efficiency of various fishing gears and crafts along the Wainganga River. It underscored the significance of sustainable practices for the long-term health of aquatic ecosystems and the well-being of the communities reliant on them. The study emphasized the need for adapting new technologies in small-scale fisheries and highlighted the importance of rational management and regulation.
Comparative Study of the Impact of Temperature and Salinity on Growth of Isolated Centric and Pennate Diatoms
The present study was conducted with the objective to compare the impact of temperature and salinity on the growth of centric and pennate diatoms. The phytoplankton samples were collected from Manori Creek, Mumbai, during the high tide. Two diatom species, one centric (Cyclotella sp.) and one pennate (Navicula sp.), were isolated for the experiment on growth. A pure stock culture was maintained for 10 days for both species in F/2 media. Then, the diatoms were exposed to three temperatures (24 °C,27 °C, and 30 °C) and salinities (15 ppt, 25 ppt, and 35 ppt) combinations for a period of 10 days. The initial and final number of cells were counted in the Sedgewick rafter cell. The average daily growth rates (K) were calculated and statistical analysis was done by two-way ANOVA to assess the impact of temperature and salinity on growth of the diatoms. These results indicated that salinity had a more pronounced effect on these diatoms than temperature. Navicula sp. showed better growth in varying temperature and salinity conditions. Cyclotella sp. showed good growth in lesser salinities indicating that freshwater is more favorable for its growth. This concludes that pennate diatoms are more adapted to changes in environmental conditions and can show good growth even outside their favourable range of temperature and salinities. Therefore, it is economically feasible to prefer pennate diatoms for feedstock in aquaculture practices
A pod of Omura’s whale (Balaenoptera omurai) sighted live off Karwar in the EEZ of India
This study documents the presence of a live population of Balaenoptera omurai (Omura's whale) in the inshore waters of Arabian Sea sighted during our exploratory purse seining operation conducted at latitude 14° 51.264' N / longitude 073 57.417' E on 22 May, 2023 in the afternoon at around 1600 h. The pod of three baleen whales consisting of a calf and two adults were spotted in shallow waters (30 m), 15 km away from the coast of Karwar (Karnataka). The presence of a weaning calf suggests that this region is a nursing ground for Balaenoptera omurai (Omura's whale). This report fills the literature gap thereby providing photographic and videographic evidence of Omura's whale in the western Indian Ocean.
Assessing Impact of PG Diploma in Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture Management on Trainee’s Job Performance
Skill development is the process of identifying people's skill gaps and addressing them with training and employment opportunities. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of CIFE's one year certificate course. An ex-post facto study was conducted with a structured interview schedule through the telephonic interview method. A four-level Kirkpatrick model comprising reaction, learning, behaviour, and results was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the course. According to the findings, the overall effectiveness mean unit score of the programme was 0.79, implying that the course was highly effective. The study emphasized the primary training needs perceived by the trainees. As a result, the study points out the significance of organising training in these areas. The medium level of skill development course effectiveness at behaviour level implies that the ICAR-CIFE needs to develop strategies for improving the effectiveness of the skill development program at behaviour level of trainees so that the applicability of learned knowledge and skills can be ensured. The trainees recommended lengthening the course duration from one year to two years and converting it into a diploma program to increase its demand and employment value. These findings will aid in increasing the effectiveness of ICAR-CIFE’s skill development training program in future and its impact on trainees' job performance
Evaluation, Skill development, Effectiveness, Kirkpatrick model, Fish farming, and Hatchery operation
An Inventory of Ichthyofauna of Kolhapur District
There is need of comprehensive systematic updated inventory of fishes available in Kolhapur district for sustainable development of fisheries, aquaculture and ornamental fish industry and more importantly for conservation purpose. Hence, an attempt was made in the present study to provide an inventory of ichthyofauna of Kolhapur district. A systematic and comprehensive review of available literature was made along with collections made by authors and specimens available at Zoological Survey of India, Pune to carry out the Meta-analysis of all the published (both peer reviewed and non-peer reviewed) literature and collections. The present inventory comprises of total 110 fish species belonging to 10 orders 27 families and 62 from Kolhapur district. Cypriniformes is the dominant order represented by 69 species, followed by Silurifomres (22 species), Anabantiformes (5 species), Cyprinodontiformes and Synbranchiformes (3 species each). While Beloniformes, Cichiliformes and Mugiliformes were represented by two species each, Anguilliformes and Gobiiformes were represented by one species each. A list of further 19 species earlier recorded in literature with explanation for its deletion is provided. As per the IUCN Red list of Threatened Species, Sixty Six species assessed as Least Concern, whereas Five species assessed as Data Deficient, Six species as Near Threatened, Eight as Vulnerable and Nine as Endangered (IUCN 2024). Three Species were Not Evaluated, Three Transplanted and Ten Exotic species. The present work will form a baseline for future studies.
Profitability and resource use efficiency of different farming systems in inland salt-affected areas of Haryana
The current study has been undertaken to assess the profitability and efficiency of different farming systems in inland salt-affected areas of Haryana. Three different categories of farmers, which include shrimp farmers, proximal agriculture farmers, and distal agriculture farmers, were taken for this study. A total of 90 farmers were selected from the Rohtak district of Haryana, with 30 farmers from each category through purposive snowball sampling, and the data was collected using a structured interview schedule. Data was analysed with various statistical and econometric tools, viz., B-C ratio, Cobb-Douglas production function, and Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). The results of the B-C ratio revealed that all the culture systems were profitable. However, the benefits were less for proximal agriculture farmers because of the reduction in production from shrimp farming in the adjacent areas. Feed cost had the higher share in total cost, with 64% for shrimp farming, while labour cost was dominant for agriculture farming. The estimated technical efficiency using DEA shows that distal farmers were more efficient (0.88) than shrimp farmers (0.80) and proximal farmers (0.69). Similarly, distal farmers were more cost-efficient (0.72) than shrimp farmers (0.63) and proximal farmers (0.59). The allocative efficiency was higher for proximal farmers (0.87), followed by shrimp farmers (0.84), while distal farmers had less allocative efficiency (0.68), and it indicated that the same level of output using the combination of inputs corresponds to the minimum cost of production. In order to reduce the cost of production, farmers are advised to acquire knowledge and managerial skills on the efficient use of farm inputs such as seed, feed, chemicals/medicines, and labour. The scientific mix of cultivable species, stocking density and proper combination of crops for the efficient use of resources, availability of feed mills in the nearby areas, adopting best management practices (BMPs) and good aquaculture practices (GAPs), scientific crop management strategies and use of eco-friendly technologies are probable ways to reduce the cost of production. Also, the government should put a checkmark on the effluent discharge from the shrimp farms and provide them with facilities for the effluent treatment on a payment basis.
Technical, allocative and cost efficiency
Development of Seaweed (Padina tetrastromatica) incorporated Mince Sausage from Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio), reared in Inland Saline Water
The study was conducted for the development of seaweed based value-added product from inland saline water-reared common carp fish mince. Three concentrations of seaweed powder (0.5%, 1%, and 2%) were used. The addition of 2% P. tetrastromatica powder to mince showed better results as compared to other treatments. Compared to control sausages with 0% seaweed inclusion, the common carp mince sausages with 2% seaweed powder addition had greater hardness values and ash content. Additionally, the sensory scores of the sausages that contain seaweed powder were satisfactory. Therefore, seaweed powder can be utilised as a potential component to enhance the dietary value and textural properties of fish mince sausages. Furthermore, developing value-added products will boost the market value of fish raised in inland saltwater, which are underutilised resources with a significant potential to expand aquaculture production.