The Journal of Oilseed Brassica (JOB) is a multidisciplinary an international journal published by Society for Rapeseed-Mustard Research (SRMR). Journal of Oilseed Brassica (JOB) aims to publish original research results, reviews and policy papers written by researchers, experts as well as practitioners, concerned with all aspects of brassicas in general and rapeseed-mustard in particular. The journal is designed mainly to serve researchers, students, academicians and policy makers, by supplying updated information on various aspects of rapeseed-mustard research. The journal is published 2 times (January and July) every year with distribution to librarians, universities, research centers and researchers in biology and agriculture science. So far, since 2010, the journal has published 15 volume without any break with the constant guidance of honorary members of society, and unstinted efforts of the editorial boards of the journal. The journal maintains strict editorial policies, only the articles consist of novelty, in-depth review or excellent scientific contribution in fields of rapeseed-mustard can be published in the Journal. The journal has the NAAS rating 4.78 and is included in list of UGC CARE approved Journals. The journal is published in both print and online versions.
Society for Rapeseed-Mustard Research (SRMR)
Yield attributes and yields of Indian mustard (Brasssica Juncea L.) varieties as influenced by different fertility levels under timely sown rainfed conditions
A field experiment was conducted during rabi 2021-22 to study the yield attributes and yield of Indian mustard varieties at the research farm, College of Agriculture, CCSHAU, Hisar, Haryana. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three replications consisted four mustard varieties (Kranti, RGN229, RH725 and RH1424) as main plots and three fertility levels (100% RDF, 125% RDF and 150% RDF) as subplots treatments. Results revealed that among varieties RH 1424 resulted in significantly higher yield attributes and yield as compared to Kranti, RGN 229 and RH 725. Among fertility levels, 150% RDF exhibited significantly more siliquae plant-1, higher 1000 seed weight, seed yield and stover yield followed by 125% RDF and 100% RDF.
Fertility levels, varieties, Indian mustard, seed yield oil content
Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Oilseed Brassica
Analysis of path coefficient and correlation for indian mustard yield and its components (Brassica juncea L.)
The current research was conducted on fifty genotypes of Brassica juncea L. in order to evaluate the relationship of seed yield with its component characteristics according to the path coefficient and correlation analyses at genotypic and phenotypic levels. Genotypic correlations were found to be stronger compared to phenotypic correlations and indicated a significant effect of genetic factors in the relationships between traits. Correlation analysis indicated that branching characters, siliqua length and seed/siliqua were positively correlated with seed yield all the time, whereas delayed maturity and more siliquae/plant were undesirable. Path coefficient analysis established biological yield/plant and the harvest index as the main principal determinants of the seeds yield and other characters like siliqua length, seeds/siliqua and branching played indirectly through these important components. The research identifies that selection based on biological yield and harvest index, underpinned by principal reproductive traits, would be optimum for genetic enhancement of seed yield in Indian mustard.
Biological yield, Brassica juncea L., correlation, harvest index, path coefficient, seed yield
Quantitative and qualitative appraisal of constraints inhibiting the diffusion and adoption of optimized gobhi sarson agronomic practices on heavy soil agro-ecosystems in South-Eastern Punjab
Gobhi Sarson is an important winter oilseed crop, offers a viable diversification option in Punjab’s rice–wheat cropping system. Despite its potential, the adoption of recommended production technologies remains limited in the south eastern region of Punjab, particularly in Fatehgarh Sahib district characterized by heavy-textured soils. The present study assessed the extent of adoption of agronomic practices and identified major constraints faced by farmers in Gobhi Sarson cultivation. A structured survey was conducted over two consecutive rabi seasons, covering 100 farmers from two blocks- Khamano, and Khera. The results revealed higher adoption of time of sowing (70%), plant protection practices (74%), and varietal selection (68%), while fertilizer application (38%) showed lower adoption. Major constraints included weed infestation (MPS: 80.0), non-availability of phosphorus fertilizers (74.6), difficulties in manual harvesting and threshing (82.0), and fluctuating market prices (75.3). A significant negative relationship (r = –0.29) was observed between constraints and adoption levels. The study emphasizes the need for timely input availability, mechanization support, and effective price stabilization. Strengthening extension services and improving access to quality inputs can significantly enhance Gobhi Sarson adoption and productivity in the region
Gobhi sarson, agronomic practices, constraints, heavy soils, technology adoption
Assessment of mustard productivity through Cluster Frontline Demonstration (CFLD) in Banda district of Uttar Pradesh
