Journal of Soil Salinity and Water Quality
The Journal (JSSWQ) was started in 2009 and since then biannual issues are being published regularly, June and December issues containing approximately 300 printed and online pages. EDITORIAL BOARD Subscription Information for Print Version
Indian Society of Soil Salinity and Water Quality, Karnal (Haryana)
Journal of Soil Salinity and Water Quality serves as an official organ of the Indian Society of Soil Salinity and Water Quality (ISSSWQ) for the publication of research papers, reviews, and short communications as per the constitution and by-laws of the society. Soft and hard copy of the journal are sent free to all its members. All disputes are subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of competent court and forums in Kamal only. The society does not assume any responsibility for opinion by the authors in the articles and no-material in any form can be reproduced without the prior permission of the society. The society is not responsible for any delay, whatsoever, in publication/ delivery of the periodicals to the subscribers due to unforeseen circumstances or postal delay. The society does not vouch for any claims made by the advertisers of products and services. The publisher and the editors shall not be held liable for any consequences in the event of such claim not being honoured by the advertisers.
Emerging Perspectives in Cropping System–based Nutrient Management: A Scientometric Analysis
In a world grappling with the dual challenge of feeding a burgeoning global population and safeguarding the environment, nutrient management in agricultural systems has emerged as a critical area of research and innovation. Cropping system-based nutrient management plays a crucial role in sustainable agriculture by optimizing nutrient utilization, enhancing crop productivity, and minimizing environmental impacts. In this context, this study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent advances in cropping system-based nutrient management strategies. It highlights the integration of various techniques, including precision agriculture, cover cropping, crop rotation, site-specific nutrient management and digital technologies, to improve nutrient use efficiency and mitigate nutrient-related challenges. Through an in-depth analysis of current research, this study emphasizes the importance of tailored nutrient management approaches that consider soil conditions, crop requirements, and environmental sustainability. It also emphasizes the urgent need for further research and widespread adoption of these strategies to ensure food security and environmental preservation. This paper presents a meticulous scientometric analysis spanning the past two decades (2003-2023) to comprehensively examine recent advances in cropping systems-based nutrient management. Drawing upon an extensive body of scientific literature, our analysis unveils key trends, influential research, and emerging areas of interest within this field. We identified a paradigm shift towards precision agriculture, integrated nutrient management, and sustainable farming practices as dominant themes. We found that Indian scientists from IARI are publishing many research papers on the given topic. The Indian Journal of Agronomy and Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences are leading publishers for articles on nutrient management and cropping systems. Long-term carbon sequestration, organic manure and nutrient use efficiency are trending topics of research, while soil carbon sequestration and analysis of soil carbon pools under different cropping systems are emerging topics of research. By synthesizing the collective wisdom of the past two decades, the current study informs the strategic allocation of resources and the formulation of research priorities, thereby catalysing innovative solutions to the complex challenges at the intersection of food security and environmental sustainability.
Cover cropping, Crop rotation, Digital agriculture, Site-specific nutrient management, Integrated nutrient management
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Soil Salinity and Water Quality
3D Mapping of Soil Salinity in Sub-surface Drainage Project Site Using Electromagnetic Induction (EMI) and Inversion Modelling
Soil salinity is a significant form of chemical land degradation, impeding crop productivity and sustainability in irrigated and arid regions. Traditional two-dimensional (2D) soil salinity maps are limited in scope, lacking critical vertical salinity distribution data necessary for effective reclamation planning. This study aimed to generate a three-dimensional (3D) soil salinity map using electromagnetic induction (EMI) techniques and inversion modeling at subsurface drainage (SSD) site in Kahni village, Rohtak, Haryana, India. Soil apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) was measured using the EM38MK2 sensor in both vertical and horizontal orientations at two depth responses (0.5 m and 1 m) across two experimental blocks: Block 1 (B1, non-continuous SSD operation) and Block 2 (B2, continuous SSD operation). 3D inversion algorithm (EM4Soil) was applied to estimate true soil conductivity (σ), which was then correlated with electrical conductivity of saturated paste extract (ECe). The developed regression model (ECe = 1.024 + 0.0460 σ, R² = 0.71) showed strong predictive ability (RMSE = 5.03 dS m-¹; Lin’s concordance = 0.84). The resulting 3D salinity maps revealed that continuous SSD operation significantly reduced salinity in B2 across all depths and minimized spatial variability, whereas B1 showed persistent high salinity due to inadequate drainage. Deeper layers in both blocks had higher salinity, indicating salt leaching from surface soils. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of EMI and inversion modeling for 3D salinity assessment, offering a rapid, non-destructive, and cost-effective tool for precision land and drainage management toward achieving Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN).
