Journal of the Inland Fisheries Society of India
T he Society regularly brings out a Journal named "The Inland Fisheries Society of India". The 1st Volume was published in December, 1969 and since then made a place among the top fishery journals in the country. The Journal publishes original research works, monographs, invited review articles and books on specialized subjects for exchange and dissemination of information in the country and abroad. Â The journal of Inland Fisheries Society of India welcomes original research contributions broadly in the field of inland fisheries science. The scope of the journal includes fisheries research on aspects related to inland waters-rivers, reservoirs, floodplain wetlands, estuaries and other brackish waters.
In case of publication of the article in the journal, author(s) are required to assign copyright to the Journal of the Inland Fisheries Society of India for its publication in any form/language including all media (print and electronic, or presently unknown), and exclusive right to use the matter for the life of the work (no time restriction on re use of matter).
The Inland Fisheries Society of India is deeply saddened to announce the demise of Dr. Krishna Mitra at the age of 79. Born on 13 September 1944 in Lucknow, Dr. Krishna Mitra graduated with Honors in Zoology from Lucknow University in the year 1967.
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Length-weight relationship and condition factors of Parambassis dayi (Bleeker 1874) from Periyar river, India
Length-weight relationship provides biological information about a fish species (Le Cren, 1951) and is helpful in assessing a stock as well as population characteristics (Koushlesh et al., 2017). Mathematical correlation between fish length-weight is useful in converting length observations into weight estimates to provide several measures viz. on gonadal development, feeding rate and maturity condition (Beyer, 1987; Froese, 1998). In addition, condition factor (K) and relative condition factor (Kn) provide information regarding environmental conditions, stage of sexual maturity, and degree of food sources availability i.e well-being of fish (Gomiero, 2005).
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First report of skeletal deformity in Schizothorax plagiostomus (Heckel, 1838) from Kashmir valley, India
Schizothorax plagiostomus (Heckel, 1838) is a native cyprinid fish, commonly known as 'khont' in Kashmir. It is a commercially important herbivorous freshwater snow trout species that inhabit cold-waters in snow-fed rivers with temperatures ranging from 8 to 19 °C, considering great aquaculture potential (Rayal, 2020). This species breeds in streams and rivers and reaches a maximum body length of 41.5 cm (Khan and Sabah 2013). It is frequently difficult to differentiate from Schizothorax richardsonii (Gray, 1832) due to its close resemblance (Pandey and Nautiyal 1997). Schizothorax plagiostomus is commonly distributed in the Himalayan foothills, but recent observations indicate that Schizothorax plagiostomus has declined significantly in many parts of its range due to the introduction of invasive species, overfishing, and damming. (Ganai et al., 2011). The IUCN classifies this species as vulnerable (Jan and Daniels, 2022). Skeletal deformity has a significant impact on the biological performance of all fish (Raja et al., 2016). However, skeletal deformation has been used by fisheries biologists to monitor fish health under existing water conditions (Lindesjoo and Thulin, 1992). Skeletal deformity is a complex combination of various bone diseases, including spinal and vertebral deformities such as kyphosis, scoliosis, lordosis, platysma, and spinal fusion. Other deformities include crooked jaw, crooked neck, and forward and downward protrusion of the lips and jaw, reduction of the lower jaw, reduction or asymmetry of the fins, shortening of the gill cover, etc. (Berillis, 2015).
Precision and accuracy of age estimates in Cyprinus carpio var. communis linnaeus, 1758, and schizopyge niger (Heckel, 1838) using hard anatomical parts
The study of fish age and growth is a fundamental technique that is significant not only for fisheries biology but also for stock management and productivity. To investigate population dynamics and maintain sustainable yields in aquaculture, it is necessary to have detailed knowledge about the age and growth of the fish (Campana and Thorrold, 2001). One of the most crucial tasks for fisheries professionals has remained to be determining the age and growth of the fish (Jackson, 2007). Various ageing structures have reportedly been used for age estimation comparison to determine the most precise and appropriate structure for a fish population (Maceina and Sammons, 2006; Reid, 2007; Phelps et al., 2007). Some of the earliest works on age determination of fishes in India are those of Rao (1935) on Psettodes erumei, Hora and Nair (1940) on Hilsa ilisha, Devnesan (1943) and Hornell and Nayudu (1924) on Sardinella longiceps and Chacko et al. (1948) on Hilsa ilisha. However, because researchers didn't fully understand how often rings form in the body parts of the fish they were studying, they made different guesses about the ages of those species, which have now been shown to be incorrect. Annuli were first observed in the mackerel at Calicut in the early years, but for unknown reasons, the results afterwards seem to have been abandoned. Both Jones and Menon (1951) and Chidambaram and Krishnamurthy (1951) were unsuccessful in locating useful rings in hilsa scales or mackerel otoliths. In the later years, ageing structures were used in the published literature on Indian freshwater fishes to connect age with growth rather than evaluate the accuracy of age estimates (Johal et al., 1983; Johal and Tandon, 1985; Johal and Tandon, 1992; Dua and Kumar, 2006). In the past five years, advances in ageing methodology and regional studies have deepened our understanding of Kashmir's freshwater cyprinids. Raina et al. (2020) applied high-resolution digital imaging of opercular bones to resolve ambiguous annuli in Himalayan carp, achieving an average percent error below 1.2%. Sharma and Qadri (2021) demonstrated that otolith microstructure combined with stable-isotope analysis can refine age estimates under variable thermal regimes. More recently, Khan et al. (2023) validated opercular ageing against bomb-radiocarbon dating in snow trout (Schizothorax spp.), confirming annual ring deposition even under extreme seasonal fluctuations. The fishes chosen for the current study, Cyprinus carpio var. communis and Schizopyge niger, have diverse structures (opercular bone, scales, dorsal fin ray, and otolith) that can be compared to determine their age. However, no such report which shows the precision and accuracy of age determination in these fishes has been published.