The study was conducted by Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Banda, from 2021-22 to 2024-25, encompassing 150 hectares of land with 359 demonstrations across 19 villages in Banda district of Uttar Pradesh. The objective was to assess the impact and yield discrepancies between enhanced practices under Cluster Frontline Demonstration (CFLD) and the existing practices used by farmers for mustard crops. Yield characteristics of both the demonstrations and the farmers’ practices were documented, and their yield gap, technology gap, extension gap, and technology index were analyzed. The improved practices involved high-yielding varieties and integrated crop management strategies (sulphur @ 25 kg ha-1 + line sowing + thinning + seed treatment with Thiram 75% WP @ 2 g kg-1 seed + application of neem oil @ 2-4 ml L-1 of water). The findings indicated that the average yield of 15.55 q ha-1 was achieved in the demonstration plots, which was 25.4 percent greater than the yield from farmers’ practices (12.40 q ha-1). Additionally, the technology gap, extension gap, and technology index were measured at 9.89 ha-1, 3.15 q ha-1, and 38.83 percent, respectively. The average gross return in the demonstration plot was Rs 78319 ha-1 compared to Rs 62467 ha-1 in the farmers’ practices. Similarly, the average net return in the demonstration plot was Rs 55319 ha-1, while it was Rs 41300 ha-1 in the farmers’ plots. The benefit-cost ratio was calculated to be 3.41 in the demonstration plot, which is higher than the 2.96 observed under farmers’ practices. This clearly demonstrates the production and economic efficiency of the demonstrated mustard technology in the study area. Overall, Giriraj (DRMRIJ31) exhibited greater vegetative vigor, reproductive efficiency, superior seed quality, and increased oil content. The technology gap and extension gap were attributed to the lack of adoption of high-yielding varieties, timely sowing, appropriate seed rates, seed treatments, fertilizer management, and plant protection strategies. The study highlighted that the CFLD significantly contributed to the dissemination of technologies to farmers’ fields, thereby increasing crop yields and farmer incomes in the area
CFLD, Demonstration plot, extension gap, ICM, technology gap, technology index
Trait-based genetic diversity assessment for strategic breeding in Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern & Coss)
An investigation was conducted to assess the extent and nature of genetic diversity among 36 genotypes of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea), comprising eight parental lines and 28 F1 hybrids using Mahalanobis D² statistics. The presence of genetic diversity among genotypes offers significant potential for their utilization in breeding programs aimed at improving yield and related agronomic traits. Cluster analysis grouped the 36 genotypes into eight distinct clusters. Cluster II was the largest, containing nine genotypes followed by Clusters I, III and VII, each comprising five genotypes. The distribution of genotypes across clusters appeared to be random and did not correspond to their geographical origin or region of adaptation. The maximum inter-cluster distance was recorded between Clusters I and VII (5.79) followed by Clusters IV and V (5.73) indicating a high degree of genetic divergence between these groups. Among the intra-cluster distances, Cluster VIII showed the highest value (5.21) followed by Cluster II (4.79) suggesting that genotypes within these clusters also possess considerable variability. Therefore, hybridization among genotypes within or between these divergent clusters may result in promising cross combinations. Based on cluster mean values, genotypes grouped in Clusters VIII, II and VI are particularly noteworthy and may be considered as potential parents in future hybridization programs aimed at developing high-yielding varieties of Indian mustard.
Cluster analysis, D2 statistics, inter and intra cluster distance, genetic divergence
Characterization of weed flora and farmer perspectives in Gobhi sarson cultivation on heavy-textured soils of Punjab
A field–cum–farmer investigation was executed during the rabi 2024-25 season in the southeastern agro-climatic tract of Punjab (Fatehgarh Sahib) to elucidate the phytosociological composition of weed flora and to diagnose operational constraints to weed management in gobhi sarson systems. Stratified quadrate sampling across 30 geo-referenced sites in 10 villages enabled quantitative estimation of population density, fresh biomass, relative frequency, relative density, relative dominance, and the composite Importance Value Index (IVI) of weed flora. Phytosociological metrics unequivocally established Phalaris minor and Chenopodium album as the pre-eminent species in terms of density and competitive potential. A concomitant socio-agronomic survey of 60 representative growers, employing structured personal interviews and descriptive analytics, revealed that weed pressure was generally rated moderate to severe, with the critical interference window identified at 16–30 days after planting. Hand hoeing persisted as the dominant control modality, although chemical and integrated strategies are increasingly incorporated. Principal impediments to optimal weed suppression comprised erratic herbicide availability, high input costs, inadequate technical cognizance of herbicidal protocols, and acute labor shortage. Collectively, these findings signify the imperative for species-specific and temporally targeted interventions, coupled with intensive farmer capacity-building in integrated weed management, to attenuate crop–weed competition and enhance mustard productivity within this agro-ecological niche.