Application of Modified Walnut Shell for Adsorptive Removal of Anionic Dye (Congo Red) from Simulated Water
Human and aquatic health is frequently at risk due to Congo red (CR) dye pollution in aquatic environments. To remediate water contaminated with CR dye, a chemically modified walnut shell adsorbent was developed in the present study. The physico-chemical characteristics of modified walnut shell were investigated using a variety of characterization techniques, including pHpzc, FTIR, FE-SEM, and EDS. After optimizing the impact of the most important parameters, a maximum removal of 77.5% was noted at pH 4. The CR uptake by chemically modified walnut shell was explained by the monolayer layer adsorption onto energetically equivalent sorption sites. The Langmuir model yielded a maximal adsorptive capacity of 53.3 mg CR per g CMWS. The kinetic models also showed that the rate depends on the adsorbent’s adsorptive capacity. The pseudo-second order model works well for CR adsorption, and its R2 >0.99 adsorption. Thermodynamic studies indicated that adsorption is feasible, spontaneous and endothermic in nature. This work suggests that CMWS can be investigated further as a possible adsorbent for the removal of CR dye.
Walnut shell, adsorption, anionic dye, isotherm
Effect of Dominant Cropping Systems on the Soil Properties in Sirsa District, Haryana
Lack of information about site-specific nutrients for various cropping systems has been a major challenge in addressing declining soil fertility and improving crop productivity in the Sirsa district, Haryana, India. Therefore, the study was aimed to evaluate and quantify soil properties across cropping systems (CS), including cotton-wheat (C-W), rice-wheat (R-W), groundnut mustard (GN-M), pearl millet-wheat (PM-W), Guar-Mustard (G-W), mungbean-wheat (MB-W), guava orchard, and cotton-mustard (C-M). A total of 140 georeferenced soil samples were collected using a random survey approach, and the samples were analyzed for soil texture, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic carbon (OC), available nitrogen percentage (AvN), phosphorus (AvP) and extractable potassium (ExK). The Sulfur Availability Index (SAI) and Soil Nutrient Index (SNI) were also developed. Guava orchard showed the maximum mean value of EC (0.60 dS/m), organic carbon (0.71%), available N (161.70 kg ha-1), AvP (33.91 kg ha-1), available K (325 kg ha-1), and available S (48.52 kg ha-1). Nutrient index values of the all the cropping systems for available N were low, medium for OC except cotton-wheat (low) and available K except guava (high), high for available P except cotton-mustard and guar-mustard (medium) and S except cotton-wheat (medium). Highest SAI was observed in guarva orchard (3.00) whereas minimum was observed in cotton-wheat (2.15). Our findings indicate that cropping systems have huge impact on soil properties.
Cropping system, Soil properties, Nutrient index, Sulfur Availability Index.