Effect of dietary Citrullus lanatus seed on growth, nutrient utilization and hematological parameters in Cirrhinus mrigala
The present study was conducted to examine the effect of dietary Citrullus lanatus seed on growth, nutrient utilization and hematological parameters in C.mrigala. Four isonitrogenous diets were kept in different proportions: WSM0 (Control diet), WSM15, WSM30 and WSM45 inclusion of watermelon seed meal was 0%, 15%, 30% and 45% respectively. The 30 fingerlings were randomly distributed in replicate for each treatment in plastic tank and fed 5% body weight throughout the study period of 50 days with weight measurement at every 10 days and proper feed adjustment. The results showed that growth performance in terms of weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR) and Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was best found in fingerlings fed on a 30% protein diet. It was observed that FCR reduced as dietary protein level increased. The minimum FCR was found to be 1.05±0.021 at 30% and the maximum was 1.41±0.45 at 45%. SGR was found to be 2.31, 2.37, 2.54 and 2.39 in WSM0, WSM15, WSM30 and WSM45 respectively. The present study was showed significant Hematological performance of Cirrhinus mrigala. Proximate composition of the body revealed that dietary protein significantly affects the body protein level. Fingerlings fed on 30 % protein diet obtain a significant (P<0.05) higher body protein as compared to other diets. Thus the present finding suggests that a practical diet having 30% protein provides sufficient nutrients and energy to support the acceptable growth in the fingerlings of C. mrigala.
Assessing KVK-led fisheries extension and training needs among sms in Jammu and Kashmir
Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) play a vital role in boosting agricultural production through farm extension services, including On-Farm Trials (OFT), Front Line Demonstrations (FLD), and capacity development of farmers and extension personnel. However, studies on KVKs’ impact on the fisheries sector are limited. This study explores fisheries extension services by KVKs in Jammu and Kashmir, identifying training needs and constraints faced by KVK Subject Matter Specialists (SMS). Data were collected from 40 of 76 SMS (53%) of J & K. The Weighted Sum method was used for training need assessment and constraint analysis. Findings show most KVKs are under State Agricultural Universities (SAUs) and were established between 2005 and 2014. Only 4% of Fisheries SMS were present in KVKs, and from 2017 to 2021, merely 1% of OFTs/FLDs/trainings were fisheries-related. Key training needs identified by SMS included establishing producer organizations and assessing farmers’ training needs. Reported constraints included the lack of fish rearing units, poor staff strength, and a shortage of fisheries experts. Therefore, there is a pressing need to prioritize the incorporation and development of fisheries extension services in KVKs.
Study of molluscan diversity with correlation to physico-chemical parameters of water in the Burhi Gandak river, Bihar
The current study aimed to assess the molluscan diversity in correlation with physico-chemical parameters in the Burhi Gandak River of Bihar. Mollusc species were collected from three sampling sites- Pilakhi, Dholi and Shaidpur located in Muzaffarpur and Samastipur districts during the study period from November 2021 to August 2022. Molluscs were collected by handpicking and using hand nets. Also, water samples were collected and their physico-chemical properties were analysed as per established standards. The diversity of mollusc species was measured using Simpson, Pielou, Shannon-Wiener and Margalef's richness indices. A total of 12 mollusc species were identified, comprising 9 species from Gastropoda and 3 from Bivalvia. Bellamya bengalensis (25.17%) and Lamellidens marginalis (19.33%) species were more prevalent and widely spread in all water bodies. There is a positive correlation between molluscan abundance and the level of dissolved oxygen (r = 0.836, p < 0.01), temperature (r = 0.64, p < 0.05), hardness (r = 0.80, p < 0.01), and ammonia (r = 0.69, p < 0.05) were found. The study highlights that molluscan diversity in the Burhi Gandak River is significantly influenced by key physico-chemical factors. Conservation efforts are essential to maintain ecological balance and biodiversity.
