The Journal of Livestock Biodiversity, published by the Society for Conservation of Domestic Animal Biodiversity (SOCDAB, Reg. No. 482, year 1998-99), is a scientific publication dedicated to research and advancements in the field of animal genetic resources, conservation and the biodiversity of domestic livestock and poultry. SOCDAB was established with the goal of promoting the conservation and sustainable use of animal genetic resources. SOCDAB focuses on raising awareness about the importance of conserving indigenous livestock and poultry breeds, particularly in developing countries where biodiversity is at risk due to industrial farming practices and environmental changes. SOCDAB resolved to publish its own research Journal by the name of ‘Journal of Livestock Biodiversity’ in August, 2006. The Journal of Livestock Biodiversity was launched in 2009 as a platform to publish research, case studies and reviews related to the conservation of domestic animal biodiversity. The publication serves as an outlet for researchers, breeders, conservationists and policymakers involved in the conservation of rare and indigenous livestock breeds. A PDF version of the journal is shared with all life members of the Society.
Society for Conservation of Livestock Biodiversity
Assisted Reproductive Technologies for Livestock Biobanking
Conservation of livestock genetic resources is essential for biodiversity, sustainable agriculture, and future breeding programs. Cryobanking and assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) have emerged as vital tools for preserving and utilizing valuable or endangered livestock species. Sperm and oocyte banking allow long-term storage of individual genetic material, whereas embryo banking through in vitro embryo production (IVEP), including ovum pick-up (OPU), in vitro fertilization (IVF), and intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) preserves the complete parental genome. Somatic cell banking combined with somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) and interspecies SCNT (iSCNT) further enhances conservation by allowing the generation of cloned animals from cryopreserved cells, even after the death, enabling restoration of lost genetics. Despite progress, challenges remain, including technical strength, infrastructure, low embryo development rates, cryosensitivity, and SCNT inefficiencies. Advances in cryopreservation techniques, epigenetic reprogramming, and automation are improving the success and applicability of these technologies. In conclusion, integration of multiple ARTs with national and global gene banks provides a comprehensive strategy for maintaining genetic diversity and supporting livestock sustainability.
Raja Kolandanoor Nachiappan Kolandanoor Nachiappan
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Livestock Biodiversity https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Biodiversity of Indian Livestock in 13th Century: A Review
Categorization of domestic animal diversity on the basis of phenotypic traits has been an important step in understanding the life on the earth. Classification of animals on basis of coat color, geographic origin, behavior etc. highlight the earlier attempts for description of phenotypic attributes of domestic livestock. Classification of domestic animals gives idea for understanding history and is essential for an effective conservation of genetic diversity. All modern classification systems have their roots in the Linnaean classification system, developed in the 17th century. However, a systematic attempt for classification of wild and domestic fauna on the basis of behavior and phenotype was done in 13th century only in India. A Jain monk ‘Hansadeva’ have described in detail about classification of domestic and wild animals in his Sanskrit book, ‘Mrigapakshi Shastra’ i.e. Science of animals and birds. This information not only glorifies the ancient Indian knowledge but also provide a valuable base in understanding the animal and birds’ diversity. This article covers the earlier attempt of Indian scholar regarding classification of domestic livestock.
Predicting crossbred performance in chicken: A genomic simulation study on Jharkhand native × commercial breed combinations
Systematic crossbreeding between indigenous and commercial poultry breeds is a key strategy for enhancing productivity while retaining valuable adaptive traits. This study utilized genomic simulation to predict and evaluate the effects of heterosis in F₁ crosses between the resilient Jharkhand native chicken and three specialized commercial breeds: White Leghorn, Rhode Island Red, and Cornish. A simulated population of 1,200 purebred individuals was generated based on breed-specific performance parameters and a genomic architecture of 1,000 SNP markers. Crossbreeding simulations were conducted to produce 250 F₁ offspring per combination. The Jharkhand × Rhode Island Red cross exhibited the highest heterosis for both egg production (14.9%) and body weight (18.2%), making it an optimal dual-purpose choice. The Jharkhand × White Leghorn cross showed significant heterosis for egg production (10.7%), suiting layer-focused systems. The Jharkhand × Cornish cross yielded the highest body weight heterosis (11.7%), demonstrating its potential for specialized meat production. The results provide data-driven recommendations for targeted crossbreeding programs, highlighting the critical role of indigenous genetic resources in sustainable poultry improvement.
Evolutionary signatures and functional genomics of stature associated loci in domestic cattle
This review synthesizes current knowledge on the genetic architecture underlying bovine stature, with a particular focus on major quantitative trait loci (QTL) and candidate genes identified through genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and fine-mapping efforts. Among these, the pleiomorphic adenoma gene 1 (PLAG1) locus on bovine chromosome 14 (BTA14) consistently emerges as a principal determinant of stature across diverse breeds, influencing growth through regulatory effects on insulin-like growth factor pathways. Other significant loci, including MEF2C, HMGA2, and genes within growth hormone signaling pathways, also contribute to body size variation. Evolutionary perspectives reveal the impact of domestication, historical stature reduction and recovery, and the introgression of advantageous alleles between Bos taurus and Bos indicus. Breed-specific adaptations, particularly in indigenous cattle, highlight genetic diversity linked to environmental resilience, disease resistance, and morphological variation. Despite major advances, challenges remain in addressing missing heritability, limited high-resolution data for local breeds, and the functional validation of noncoding variants. Future directions emphasize the integration of whole-genome sequencing, multi-omics approaches, and targeted functional genomics to elucidate causal mechanisms. Understanding the complex genomic basis of stature not only enhances selection strategies in commercial cattle but also underscores the importance of conserving genetic resources in indigenous breeds, ensuring sustainable improvement and adaptability in the face of changing production and environmental demands.