Agro – Physiological Traits, Nutrient Uptake, Quality and Economics of Oat under Saline Water Irrigation and Cutting Management Practices
During rabi season of 2022-23 and 2023-24, An experiment was conducted at Research Farm, Agronomy Department, CCS HAU, Hisar to study agro – physiological traits, nutrient uptake, quality and economics of oat cultivation under saline water irrigation and cutting management practices on sandy loam soil. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with irrigation sources (canal and tubewell) and irrigation levels (two irrigation 30 and 60 days after sowing (DAS); three irrigation 30, 60 and 90 DAS) assisted in main plots and cutting management practices {one cut at 50% flowering, two cuts for fodder (60 DAS and at flowering), cut + seed (one cut fodder at 60 DAS and second for seed) and seed (No cut for fodder)} in subplots and was replicated thrice. Irrigation through canal water produced significantly higher grain yield over tube well water irrigation. Similarly, significantly higher yield attributes, yield, nutrient uptake, protein content was recorded under three irrigations over two irrigations. Among cutting management practices, higher monetary benefit was achieved when either the crop was harvested at 50% flowering as fodder crop or harvested as seed crop over rest of the treatment.
Cutting management, Economics, Irrigation, Oat, Yield
Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Soil Salinity and Water Quality
Morphometry based Sub-watershed Prioritization Using MCDMs in Non-Fuzzy and Fuzzy Dividends
Prioritization of sub-drainage systems is quintessential in regard to preparing a layout prior to the implementation of any soil and water conservation program. Most of the sub-watershed prioritization approaches find their linkages with the morphometric indices, nevertheless, a frugal and nimble approach for this prioritization exercise using the morphometry is still impending. The conferred study is an attempt towards filling this gap via the use of a statistical cum Mutli-Criteria Decision Making approach for the upper reaches of the Saryu watershed in the Bageshwar district of Uttarakhand Western Himalaya. The study area is a sixth-order drainage system with a geographical extent of 779.05 sq. km and is subdivided into 14 sub-watersheds using SWAT 2012. For the developed watersheds, 14 morphometric parameters, which primarily affect runoff and sediment response are computed and are dispensed as CRITIC inputs towards setting up relative priorities within them. The results from CRITIC were then used to assign ratings for AHP and FAHP, with the latter technique being solved via two methods, namely, geometric mean and extent analysis. A comparison of results suggested that AHP and the geometric mean method for FAHP engendered identical prioritization, while, the extent analysis nullified the effect of seven of the relatively low-rated morphometric parameters, thus producing different results. The study also advocated the use of the deliberated method in the context of managing a larger number of input morphometric parameters, along with their selection for auxiliary prioritization.
Impact of Salinity Stress on the Physiological Properties of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum L.): Insights for Sustainable Cultivation Practices
Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) is widely recognized for its medicinal and pharmaceutical value. However, salinity stress is a major abiotic factor that negatively impacts plant growth and development. This study aimed to examine the effects of different salinity concentrations (50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 mM NaCl) on the physiological and biochemical parameters of fenugreek. Fenugreek is highly regarded for its medicinal and pharmaceutical benefits, yet salinity stress poses a significant challenge to its growth and productivity. This study explored the effects of varying salinity levels on the physiological and biochemical responses of fenugreek. Salinity stress was found to inhibit seed germination, reduce plant biomass, and adversely impact moisture content and chlorophyll levels. While fenugreek demonstrated some tolerance to moderate salinity levels, higher concentrations severely affected its growth and physiological traits. These findings highlight the importance of managing salinity to enhance fenugreek's agricultural performance and productivity.