Gobhi sarson, importance value index, Phalaris minor, phytosociology, weed management
Interaction effect of plant spacing and varieties on growth and yield traits of cauliflower Brassica Oleracea var. botrysis
This research was carried out at the Regional Research Station of PAU, Gurdaspur, Punjab and biochemistry laboratory, Department of Vegetable Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana in the rabi season 2022-23. The experiment involved four spacings (45 × 45, 60 × 30, 67.5 × 30, and 75 × 50 cm) and three varieties (PGAC–25–17, Pusa Sharad and Private-Aghani) arranged in a factorial design. The results showed that leaf length (15.75 cm), leaf width (13.31 cm), leaf number (21.95), days to curd initiation curd polar diameter, gross curd weight (1.68 kg), marketable curd weight (0.46 kg) and marketable yield (22.65 q/ha) were found to be maximum in variety PGAC – 25 – 17 and at spacing 67.5 x 30 cm. The curd equatorial diameter, net curd weight was found to be highest in variety PGAC– 25– 17 and spacing 67.5 x 30 cm. Gross curd weight and marketable yield per plot were the only two parameters that were significantly affected by the sowing date. Narrow spacing (45 × 45 cm) restricted vegetative growth and curd development, whereas excessively wide spacing (75 × 50 cm) reduced per-unit area yield due to lower plant density. This study provides practical recommendations for cauliflower growers to optimize spacing and varietal selection, thereby improving productivity and resource-use efficiency under similar agro-climatic conditions
Agro-climatic optimization, Cauliflower, growth traits, plant spacing, marketable yield
Habitat manipulation strategies for sustainable management of mustard aphid
A field experiment was conducted at Tokowbari Farm, AAU-ZRS, Shillongani, during 2020–21 to 2022–23 to evaluate the effect of habitat manipulation on the management of mustard aphid (Lipaphis erysimi). The pooled data over three years revealed that the lowest mustard aphid population (25.08 and 15.98 aphids/plant) was recorded in the mustard + coriander intercrop, followed by mustard + fennel (38.84 and 25.77 aphids/plant) and mustard + chickpea (41.87 and 29.68 aphids/ plant) during flowering and siliquae formation stages, respectively. Similarly, the highest population of coccinellids (2.22 beetles/plant) was observed in mustard + coriander, followed by mustard + fennel (2.01 beetles/plant) and mustard + chickpea (2.00 beetles/plant). Mustard-fennel intercrop recorded a significantly higher yield (677.44 kg/ha mustard + 172.89 kg/ha fennel) compared to sole mustard (586.89 kg/ha) and intercrops with chickpea (660.44 kg/ha mustard + 156.00 kg/ha chickpea) and coriander (702.11 kg/ha mustard + 171.78 kg/ha coriander). The yield of sole mustard and its intercrops with chickpea and coriander were statistically at par. The highest benefit-cost ratio (BCR) of 2.43 was observed in mustard-fennel intercrop, followed by mustard-coriander (2.10), mustard-chickpea (1.75), and sole mustard (1.69). These findings suggest that intercropping mustard with fennel or coriander can effectively manage mustard aphids while enhancing natural enemy populations and economic returns
Benefit-cost ratio, habitat manipulation, intercrop, mustard aphid, yield
Population dynamics of painted bug and sawfly in mustard based on meteo rological parameters in semi-arid eastern plain of Rajasthan
The impact of meteorological parameters on the population of painted bug, Bagrada hilaris (Burmeister) and sawfly, Athalia lugens proxima (Klug) was studied at the research farm of Rajasthan Agricultural Research Institute, Durgapura, Jaipur, during rabi 2020–21 and 2021–22. The correlation coefficients with the pooled data, showed a substantial positive significant correlation of painted bug and sawfly population with maximum and minimum temperature (r=0.725* and 0.749*) and (r=0.487* and 0.535*) respectively. Painted bug and sawfly had negative correlation with average relative humidity (r = -0.599* and -0.366) and total rainfall (-0.275 and -0.205) respectively. On the basis of principle component (PC) 1 and 2 the most significant variables for painted bug and sawfly larvae are abiotic factors as maximum and minimum temperature
Athalia lugens proxima, Bagrada hilaris, meteorological parameters, principle component analysis, regression
Replacing chemical fertilizers with organic alternatives: A comparison of performance of Phosphate Rich Organic Manure and Di Ammonium Phosphate on mustard
Combining rock phosphate with natural organics facilitates the release of phosphorus (P) from the mineral in a form that is easily available to plants. Replacing chemical fertilizers with such organic alternative is expected to improve soil organic matter content and increase agricultural soil sustainability. Phosphorus release rate from rock phosphate in presence of organic matter containing tobacco waste is observed to be better than or at par with that due to activity of P solubilizing bacteria. A field experiment was conducted to study the production and nutrient cluster of Indian mustard influenced by the organic source of P - Phosphate Rich Organic Manure (PROM) and the chemical fertilizer Diammonium Phosphate (DAP). Phosphorous release rate from rock phosphate by bacterial activity is compared with that by organic acids present in tobacco to see higher release of P by the later. Results indicated clear possibility for partially replacing chemical phosphatic fertilizers with organic alternatives. Using rock phosphate composted with organic manure turns out to be an excellent alternative for chemical phosphatic fertilizers. Higher yield parameters are obtained with PROM and DAP in combination as P source for mustard crop. A combination of PROM as source of 66% of P requirement and DAP as source of the rest of the P requirement gave best results in the efficacy studies, indicating possibilities in replacement of chemical fertilizers with organic alternatives and hence reducing consumption of rock phosphate mineral for production of chemical fertilizers.