Bovine stature, Genome-wide association studies (GWAS), Indigenous cattle, PLAG1 gene, Polygenic traits
Indigenous livestock wealth of Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand states of India - Status and prospects for characterization
Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand, the northern states of India, together occupy almost 9% of the total land area of the country. The topography includes fertile plains and hilly areas. This land is endowed with enormous biodiversity of livestock genetic resources. Unfortunately, only 15 breeds have so far been registered from this region, 12 from Uttar Pradesh and only 3 from Uttarakhand. These animal genetic resources evolved in the local environment, provide livestock products, promising assets during agriculture crisis and may have unique characteristics like disease resistance, thermo-tolerance, medicinal value of meat and milk and utilization of low-quality feed. Their full economic potential cannot be exploited until they are characterized. Since livestock diversity is declining rapidly world-wide, the need of hour is to characterize, document and conserve our livestock diversity of our animal genetic resources. As per the latest livestock census (2019), Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand possess 68 million and 4.4 million livestock population, respectively. Despite huge livestock population in Uttar Pradesh and enormous biodiversity in Uttarakhand, the numbers of registered breeds are very less. In this review, we have summarized the status and prospects of animal genetic resources of two Indian states namely, Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand. Recent trends and conservation required for their better utilization have also been included. This comprehensive information would help researchers, activists and policy makers involved in characterization and conservation of livestock genetic resources.
Phenotypic Mapping of Animal Genetic Resources in Dehradun District of Uttarakhand
Phenotypic mapping refers to the systematic documentation of livestock and poultry populations within specific geographical regions. This approach aids in cataloguing all recognized breeds and populations present in the area, as well as monitoring populations that migrate over time due to their functional value or economic viability. A field survey was conducted in five blocks of Dehradun district and nearby area (Sahaspur, Vikasnagar, Doiwala, Kalsi, and Jwalapur) to document livestock composition and identify distinct populations. The survey revealed predominance of Jersey × Holstein Friesian crossbreds, along with the presence of Belahi cattle, Murrah and Gojri buffaloes, non-descript goats, and backyard poultry including Aseel and Kadaknath breeds. Notably, a lesser known cattle population was identified in the Kalsi and Chakrata blocks, Chakrati or Kalsi cattle. These animals exhibited distinct traits including small body size, white to light grey coat colour, and prominent hump and dewlap. The identification of this population underscores the need for further phenotypic and genetic studies, and conservation strategies to safeguard livestock biodiversity in the Himalayan region. This study has established the comprehensive information about the livestock and poultry populations in the Dehradun district of Uttarakhand.
Characterization of the Indigenous Kow Bakar (Black Goat) of Uttarakhand
Kow Bakar goats, locally known as "Kali Bakari," are indigenous to specific regions of Uttarakhand, particularly Thalisain (Pauri Garhwal), Syaldey (Almora), and Gairsain (Chamoli). These goats, raised traditionally by local farming communities, are medium-sized with a distinct black coat and are primarily reared for meat. A survey was conducted in 52 villages across three districts of Uttarakhand, namely Pauri Garhwal, Almora, and Chamoli. The goats exhibit unique physical and managemental traits, reflecting centuries-old husbandry practices in the Himalayan region. This study presents their morphological traits, performance indicators, and socio-economic importance, highlighting their potential for conservation and genetic improvement programs.
Assessment of livestock, poultry, and fisheries distribution and management practices in Raisen district of Madhya Pradesh state
The livestock, poultry, and fisheries sectors significantly contribute to rural livelihoods, food security, and agricultural sustainability in India. This study provides a comprehensive assessment of their distribution and management practices in Raisen district, Madhya Pradesh. Data were collected using purposive sampling across 10 tehsils, covering 145 households and over 5,300 animals, including cattle, buffaloes, goats, poultry, and fish. Results indicated that traditional husbandry systems prevail, with non-descript cattle, buffaloes, and goats comprising over 70% of the livestock population. Natural mating was the dominant breeding practice, largely due to limited access to artificial insemination in remote areas. Backyard poultry, primarily involving dual purpose breeds like Narmada Nidhi and Sonali, played a vital role in nutritional security and supplemental income for marginal farmers. Fisheries remained underutilized, restricted to small-scale pond-based aquaculture. Livestock housing was mostly temporary (kachcha), with poor hygiene and drainage. Feeding systems relied heavily on open grazing and purchased fodder, while fodder cultivation and concentrate use were minimal, particularly during summer. Veterinary coverage, vaccination, and deworming practices were moderate to low. Socio-economic profiling revealed small landholdings (1-3.27 acres), low annual income (₹14,000-63,700), and active male and female participation in animal husbandry. The NRLM’s Pashu Sakhi initiative has played a crucial role in strengthening village level livestock health and management services. Furthermore, state government schemes such as the Acharya Vidyasagar Gau Samvardhan Yojana, 10+1 Goatery Unit Scheme, Dr. Ambedkar Kamdhenu Yojana, and Backyard Poultry Scheme are contributing to livestock-based livelihood development. The study highlights critical gaps in breed improvement, housing, feeding, veterinary care, and aquaculture utilization. These findings underscore the need for region-specific policy support, infrastructure development, breed conservation efforts, and farmer-centric extension services to enhance productivity, strengthen rural incomes, and conserve livestock biodiversity in Raisen district.