Seed germination percentage, chlorophyll content, plant biomass, salinity stress, Trigonella foenum graecum
Optimization of Organic Manure-based Technology to Enhance Soil Quality, Growth, Yield, and Fruit Quality of Ber (Ziziphus mauritiana) in Arid Regions
The present study conducted in 2022-23 to 2023-24 to evaluate the effects of organic manures on growth, yield, fruit quality of ber (Ziziphus mauritiana) cv. Gola, enzymatic activities, and microbial populations in soil under arid conditions. The combined application of vermicompost (20 kg plant-1) with biofertilizers (consortium biofertilizer) emerged as the most effective, significantly enhanced fruit physical traits, with the highest fruit diameter (3.59 cm), fruit volume (24.68 ml), pulp fresh weight (23.36 g), and stone weight (1.25 g) compared to the control. The superior fruit size and pulp weight were attributed to improved nutrient availability, stimulated root growth, and enhanced microbial activity in the rhizosphere, which facilitated efficient nutrient uptake and translocation. Quality attributes, including total soluble solids (22.86%), vitamin C content (111.57 mg 100 g-1), and acidity (0.33%), were also maximized under this treatment, reflecting increased availability and elevated soil enzymatic activity. Activities of dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, and urease were significantly higher (10.99 µg TPF g-1 h-1, 11.13 µg p-NP g-1 h-1, 532.81 µg NH3 g-1 h-1, respectively), indicating enhanced nutrient mineralization. Soil microbial populations including bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes progressively increased from October to December, with the highest counts observed under vermicompost + biofertilizers (consortium biofertilizer) demonstrating the synergistic effect of organic matter and beneficial microbes on soil biological health. Overall, the study highlights that the combined application of vermicompost with biofertilizers improved growth, yield, fruit quality, and soil biological activity in soil under arid conditions, the supporting sustainable fruit production.
Ber (Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.), organic manures, yield, arid region.
Evaluating the Spacing in Free and Controlled Subsurface Drainage Systems in Saline Vertisols of the Tungabhadra Project Command Area, Karnataka, India
Performance of subsurface drainage (SSD) systems mainly depends on free movement of drainage effluent to the surface drain through the gravity outlets as it influences the rate of reclamation of waterlogged saline soils. Farmers at the tail end of the Tungabhadra project (TBP) command who often face scarcity of water especially at the later part of the crop growth period are in practice of blocking the outlets so as to retain water in the field for the crop. This practice has led to the inefficient SSD network in the command. To overcome this practice, Controlled Drainage (CD) system wherein a slight modification to the existing Free Drainage (FD) system was designed at Agricultural Research Station, Gangavathi, Karnataka, India. A comparative field study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of FD and CD systems with 50 and 60 m spacing in waterlogged saline Vertisols within the TBP command area. The FD and CD treatments have been applied since the installation of the SSD system. The data of seven seasons revealed that in both the spacing, rate of reclamation was faster under FD system. However, CD system saved irrigation water by 28% to 35% and also reduced drainage water volume by 39% to 70%. Apart from this, the CD system also reduced the movement of nitrate by 42% to 70% with maintaining shallow water depth as compared to FD system. The B: C ratio under FD system for 60 and 50 m spacing was 1.66 and 1.73, respectively, whereas slightly less effective CD system in terms of reclamation by leaching has reasonably good B: C ratio of 1.55 and 1.56 for 60 and 50 m spacing, respectively. The study revealed that 60 m drain spacing with CD system could be a viable option to address water shortage by reducing drainage discharge, seasonal salt and water balance and nutrient loss in the tail-end areas of the TBP command.
Controlled drainage, Depth to watertable, Salt removal, Salt and water balance, Nitrogen loss
Bibliometric Insights into Pearl Millet-based Cropping Systems and Soil Health Research: A Comprehensive Analysis (2000–2023)
This article presents a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of studies conducted on pearl millet–based cropping systems and soil health from 2000 to 2023, utilizing the Scopus database. Pearl millet, a significant cereal crop globally, is known for its resilience in arid and semi–arid conditions. The cultivation of pearl millet spans over 30 million hectares worldwide, with India contributing significantly to its acreage. The study examines the impact of pearl millet production in rainfed and arid regions on soil health under conservation agriculture (CA) practices. The bibliometric analysis employs rigorous methodologies, including Bradford’s Law, fractionalized articles, and thematic mapping. It reveals the evolution of scientific output, citation patterns, and collaborative networks. Findings indicate a steady growth in scientific production related to pearl millet research, with a notable surge in recent years. The average citations per year exhibit fluctuating trends, emphasizing the need for continued exploration. We found that there is limited research in the area of pearl millet–based cropping system in relation with soil health. Brazil, USA and India are the top three countries conducting research on this area. CA under degraded soils with pearl millet is still unexplored area of research. It also found that in last one decade (2011–2022), scientists are working in this area has been increased as per number of documents published as citations received during this period on the given topic. Pearl millet-based cropping systems, integrated with CA practices such as zero tillage, residue incorporation, and deficit irrigation, offer a sustainable and climate-resilient solution for addressing soil salinity challenges while enhancing soil health, water use efficiency, and nutritional security in arid and semi-arid regions. The study concludes by identifying research gaps, emphasizing the need for further investigations into the advantages of pearl millet–based cropping systems, their impact on soil health, and the development of production systems for degraded soils. Despite limitations related to the temporal scope, database constraints, and language bias, the study contributes valuable insights into the dynamic field of pearl millet research, guiding future endeavours and fostering collaboration among researchers, policymakers, and practitioners.