DAP, mustard, organic alternatives, PROM, soil organic matter
Determination of slow white rusting response of Indian mustard genotypes to white rust
Slow rusting resistance to white rusting (Albugo candida) in twenty two Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) genotypes was determined through two epidemiological parameters, disease severity (%) and area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) and four components of resistance (incubation period, latent periods, number of pustules per leaf and pustule size) under artificial inoculation in field. A considerable range of variations for slow rusting and its components were found among all the twenty two Indian mustard genotypes inoculated with Albugo candida during rabi 2017-18 and 2018-19. Out of these nine genotypes viz., RH 1556, RH 1569, RH 1573, RH 1799-30, PHR-2, EC 322091, EC 399301, DOMO 4 and ZEM 2 showed lesser size of pustules in range of 0.83 to 1.58 mm and less numbers of pustules per leaf in a range of 24.17 to 51.50 indicating slow white rusting development. Genotypes viz., RH 1400, RH 1556, RH 1569, RH 1573, RH 1799-30, PHR-2, EC 322091, EC 399301, DOMO-4 and ZEM 2 also showed improved resistance against white rust disease as these genotypes had low level of disease severity in range of 5.28 to 10.00 per cent and also low values of AUDPC ranging between 12.07 to 30.64 cm2 indicating slow white rusting behavior.
Albugo candida, slow white rusting, Indian mustard, white rust
Combining ability and heterosis analysis for seed yield and yield components in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.)
To determine combining ability and heterosis analysis for seed yield and yield components, eight genotypes of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) were crossed using a line X tester design. A randomised block design with three replicates was used after fifteen crossings, and their parents were assessed in the field. None of the cross combinations displayed both positive and negative significant SCA effects for seed yield/plant, while the GCA impacts of the parents, IC-571655, demonstrated positive significant effects for the majority of the characteristics. Each trait in the crosses underwent a distinct analysis of variance, and the hybrids exhibited significant heterosis. According to estimations of heterosis and per se performance, the most promising cross for seed yield/plant was IC-508692 x Ashirwad, which was followed by IC 424414 x Ashirwad, IC-571655 x CS 54, and IC-571655 x Ashirwad
Brassica juncea L., combining ability, cross combinations, heritability, heterosis
Impact of integrated crop management technologies on productivity and energy budgeting of mustard under cluster frontline demonstrations in Eastern Rajasthan
Cluster Frontline Demonstrations (CFLDs) represent an effective extension approach for the systematic planning, implementation and evaluation of proven agricultural technologies under farmers’ field conditions. The present investigation evaluated the performance of CFLDs during the period 2022-23 to 2024-25 to assess the impact of integrated crop management (ICM) practices in mustard, as recommended in the package of practices of Agriculture University, Kota. The study adopted a combination of experimental and before-after research designs, and a total of 400 beneficiary farmers were included under the CFLD programme. Performance of improved mustard varieties Radhika and RH-725 under CFLD plots was compared with farmers’ prevailing practices (local check). The results revealed that the demonstrated plots consistently produced significantly higher seed yield than the local check across all the three years of study. On pooled basis, the mean extension gap and technology gap were observed to be 4.36 q ha-¹ and 3.51 q ha-¹, respectively, indicating substantial scope for enhancing mustard productivity through improved technological interventions. Furthermore, the demonstrated plots recorded higher net returns and benefit-cost ratios compared to farmers’ practices during all seasons, highlighting the economic superiority of ICM technologies. Energy analysis further substantiated the effectiveness of CFLDs, as higher energy use efficiency and energy productivity (kg MJ-¹) were recorded under the demonstration plots in comparison to farmers’ plots, reflecting improved resource-use efficiency under integrated crop management practices. The demonstrated ICM practices significantly enhanced seed yield and net returns (p < 0.01) and improved energy use efficiency by 37.6% over farmers’ practices.
CFLD, ICM, Indian mustard, economics, energy, profitability
Seasonal incidence of insect pests and their natural enemies in mustard ecosystems: A comprehensive review
Mustard (Brassica spp.) is a major oilseed crop in India and is prone to attack by a wide range of insect pests throughout its growth stages, leading to substantial yield losses. Among these, the mustard aphid Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.), mustard sawfly Athalia lugensproxima, flea beetle Phyllotreta cruciferae, and painted bug (Bagrada cruciferarum and B. hilaris) are of major economic importance. This review synthesizes decades of research on the seasonal incidence, population dynamics, and influencing meteorological parameters of these pests, along with the occurrence of their natural enemies. Studies consistently reveal that L. erysimi appears from November to April, with peak activity during January-February under temperature ranges of 17-24°C and relative humidity between 60-85%. Rainfall exerts variable effects, with light showers favouring population build-up and heavy rains causing dislodgement. Mustard sawfly incidence generally begins in October-December, with optimal development at temperatures between 19-30°C, while flea beetle populations peak in February. Painted bugs show seedling-stage damage and activity peaks either in winter or during crop maturity depending on the species. Natural enemies, particularly Diaeretiella rapae, Coccinella septempunctata, Cheilomenes sexmaculata, syrphid flies, and lacewings, play a vital role in pest suppression, with parasitism levels often exceeding 80-90% during late crop stages. Temperature, humidity, sunshine hours, wind velocity, and crop phenology significantly influences the timing and intensity of both pest and predator populations. Understanding these seasonal patterns are critical for developing timely, ecologically sound pest management strategies in mustard cultivation.