Differential expression of Pattern Recognition Receptor (PRR) genes in zebu (Bos indicus) and crossbred (Bos taurus x Bos indicus) cattle in response to Brucella abortus S19 antigen
Innate immunity is critical for the initial containment of the pathogen in the host; however, the strength may deviate in different host types. Here, we demonstrated the relative expression of pattern recognition receptor (PRR) molecules- Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 and NOD-like receptor (NLR) 1 of immune cells, involved in the initial recognition of pathogens, during innate immunity in Bos indicus (zebu) and Bos taurus × Bos indicus (crossbred) genetic groups. Real-time expressions of TLR4 and NLR1 genes were evaluated in six female young calves of both groups before (0d) and after 7th, 14th and 28th day (d) immunization with attenuated Brucella abortus S19 strain. The receptor genes, in both of the groups showed downregulation during the initial stage (at 7d) of immunization, followed by upregulation at a later stage. The expression of the TLR4, a specific PRR to recognize gram-negative bacteria including B. abortus, was significantly (p<0.01) higher in crossbred than that of zebu at 14d and 28d. However, the expression of the NLR1, a generalized PRR, was significant (p<0.05) higher initially (14d) in crossbred, but later (28d) in zebu. The differential expression of PRR molecules observed in both kinds of cattle groups indicated their diverse pattern and strength of containment of the Brucella organism at an initial stage.
Hepatic gene expression reveals functional diversity in indigenous chicken breeds
Poultry meat ranks among the most widely consumed sources of animal protein across the globe, with chicken breeds varying significantly in their genetic makeup, physiological traits, and adaptability. Indigenous breeds contribute not only to rural livelihoods but also possess valuable traits like disease resistance, stress tolerance, and superior meat quality. The liver, being central to metabolism and lipid regulation, plays a crucial role in determining growth, reproduction, and stress response in poultry. This study employed high-throughput RNA sequencing to compare hepatic transcriptomes of three distinct chicken breeds—Aseel, Kadaknath, and Punjab Brown, to identify gene expression patterns in each. Notably, genes such as APOV1 and VTG2 showed higher expression in Aseel, SPIA3, HMGCS1, and HSP90B1 in Kadaknath and DIO2 and EPAS1 in Punjab Brown. These differences reflect key roles in lipid metabolism, stress response, immunity and reproduction in these breeds, indicating distinct metabolic adaptations among the breeds.
Deciphering Adaptive Potential and Performance Traits in Cattle through Integrative Genomic Approaches
Genomic tools and techniques have revolutionized our understanding of the genetic basis of adaptation and economically important traits in cattle and helped us to achieve sustainability in livestock breeding. This review highlights the amalgamation of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and selection signature analyses to reveal candidate genes and genomic regions affecting disease resistance, productivity, climate resilience, and reproductive performance in cattle. The detection of trait-associated loci and selection footprints has been transformed by the use of high-density SNP arrays and next-generation sequencing techniques, like ddRAD-Seq and GBS. Case studies across diverse cattle populations, including Indian, African, and temperate ruminants, have revealed critical genomic regions bearing genes like HSPA1B, EPAS1, DGAT1, and BoLA, which are associated with immunity, thermotolerance, and economic performance. In addition to this, this paper highlights the urgent need to conserve India’s native cattle breeds and also advocates for proper in situ conservation strategies. The integration of molecular markers in GWAS and selection signature analyses have allowed precision breeding and improved the accuracy of candidate gene identification, facilitating genomic selection for climate resilience and productivity. This study also underlines the significance of genomically informed breeding programs in enhancing future livestock sustainability.
Effect of Non-Genetic Factors on Growth Traits of Kashmir Merino Sheep
The study investigates the influence of non-genetic factors viz. Period and season of birth, sex, parity and birth type, on growth traits of Kashmir Merino sheep reared under the temperate agro-climatic conditions of Kashmir. Growth performance records collected over a nine year period (2016 - 2024) at the Mountain Research Centre for Sheep & Goat (MRCSG), SKUAST-K, were analyzed using a fixed linear model in R package. Traits included birth weight (BW), weaning weight (WW), six-month weight (6M) and twelve-month weight (12M). The average BW, WW, 6M and 12M weights were estimated as 3.71±0.06 kg, 13.13±0.29 kg, 22.97±0.41 and 30.28±0.89 kg with coefficients of variation of 21.29 %, 18.74%, 17.94% and 21.33%, respectively. The overall least-squares means were 3.5 ± 0.129 kg, 14.6 ± 0.667 kg, 22.1 ± 0.916 kg, and 33.9 ± 2.38 kg for BW, WW, 6M and 12M, respectively. Period of birth, Season of birth, parity, sex and birth type significantly influenced the growth traits in Kashmir-Merino Sheep. The study highlights the importance of accounting for these non-genetic factors in growth performance evaluation.