Pearl millet-based cropping systems, bibliometric analysis, soil health, thematic mapping
Bioamelioration of Salt-Affected Soils: Restoring Soil Health to Safeguard Community Well-being
Soil salinity is a global challenge that threatens agricultural productivity, food security, and human health. Salt-affected soils (SASs) currently cover millions of hectares worldwide, with the affected area expected to increase due to primary and secondary salinization, climate change, unsustainable irrigation, and industrial activities. Salinity not only reduces crop yields but also enhances the mobility of heavy metals, increasing their uptake by plants and subsequent entry into the food chain and drinking water, ultimately affecting human beings. Elevated soil and water salinity have been directly associated with hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, pregnancy complications, gastrointestinal issues, and increased vulnerability to infectious diseases. Bioamelioration involves the use of halophytes, plant growth–promoting microbes, organic amendments, biochar, mycorrhizal fungi, and vermiremediation, and appears as an eco-friendly and sustainable alternative to physical and chemical methods of soil reclamation. These biological approaches improve soil structure, nutrient cycling, and stress tolerance in plants, while reducing toxic metal mobility and safeguarding ecosystem health. Integrating bioamelioration with nanotechnology, precision agriculture, and one health approaches presents a promising pathway toward sustainable soil management. This review highlights the interconnectedness between soil quality of salt-affected soils and human well-being and underscores the urgent need for scalable, nature-based reclamation strategies to restore degraded soils and secure food and human health security for an ever-increasing population.
Harnessing Agro-chemicals for Resilient Green Gram: Strategies to Alleviate Moisture Stress in Rainfed Ecosystems
A field experiment was conducted during the 2021 Kharif season to assess the effectiveness of agro-chemicals in mitigating moisture stress in green gram (Vigna radiata L.) under rainfed conditions. The study was executed in a Randomized Block Design with ten treatments, including a control, soil application of the herbal hydrogel Tragacanth katira, foliar sprays of salicylic acid (SA), potassium nitrate (KNO3) and their various combinations. The primary objective was to evaluate the impact of these treatments on physiological traits, yield parameters, nutrient uptake and water use efficiency of green gram under rainfed conditions. Results consistently showed that the combined application of Tragacanth katira @ 5.0 kg ha-1 along with a 1% foliar spray of KNO3 at flowering and pod initiation (T10) stages proved to be the most effective treatment. While the treatments showed non-significant effects on root-shoot ratio and harvest index, T10 significantly enhanced the number of grains pod-1 (11.3, representing a 61.4% increase compared with the control) and extended the duration to physiological maturity (64.7 days, corresponding to a 8.19% increase over the control). This led to a substantial increase in grain yield (1178 kg ha-1) and straw yield (2551 kg ha-1), representing a 26.1 and 16.6% increase, respectively, over the control. Furthermore, T10 maximized N, P and K uptake and significantly improved both water use efficiency and water productivity. The findings underscore the synergistic benefits of integrating soil moisture conservation with foliar nutrient supply, demonstrating a viable and profitable strategy for enhancing green gram productivity in water-scarce environments.
