Journal of the Inland Fisheries Society of India
T he Society regularly brings out a Journal named "The Inland Fisheries Society of India". The 1st Volume was published in December, 1969 and since then made a place among the top fishery journals in the country. The Journal publishes original research works, monographs, invited review articles and books on specialized subjects for exchange and dissemination of information in the country and abroad. Â The journal of Inland Fisheries Society of India welcomes original research contributions broadly in the field of inland fisheries science. The scope of the journal includes fisheries research on aspects related to inland waters-rivers, reservoirs, floodplain wetlands, estuaries and other brackish waters.
In case of publication of the article in the journal, author(s) are required to assign copyright to the Journal of the Inland Fisheries Society of India for its publication in any form/language including all media (print and electronic, or presently unknown), and exclusive right to use the matter for the life of the work (no time restriction on re use of matter).
Length-weight relationship and condition factors of Parambassis dayi (Bleeker 1874) from Periyar river, India
Length-weight relationship provides biological information about a fish species (Le Cren, 1951) and is helpful in assessing a stock as well as population characteristics (Koushlesh et al., 2017). Mathematical correlation between fish length-weight is useful in converting length observations into weight estimates to provide several measures viz. on gonadal development, feeding rate and maturity condition (Beyer, 1987; Froese, 1998). In addition, condition factor (K) and relative condition factor (Kn) provide information regarding environmental conditions, stage of sexual maturity, and degree of food sources availability i.e well-being of fish (Gomiero, 2005).
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First report of skeletal deformity in Schizothorax plagiostomus (Heckel, 1838) from Kashmir valley, India
Schizothorax plagiostomus (Heckel, 1838) is a native cyprinid fish, commonly known as 'khont' in Kashmir. It is a commercially important herbivorous freshwater snow trout species that inhabit cold-waters in snow-fed rivers with temperatures ranging from 8 to 19 °C, considering great aquaculture potential (Rayal, 2020). This species breeds in streams and rivers and reaches a maximum body length of 41.5 cm (Khan and Sabah 2013). It is frequently difficult to differentiate from Schizothorax richardsonii (Gray, 1832) due to its close resemblance (Pandey and Nautiyal 1997). Schizothorax plagiostomus is commonly distributed in the Himalayan foothills, but recent observations indicate that Schizothorax plagiostomus has declined significantly in many parts of its range due to the introduction of invasive species, overfishing, and damming. (Ganai et al., 2011). The IUCN classifies this species as vulnerable (Jan and Daniels, 2022). Skeletal deformity has a significant impact on the biological performance of all fish (Raja et al., 2016). However, skeletal deformation has been used by fisheries biologists to monitor fish health under existing water conditions (Lindesjoo and Thulin, 1992). Skeletal deformity is a complex combination of various bone diseases, including spinal and vertebral deformities such as kyphosis, scoliosis, lordosis, platysma, and spinal fusion. Other deformities include crooked jaw, crooked neck, and forward and downward protrusion of the lips and jaw, reduction of the lower jaw, reduction or asymmetry of the fins, shortening of the gill cover, etc. (Berillis, 2015).
Precision and accuracy of age estimates in Cyprinus carpio var. communis linnaeus, 1758, and schizopyge niger (Heckel, 1838) using hard anatomical parts
The study of fish age and growth is a fundamental technique that is significant not only for fisheries biology but also for stock management and productivity. To investigate population dynamics and maintain sustainable yields in aquaculture, it is necessary to have detailed knowledge about the age and growth of the fish (Campana and Thorrold, 2001). One of the most crucial tasks for fisheries professionals has remained to be determining the age and growth of the fish (Jackson, 2007). Various ageing structures have reportedly been used for age estimation comparison to determine the most precise and appropriate structure for a fish population (Maceina and Sammons, 2006; Reid, 2007; Phelps et al., 2007). Some of the earliest works on age determination of fishes in India are those of Rao (1935) on Psettodes erumei, Hora and Nair (1940) on Hilsa ilisha, Devnesan (1943) and Hornell and Nayudu (1924) on Sardinella longiceps and Chacko et al. (1948) on Hilsa ilisha. However, because researchers didn't fully understand how often rings form in the body parts of the fish they were studying, they made different guesses about the ages of those species, which have now been shown to be incorrect. Annuli were first observed in the mackerel at Calicut in the early years, but for unknown reasons, the results afterwards seem to have been abandoned. Both Jones and Menon (1951) and Chidambaram and Krishnamurthy (1951) were unsuccessful in locating useful rings in hilsa scales or mackerel otoliths. In the later years, ageing structures were used in the published literature on Indian freshwater fishes to connect age with growth rather than evaluate the accuracy of age estimates (Johal et al., 1983; Johal and Tandon, 1985; Johal and Tandon, 1992; Dua and Kumar, 2006). In the past five years, advances in ageing methodology and regional studies have deepened our understanding of Kashmir's freshwater cyprinids. Raina et al. (2020) applied high-resolution digital imaging of opercular bones to resolve ambiguous annuli in Himalayan carp, achieving an average percent error below 1.2%. Sharma and Qadri (2021) demonstrated that otolith microstructure combined with stable-isotope analysis can refine age estimates under variable thermal regimes. More recently, Khan et al. (2023) validated opercular ageing against bomb-radiocarbon dating in snow trout (Schizothorax spp.), confirming annual ring deposition even under extreme seasonal fluctuations. The fishes chosen for the current study, Cyprinus carpio var. communis and Schizopyge niger, have diverse structures (opercular bone, scales, dorsal fin ray, and otolith) that can be compared to determine their age. However, no such report which shows the precision and accuracy of age determination in these fishes has been published.