Kow Debar: An Indigenous Black Sheep Population from the Hills of Uttarakhand
The study focused on the phenotypic characterization of Kow Debar sheep, a lesser-known sheep population from Uttarakhand, primarily found in Pauri Garhwal, Almora, and Chamoli districts at elevations of 1600–2200 meters above sea level. Data from 43 villages and 80 farmers revealed that Kow-debar sheep are small in size, black colour and compact with coarse fiber coats. They have slightly convex heads, medium-sized horizontally oriented ears, and medium curved horns in males, while mostly females are hornless. Their husbandry involves an unorganized, semi-feral system, with sheep grazing 4–6 hours daily on local vegetation. Housing varies by flock size, and breeding is uncontrolled, primarily using flock-owned males.
Morphometric, morphology and body weights of Kudu duck found in Mayurbhanj district of Odisha
A comprehensive scientific survey was conducted across four sub-divisions encompassing 18 blocks of the Mayurbhanj district, Odisha, to assess the morphological features, body conformation traits, and body weights of native ducks. A total of 2,190 ducks were evaluated, representing 204 farming families. Data collection focused on body coloration and morphometric traits in both sexes. The average flock size of Kudu ducks was 10.74 birds, comprising 2.91 drakes (27.09%), 5.24 ducks (48.79%), and 2.59 ducklings (24.12%) per household. The mean adult body weight at 12 months of age was 1.292 ± 0.017 kg for drakes and 1.231 ± 0.015 kg for ducks, with drakes being significantly heavier (P<0.01). There was considerable variation in the coloration of most body parts across individuals and sexes, with no uniform colour pattern identified. Common colours included black, light brown, and grey, often in combination. However, some consistent traits were observed: all ducks had light pink skin and black eyes. Black head coloration was predominant in drakes (59.65%) but observed in only 13.89% of females. A white neck ring was present in more than 50% of both sexes. A mosaic plumage pattern was the most prevalent across both sexes. Metallic green bills were more commonly found in drakes (41.23%), while females displayed a broader range of bill colours (9.03%–22.22%). Orange shanks and feet were observed in over 70% of individuals regardless of sex. Drakes exhibited significantly greater values in bill length and width, head width, neck length, breast length, body length, wingspan, and body circumference. Interestingly, ducks had a significantly wider head (P<0.01) compared to drakes. The study concludes that native ducks of Mayurbhanj are relatively small-sized birds, with their body weight and conformation traits suggesting a better suitability for egg production rather than meat. Despite the wide variability in colour patterns, key distinguishing features—such as the white neck ring, mosaic plumage, and the presence of light brown feathers in females—make these ducks distinct within the local population.
Body weight, Conformation traits, Colour pattern, Kudu duck, Mayurbhanj
Evaluation of semen cryopreservation protocols for Kadaknath chicken
Kadaknath is a black pigmented chicken breed found in the central India. Ex situ in vitro conservation of chicken is mainly done by semen cryopreservation. Two independent experiments were conducted to evaluate semen cryopreservation protocols for Kadaknath chicken. Experiment 1- Kadaknath semen was cryopreserved using 8% Ethylene Glycol (EG) in Sasaki diluent (SD), Lake and Ravie diluent (LR) or Red Fowl Extender (RFE). Experiment 2- semen was cryopreserved using 8% Ethylene Glycol (EG) in SD, 4% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in SD or 4% DMSO in LR. Semen was cryopreserved in 0.5 ml plastic straws and were thawed at 5°C for 100 sec or 37°C for 30 sec for assessment. The pre and post-thaw semen was assessed for sperm motility, live and abnormal sperm and acrosome integrity. The post-thaw semen was inseminated in adult hens to study fertility. The post-thaw sperm motility, live sperm and acrosome intact sperm were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in cryopreserved semen in both experiments. In experiment 1, the maximum post-thaw fertility (8.8%) was obtained from the 8% EG SD cryopreserved semen. In experiment 2, the maximum post-taw fertility (14.5%) was obtained from the 4% DMSO SD cryopreserved semen. In conclusion, Kadaknath chicken semen may be cryopreserved using 4% DMSO in SD and thawed at 5°C for 100 sec for obtaining better fertility.
Genetic polymorphism within Activating Transcription Factor 4 gene in Sahiwal cattle
Major focus of dairy cattle genomics is to identify genes underlying the genetic variability of economically important traits that could be useful in breeding programmes. The present study on 130 Sahiwal cows by PCR-RFLP and sequencing aimed to explore the polymorphism in the entire coding region of ATF4 gene. Nucleotide sequences were visualized and edited using BioEdit software. The multiple sequence alignments of the edited sequence with corresponding reference sequences were performed with ClustalW software to identify SNPs. Nucleotide sequences were translated to amino acids by ExPASy Translate tool, edited, and subjected to multiple sequence alignment with the reference ATF4 protein sequences of Bostaurus. Amino acid substitutions were analysed using SIFT software (sift.jcvi.org/ or sift-dna.org/). Four set of primers exhibited total 04 SNPs T352C in intron 1, G379A in exon2, A215T and A230C in exon 3 including 02 transitions and 02 transversions. Primer 4 exhibited monomorphic pattern. The identified SNPs can be used as markers for milk traits in Sahiwal cattle. However, association and validation are warranted on larger number of animals and in different herds of Sahiwal cattle.
Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Livestock Biodiversity https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Characteristics, management and production performance of ‘Nagal’ pig in tribal production system of North Eastern Hill region of India
Nagal pigs are favored by tribal farmers due to their rapid growth rate, large litter size, black colour, and unique pork taste. This study, carried out in six districts of Nagaland, involved observations and interviews with pig owners, employing a pre-structured questionnaire to detail the morphology of ‘Nagal’ pigs, along with their management practices and production performance. Nagals are long, deep-bodied and black pigs. They have a short snout gently curved upward. Their top line is slightly concave. They have large, wide and drooping ears, partially obscuring their vision. Nagal pigs breed around the year. For males, the age at first mating is 6-7 months, while in females it is 7-8 months. The age at first farrowing is about 12 months with a farrowing interval of 5-6 months.The average litter size is sizeable, ranging from 7 to 20 piglets, although some sows may produce litters as large as 26.The gestation period is around 114 days. They are raised under intensive backyard management and fed on rice, corn, wheat bran, rice polish, plant leaves and leftover kitchen scraps. Short snout, black colour, low hair density and large ears are the preferred traits. The results of this study will aid in the development of breeding and conservation strategies for this significant swine genetic resource of Nagaland.
Buffalo cell immortalization: Research and conservation for a sustainable future
Cells are integral to researchers due to their pivotal role in a wide range of biological studies, both in vitro and in vivo. Their significance is highlighted by the challenges associated with their typically brief lifespan in laboratory conditions. These challenges include the complexities of cell extraction from source tissues, ethical issues surrounding the use of human or animal models, constraints on cell passage, and variability in experimental outcomes based on cell source differences. In controlled environments, cells are limited to a finite number of divisions, known as the Hayflick limit, due to telomere shortening with each cycle. To overcome this limitation, researchers require cell lines that circumvent the senescence phase after a limited number of divisions. Such immortalized cell lines facilitate more consistent and long-term studies, mitigate the labor involved in cell separation and cultivation, and contribute to cost and time efficiency in research. This review article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of immortalization techniques, exploring various methods, their respective advantages and disadvantages, and the application of these techniques in cell line production across diverse research domains.
Conservation of Malkangiri ponies, a native breed in Southern Odisha
The Malkangiri pony, a unique indigenous horse breed found in Southern Odisha, India, plays a crucial role in preserving biodiversity and supporting local livelihoods. The present study was aimed to evaluate the pony in its native tract. The average height at withers of these ponies was recorded as 125.86±0.34 and 123.77±0.38 cm in male and female, respectively. Height at croup was found to be around 3 cm less than the height at withers. Body length was 106.85±0.19 cm in stallion and corresponding value for mares was 105.26±0.23 cm. An adult pony of either sex is capable of carrying up to 120 kg of weight in undulated hilly terrain. Age at first foaling was estimated as 45.53±1.25 months. The mean foaling interval of these ponies was found as 19.45±0.64 months with gestation period of 11 months. Preserving the Malkangiri pony not only contributes to the genetic diversity of livestock but also supports local agriculture, transportation and tourism, triggering enhancement of livelihood of the stakeholders.
Least square means and heritability estimates of egg quality traits in Aseel and Kadaknath chicken
Egg quality parameters are crucial for the egg industry, as they influence grading, pricing, hatchability, and consumer preferences. To improve these traits, the poultry breeding industry is placing greater emphasis on genetic selection. Current study was undertaken to estimate the effect of non-genetic factors and estimation of genetic parameters of egg quality traits in two important Indian breeds Aseel and Kadaknath. Different parameters of external and internal egg quality were measured. Mean values for external characters of Aseel eggs viz., egg weight, shape index, albumen index, yolk index, shell weight and shell percentage were 44.76 g, 75.61%, 0.06%, 0.43%, 3.03 g and 8.8%, respectively and corresponding values for Kadaknath eggs were 40.54 g, 74.42%, 0.06% , 0.44%, 3.69 g and 10.67%, respectively. Yolk-Albumen Ratio, Haugh Unit were 0.71 and 72.42 for Aseel eggs and 0.71 and 72.47 for Kadaknath eggs, respectively. Heritability estimates for egg quality traits in both Aseel and Kadaknath breeds ranged from moderate to high indicating substantial potential for improving these traits through both individual and family selection methods.