Effect of Organic and Chemical Fertilizer Application on Soil Properties Under Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea L.) in Inceptisols of Gird Region of Central India
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of organic [FYM, vermicompost, and PSB (seed treatment)] and inorganic (urea, DAP, and MOP) nutrient applications on soil properties and economic returns under Indian mustard in the Inceptisols of the Gird Region, Central India. The experiment comprised eight treatments, each replicated three times, arranged in a randomized block design (RBD). Results indicated that the soil was slightly saline, and soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and soil organic carbon (SOC) were not significantly affected by the treatments. In contrast, the availability of N, P, K, and S improved significantly with different fertilizer combinations, with the highest values observed under T4 - 75% RDF + FYM @ 4 Mg ha-1 + vermicompost @ 1 Mg ha-1 + PSB (seed treatment) — compared to initial soil levels. Economic analysis revealed that the maximum net returns (Rs. 74,438 ha-1) were achieved under T4, followed closely by T1 (100% RDF), both of which were significantly higher than the other treatments. However, the highest benefit-to-cost (B:C) ratio (3.92) was recorded under T1, surpassing all other treatments. Overall, the study demonstrated that integrated application of organic and inorganic fertilizers significantly improved soil properties, crop growth, yield attributes, yield, quality, and economic returns of mustard.
Assessing the Role of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers on Growth, Yield and Nutrient Uptake of Indian Mustard in Central India
A field study was carried out during the Rabi season of 2022–2023 at the Research Farm, Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, RVSKVV, Gwalior (M.P.), to assess the impact of organic and inorganic nutrient sources on growth performance, yield parameters, nutrient assimilation, and quality traits of Indian mustard under Central Indian conditions. The experiment consisted of eight nutrient management treatments arranged in a randomized block design (RBD) with three replications. Findings indicated that growth parameters such as plant height, number of siliquae per plant, and plant population at harvest exhibited significant improvement under different nutrient management strategies. The maximum values of these growth indicators were recorded with the treatment comprising 75% RDF + FYM @ 4 Mg ha-1 + vermicompost @ 1 Mg ha-1 + PSB (seed treatment) (T4), outperforming the remaining treatments. Likewise, the same treatment (T4) produced the highest seed yield (2411 kg ha-1) and straw yield (5532 kg ha-1), followed closely by T1 and proved superior to the other nutrient combinations. Nutrient analysis revealed that T4 also recorded the greatest nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and sulphur concentrations and their uptake in both seed and stover, which was statistically at par with T1. The study emphasizes that integrating organic amendments with chemical fertilizers, rather than relying solely on chemical inputs, can substantially improve crop growth, nutrient use efficiency, and sustainable mustard production.
Determinants of Farmers’ Adaptation Strategies Towards Climate-resilient Agriculture in Haryana, India
Climate change poses a significant challenge to agriculture, particularly in regions where farming is the primary livelihood. Haryana, a key agrarian state in northern India, is highly vulnerable to climate-induced risks such as temperature fluctuations, erratic rainfall, and resource depletion. This study examines farmers’ adaptation mechanisms and the factors influencing their adoption of climate-resilient strategies in Hisar and Sonipat districts. Primary data were collected from 120 farmers through a structured interview schedule using a multi-stage random sampling technique. Descriptive statistics and a probit regression model were employed to analyse adaptation mechanisms and the determinants influencing their adoption. The findings reveal that the most frequently adopted adaptation measures include increased irrigation (65.8%), enhanced fertilizer application (63.3%), and adjustments in crop sowing time (60.8%). Other strategies, such as crop insurance (58.3%), soil and water conservation techniques (38.3%), and intercropping (36.7%), were also observed. Probit regression analysis identified key determinants influencing adaptation decisions. Age exhibited a negative impact, suggesting that older farmers are less likely to adopt adaptation strategies. Conversely, landholding size, education level, income level, and access to climate change information positively influenced adaptation decisions. However, family type and occupation type did not significantly impact adaptation choices. The study highlights the need for targeted policies to enhance climate adaptation, particularly through improved access to climate-related information, education, and financial resources. Strengthening extension services and promoting sustainable adaptation mechanisms can improve farmers’ resilience and ensure agricultural sustainability in Haryana.