Effect of dietary Citrullus lanatus seed on growth, nutrient utilization and hematological parameters in Cirrhinus mrigala
The present study was conducted to examine the effect of dietary Citrullus lanatus seed on growth, nutrient utilization and hematological parameters in C.mrigala. Four isonitrogenous diets were kept in different proportions: WSM0 (Control diet), WSM15, WSM30 and WSM45 inclusion of watermelon seed meal was 0%, 15%, 30% and 45% respectively. The 30 fingerlings were randomly distributed in replicate for each treatment in plastic tank and fed 5% body weight throughout the study period of 50 days with weight measurement at every 10 days and proper feed adjustment. The results showed that growth performance in terms of weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR) and Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was best found in fingerlings fed on a 30% protein diet. It was observed that FCR reduced as dietary protein level increased. The minimum FCR was found to be 1.05±0.021 at 30% and the maximum was 1.41±0.45 at 45%. SGR was found to be 2.31, 2.37, 2.54 and 2.39 in WSM0, WSM15, WSM30 and WSM45 respectively. The present study was showed significant Hematological performance of Cirrhinus mrigala. Proximate composition of the body revealed that dietary protein significantly affects the body protein level. Fingerlings fed on 30 % protein diet obtain a significant (P<0.05) higher body protein as compared to other diets. Thus the present finding suggests that a practical diet having 30% protein provides sufficient nutrients and energy to support the acceptable growth in the fingerlings of C. mrigala.
Assessing KVK-led fisheries extension and training needs among sms in Jammu and Kashmir
Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) play a vital role in boosting agricultural production through farm extension services, including On-Farm Trials (OFT), Front Line Demonstrations (FLD), and capacity development of farmers and extension personnel. However, studies on KVKs’ impact on the fisheries sector are limited. This study explores fisheries extension services by KVKs in Jammu and Kashmir, identifying training needs and constraints faced by KVK Subject Matter Specialists (SMS). Data were collected from 40 of 76 SMS (53%) of J & K. The Weighted Sum method was used for training need assessment and constraint analysis. Findings show most KVKs are under State Agricultural Universities (SAUs) and were established between 2005 and 2014. Only 4% of Fisheries SMS were present in KVKs, and from 2017 to 2021, merely 1% of OFTs/FLDs/trainings were fisheries-related. Key training needs identified by SMS included establishing producer organizations and assessing farmers’ training needs. Reported constraints included the lack of fish rearing units, poor staff strength, and a shortage of fisheries experts. Therefore, there is a pressing need to prioritize the incorporation and development of fisheries extension services in KVKs.
Study of molluscan diversity with correlation to physico-chemical parameters of water in the Burhi Gandak river, Bihar
The current study aimed to assess the molluscan diversity in correlation with physico-chemical parameters in the Burhi Gandak River of Bihar. Mollusc species were collected from three sampling sites- Pilakhi, Dholi and Shaidpur located in Muzaffarpur and Samastipur districts during the study period from November 2021 to August 2022. Molluscs were collected by handpicking and using hand nets. Also, water samples were collected and their physico-chemical properties were analysed as per established standards. The diversity of mollusc species was measured using Simpson, Pielou, Shannon-Wiener and Margalef's richness indices. A total of 12 mollusc species were identified, comprising 9 species from Gastropoda and 3 from Bivalvia. Bellamya bengalensis (25.17%) and Lamellidens marginalis (19.33%) species were more prevalent and widely spread in all water bodies. There is a positive correlation between molluscan abundance and the level of dissolved oxygen (r = 0.836, p < 0.01), temperature (r = 0.64, p < 0.05), hardness (r = 0.80, p < 0.01), and ammonia (r = 0.69, p < 0.05) were found. The study highlights that molluscan diversity in the Burhi Gandak River is significantly influenced by key physico-chemical factors. Conservation efforts are essential to maintain ecological balance and biodiversity.