Athalia lugens proxima, Bagrada cruciferarum, Bagrada hilaris, Brassica pests, Coccinella septempunctata, Diaeretiella rapae, Lipaphis erysimi, Phyllotreta cruciferae, population dynamics
Need for focusing on VRR of Rapeseed-Mustard under NMEO-OS
Attending Atma Nirbharta in Edible Oils is one of the prime concerns of the National Mission on Edible Oils-Oilseeds (NMEO-OS) to check the rising edible oil imports, balancing edible oils requirement and domestic availability. Rapeseed Mustard is one of the important sources of edible oil in the country which has made a significant contribution to domestic edible oil availability over the last few decades. Mustard crop, an indigenous oilseed grown in Rabi season, can play an important role in achieving self-sufficiency in domestic output of edible oils and there is a need to increase acreage, promote use of high-yielding seed varieties and provide assured prices to farmers to boost yield and production as emphasized under NMEO-OS. Rapeseed-mustard crop has good production potential, where the cultivation is supported with new varieties, technology and knowledge inputs. GOI has given maximum focus on Rapeseed-Mustard and has fixed to increase its area by 9.57%, production by 63%, productivity by 50% and oil production by 56% under NMEO-OS by 2030-31. Thus, Rapeseed-Mustard crop is to contribute 32% of the total oilseeds production target of NMEO-OS.
Tracing the changes in the composition of oilseeds in Indian Punjab: 1990-91 to 2020-21
India ranks fourth in oilseeds production in the world. Currently, the Indian Punjab produces 93.5 metric tons of oilseeds and holds 16th position in oilseeds production in India. Correspondingly, the oilseed sector occupies an important position in the agricultural economy of the country. Oilseeds, especially edible oilseeds have been an integral part of the cropping system in Indian Punjab till the beginning of monoculture triggered by the implementation of new agriculture strategies since 1960s.Oilseeds composition has also played a vital role in agricultural and allied activities. This paper examines the cropping pattern of oilseed diversity in the Indian Punjab according to six agro-climatic zones. The study reveals the changes in cropping pattern that have taken place in Indian Punjab over the period from 1990-91 to 2020 21.Various statistical techniques such as the Herfindahl Index, Simpson Index and Panel regression model are used to examine the diversification and specialization in oilseeds.
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Productivity and profitabilityof mustard (Brassica juncea L.) as influenced by plant growth regulators and irrigation levels
The field study was carried out during rabi 2020-21 to assess the effect of plant growth regulators and irrigation levels on seed yield and economic feasibility of Indian mustard. There were three irrigation levels in main plots viz., no irrigation, one irrigation at 40 days after sowing (DAS) and two irrigations (at 40 and 75 DAS) with six treatments viz., control, naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) @ 100 ppm, gibberellic acid @ 50 ppm, salicylic acid @ 100 ppm, thiourea @ 0.1% and indole acetic acid @ 50 ppm at 30 and 60 DAS were allotted to sub-plots. Results revealed that maximum growth, number of branches/plant and plant dry weights were found under the application of two irrigations with salicylic acid. Further, yield and its attributes such as number of siliquae/plant, siliquae length, number of seeds/siliquae, seed and stover yield were recorded higher in salicylic acid with two irrigations. The maximum B-C ratio (2.47) was calculated in two irrigations with application of salicylic acid (2.36). Thus, it can be concluded that application of two irrigations with the use of salicylic acid could be beneficial for getting higher yield of Indian mustard under semi-arid region of Rajasthan
Probing yield inefficiencies in Gobhi sarson via frontline demonstrations in heavy soils of South-Eastern part of Punjab
Rapeseed-mustard is a key oilseed crop in India, contributing significantly to the national economy and edible oil supply. However, conventional rapeseed varieties contain high erucic acid and glucosinolate content, negatively impacting human health and animal feed quality. To address these concerns, canola-quality rapeseed-mustard varieties with low erucic acid (<2%) and glucosinolates (<30 μmol/g of deoiled meal) have been developed. This study evaluates the impact of Frontline Demonstrations (FLDs) on the yield and economic benefits of GSC-7 (Gobhi Sarson) in south eastern Punjab from 2017–2024. The research was conducted across five blocks of Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab, covering 250 farmers over five years. A comparative analysis between FLD-recommended and farmers’ conventional practices was performed. The results revealed that GSC-7 under FLD consistently outperformed farmers’ practices, with yield improvements averaging 26.05%. The technology gap declined from 17.25 q/ha (2017–2018) to 15.30 q/ha (2023–2024), indicating improved efficiency in achieving potential yields. The extension gap narrowed from 6.75 q/ha to 2.50 q/ha, reflecting the increased adoption of recommended practices of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. Economic analysis showed that FLD plots achieved higher gross returns, averaging Rs. 1,00,697/ha, compared to Rs. 73,305/ha under farmers’ practices. The B:C ratio for FLD was 3.22, significantly higher than the 2.15 recorded for traditional farmer practices, indicating superior economic viability. The study highlights the positive impact of FLD interventions in reducing yield gaps and increasing farmer profitability. Strengthening technology dissemination and farmer trainingis essential to enhance productivity in Punjab’s mustard-growing regions.