Micro-Irrigation and Solar Power: Unlocking India’s Agricultural Potential
Water is vital for agriculture, but in India its availability is declining due to rising demand and climate variability. To address this, improving water productivity has become a priority. Integrating solar power with micro irrigation systems offers a sustainable way to enhance efficiency while reducing dependence on conventional energy. In this study, the potential area for micro-irrigation in India was estimated using two indices. The estimated potential area under micro-irrigation was approximately 88 Mha based on Index 1, which considered the proportion of the area irrigated by groundwater, tanks, other sources, and 30% of canal-irrigated land. Using Index 2, which included the proportion of the area irrigated by groundwater, tanks, other sources, and 50% of canal-irrigated land, the potential area was estimated to be approximately 93 Mha. MI adoption has grown at a Compound Annual Growth Rate of 9.75, reaching 16.73 Mha in 2023-24, with sprinkler irrigation covering 9.04 Mha (54.1%) and drip irrigation 7.68 Mha (45.9%). However, only 15.85% of the estimated MI ultimate potential (105.60 Mha) has been realized, with six states- Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, and Tamil Nadu- accounting for 78% of MI adoption. Despite increasing solar pump installations (501,673 in 2022-23), their correlation with MI remains weak. Policies must address administrative inefficiencies, enhance incentives, and promote integrated solar-powered MI adoption to maximize sustainability and groundwater conservation.
Soil Fertility Assessment in Sirsa District of Haryana Using Geo-spatial Techniques
This study was conducted to evaluate the soil fertility status of Sirsa district of Haryana state, India for sustainable soil management, enhancement of nutrient use efficiency and crop productivity. In 2022, a soil survey carried out which involved the collection of 350 surface soil samples from a depth of 0–15 cm using a systematic sampling method with GPS coordinates. The samples were analyzed for soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and the available of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and sulfur (S). The Sulfur Availability Index (SAI) and Soil Nutrient Index (SNI) were calculated based on previously established indices. High-resolution spatial distribution maps of the Sirsa district were prepared to depict the fertility status. The soils were non saline, and slightly to moderately alkaline in nature. Out of total area (4276 km2), entire area was low in available N, about 62% and 51% area were medium in OC and available K, respectively, while about 56% and 58% area were high in available P and S, respectively. Nutrient index values of the district for OC and available K were medium, available N was low and available P and S were high. Sulfur availability index of the district was 8.17. Based on the study, it can be concluded that farmers are encouraged to apply chemical fertilizers based on the soil test results, complemented by bio-fertilizers and organic manures. This integrated nutrient management (INM) approach offers an effective strategy for maintaining soil fertility and promoting sustainable crop production in the region.
Soil survey, Soil fertility, Soil Nutrient Index, Sulfur Availability Index, Integrated Nutrient Management
Effect of Foliar Application of Salicylic Acid on Enhancing Salinity Tolerance in Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.)
Salinity represents a major abiotic constraint that adversely affects crop productivity, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. Under saline conditions, plant growth and development are primarily hindered by physiological drought, ionic toxicity resulting from excessive accumulation of sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl-) ions, and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide radicals, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl ions, and singlet oxygen within chloroplasts, mitochondria, and the apoplastic space. To address the impact of salinity stress, a field experiment was conducted during the Kharif seasons of 2023, 2024, and 2025 at a farmer’s field in Kakarlamoodi village. The objective was to evaluate the efficacy of foliar application of salicylic acid in enhancing salinity tolerance in sorghum. The study was structured using a randomized block design comprising six treatments, each replicated four times. Five concentrations of salicylic acid (50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 mg L-¹) were applied, along with a control treatment. The results demonstrated that the 250 mg L-¹ salicylic acid treatment significantly improved grain yield (5729, 6235 and 6300 kg ha-¹), whereas the lowest yield was recorded under the control treatment. In addition to yield enhancement, the highest values for total chlorophyll content, antioxidant enzyme activity, protein concentration, and potassium accumulation in both grain and straw were observed with the 250 mg L-1 foliar application, indicating its effectiveness in mitigating the adverse effects of salinity.