Optimizing induced breeding and larval rearing of the Moustached danio (Danio dangila) in captivity: unleashing its aquaculture potential
Danio dangila, a valuable ornamental fish native to India, has experienced notable population declines due to overexploitation, habitat degradation, and environmental fluctuations. This study evaluated its breeding performance, embryonic development, and larval rearing under captive conditions using the synthetic hormone Ovaprim™. Wild broodstock collected from the wetlands of West Bengal were maintained on a live Tubifex diet at 5% of body weight daily. Initial attempts to induce spawning through environmental manipulation were unsuccessful. Subsequently, induced breeding trials were conducted, with the best results observed in Set IV, where females received 0.4 ml kg-1 and males 0.3 ml kg-1 of Ovaprim™ via intraperitoneal injection. This treatment yielded the highest number of eggs (700.50 ± 35.2), fertilization rate (64.0 ± 1.24%), and hatching success (66.6 ± 1.2%). The incubation period ranged from 18 to 22 hours at 26-28 °C. Larval rearing over 30 days in glass aquaria recorded a maximum survival rate of 40%, with exogenous feeding initiated on day 5 post-hatch. These findings highlight the effectiveness of hormonal induction in improving captive breeding success and offer helpful tips for sustainable ornamental fish production and species management.
Assessing the potential of paddy-fish integration in Tripura: analysis of productivity and economics
This study evaluated the potential of paddy-fish integration in Tripura, focusing on three districts: South Tripura, West Tripura, and Gomati. Using a comparative design with control (rice monoculture, n = 30) and treatment (paddy-fish integration, n = 30) plots, we collected data from 60 farms over a 3-year period (2020-2022) through stratified random sampling. Farm surveys, field measurements, and soil analysis were employed to assess productivity, yields, economic viability, and soil quality impacts. The size of paddy plots ranged from 500 to 2000 m², with farmers cultivating air-breathing fish and small indigenous species. Statistical analysis revealed that paddy-fish integration significantly increased paddy yields by 14.3% and produced an additional 350±75 kg ha-1 of fish, resulting in a 69.5% to 107.2% higher benefit-cost ratio (2.27±0.32 vs. 1.20±0.05) compared to rice monoculture. Both rotational and concurrent farming systems showed economic viability, with the rotational system demonstrating slightly higher individual yields. Soil fertility parameters, including organic carbon, available NPK, and pH, improved significantly in integrated systems (p<0.05). This research confirms that paddy-fish integration is an economically viable and environmentally sustainable farming system for Tripura, offering significant productivity gains and improved farmer incomes while enhancing soil health for long-term agricultural sustainability.
Comparative length-weight relationship and condition factor of Labeo gonius (Hamilton, 1822) from six river systems in India
Comparative length-weight relationship (LWR) and condition factor of Labeo gonius were estimated for six years from six river systems in India. A total of 589 fish samples were collected from selected landing sites in the Narmada, Krishna, Mahanadi, Ganga, Teesta, and Brahmaputra Rivers. The size of the overall samples ranged from 119 to 460 mm and 17 to 1200 g, respectively. The b values were found to be 2.60 to 3.35, and the fish samples collected from the Narmada, Krishna, Mahanadi, Ganga, and Teesta rivers showed positive allometric growth, while samples from the Brahmaputra showed negative allometric growth (p<0.05). The mean condition factor varied from 1.02±07 to 1.16±14, with the highest value observed from the Brahmaputra River and the lowest being recorded from Krishna River samples. The information generated during the present study could be useful to the sustainable management of L. gonius and other carps in the freshwater river system in India.
Inland primary fisheries cooperative societies in Tamil Nadu: current status and support mechanisms
The Inland Primary Fisheries Cooperative Societies (IPFCSs) play a crucial role in improving inland fishers' livelihoods in Tamil Nadu, acting as key intermediaries for distributing various welfare schemes to support the fishing community. The study assessed the status and institutional support for IPFCSs, using data from the Tamil Nadu State Apex Fisheries Cooperative Federation Limited (TAFCOFED), Tamil Nadu Fishermen Welfare Board (TNFWB), Tamil Nadu Fisheries policy note (2014-2022) and interactions with TAFCOFED officials. The results revealed that Tamil Nadu has the highest cooperative membership in India, with 7,61,521 (19.19%) active members, of which 90,869 (11.87%) are inland fishers across 372 IPFCSs. From 2014 to 2022, the IPFCSs' Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) was 0.10%, with inland fisherwomen cooperatives growing at 1.09% while inland fishermen cooperatives saw a slight decline (-0.12%). The northern and northeastern districts, particularly Tiruvannamalai (32), Cuddalore (31), Viluppuram (28), and Thiruvallur (26) have the most IPFCSs, Meanwhile, Mayiladuthurai (1), along with Ramanathapuram and Ariyalur, both with 2 societies each, highlights areas where cooperative efforts appear to be underdeveloped. A total of 81,813 cooperative members, representing 90.03% of the total membership, are actively engaged in fishing activities, with 74,708 active members in fishermen cooperatives compared to only 7,105 in fisherwomen cooperatives. Pearson correlation analysis showed significant relationships between inland fish production and the availability of inland water resources (r = 0.685, p < 0.01), highlighting the crucial role of water management in enhancing fish production. However, there is a weak and insignificant relationship between fish production and both the number of inland fisheries cooperatives (r = 0.112, p = 0.542) and active membership (r = 0.170, p = 0.353), suggesting that cooperatives, while important for an organization, do not directly influence the inland fish production. TAFCOFED implements various schemes to further support and promote fishing cooperatives in Tamil Nadu. These initiatives encompass the supply of fish transport vehicles, the provision of subsidized fishing inputs, and the construction of fish markets. Additionally, the TNFWB supplements offer various welfare schemes and support to IPFCSs.