Impact of cluster front line demonstration on mustard productivity in Lalitpur district of Uttar Pradesh
Mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern & Coss] is one of the most important oilseed crop of Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh, India. KrishiVigyan Kendra, Lalitpurconducted 135 Cluster Front Line Demonstrations (CFLDs) on mustard during Rabi season of 2019-20 to 2020-21. The front line demonstration (FLD) is one of the most powerful tools for transfer of technology. The critical inputs were identified in existing production technology through meetings and discussion with farmers. Prevailing farmers practices were treated as control for comparison with recommended practices. An average yield of mustard were 14.7 q/ha and 15.3 q/ha during 2019-20 and 2020-21, respectively under demonstrated technology however under farmers practices the average yield were 12.0 q/ha and 11.2 q/ha during respective years and the average yield of two year was reported 15.0 q/ha over farmers practices (11.6 q/ha). On the basis of average of two years, net returns from CFLD practices were Rs 38816/ha as compared to Rs 25533/ha in farmers practices. An average BCR were 2.95 in recommended practices as compared to 2.4 in farmer’s practices.
Enhancing yield and stress resilience in toria (Brassica rapa L.) through salicylic acid application under moisture stress conditions
Moisture stress is a significant constraint affecting the yield of toria (Brassica rapa var. toria) in rainfed and semi-arid regions. Salicylic acid (SA), a plant growth regulator, plays a crucial role in mitigating abiotic stress and enhancing plant resilience. This study investigates the impact of foliar application of salicylic acid on the physiological traits, growth parameters, and yield of toria under moisture stress conditions. Results indicate that SA application improves photosynthetic efficiency, water use efficiency, and antioxidant defense mechanisms, leading to increased seed yield and oil content compared to untreated controls. These findings suggest that salicylic acid could be an effective strategy for enhancing toria productivity in moisture-deficient environments.
Growth, physiological parameters and productivity of mustard as influenced by various organic sources of nutrients
The present study was carried out during 2019-20 to assess the effect of organic sources of nutrients on growth, physiological parameters and productivity of Indian mustard. Seven treatments,viz. Jivamrat @ 500 litre/ha, Azotobacte, FYM @ 5 t/ha, Jivamrat + Azotobacte, Jivamrat + FYM @ 5 t/ha, Jivamrat + Azotobacte + FYM @ 5 t/ha and control were accommodated in a randomized block design with three replications. Result revealed that the growth parameters including plant height, number of leaves, primary and secondary branches were recorded maximum with Jivamrat + FYM + Azotobacte. Further results also revealed that the physiological parameters including leaf area index and SPAD reading were recorded maximum with Jivamrat + FYM + Azotobacte. Seed yield and stover yield were also recorded the highest with Jivamrat + FYM + Azotobacte. Therefore, it can be concluded that combine application of Jivamrat @ 500 litre/ha and FYM @ 5 t/ha with Azotobacte was found to be more productive in semi-arid regions of Rajasthan.
Effect of POLY4 on growth, yield and economics of mustard (Brassica juncea L.)
A field experiment was conducted during 2021-22 to evaluate the influence of POLY4 on growth and yield of mustard under various doses of nutrients with POLY4 fertilizerlevels on production and soil health.The experiment was laid out in completely randomized block design, comprising various doses of nutrients with POLY4 fertilizer included in 9 treatments (Control; 100% NPS; Farmers practice (60-40-0-10 kg ha-1 NPKS); 100% RDF(120-60-60-40 kg ha-1 NPKS) and 100% K through MOP; 100% RDF(120-60-60-40 kg ha-1 NPKS) and 100% K through POLY4; 100% RDF (50% K by MOP and 50% K by POLY4); 100% RDF(25% K by MOP and 75% K by POLY4); 100% NPS + 75%K (100% K by POLY4) and 100% NPS + 50% K (100% K by POLY4) replicated three times. Results showed that treatment T7 (100% RDF i.e.25% K by MOP and 75% K by POLY4) was significantly superior to rest of the treatments with respect to plant height, primary branches/plant, secondary branches/plant and dry weight. Application of 100%RDF (25% K by MOP and 75% K by POLY4)was also better over other treatments in respect of yield and yield attributes viz.number of siliquae per plant and number of seeds etc. in clay loam soils of Bundelkhand region.The mustard crop fertilized with 100% RDF (25% K by MOP and 75% K by POLY4) fetched the highest net returns with maximum benefit-cost ratio.