Optimizing induced breeding and larval rearing of the Moustached danio (Danio dangila) in captivity: unleashing its aquaculture potential
Danio dangila, a valuable ornamental fish native to India, has experienced notable population declines due to overexploitation, habitat degradation, and environmental fluctuations. This study evaluated its breeding performance, embryonic development, and larval rearing under captive conditions using the synthetic hormone Ovaprim™. Wild broodstock collected from the wetlands of West Bengal were maintained on a live Tubifex diet at 5% of body weight daily. Initial attempts to induce spawning through environmental manipulation were unsuccessful. Subsequently, induced breeding trials were conducted, with the best results observed in Set IV, where females received 0.4 ml kg-1 and males 0.3 ml kg-1 of Ovaprim™ via intraperitoneal injection. This treatment yielded the highest number of eggs (700.50 ± 35.2), fertilization rate (64.0 ± 1.24%), and hatching success (66.6 ± 1.2%). The incubation period ranged from 18 to 22 hours at 26-28 °C. Larval rearing over 30 days in glass aquaria recorded a maximum survival rate of 40%, with exogenous feeding initiated on day 5 post-hatch. These findings highlight the effectiveness of hormonal induction in improving captive breeding success and offer helpful tips for sustainable ornamental fish production and species management.
Assessing the potential of paddy-fish integration in Tripura: analysis of productivity and economics
This study evaluated the potential of paddy-fish integration in Tripura, focusing on three districts: South Tripura, West Tripura, and Gomati. Using a comparative design with control (rice monoculture, n = 30) and treatment (paddy-fish integration, n = 30) plots, we collected data from 60 farms over a 3-year period (2020-2022) through stratified random sampling. Farm surveys, field measurements, and soil analysis were employed to assess productivity, yields, economic viability, and soil quality impacts. The size of paddy plots ranged from 500 to 2000 m², with farmers cultivating air-breathing fish and small indigenous species. Statistical analysis revealed that paddy-fish integration significantly increased paddy yields by 14.3% and produced an additional 350±75 kg ha-1 of fish, resulting in a 69.5% to 107.2% higher benefit-cost ratio (2.27±0.32 vs. 1.20±0.05) compared to rice monoculture. Both rotational and concurrent farming systems showed economic viability, with the rotational system demonstrating slightly higher individual yields. Soil fertility parameters, including organic carbon, available NPK, and pH, improved significantly in integrated systems (p<0.05). This research confirms that paddy-fish integration is an economically viable and environmentally sustainable farming system for Tripura, offering significant productivity gains and improved farmer incomes while enhancing soil health for long-term agricultural sustainability.
Comparative length-weight relationship and condition factor of Labeo gonius (Hamilton, 1822) from six river systems in India
Comparative length-weight relationship (LWR) and condition factor of Labeo gonius were estimated for six years from six river systems in India. A total of 589 fish samples were collected from selected landing sites in the Narmada, Krishna, Mahanadi, Ganga, Teesta, and Brahmaputra Rivers. The size of the overall samples ranged from 119 to 460 mm and 17 to 1200 g, respectively. The b values were found to be 2.60 to 3.35, and the fish samples collected from the Narmada, Krishna, Mahanadi, Ganga, and Teesta rivers showed positive allometric growth, while samples from the Brahmaputra showed negative allometric growth (p<0.05). The mean condition factor varied from 1.02±07 to 1.16±14, with the highest value observed from the Brahmaputra River and the lowest being recorded from Krishna River samples. The information generated during the present study could be useful to the sustainable management of L. gonius and other carps in the freshwater river system in India.