Comprehensive characterization of Indian native chicken breeds in Jharkhand: Exploring phenotypic, reproductive and behavioural traits
The native chicken population from Jharkhand is known for its hardiness and adaptability to the local environment, contributing to high survivability rates. Aseel is a significant native chicken breed of India, primarily found in Chhattisgarh and Andhra Pradesh, renowned for its aggressive fighting abilities, pugnacity, and majestic gait. Considering the importance of native chickens in the Eastern region of India, research work was undertaken to characterize, and conserve Jharkhand native chicken (JNC) and compare them with the Aseel breed based on phenotypic, growth, reproduction, and behaviour traits. The research was conducted in Tamar block of Ranchi district, where the birds were kept under deep litter housing, simulating a backyard environment with night shelters and free-range areas. Aseel chicken exhibited a variety of shades, predominantly red (33.67%), followed by multi-colour (35%) and white (21.33%), while JNC primarily showed red (41.33%) and a combination of white and black (39.33%) colours. Both Aseel and JNC predominantly had yellow shanks, 73.33% and 75%, respectively. Comb-type differences were evident, with Aseel having predominantly pea combs (86.67%) and JNC having mostly single combs (73.33%). Ear lobe colour was uniformly red in Aseel (100%), whereas JNC had a mix of red (81.67%) and white (18.33%) coloured ear lobe. The Aseel breed had significantly (P < 0.05) higher body weights at different ages and greater shank lengths at 20 and 40 weeks of age compared to the JNC. The JNC reached sexual maturity earlier and had significantly (P < 0.05) higher 40-week egg production (26.29±0.48) compared to Aseel (23.43±0.21). Notably, Aseel showed a greater incidence of feather-pecking behaviour, which was mild or even negligible in JNC. Broodiness at 40 weeks of age was observed to be high in both breeds, with 95.02% in Aseel and 98.09% in JNC. This study highlighted the distinct characteristics of Aseel and JNC, contributing valuable insights for conservation and breeding strategies aimed at enhancing local poultry genetic resources.
Genetic variability and phylogenetic analysis of the Insulin Like Growth Factor gene in ten goat breeds
This study aims to evaluate genetic variability in the insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) gene among ten goat breeds. Gene sequences for the IGF1 gene from ten goat breeds viz., Sirohi, Barbari, Black Bengal, Attappady Black, Malabari, Assam Hill, Zaraibi, San Clemente, Tibetan, and Shiba, were retrieved from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Sequences were aligned using ClustalW and analyzed with BioEdit software. Phylogenetic relationships were assessed using MEGA software, incorporating additional IGF1 sequences from various Bovidae and Cervidae species. The analysis revealed eleven polymorphic sites within intron-3 of the IGF1 gene, with three transitions and eight transversions. All identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were novel, except for a G>C mutation at bp position 5752, which was consistent with previous studies. Goat breeds displayed a genetic distance of 0.000, indicating identical or nearly identical IGF1 sequences, while Ovis aries and Bos taurus also showed a close genetic relationship. Ovis dalli and other bovine species exhibited moderate genetic divergence, with more distant relationships observed in species such as Pseudois nayaur and Budorcas taxicolor. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the close genetic similarity among the examined goat breeds and highlighted their evolutionary relationships within the broader group of ruminants. These findings noted close relationships between Bos taurus and Capra hircus and high homology of caprine IGF1 with other ruminants. This study provides insights into the genetic variability of the IGF1 gene and its implications for improving growth traits in goats.
Copyright (c) 2023 Journal of Livestock Biodiversity https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Morphometric features and performance of Nagfani goats in their native tract
Nagfani goat is the most adaptable, dual purpose (chevon and milk), widely distributed and prominent goat in Alwar, Bharatpur and nearby districts of Rajasthan state in India. In order to study the morphometric features and performance of Nagfani goat, the first field survey in India was conducted at their native tract in Alwar and Bharatpur districts of Rajasthan in the year 2023-24. According to the interview schedule, a total of 29 villages were randomly selected based on the Nagfani goat population and 185 goat keepers were randomly selected for this study. Measurements of the data related to morphometric features and performance were taken at different age groups of 9650 animals. The size of Nagfani animals typically ranges from medium to large. The white colour coat with black or pale red spots on the body was a significant characteristic of the Nagfani goat. Ears length was 29.28±0.25 cm, the lower part of the ear hanging about 2 to 3 cm away from its face and remaining fully open in the front like a Nag/Cobra hood, making it stand out from other goats. The nose line exhibited Roman shape characteristic. Horns are of medium length with 17.05±0.99 cm, twisted and directed backward horns. Dewlap was well developed in male goats. The tail was observed in the medium length of 20.65±0.27 cm. The overall body weight of male and female individuals from birth to adulthood were recorded as 3.65±0.02 to 89.51±0.73 kg and 3.60±0.02 to 64.42±0.18 kg, respectively. The average overall chest girth, body length and height at withers was recorded as 54.86±0.63, 51.59±0.61 and 53.35±0.63 cm in male goats and 77.76±0.22, 75.45±0.21 and 75.72±0.22 cm in female goats respectively. The milk yield was recorded at 983.71±1.85 gm/day with richer milk constituents of 3.27±1.01% fat and 8.14±0.02% SNF respectively. The average lactation length in lactating goats was recorded as 281.42±0.30 days. The first mating age was 414.07±3.60 days in males and 310.39±1.57 days in females. Female goats had their first oestrus at 310.23±1.58 days, with a cycle duration of 20.52±0.19 days respectively. The first kidding occurred at 514.88±1.66 days, with an average kidding interval of 368.36±0.64 days. In Nagfani goats, the average litter size was 1.99±0.01 and the lifetime number of kiddings was recorded as 10.94±0.85.