Evaluation of Brown sarson (Brassica compestris L.) genotypes for the stability of seed yield over time in temperate conditions
This study examines the genotype-environment interaction (G × E) and seed yield stability of 10 Brassica genotypes over a five-year period (2019-2023). The results of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed significant variations in genotype performance across environmental conditions, underscoring the importance of G × E interactions in influencing seed yield. Among the genotypes, KBS-63 demonstrated the highest stability and productivity, with a mean yield of 20.24 q/ha, a regression coefficient (bi) of 1.00, and a low deviation from regression (Sd² = 0.05), making it the most stable and adaptable genotype. In contrast, genotypes like SS2 and SS3, despite showing high yields under optimal conditions, exhibited low stability due to higher susceptibility to environmental stresses, with bi values of 1.10 and 0.98, respectively. The stability classification revealed that KBS-63 was highly stable, while SS2 and SS3 were classified as low-stability genotypes. These findings highlight the importance of selecting genotypes with both high yield and stability for breeding programs, particularly in regions with erratic weather patterns like the Kashmir Valley. The study emphasizes that breeding for stability, alongside yield potential, is essential for maintaining sustainable agricultural productivity in the face of climate change
Management of Sclerotinia rot of Indian mustard through novel combi formulations of fungicides
Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern & Coss.] is an important and vital oilseed crop which suffers from various pests and diseases. Sclerotinia rot caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum has emerged as a significant threat, leading to economic and quality losses. The present research aimed to reduce the losses due to this dreaded and notorious pathogen through old and novel combi-formulations of fungicides by assessing under in vitro and field conditions for two consecutive years (2023-24 and 2024-25). All tested fungicides inhibited mycelial growth cent per cent except metiram + pyraclostrobin under in vitro conditions at all three concentrations (50, 100, and 200 ppm).Under field conditions, two foliar applications (first spray at disease appearance and second spray at 15 days after of first spray) on the Indian mustard susceptible var. NRCHB-101. Among these fungicides, two foliar sprays of tebuconazole + trifloxystrobin (@ 0.08%) at the time of disease appearance and 15 days after it, was proved to be the most effective in reducing disease incidence (78.69%) and in increasing seed yield (42.38%) over check followed by carbendazim and captan + hexaconazole. Conclusively, two sprays of tebuconazole + trifloxystrobin (0.08%) may be sprayed to minimize losses to get more benefits
Evaluating the climate resilience and yield stability of Brassica genotypes in temperate conditions : A multi-year performance study
This study compares Brassica napus genotypes (KGS) with the check variety SHALIMAR GOBI SARSON 1 and Brassica rapa genotypes (KBS) with the check variety SS2 in order to assess the genotypic performance and stability of seed yield (SY) of 35 genotypes during a seven-year period (2018–2024) in the Kashmir Valley. The performance variability of the genotypes showed significant genotypic and environmental influences as well as genotype-by environment (G × E) interactions. KGS53 was consistently the most stable and highest-yielding of the Brassica napus genotypes, followed by KGS52. Over time, KGS53 showed a low coefficient of variation (CV), demonstrating exceptional resilience and adaptation to changing environmental conditions. Comparable yield stability was demonstrated by KBS genotypes, especially KBS-63, which outperformed the SS2 check. KBS-63 maintained moderate yields and low CV, indicating its potential for a variety of agro-climatic conditions. The Brassica napus check, SHALIMAR GOBI SARSON 1, in contrast, showed poor adaptability to shifting environmental circumstances, as seen by its high variability and inconsistent performance. Additionally, the Brassica rapa check SS2 showed reduced yields and a high CV, which made it less dependable over time. The significance of choosing stable genotypes for climate resilience was highlighted by the ANOVA results, which showed significant genotype, environment, and genotype-by-environment interactions (P < 0.001). According to the results, breeding initiatives targeting the Kashmir Valley’s yield stability and climatic resistance should give priority to KGS53 (Brassica napus) and KBS-63 (Brassica rapa). In order to evaluate genotype performance in various environmental circumstances and ensure sustainable agricultural practices in the face of climate change, multi-environment trials are necessary.
Morpho-physiological variability and stability of early maturing thermo tolerant Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern&Coss) genotypes for seed yield under heat stress condition in semi-arid region of India
Impact of climate change like global warming, drought, flooding, and other extreme events are posing severe challenges to global crop production. Heat stress at seedling stage is one of the major factors responsible for the low productivity of crop plants and has become an increasing threat for agriculture. Indian mustard grown under rain-fed conditions is usually affected by heat stress at seedling stages resulting in negative effect on yield. In this context, the selection of heat tolerant genotypes may be one of the remedies. Therefore, a study was carried out at the research farm of ICAR Indian Institute of Rapeseed-Mustard Research, Bharatpur, Rajasthan during Rabi 2018-19, 2019-20 and 2020-21 to estimate stability and morpho-physiological variability of early maturing thermo-tolerant genotypes in order to identify some of the promising early maturing heat stress tolerant advanced breeding lines. The crop was raised strictly under conserved moisture early sown conditions. G x E interaction was significant for all the characters viz., days to flowering, days to maturity, seed yield (kg/ha), membrane stability index (%), excised leaf- water loss (%), relative water content (RWC %), and water retention capacity of leaves (%) except 1000-seed weight. G x E interaction (linear) was also significant for all these eight characters, indicating substantial amount of predictable G x E interaction. All ten genotypes were tested for three stability parameters, namely mean, bi and S2di. Genotype DRMRHT-13-13-5-4 attained minimum days to maturity (122.88) alongwith regression coefficient near to unity and S2di near to zero considered as stable. While the genotype DRMRHT-13-13-5-5 attained minimum days to maturity (124.44) alongwith regression coefficient near to unity exhibit average stability.