Inland primary fisheries cooperative societies in Tamil Nadu: current status and support mechanisms
The Inland Primary Fisheries Cooperative Societies (IPFCSs) play a crucial role in improving inland fishers' livelihoods in Tamil Nadu, acting as key intermediaries for distributing various welfare schemes to support the fishing community. The study assessed the status and institutional support for IPFCSs, using data from the Tamil Nadu State Apex Fisheries Cooperative Federation Limited (TAFCOFED), Tamil Nadu Fishermen Welfare Board (TNFWB), Tamil Nadu Fisheries policy note (2014-2022) and interactions with TAFCOFED officials. The results revealed that Tamil Nadu has the highest cooperative membership in India, with 7,61,521 (19.19%) active members, of which 90,869 (11.87%) are inland fishers across 372 IPFCSs. From 2014 to 2022, the IPFCSs' Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) was 0.10%, with inland fisherwomen cooperatives growing at 1.09% while inland fishermen cooperatives saw a slight decline (-0.12%). The northern and northeastern districts, particularly Tiruvannamalai (32), Cuddalore (31), Viluppuram (28), and Thiruvallur (26) have the most IPFCSs, Meanwhile, Mayiladuthurai (1), along with Ramanathapuram and Ariyalur, both with 2 societies each, highlights areas where cooperative efforts appear to be underdeveloped. A total of 81,813 cooperative members, representing 90.03% of the total membership, are actively engaged in fishing activities, with 74,708 active members in fishermen cooperatives compared to only 7,105 in fisherwomen cooperatives. Pearson correlation analysis showed significant relationships between inland fish production and the availability of inland water resources (r = 0.685, p < 0.01), highlighting the crucial role of water management in enhancing fish production. However, there is a weak and insignificant relationship between fish production and both the number of inland fisheries cooperatives (r = 0.112, p = 0.542) and active membership (r = 0.170, p = 0.353), suggesting that cooperatives, while important for an organization, do not directly influence the inland fish production. TAFCOFED implements various schemes to further support and promote fishing cooperatives in Tamil Nadu. These initiatives encompass the supply of fish transport vehicles, the provision of subsidized fishing inputs, and the construction of fish markets. Additionally, the TNFWB supplements offer various welfare schemes and support to IPFCSs.
Inland fisheries conservation pathways in Hill streams
Fisheries resources in the Himalayan and high-altitude regions-including Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, and Meghalaya-are primarily distributed in upland rivers, streams, lakes, and reservoirs characterized by cold waters (5-20 °C) with high dissolved oxygen. Native fish species inhabiting these hill streams deliver critical ecosystem services: provisioning (food and livelihood security), cultural and spiritual values, and supporting and regulatory functions within the Indian Himalayan biodiversity hotspot.
LENGTH-WEIGHT RELATIONSHIP OF INDIAN MOTTLED EEL, ANGUILLA BENGALENSIS (GRAY, 1831) FROM THE RIVER GODAVARI AND THE RIVER KRISHNA BASIN, INDIA
Anguilla bengalensis is found in India (Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Assam, and Nagaland), Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal (Gandaki, Koshi, Karnali, Mahakali), Sri Lanka, Myanmar, South Africa (Jayaram, 1999; Pike et al., 2020). This species inhabits various niches in river systems from quiet undisturbed areas containing mud substrate to deep water, fast-flowing rock pools of rivers (Bell-Cross and Minshull 1988). A bony fish belonging to the order Anguilliformes of the family Anguillidae, A. bengalensis is a commercially important food and in addition, A. bengalensis is considered a 'pristine rare ornamental species of the Himalayan drainage often being preserved in temple ponds for religious purposes (Shrestha, 2003). It is a catadromous, semelparous species with multiple life stages (Tesch, 2003; Jacoby et al., 2015). The species is subject to heavy fishing pressure, leading to an alarming decline in natural populations. In support of its conservation this species has been declared as 'Near Threatened' according to IUCN criteria (Molur and Walker 1998, Pike et al., 2020).
LENGTH-WEIGHT RELATIONSHIP OF THREE INDIGENOUS FRESHWATER FISH SPECIES FROM MAHARASHTRA, INDIA
The length–weight relationship (LWR) is a fundamental concept in fish biology, describing the quantitative relationship between two key morphological traits-length and weight-at both individual and population levels. It is a critical tool for assessing somatic growth, classified as isometric or allometric (Le Cren, 1951; Froese, 2006; Froese et al., 2011; Jana et al., 2024), and plays a central role in fisheries science. LWRs provide essential insights into condition factors, growth dynamics, and biomass estimations, all of which are vital for sustainable fisheries management and conservation efforts. Moreover, LWRs contribute to life history analyses (Petrakis and Stergiou, 1995), facilitate comparisons across sexes, seasons, and geographical regions (Moutopoulos et al., 2011, Mondal et al., 2023), and serve as indicators of environmental productivity and trophic status (Tsoumani et al., 2006; Moutopoulos et al., 2011). They also assist in differentiating stocks and conducting morphological assessments among species and populations (Moutopoulos and Stergiou, 2002; Santos et al., 2002; King, 2007; Bhakta et al., 2019). Despite their broad utility, LWR data remain unavailable for a majority of fish species globally only 14.3% of the world’s 33,500 species are represented in Fish Base (Froese and Pauly, 2024), underscoring the urgency for more region- and species-specific studies.