Inland fisheries conservation pathways in Hill streams
Fisheries resources in the Himalayan and high-altitude regions-including Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, and Meghalaya-are primarily distributed in upland rivers, streams, lakes, and reservoirs characterized by cold waters (5-20 °C) with high dissolved oxygen. Native fish species inhabiting these hill streams deliver critical ecosystem services: provisioning (food and livelihood security), cultural and spiritual values, and supporting and regulatory functions within the Indian Himalayan biodiversity hotspot.
LENGTH-WEIGHT RELATIONSHIP OF INDIAN MOTTLED EEL, ANGUILLA BENGALENSIS (GRAY, 1831) FROM THE RIVER GODAVARI AND THE RIVER KRISHNA BASIN, INDIA
Anguilla bengalensis is found in India (Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Assam, and Nagaland), Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal (Gandaki, Koshi, Karnali, Mahakali), Sri Lanka, Myanmar, South Africa (Jayaram, 1999; Pike et al., 2020). This species inhabits various niches in river systems from quiet undisturbed areas containing mud substrate to deep water, fast-flowing rock pools of rivers (Bell-Cross and Minshull 1988). A bony fish belonging to the order Anguilliformes of the family Anguillidae, A. bengalensis is a commercially important food and in addition, A. bengalensis is considered a 'pristine rare ornamental species of the Himalayan drainage often being preserved in temple ponds for religious purposes (Shrestha, 2003). It is a catadromous, semelparous species with multiple life stages (Tesch, 2003; Jacoby et al., 2015). The species is subject to heavy fishing pressure, leading to an alarming decline in natural populations. In support of its conservation this species has been declared as 'Near Threatened' according to IUCN criteria (Molur and Walker 1998, Pike et al., 2020).
LENGTH-WEIGHT RELATIONSHIP OF THREE INDIGENOUS FRESHWATER FISH SPECIES FROM MAHARASHTRA, INDIA
The length–weight relationship (LWR) is a fundamental concept in fish biology, describing the quantitative relationship between two key morphological traits-length and weight-at both individual and population levels. It is a critical tool for assessing somatic growth, classified as isometric or allometric (Le Cren, 1951; Froese, 2006; Froese et al., 2011; Jana et al., 2024), and plays a central role in fisheries science. LWRs provide essential insights into condition factors, growth dynamics, and biomass estimations, all of which are vital for sustainable fisheries management and conservation efforts. Moreover, LWRs contribute to life history analyses (Petrakis and Stergiou, 1995), facilitate comparisons across sexes, seasons, and geographical regions (Moutopoulos et al., 2011, Mondal et al., 2023), and serve as indicators of environmental productivity and trophic status (Tsoumani et al., 2006; Moutopoulos et al., 2011). They also assist in differentiating stocks and conducting morphological assessments among species and populations (Moutopoulos and Stergiou, 2002; Santos et al., 2002; King, 2007; Bhakta et al., 2019). Despite their broad utility, LWR data remain unavailable for a majority of fish species globally only 14.3% of the world’s 33,500 species are represented in Fish Base (Froese and Pauly, 2024), underscoring the urgency for more region- and species-specific studies.
TEMPORAL VARIATIONS OF LENGTH, WEIGHT AND CONDITIONFACTOR OF MYSTUS GULIO (HAMILTON, 1822) IN THE INDIAN SUNDARBANS: A POLYNOMIAL REGRESSION APPROACH
A study was conducted to understand the temporal variation of Mystus gulio (Hamilton, 1822) based on length (cm) and weight (g) collected from River Matla in the Indian Sundarbans. Length-weight relationship (LWR) was determined using the equation W = aLb for 614 fish collected from July 2023 to October 2024. The value of the regression coefficient (b) was estimated to be 3.37 (r2=0.96) for combined sexes and was found to be highly significant (P<0.01) and thus suggesting positive allometric growth. The catfish exhibited its highest body weight in April 2024, averaging 67.61±4.44 g, while its lowest average was in July 2023, weighing 27.06±8.94 g. The mean monthly relative condition factor (Kn) varied from 0.85 to 1.68, with the highest in April (1.68±0.25), suggesting favourable growth during the period. Further, a polynomial regression model between length, weight and condition factor was established which indicated approximately 95% of the variance in the dependent variable (r2 = 0.95). The study will provide valuable insights into determining the population structure of M. gulio and will play a key role in their management on the river Matla.