Rapeseed-Mustard Cultivation in India: National Overview and Regional Insights with Reference to Madhya Pradesh
India stands as the third-largest global producer of rapeseed-mustard, contributing over 13% to worldwide output from 2020-21 to 2024-25, yet its average yield of 1,461 kg/ha in 2024-25 lags at 60.7% of the global average of 2,070 kg/ha. As a pivotal oilseed crop, rapeseed-mustard ranks second in India’s agricultural landscape, trailing only soybean, and accounts for 36% of the nation’s edible oil production. Cultivated across 24 states, its adaptability, short growth cycle, and versatility underscore its economic significance, particularly for marginal farmers in rain-fed regions. Over the past two decades, collaborative efforts by the Government of India, ICAR, and state governments have propelled production from 6.8 million tons in 2015-16 to 12.61 million tons in 2024-25, with a 66% production surge (CAGR 2.7%) and 41% productivity increase (CAGR 1.8%), driven by technological advancements and improved agronomic practices. Madhya Pradesh, the second-largest producer, contributes over 13% to national output, with an average area of 1.08 million hectares, production of 1.666 million tons, and productivity of 1,530 kg/ha from 2020-21 to 2024-25. The state’s decadal CAGR of 4.9% (area), 6.8% (production), and 1.8% (yield) reflects robust growth, despite challenges like weather variability. Key districts such as Bhind and Morena dominate production, while low-yield regions like Rewa require targeted interventions. Despite progress, a persistent yield gap and limited farmer awareness of modern technologies hinder potential. This study advocates for enhanced extension services, high-yielding varieties, and input access to bridge disparities, ensuring rapeseed-mustard sustains India’s edible oil security and farmer livelihoods.
An economic analysis of global oilseed market trends and demand dynamics
The global market for oil seeds, encompassing key crops such as soybeans, sunflower, canola, groundnut, mustard, castor, coconut (copra) and palm kernels, has witnessed remarkable growth over recent decades. This expansion is fuelled by rising population levels, increasing disposable incomes, and shifting dietary preferences towards healthier food options. Additionally, the versatile use of oil seeds in biofuel production has further augmented demand, aligning with global efforts to reduce reliance on fossil fuels and combat climate change. This study aims to analyse the intricate patterns of production, consumption, and trade that characterize the oil seeds market. By examining geopolitical influences, trade policies, technological advancements, and climate variability, we provide a comprehensive overview of the factors shaping market dynamics. Understanding these trends is essential for stakeholders across the supply chain, enabling them to navigate challenges and capitalize on emerging opportunities within this critical agricultural sector.
Oilseeds, demand, production forecast, market analysis, supply chain, export-import trends, biofuel demand, geopolitical impacts
Optimizing yield and physiological performance of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) varieties through sowing dates and nitrogen management
Field experiment was conducted during rabi 2022-23 to study the effect of dates of sowing and nitrogen treatments on yield and physiological performance of Indian mustard varieties at research farm, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar (Haryana). The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three replications consisted two dates of sowing and two varieties viz., timely sown ( Oct 20) and late sown (30 Oct) with RH 1424 and RH 725 and four nitrogen levels viz., 0 (control), 60, 80 and 100 kg N/ha as main plots and sub plots treatments, respectively. Results revealed that delay in sowing of Indian mustard varieties RH 1424 and RH 725 significantly decrease growth and yield of the crop. Among the plant water relations, chlorophyll index, decreased significantly with delay in sowing in both the varieties, whereas, canopy temperature, and canopy temperature depression (CTD) increased with delay in sowing significantly. The maximum seed yield was obtained with timely sown crop with RH 1424 (26.13 q/ha) which was statically at par with timely sown RH 725 (23.13 q/ha), thereafter the yield decreased with delay in sowing. Among the doses of nitrogen, maximum seed yield (26.21 q/ha), biological yield (115 q/ha) was obtained with 100 kg N/ha.
Indian mustard, nitrogen levels, physiological parameters, sowing date, yield
Effect of zinc and iron fertilization on growth, yield and nutrient uptake of mustard (Brassica juncea L.) in loamy sand soil
A field experiment was conducted during rabi season 2021-22 at Sardarkrushinagar, Gujarat in loamy sand soil. Total eight treatments were tested in randomized block design with four replications. Mustard variety GDM 4 was sown at a distance of 45 cm x 15 cm. Various growth parameters viz. plant height and number of branches/plant, yield attributing characters and seed yield (2324 kg/ha) and stover yield (5381 kg/ha) were recorded significantly maximum with the application of RDF+ 4.0 kg ZnSO4 /ha and 7.5 kg FeSO4 /ha soil application at basal + 0.5% ZnSO4 and 0.5% FeSO4 foliar spray at 30 and 45 DAS (T8 ). While, number of siliquae per plant was found significantly higher in application of RDF+ 8.0 kg ZnSO4 /ha and 15.0 kg FeSO4 /ha soil application at basal. Application of RDF+ 4.0 kg ZnSO4 /ha and 7.5 kg FeSO4 /ha soil application at basal + 0.5% ZnSO4 and 0.5% FeSO4 foliar spray at 30 and 45 DAS (T8 ) recorded significantly higher nutrients uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus, potash, sulphur, zinc and iron by mustard crop.
Iron, mustard, nutrients, siliquae, zinc