TEMPORAL VARIATIONS OF LENGTH, WEIGHT AND CONDITIONFACTOR OF MYSTUS GULIO (HAMILTON, 1822) IN THE INDIAN SUNDARBANS: A POLYNOMIAL REGRESSION APPROACH
A study was conducted to understand the temporal variation of Mystus gulio (Hamilton, 1822) based on length (cm) and weight (g) collected from River Matla in the Indian Sundarbans. Length-weight relationship (LWR) was determined using the equation W = aLb for 614 fish collected from July 2023 to October 2024. The value of the regression coefficient (b) was estimated to be 3.37 (r2=0.96) for combined sexes and was found to be highly significant (P<0.01) and thus suggesting positive allometric growth. The catfish exhibited its highest body weight in April 2024, averaging 67.61±4.44 g, while its lowest average was in July 2023, weighing 27.06±8.94 g. The mean monthly relative condition factor (Kn) varied from 0.85 to 1.68, with the highest in April (1.68±0.25), suggesting favourable growth during the period. Further, a polynomial regression model between length, weight and condition factor was established which indicated approximately 95% of the variance in the dependent variable (r2 = 0.95). The study will provide valuable insights into determining the population structure of M. gulio and will play a key role in their management on the river Matla.
EFFECT OF LOCAL ANAESTHETICS ON ROHU FISH (LABEO ROHITA) IN LABORATORY CONDITION
Long distance transportation of fish seed is a serious problem. A good anesthetic will help to transport fish seed in healthy condition, decreases the rate of oxygen consumption and reduces the rate of excretion of carbon dioxide, ammonia and other toxic wastes along with transport cost and labor requirement. Anesthetics increase number of fish seed per container during transportation, avoid repeated thermal and mechanical shock. Ketamine and xylocaine were used as anesthetics @ 0.50 ml l-1, 0.75 ml l-1 and 1.0 ml l-1 on Labeo rohita fingerlings respectively. Application of anesthetics @ 0.75 ml l-1 and 1.0 ml l-1 decreased respiratory activity, ceased normal movement of fish. Little mortality (5-9%) was observed during transportation of fish seed exposed to ketamine and xylocaine respectively. Normal movement of ceased fish started after exposed to natural water. Ketamine can be used as an anaesthetic during fish seed transportation of Labeo rohita fingerlings and found to be more suitable than xylocaine @ 0.75 ml l-1 for a period upto 24 hours without any adverse effect either on fish behaviour or on mortality. The reduced metabolic activity in the anaesthetized fish leads to less consumption of oxygen; consequently, less release of carbon dioxide in the water thereby the fish seed do not get stressed as in the case of traditional fish seed transportation.
EFFECT OF PASSIVE INTEGRATED TRANSPONDER (PIT) TAGGING ON HEMATOLOGICAL ALTERATION IN LABEO ROHITA (HAMILTON, 1822)
Labeo rohita is one of the commercial important aquaculture species in the South-East Asian countries. Passive Integrated Transponder (PIT) tagging is a technique used for tracking fish through the implantation of a small Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) microchip, which facilitates long-term identification while ensuring minimal health impact. The study provides the stress physiological responses to intramuscular Passive Integrated Transponders (PIT) tagging in Labeo rohita. A total of 63 fish specimen with average length15cm to 22 cm and weight 125 to 220 g were intramuscularly tagged with PIT over a period of 30 days and the haematological parameters were analysed over a period of 15 min, 30 min, 1 h, 2 h, 4 h, 8 h, 16 h, 2 d, 3 d, 10 d, 15 d, 30 d respectively. The result indicated that the initial hours of tagging, the stress level remain high and gets stabilised after 4 hours of tag insertion. This study emphasizes the necessity of initial stress reduction management during the tagging programme towards mitigating damages to fish health and for welfare.
PREVALENCE OF ENTEROCOCCUS FAECALIS AND E. FAECIUM INLIVE PANGASIANODON HYPOPHTHALMUS OBTAINED FROM RETAIL FISH MARKETS IN LUCKNOW, INDIA AND THEIR ANTIMICROBIALRESISTANCE PROFILE
Enterococcus faecalis and E. faecium can cause severe infections in human and their presence in food, especially when multidrug-resistant, threatens human health. This study documented the prevalence of E. faecalis and E. faecium in Pangasianodon hypophthalmus collected from retail fish markets in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh and determined their antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The prevalence of E. faecalis was 47.05% and 35.29% for E. faecium. Both the enterococcal species showed higher resistance to erythromycin (~76%) and lower resistance (<30%) to tetracycline, quinopristion-dalfopristion, ciprofloxacin and chloramphenicol. Multidrug resistance was higher in E. faecium as compared to E. faecalis. Our study highlights AMR profile of enterococcal isolates from pangasius and suggests the need of improving hygiene in the fish markets.