EFFECT OF LOCAL ANAESTHETICS ON ROHU FISH (LABEO ROHITA) IN LABORATORY CONDITION
Long distance transportation of fish seed is a serious problem. A good anesthetic will help to transport fish seed in healthy condition, decreases the rate of oxygen consumption and reduces the rate of excretion of carbon dioxide, ammonia and other toxic wastes along with transport cost and labor requirement. Anesthetics increase number of fish seed per container during transportation, avoid repeated thermal and mechanical shock. Ketamine and xylocaine were used as anesthetics @ 0.50 ml l-1, 0.75 ml l-1 and 1.0 ml l-1 on Labeo rohita fingerlings respectively. Application of anesthetics @ 0.75 ml l-1 and 1.0 ml l-1 decreased respiratory activity, ceased normal movement of fish. Little mortality (5-9%) was observed during transportation of fish seed exposed to ketamine and xylocaine respectively. Normal movement of ceased fish started after exposed to natural water. Ketamine can be used as an anaesthetic during fish seed transportation of Labeo rohita fingerlings and found to be more suitable than xylocaine @ 0.75 ml l-1 for a period upto 24 hours without any adverse effect either on fish behaviour or on mortality. The reduced metabolic activity in the anaesthetized fish leads to less consumption of oxygen; consequently, less release of carbon dioxide in the water thereby the fish seed do not get stressed as in the case of traditional fish seed transportation.
EFFECT OF PASSIVE INTEGRATED TRANSPONDER (PIT) TAGGING ON HEMATOLOGICAL ALTERATION IN LABEO ROHITA (HAMILTON, 1822)
Labeo rohita is one of the commercial important aquaculture species in the South-East Asian countries. Passive Integrated Transponder (PIT) tagging is a technique used for tracking fish through the implantation of a small Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) microchip, which facilitates long-term identification while ensuring minimal health impact. The study provides the stress physiological responses to intramuscular Passive Integrated Transponders (PIT) tagging in Labeo rohita. A total of 63 fish specimen with average length15cm to 22 cm and weight 125 to 220 g were intramuscularly tagged with PIT over a period of 30 days and the haematological parameters were analysed over a period of 15 min, 30 min, 1 h, 2 h, 4 h, 8 h, 16 h, 2 d, 3 d, 10 d, 15 d, 30 d respectively. The result indicated that the initial hours of tagging, the stress level remain high and gets stabilised after 4 hours of tag insertion. This study emphasizes the necessity of initial stress reduction management during the tagging programme towards mitigating damages to fish health and for welfare.
PREVALENCE OF ENTEROCOCCUS FAECALIS AND E. FAECIUM INLIVE PANGASIANODON HYPOPHTHALMUS OBTAINED FROM RETAIL FISH MARKETS IN LUCKNOW, INDIA AND THEIR ANTIMICROBIALRESISTANCE PROFILE
Enterococcus faecalis and E. faecium can cause severe infections in human and their presence in food, especially when multidrug-resistant, threatens human health. This study documented the prevalence of E. faecalis and E. faecium in Pangasianodon hypophthalmus collected from retail fish markets in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh and determined their antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The prevalence of E. faecalis was 47.05% and 35.29% for E. faecium. Both the enterococcal species showed higher resistance to erythromycin (~76%) and lower resistance (<30%) to tetracycline, quinopristion-dalfopristion, ciprofloxacin and chloramphenicol. Multidrug resistance was higher in E. faecium as compared to E. faecalis. Our study highlights AMR profile of enterococcal isolates from pangasius and suggests the need of improving hygiene in the fish markets.
ECONOMIC VALUATION OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICES IN DIMBHERESERVOIR, MAHARASHTRA
Reservoirs provide a range of ecological and economic services to human beings which are referred to as “ecosystem services”. This study focuses on identifying and determining the value of ecosystem services provided by Dimbhe Reservoir in Maharashtra, India, to highlight the importance of preserving and managing this valuable resource. Primary data from 160 households were collected and single and double bounded Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) were used to find the willingness to pay of respondents. In CVM, the logistic model was used based on the dichotomous choice method to randomly estimate the WTP with three different bid values (first bid, low bid, and high bid, which were 250, 100, and more than 250, respectively). The study estimated the economic value of six provisional services viz. employment, water for irrigation, water for drinking, hydroelectric power generation, fuel wood, and fishing in the reservoir. The average total economic value of provisioning services in the Dimbhe reservoir was estimated as 899.6 lakhs per year. Education, house type, and monthly household income were the significant potential factors for WTP for the provisioning services.
MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION AND PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF CLARIAS GARIEPINUS AND CLARIAS BATRACHUS USING DNA BARCODING TECHNIQUES
DNA barcoding has emerged as a reliable method for the rapid and accurate identification of animal species, leveraging genomic sequences to distinguish between closely related species. This study focuses on the molecular characterization of Clarias gariepinus and Clarias batrachus, two economically significant catfish species, using cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) and 16S rRNA genes. pecimens of C. gariepinus and C. batrachus were identified based on morphometric traits, specifically gill-raker counts (GRC). DNA from preserved tissue samples was amplified using COI and 16S rRNA primers. Genetic divergence and phylogenetic trees were used to determine species connections. C. batrachus COI and 16S rRNA genes have genetic distances of 0.141 and 0.077, whereas C. gariepinus had 0.140 and 0.047. Three COI clades were found in C. batrachus and C. gariepinus by phylogenetic analysis. The 16S rDNA sequences divided C. batrachus and C. gariepinus into three groups, with C. dussumieri closely linked to B. bagarius (KT878055) with an 82% bootstrap score. The K2P/NJ tree analysis supported the clustering of similar species and confirmed the taxonomic groupings observed. DNA barcoding, using the COI and 16S rRNA genes, distinguishes C. gariepinus and C. batrachus, two closely related fish species. C. gariepinus and the Asian Clarias species evolved separately, demonstrating the significance of DNA barcoding in species identification and phylogenetic study. COI gives valuable insights; however, DNA barcoding and morphological data provide a more complete picture of fish biodiversity and fisheries sustainability.
HEMOLYSIN III SUPER FAMILY PROTEIN, A POTENTIAL VIRULENCE FACTOR IN ENTEROBACTER CLOACAE ASSOCIATED WITH MASS MORTALITY IN LABEO BATA ELICITS IMMUNE RESPONSE DURING INFECTION
Mass mortality due to hemorrhagic ulcerative lesions in Indian Minor Carp (Labeo bata) has been reported in the East Kolkata Wetland, Kolkata, West Bengal, India. Enterobacter cloacae as the etiological agent responsible for the infection in L. bata was characterised. The study identified the Haemolysin III superfamily protein in E.cloacae. The expression levels of immune-related genes Interleukin-10 (IL-10), Complement factor 3a (C3a), and Heat Shock Proteins 70 (Hsp70) were found to be up-regulated in the kidney’s and liver of experimentally challenged fish after 12h of post injection. This is the first report of L. bata infection by E. cloacae.
ADVANCING PUBLIC HEALTH NUTRITION THROUGH SUSTAINABLE FISHERIES
Public health nutrition (PHN) focuses on improving human health and preventing diseases through good dietary practices and nutritional interventions to address malnutrition (that includes both under- and overnutrition), obesity and food security at population level. It includes two key areas: Community nutrition that involves planning and implementing nutrition policies and interventions for communities (like maternal nutrition programs), schools (like midday meal programs) and other work places, and the Clinical nutrition that focusses on assessment and management of nutritional needs of individuals with chronic health issues like diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, food allergy and other metabolic disorders through medical nutrition therapy. Thus, while community nutrition works on broader health strategies for larger groups, communities at population level, clinical nutrition is personalized dealing with specific medical needs of individuals.
AN ACCOUNT OF MACROBENTHIC INVERTEBRATE ASSEMBLAGES AND COMMUNITY STRUCTURE FROM THE RIVER GANGA, INDIA
The present study evaluated the habitat characteristics, including sediment and physicochemical properties with biological importance of the river Ganga, using macrobenthic invertebrate assemblages, laterally through an ecological variable. The studies were accompanied at the nine places (RG1 to RG9) in the upper and middle stretches of the Ganga River from March 2017 to January 2020. The present study recorded 35 taxa belonging to 4 classes (Insecta, Gastropoda, Bivalvia, and Annelida), 16 orders, and 29 families. It was observed that insects were dominated along the upper reaches (RG1 and RG3), whereas gastropods and bivalves were abundant at the middle reaches (RG4 to RG9). The mean value of total macrobenthic abundance, taxon richness, and Shannon and Simpson index was greater at RG5 to RG9 compared to sites RG1 to RG4. The findings from the present study revealed that the benthic macroinvertebrate's assemblage pattern was designed by the habitat characteristics, including environmental variables, and through anthropogenic influences at various sampling sites.