Battisi goat: a lesser known goat population of northern India
The present study was undertaken to characterize a lesser-known goat population of Uttar Pradesh popularly known as Battisi. It is a dual type goat inhabiting Mathura district of UP and bordering areas of Rajasthan and Haryana. Battisi animals are medium to large in size. The white coat color with black or brown patches on face, abdomen and legs are the important characteristics of Battisi goat. The nose line is typical Roman type. Ears are medium to large in size and the length ranged from 8 to 25 cm. The average adult body weight of males and females’ animals were 45.58 ±4.19 and 35.68 ± 0.65 kg, respectively which varies from 38 to 61.4 kg in males and 28 to 48 kg in females. The overall body length, height, chest girth, face length, face width, ear length and tail were 71.73 ±0.77, 80.42 ±0.76, 79.83 ±0.66, 21.69 ± 0.23, 14.12± 0.14, 20.77 ± 1.14 and 13.79 ± 0.44 cm, respectively. Body weight of lambs in the age groups of 1-3, 3-6 and 9.12 months ranged between 7-33, 22-30 and 22-74 kg respectively. The goats are primarily maintained on grazing (extensive system) with zero input. Goat rearing constituted a vital component of livelihood security and economy of the farmers maintaining this goat population. Majority of the farmers have been rearing this population for more than 30-40 years. The primary study reveals that the Battisi goat is phenotypically different from other registered goat breeds of the region.
Genetic and genomic resources of Mithun – An update
Mithun (Bos frontalis) is a unique bovine species native to the tropical rainforest regions of Northeast India and neighboring countries. This paper reviews the genetic and genomic resources of Mithun, highlighting its morphological diversity across distinct strains such as Arunachali, Nagami, Manipuri and Mizo Mithun. Each strain exhibits unique characteristics shaped by selective breeding and adaptation to varying environments. Recent genomic studies have provided insights into the genetic makeup of Mithun, revealing significant diversity and evolutionary connections with other bovine species, particularly the Gaur (Bos gaurus). However, Mithun populations face severe threats, including habitat fragmentation, inbreeding and increasing commercialization, which adversely affect their genetic health and ecological roles. Conservation efforts, including cryopreservation and artificial insemination, show promise for maintaining genetic diversity. The paper emphasizes the need for comprehensive strategies that integrate genomic research with sustainable breeding practices and habitat conservation. Collaborative efforts among government, researchers and local communities are essential to ensure the long-term viability of Mithun populations, preserving their cultural and ecological significance in the region.
From endangered to preserved: Biobanking of the Katchaikatti Black sheep through dermal fibroblast cryopreservation
The present study was carried out with the aim of ex-situ conservation of the elite germplasm of Indian sheep breeds including Katchaikatti Black sheep in the form of cryo cell bank repository. The Katchaikatti Black sheep are distributed in the villages of Vadipatti block of Madurai district in Southern Tamil Nadu and belong to the meat type sheep with extremely coarse and hairy wool. As on date, Katchaikatti black sheep breed is at the risk of extinction and considered to be endangered. It is therefore imperative to conserve the highly valuable sheep germplasm of Indian origin. In this connection, as a preliminary step, a total number of eight ear pinna samples were collected from eight individual sheep (four males and four females from Katchaikatti village) using the sterile surgical blade, washed once in 70 % alcohol, saturated once in washing medium, stored in complete cell culture medium and transported under cold chain. Once in six hours, the complete medium was changed. After bringing to the laboratory at ICAR-CSWRI, Avikanagar, standard cell culture protocol was followed for the initial tissue explant culture. Subculturing of the resultant somatic fibroblast cell was done up to the passage four level at the periodical intervals. In order to use the skin fibroblasts in downstream processing, karyotyping was also carried out through outsourcing, as a gold standard. Various parameters such as viability assay, population doubling time were also carried out. As a final step, cryopreservation of the skin fibroblast cells derived from Katchaikatti black sheep was done using LN2 protocol, after the completion of the standard characterization regimen.
Identification of potential miRNA-mRNA regulatory networks contributing to Changthangi sheep hair follicle development
Changthangi sheep, native to the high-altitude regions of Ladakh, are recognized for their fine fiber production and are distinguished by their grey skin and coats that can be either black or white. In this study, various non- coding RNAs (circRNAs, miRNAs, piRNAs, snRNAs, snoRNAs, and tRNAs) were mined from the RNA sequencing data of the skin tissue of four Changthangi sheep. Subsequently, the specific role of microRNAs was deciphered to uncover the molecular drivers and pathways that might contribute to fiber quality and resulting adaptation to the inimitable agroecological conditions. The miRNA–mRNA interactions at a genomic scale were examined utilizing miRNet and miRBD algorithms. Enriched KEGG pathways of the predicted genes werethe MAPK signaling pathway, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, Ras signaling pathway, endocytosis and oxytocin signaling. Notably, NRAS gene was identified as a key participant in the prominent MAPK, Ras, and PI3K signaling pathways which play a significant role in melanogenesis and adaptation. Moreover, highly interconnected genes associated with fiber quality and development were identified through network analysis, including collagen genes (COL1A2, COL3A1 and COL15A1), MAPK signaling pathway genes (MAP3K1, MAP4K3 and MAPK8), and HOX genes in the Changthangi sheep from Ladakh. In conclusion, our findings provide a foundation for further research examining the role of microRNA-mRNA interactions in controlling hair development in Changthangi sheep.