ECONOMIC VALUATION OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICES IN DIMBHERESERVOIR, MAHARASHTRA
Reservoirs provide a range of ecological and economic services to human beings which are referred to as “ecosystem services”. This study focuses on identifying and determining the value of ecosystem services provided by Dimbhe Reservoir in Maharashtra, India, to highlight the importance of preserving and managing this valuable resource. Primary data from 160 households were collected and single and double bounded Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) were used to find the willingness to pay of respondents. In CVM, the logistic model was used based on the dichotomous choice method to randomly estimate the WTP with three different bid values (first bid, low bid, and high bid, which were 250, 100, and more than 250, respectively). The study estimated the economic value of six provisional services viz. employment, water for irrigation, water for drinking, hydroelectric power generation, fuel wood, and fishing in the reservoir. The average total economic value of provisioning services in the Dimbhe reservoir was estimated as 899.6 lakhs per year. Education, house type, and monthly household income were the significant potential factors for WTP for the provisioning services.
MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION AND PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF CLARIAS GARIEPINUS AND CLARIAS BATRACHUS USING DNA BARCODING TECHNIQUES
DNA barcoding has emerged as a reliable method for the rapid and accurate identification of animal species, leveraging genomic sequences to distinguish between closely related species. This study focuses on the molecular characterization of Clarias gariepinus and Clarias batrachus, two economically significant catfish species, using cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) and 16S rRNA genes. pecimens of C. gariepinus and C. batrachus were identified based on morphometric traits, specifically gill-raker counts (GRC). DNA from preserved tissue samples was amplified using COI and 16S rRNA primers. Genetic divergence and phylogenetic trees were used to determine species connections. C. batrachus COI and 16S rRNA genes have genetic distances of 0.141 and 0.077, whereas C. gariepinus had 0.140 and 0.047. Three COI clades were found in C. batrachus and C. gariepinus by phylogenetic analysis. The 16S rDNA sequences divided C. batrachus and C. gariepinus into three groups, with C. dussumieri closely linked to B. bagarius (KT878055) with an 82% bootstrap score. The K2P/NJ tree analysis supported the clustering of similar species and confirmed the taxonomic groupings observed. DNA barcoding, using the COI and 16S rRNA genes, distinguishes C. gariepinus and C. batrachus, two closely related fish species. C. gariepinus and the Asian Clarias species evolved separately, demonstrating the significance of DNA barcoding in species identification and phylogenetic study. COI gives valuable insights; however, DNA barcoding and morphological data provide a more complete picture of fish biodiversity and fisheries sustainability.
HEMOLYSIN III SUPER FAMILY PROTEIN, A POTENTIAL VIRULENCE FACTOR IN ENTEROBACTER CLOACAE ASSOCIATED WITH MASS MORTALITY IN LABEO BATA ELICITS IMMUNE RESPONSE DURING INFECTION
Mass mortality due to hemorrhagic ulcerative lesions in Indian Minor Carp (Labeo bata) has been reported in the East Kolkata Wetland, Kolkata, West Bengal, India. Enterobacter cloacae as the etiological agent responsible for the infection in L. bata was characterised. The study identified the Haemolysin III superfamily protein in E.cloacae. The expression levels of immune-related genes Interleukin-10 (IL-10), Complement factor 3a (C3a), and Heat Shock Proteins 70 (Hsp70) were found to be up-regulated in the kidney’s and liver of experimentally challenged fish after 12h of post injection. This is the first report of L. bata infection by E. cloacae.
ADVANCING PUBLIC HEALTH NUTRITION THROUGH SUSTAINABLE FISHERIES
Public health nutrition (PHN) focuses on improving human health and preventing diseases through good dietary practices and nutritional interventions to address malnutrition (that includes both under- and overnutrition), obesity and food security at population level. It includes two key areas: Community nutrition that involves planning and implementing nutrition policies and interventions for communities (like maternal nutrition programs), schools (like midday meal programs) and other work places, and the Clinical nutrition that focusses on assessment and management of nutritional needs of individuals with chronic health issues like diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, food allergy and other metabolic disorders through medical nutrition therapy. Thus, while community nutrition works on broader health strategies for larger groups, communities at population level, clinical nutrition is personalized dealing with specific medical needs of individuals.