A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF FISHING CRAFTS AND GEARS OPERATING ALONG THE WAINGANGA RIVER OF MAHARASHTRA STATE, INDIA
The present study was carried out to examine various types of commonly used fishing crafts and gear operated by local fishermen in the Wainganga River in the Bhandara District of Maharashtra state. The survey was conducted monthly from June 2022 to May 2023. Three different types of fishing crafts and eleven types of fishing gear were observed during the present study, and the dimensions vary depending on the location along the river stretch. The fishing crafts were dug-out canoes, wooden-framed iron/tin/aluminium sheet boats, and plank-built boats. The fishing gears were gill net, cast net, dragnet, trap net, triangular push net, rod and line/hook and line, multiple head spears, and traps ('v'-shaped trap, cylindrical trap, long trap, box trap). The diversity of fish species in the river is threatened by a lack of awareness and the indiscriminate catching of fish with a small mesh-sized net. Therefore, promoting public awareness and providing relevant information regarding the usage of appropriate fishing gear with the proper mesh size may help to conserve the diversity of fisheries in the river and improve the livelihood of local fishermen.
GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND HEMATOGICAL RESPONSES OF LABEO ROHITA FINGERLINGS TO DIETARY CITRULLUS LANATUS SEED MEAL AS SUBSTITUTE OF SOYBEAN MEAL
A 50 day feeding trial was conducted to determine the effects of replacing Soybean meal (SBM) protein with watermelon seed meal (WSM) on growth, feed utilization of Labeo rohita. Four isonitrogenous (30%) diets were applied in four treatment groups designed as WSM0, WSM15, WSM30 and WSM45, Where 0%, 15%, 30% and 45% of SBM protein were substituted by WSM respectively. Significantly higher mean final weight (g), weight gain (%) and specific growth rate was recorded in all treatments. Consequently, significantly lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) was found in all treatments. Moreover, protein content and lipid content of fish muscle tissues were significantly in higher in all treatments. Hemoglobin, Red blood cells and White blood cells were significantly higher in all treatments. Therefore, the results suggest that WSM could replace up to 45% replacement of SBM protein in diets of Labeo rohita without comprising growth performance.
ANESTHETIC EFFECT OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF DATURA STRAMONIUM LEAVES ON COMMON CARP, CYPRINUS CARPIO
The present study aimed to determine the sedative effect of ethanolic extract of Datura stramonium leaves on common carp (Cyprinus carpio). The fish were divided into seven experimental groups and anesthetized with extract doses of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, and 5.0 mg l-1 for a total duration of 48 hours. The results displayed a significant difference (p<0.05) between the groups subjected to varying concentrations of the extract. An increase in anesthetic concentration significantly reduced induction time but prolonged recovery time in the fish (p<0.05). No mortality was observed in the control group (without sedative) and the 0.5 mgl-1 dosage. However, doses above 0.5 mgl-1 resulted in mortality rates ranging from 3.3% to 23.33%. Water temperature showed no significant variation among groups, while dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, and CO2 levels were affected by anesthetic doses (p<0.05). The findings suggest that the ethanolic extract of D. stramonium leaves has potential as a sedative for fish. Based on the study data, a concentration of 0.5 mgl-1 is recommended for safe and successful transportation of common carp without causing mortality.
AQUAPONICS: A SUSTAINABLE FOOD PRODUCTION ALTERNATIVE
A new agricultural production system has to be implemented to meet the food demands of the future global population. Consequently, it is vital to select cropping systems, methods, and technologies based on the agro-climatic characteristics of the region to maximize productivity and produce sustainable output without damaging the environment. Aquaponics is a method that mixes aquaculture with agriculture to produce sustainable quantities of fish and vegetables. This review article explains aquaponics as a system for sustainable food production alternatives, including the evolution of aquaponics, its components, the biotic stresses involved, the designing of aquaponics, the optimum conditions required, deficiency symptoms of plants grown in an aquaponics system, and future aquaponics research requirements. Materials and procedures: A comprehensive and methodical examination of the published publications was performed using Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and NAAS-indexed journals. Despite having lower nutrient concentrations, aquaponic plants serve nearly as well as hydroponic plants, according to a study of the two approaches. Differences in product quality were observed, as aquaponics provided a more consistent nutrient delivery than hydroponics, according to several research studies. Therefore, aquaponics is a field that necessitates additional research to improve the current setup and sustain global agricultural productivity.