Yak- the “almighty livestock” of the rugged Himalayan Mountains
The yak is a remarkable animal because of its distinct physical and structural characteristics that allow it to adapt to the rugged mountains with unfavourable climate. Yaks are regarded as the “almighty livestock” by the herding communities since they are deeply ingrained in the customs, socio-economic processes, and culture. Yaks are well adapted to the harsh climate and hypoxia occurring under high altitude grazing conditions of the Himalayan Mountains. However, it is unclear to which degree different types of hybrids of yaks and cattle, common in the Himalayas, tolerate these conditions and how they perform and behave under these circumstances. Therefore, in this review we are going to discuss some of the mechanisms for their adaptation in the harsh climatic conditions.
Evaluation of morphometric characteristics and performance of Totapari goats in their native habitat
This study evaluates the morphometric features and performance of the Totapari goat breed. To study the morphometric features and performance of the Totapari goat, the first field survey in India was conducted in their native region in Alwar and Bharatpur districts of Rajasthan state during 2023-24. According to the interview schedule, a total of 36 villages were randomly selected based on the population of 10070 Totapari goats and 176 goat keepers were chosen through random sampling for this study. Data on morphometric features and performance were collected across various age groups of the animals. The Totapari goat is typically large in size and is considered the second largest goat breed in India, following the Jamunapari goat. The goat named “Totapari” is easily recognised by its distinctive parrot-like facial appearance, characterised by a Roman nose and inward-curving upper muzzle and nostrils which makes them stand out from other goat breeds. Totapari goat has a white coat with small brown spots or a completely pale-red colour on its head, neck and ears. The ears measure 29.41±0.45 cm in length, with a long, flat and drooping ear. The nose has a Roman shape (double parrot mouth appearance) with a tuft of hair in male and the horns, which measure 17.26±0.98 cm directed backward to medium size horns. Male goats have a long beard and the tail length averages 20.74±0.46 cm. The overall body weight of male and female Totapari goats from birth to 18 months was recorded as 3.65±0.02 to 88.86±1.02 kg and 3.43±0.03 to 64.54±0.18 kg, respectively. The average chest girth, body length, and height at the withers were 48.69±0.86 cm, 46.00±1.16 cm and 47.27±0.85 cm in males, and 78.61±0.18 cm, 76.88±0.18 cm and 77.18±0.19 cm in females, respectively. The milk yield averaged 988.02±1.96 gm per day, with milk containing 3.34±0.01% fat and 8.25±0.01% SNF (solids-not-fat). The average lactation period was recorded as 283.03±0.26 days. The first mating occurred at 414.15±3.99 days in males and 390.98±1.66 days in females, with the first oestrus in females at 334.97±2.61 days and an oestrus cycle duration of 20.22±0.05 days. The first kidding was observed at 540.53±1.84 days, with an average kidding interval of 360.85±0.67 days. The average litter size for Totapari goats was 1.98±0.01, and the lifetime number of kiddings was recorded as 9.08±0.09. The findings provide insights into the breed’s adaptability, productivity, and potential for genetic improvement, making it a valuable resource for sustainable livestock farming in arid and semi-arid regions.
Somatic cell conservation of the Punganur cattle: An Indian heritage breed
ICAR-NBAGR is the nodal agency for conserving indigenous livestock genetic resources as embedded in the Sustainable Developmental Goal of the United Nations specifically 2.5.1.a. Indigenous Punganur cattle is one of the shortest cattle breeds of the world that has <10,000 true to the breed animals (19th Livestock Census). Breed Watch list 2022- ICAR-NBAGR, Karnal enlists Punganur as a vulnerable breed and hence it was considered on priority for conservation. Ear skin tissue samples of both sexes were used for generating the somatic cells by in vitro explant and cell culture. Initially, tissue fragments were cultured in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium supplemented with 20% FBS and 2% antibiotic–antimycotic solution under a controlled atmosphere (37 o C, 5% CO2 ). Fibroblast cells having fusiform shape and centrally positioned oval nuclei were isolated and multiplied in culture till the 4th passage. The cell lines demonstrated stable growth characteristics and maintained normal morphological features. At least 30 cryovials per animal (1x106 cells/ vial) were cryopreserved in a liquid nitrogen container at -196 o C for posterity. The growth potential of cryopreserved cells was found to be comparable to that of the cells before freezing. Advances in the cloning of animals using somatic cells for potential revival of a breed and future breakthroughs are likely to enhance the use of these established cell lines in diverse fields, such as disease modeling and treatment, tissue engineering, cellular reprogramming, and the production of extracellular matrix. Therefore, the stored biological material is valuable both for ex-situ conservation of the genetic resources and for future research avenues.