LENGTH-WEIGHT RELATIONSHIP OF WHIPFIN SILVER-BIDDY, GERRES FILAMENTOSUS CUVIER, 1829 ALONG THE RATNAGIRI, MAHARASHTRA, CENTRAL WEST COAST OF INDIA
The length-weight relationship is a valuable tool for understanding the condition, reproductive history, and evolution of aquatic species, as well as for morphological comparisons between organisms and populations (King, 1995). Knowledge of the length-weight relationship between these two variables is essential for growth predictions and total biomass assessments (Gopalakrishnan et al., 2014; Bhakta et al., 2019a, 2019b). It is also used to estimate fish weight from length and to assess stock biomass, which is crucial for fisheries resource management (Froese et al., 2006; Goncalves et al., 1997; Govinda Rao et al., 2014; Bhakta et al., 2022). Length-weight relationships, widely employed to convert length measurements into weight and vice versa, serve as critical parameters in fisheries biology. Such information is essential for deriving equations that convert length into weight to assess stock status (Al Nahdi et al., 2016; Freitas et al., 2017; Jana et al., 2024). This is especially important because length measurements are quicker and more precise under field conditions than weight measurements (Baitha et al., 2018; Borah et al., 2020; Mondal et al., 2023).
ECONOMIC VALUATION OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICES OF A MULTIPURPOSE TROPICAL RESERVOIR: INSIGHTS FROM THE STANLEY RESERVOIR, INDIA
Dams offer numerous advantages, particularly in addressing climate change challenges and meeting the rising global demand for electricity. However, recent experiences have revealed significant environmental, social, and political challenges associated with their construction. Despite their significance, ecosystem service (ES) assessments often overlook reservoirs created by dams and barrages in comparison to other inland aquatic systems. This study estimates the total economic value of the Stanley Reservoir, encompassing both use and non-use values. The study highlights five key services: fish production, agricultural output, domestic water supply, power generation, and tourism. Data collection involved household surveys and focused group discussions, which were analysed using market price-based approaches, the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM), and the Individual Travel Cost (ITC) method. The results show that the Stanley Reservoir generates about INR 62,620 million, or USD 753,66 million, in goods and services every year. The largest share of this value comes from power generation (79.71%), followed by agricultural production and irrigation (18.98%), tourism (0.55%), domestic water use (0.44%), and fisheries (0.25%). This study shows how important it is for the economy to value ecosystem services for long-term management and smart choices. It also shows how important Stanley Reservoir (also called Mettur Reservoir) is to the region’s growth.
FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH ADOPTION LEVEL AND ADOPTION BEHAVIOUR OF FISH FARMERS ON BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES (BMPS) FOR FISH CULTURE IN ASSAM, INDIA
Better Management Practices (BMPs) for fish farming are a standardized set of farming practices to ensure the environmental and financial sustainability of fish farming systems. The adoption of BMPs of fish culture and the associated factors was studied different districts of Assam (Nagaon, Kamrup, Jorhat, Cachar and Sonitpur) each district located in different agro-climatic zones as part of the Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project (APART)- fishery, Assam. Using a three point Likert scale, respondents’ level of agreement with forty seven recommended technological practices in the implementation of proposed APART fish production technologies were assessed. The overall adoption rate was approximately 73.27%. Using factor analysis, all the partly adopted BMPs were categorized into seven thematic factors: optimised management and input supply, improved management practices, aquaculture management practices, culture system practices, productivity and input management, routine maintenance and priority area before stocking. Although adopting the BMPs is voluntary, the practices crucial to the success of a crop were adopted by all the farmers, whereas those that involved significant cost were left out.
UNVEILING THE NATURAL MEDICINAL PROPERTIES OF FISH SKIN MUCUS FOR DISEASE MANAGEMENT IN AQUAFARMING
Fish skin mucus, a complex and dynamic biological secretion, plays a crucial role in the physiology and ecology of these aquatic organisms. In this mini-review, we are providing an overview of the diverse properties of the fish skin mucus, elaborating its multifunctional aspects in the life of fishes. The fish skin mucus is a complex mixture of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and other bioactive compounds. The structural organization of the skin mucus helps in interactions with the surrounding environment, emphasizing its role as a protective barrier against pathogens, parasites, and environmental stressors. Various properties of the skin mucus of fishes make them applicable for medicinal and cosmetic industries. Therefore, the potential applications of fish skin mucus for biotechnological research and products, including drug discovery, biomaterial developments, and environmental monitoring, are highlighted briefly here.