PIMENTA DIOICA LEAF EXTRACT USED IN THE SYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES: CHARACTERIZATION AND EVALUATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL APPLICATIONS
Green synthesis approaches for the synthesis of nanomaterials and their different uses have been researched and garnered the interest of researchers in recent years (1-5). One excellent instrument for the introduction and advancement of nanotechnology is the green synthesis of noble metal nanoparticles. Because no hazardous or toxic chemicals are used during the plant-mediated synthesis process, also known as phytosynthesis, it is sometimes referred to as "green synthesis" (6, 7). In order to control the morphology, size, and stability of synthesised nano-sized structures, metallic nanoparticles can be prepared using a variety of synthesis techniques, including biological, physical, chemical, and others. However, the most intriguing synthesis method is the one for green metallic anoparticle synthesis. Plant extract-based green synthesis techniques have gained a lot of attention because they are both economical and environmentally friendly (8-10) and because a variety of abundant and diverse biomolecules function as reducing and capping agents (11, 12). Modifying the morphology, shape, size, surface to volume ratio, and composition of nanoparticles (NPs) is a crucial step towards achieving improved physical, chemical, and biological properties for desired applications in various fields, including electronics, household appliances, cosmetics, agriculture, and pharmaceuticals (13-17). Green synthesis methods facilitate this process. The safe and environmentally benign character of phytosynthesized silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) makes them an attractive option for usage in a wide range of applications. Researchers are constantly looking for less dangerous, manageable, effective, large-scale manufacturing, and environmentally friendly synthesis techniques for nanotechnology advancements and their effects on biological things (18-21). Ag NPs are among the metals that have drawn the most attention from researchers because of their unique physiochemical characteristics and exciting potential uses in biomedicine (22-27). In order to lessen microbial contamination, the scientific community is making use of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) in nanomedicine and in combination with other biomaterials. Because of these nanoparticles' surface plasmon resonance feature, they have also been investigated for bio-imaging applications (28).
FISH CONSUMPTION BEHAVIOR AND CONSTRAINTS AFFECTING FISH CONSUMPTION: A STUDY IN FOUR MAJOR FISH MARKETS IN KOLKATA
This study delved into fish consumer behavior and constraints faced by them in Kolkata, by collecting data from 200 fish buyers during December 2021 to February 2022. Findings revealed that the consumers mainly reside in nuclear families (54%), with men (83%) as primary buyers, typically over 45 years old with an annual income of Rs. 3-5 lakhs. Private sector employment is common among the fish buyers who buy buy fish twice a week, averaging 7 kg monthly. Among the constraints, price fluctuation (RBQ value 80.88) is the most important for Local Carps (LC) fish group. For other choice fish groups (CFG’s) availability (77.94), high price (79.94), price fluctuation (76.33), irregular supply are major constrains affecting the purchasing while buying Inter-state carps, (ISC), Local Non-carps (LNC), Interstate Non-Carps (ISNC), and Small Indigenous fish (SIF), respectively.
DIVERSITY OF PHYTOPLANKTON FROM THE GANGA RIVER AT RASULABAD GHAT AND SANGAM, PRAYAGRAJ, UTTAR PRADESH
Studies on phytoplankton diversity and abundance were carried out in river Ganga at Sangam and Rasulabad ghat from April to May 2023. A total of 71 phytoplankton species were documented belonging to Chlorophyta (38), Heterokontophyta (23), Cryptophyta (1), Cyanobacteria (8) and Ochrophyta (1). The highest species richness was recorded in Rasulabad ghat (65 spp) than in Sangam (48 spp). The dominance of Chlorophyta at both sampling sites indicated higher organic pollution and anthropogenic disturbance. However, higher species richness and lower abundance in Rasulabad ghat indicated comparatively less pollution than in other sites.
We have been witnessing the degradation of natural ecosystems including wetlands, rivers, cultivable lands, forests, etc. in our surroundings which have become substantially visible during our life time. The rivers are drying up, the peripheries of the wetlands are being encroached, the construction of roads and urbanization have been making permanent detrimental effects to the natural ecosystems, indiscriminate dumping of pollutants into the water bodies has become rampant and so on. A classic example is the Pulicat lake in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. This lake was cut across in the middle by the Sriharikota Link Road, which divided the water body into lagoon and marshy land. Such degradations of natural ecosystem are serious issues not only for India but also for the whole world. Usually, we barely see the policy makers taking bold steps to address these issues. Nevertheless, the European Union (EU), in this context, came forward and showed the path to the whole world by taking the long-awaited bold step. The Nature Restoration Law (NRL) has been adopted by the EU's Environmental Council on June 17, 2024. This is the law that aims to restore the health of Europe's natural ecosystems, mandating that at least 20% of the EU's land, sea, wetlands, rivers, forests areas must be restored by 2030 with a goal that all the ecosystems (in need of restoration) will be fully restored by 2050. Being a part of the EU's Biodiversity Strategy for 2030 and the European Green Deal, NRL focuses on the ecosystems including forests, agricultural lands, rivers, urban spaces, lakes etc. with specific measures such as the restoration of 25,000 km of rivers into free-flowing rivers and planting 3 billion additional trees by 2030. Undoubtedly, this is an inspiring and landmark law which must be imitated by not only India but also by rest of the world.