Rapeseed-Mustard Cultivation in India: National Overview and Regional Insights with Reference to Madhya Pradesh

Abstract

 India stands as the third-largest global producer of rapeseed-mustard, contributing over 13% to worldwide output from
 2020-21 to 2024-25, yet its average yield of 1,461 kg/ha in 2024-25 lags at 60.7% of the global average of 2,070 kg/ha. As
 a pivotal oilseed crop, rapeseed-mustard ranks second in India’s agricultural landscape, trailing only soybean, and
 accounts for 36% of the nation’s edible oil production. Cultivated across 24 states, its adaptability, short growth cycle,
 and versatility underscore its economic significance, particularly for marginal farmers in rain-fed regions. Over the past
 two decades, collaborative efforts by the Government of India, ICAR, and state governments have propelled production
 from 6.8 million tons in 2015-16 to 12.61 million tons in 2024-25, with a 66% production surge (CAGR 2.7%) and 41%
 productivity increase (CAGR 1.8%), driven by technological advancements and improved agronomic practices.
 Madhya Pradesh, the second-largest producer, contributes over 13% to national output, with an average area of 1.08
 million hectares, production of 1.666 million tons, and productivity of 1,530 kg/ha from 2020-21 to 2024-25. The state’s
 decadal CAGR of 4.9% (area), 6.8% (production), and 1.8% (yield) reflects robust growth, despite challenges like weather
 variability. Key districts such as Bhind and Morena dominate production, while low-yield regions like Rewa require
 targeted interventions. Despite progress, a persistent yield gap and limited farmer awareness of modern technologies
 hinder potential. This study advocates for enhanced extension services, high-yielding varieties, and input access to
 bridge disparities, ensuring rapeseed-mustard sustains India’s edible oil security and farmer livelihoods.