ASSESSING ICHTHYOFAUNAL DIVERSITY OF DAL AND MANASBAL LAKES, KASHMIR VALLEY
This study investigates the ichthyofaunal diversity of Dal and Manasbal Lakes, located in the Kashmir Valley. Over the course of a year, sampling was conducted to assess the fish diversity in these two water bodies. The findings revealed a total of seven fish species inhabiting both lakes, including indigenous and exotic varieties. However, the decline in the number of fish species in Dal Lake and Manasbal Lake was observed and attributed primarily to anthropogenic pressures such as pollution, habitat degradation, and the introduction of invasive species. Factors such as overfishing and habitat destruction further threaten the delicate balance of these aquatic ecosystems. Urgent conservation measures are imperative to mitigate the ongoing decline and restore the ecological integrity of Dal and Manasbal Lakes. This study underscores the importance of preserving aquatic biodiversity and highlights the need for collaborative efforts among conservationists to safeguard these invaluable natural treasures for future generations.
QUALITY EVALUATION OF RESTRUCTURED-DEHYDRATED PRODUCT FROM FRESH WATER FISH
Restructured fish products are globally recognized for their unique texture and sensory attributes, but their high moisture content makes them highly perishable. This study focused on analyzing the quality of dehydrated, restructured fish products made from rohu (Labeo rohita) and their acceptability as base materials for coated snacks. Two formulations were used to produce the restructured-dehydrated products: one without black gram flour, referred to as RDP (Rohu Dehydrated Product), and the other with black gram flour, referred to as RFDP (Rohu-Flour Dehydrated Product). The protein content in RDP and RFDP was found to be 36.51% and 32.50%, respectively. The fat content in the dehydrated rohu products ranged from 18.84% to 14.16%. The rehydration ratio for RDP ranged from 0.90 to 1.25, while for RFDP it ranged from 1.31 to 1.62. In both products, the rehydration ratio increased over time. SDS-PAGE analysis of the protein profile showed bands at 200 kDa, 45 kDa, and 55-45 kDa. Both products received an overall acceptability score above 7 (like-moderately) on a 9-point hedonic scale. The findings suggest that mince-based dehydrated fish products can serve as a convenient material for producing ready-to-fry snacks.
DETERMINATION OF AMINO ACIDS AND OIL SOLUBLE VITAMINS COMPOSITION OF SOME SMALL INDIGENOUS FISHES OF MANIPUR, INDIA
In this study, we aimed to determine the amino acids content, essential amino acids score and oil soluble Vitamins content in the Small indigenous fishes of Manipur, India. The amino acids and oil soluble Vitamins viz. Vit-A, Vit-D, Vit-E and Vit-K composition of the fishes are analysed by using HPLC. 16 different amino acids which categorized under essential amino acids (EAAs) and non-essential amino acids (NEAAs) were determined. As the result of the analysis threonine which is followed by leucine and histamine are the most abundant EAAs found in the fishes. Whereas, arginine, glycine and alanine are the predominant NEAAs found in the fishes. The ratio of the NEAAs and EAAs are also calculate, which index the quality of protein found in the fishes. The ratio ranges from 0.79 g/100g (Lepidochephalichthys guntea) - 5.98 g/100g (Hypsibarbus myitkyinae). The essential amino acids scores are shown higher than the reference (g/100g) given by FAO/WHO/UNU, 2007. The oil soluble vitamins viz. Vitamin A, Vitamin D, Vitamin E and Vitamin K were found in the ranged of 7.26 µg/100g (Hypsibarbus myitkyinae) to 18.50 µg/100g (Pangio pangia), 3.48 µg/100g (Syncrossus berdmorei) to 12.89 µg/100g (Tariqilabeo burmanicus), 1.65 µg/100g (Glossogobius giuris) to 0.24 µg/100g (Devario yuensis) and 6.94 µg/100g (Pangio pangia) to 12.76 µg/100g (Glossogobius giuris) respectively. Form the study it is shown that SIFFs can be determined as the good sources of amino acids and oil soluble vitamins. It may also provide the knowledge about the importance of SIFFs for their high nutritive value and good food for monitoring many micro nutrients deficiencies, so consumption of SIFFs should be encouraged.
ENHANCEMENT OF FISH YIELD BY ENRICHMENT OF PLANKTON THROUGH ORGANIC MANURE
The experiment was undertaken to study both the qualitative and quantitative enrichment of phytoplankton and zooplankton using different organic manures and their impact on the growth of Cirrhinus mrigala. Cisterns (180 L) were treated with three types of organic manures, namely cow dung (T2), pig dung (T3), and poultry manure (T4), along with a control (T1). Manures were applied on an isonitrogen basis, considering 10,000 kg cow dung/ha as the initial dose. Periodical manuring was applied at half of the initial dose at monthly intervals. The total volume and protein content of plankton were found to be higher with poultry manure. Fish yield was highest in poultry manure (4963.2 kg/ ha/90 days) compared to pig dung (3667.2 kg/ha/90 days) and cow dung (2440.8 kg/ha/90 days). The study demonstrates that carp production can be significantly enhanced using organic manure by increasing the availability of enriched plankton to fish.