Anti–oxidant activity, Carotenoids, Chlorophyll, Proline, Salinity, Salicylic acid
Effect of Saline Irrigation on Maize Productivity, Resource Use Efficiency and Soil Dynamics under Drip Fertigation System
A field investigation was carried out during the Rabi seasons with the primary objective to assess the influence of saline irrigation water on maize performance, specifically focusing on yield, water and nutrient use efficiency, and soil nutrient availability under drip fertigation conditions. The experimental layout comprised eight distinct treatments with four replications, structured using a randomized block design. Maximum grain and stover yield, along with the highest nutrient uptake, were observed under irrigation with high-quality water combined with the recommended fertilizer dose. These results were statistically comparable to those obtained from alternating fresh water and saline water with an electrical conductivity (EC) of 4 dS m-1. Soil pH remained stable across treatments, while the highest soil EC was recorded under continuous saline water irrigation (4 dS m-1) without fertilizer application. Conversely, the lowest nutrient uptake, nutrient use efficiency, and soil nutrient availability were noted under saline irrigation without fertilization. The strategic alternation of fresh and saline water proved effective in mitigating the detrimental effects of salinity, thereby enhancing nutrient utilization efficiency and improving the bioavailability of nutrients in the soil.
Spring Water Quality Assessment and Its Utilization through Gravity and Solar-based Micro Irrigation System for hilly region
This study aims to assess the spring water quality and its potential use in agriculture through gravity-fed and solar-powered micro-irrigation system. Water samples from naula at experimental farm of ICAR-Vivekananda Parvatiya Krishi Anusandhan Sansthan, Almora, Uttarakhand, were collected and analysed for irrigation quality parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness and concentrations of Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, HCO₃⁻, and Cl⁻, including, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), soluble sodium percentage (SSP), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), and coliform counts. Based on these parameters, all spring samples were classified as ranging from excellent to good in terms of irrigation suitability. The spring water stored in polylined tank and its effective utilization through gravity and solar based micro irrigation system done at site. The variation in emitter discharge was up to 42% as the gravity head increased from 1.75 m to 5.7 m. For micro-sprinklers, the maximum discharge variation was 8.53% under gravity heads of 3.6 m to 5.7 m, respectively. A solar pump with a capacity of 0.25 HP was tested at 5 m head for operating both drip and micro-sprinkler irrigation systems, and performed satisfactorily with coverage area 290 m2 and 198 m2, respectively. The coverage area reduced slightly to 220 m² for drip and 137 m² for micro-sprinklers at 10 m head condition, reflecting the influence of pressure head on system efficiency and water distribution satisfactorily.
Micro irrigation system, Spring water, Gravity head, Solar energy, Hilly region,
Effect of Manure and Mulching under Drip Irrigation on Salinity and Yield of Brinjal in Coastal Saline Soils
Field experiments were carried out over four rabi seasons during 2019–20, 2020–2021, 2021–2022 and 2022– 2023 at Khar Land Research Station, Panvel, Maharashtra, India on coastal saline soil to examine the impact of various manures [no manure, farmyard manure (FYM), vermicompost] and mulches (no mulch, plastic mulch, and paddy straw) on soil salinity and the yield of brinjal under drip irrigation. Findings indicated a notable decrease in salinity (2.57 and 1.08 dS m–1) at 30 days of transplanting (DAT) and 60 days after transplanting of brinjal, respectively with the application of FYM @ 7.5 Mg ha–1 + vermicompost @ 2.5 Mg ha–1 under with plastic mulch over initial salinity (EC) of 6.13 dS m–1. The information additionally indicated that the combination of paddy straw mulch with FYM at 7.5 Mg ha–1 + vermicompost at 2.5 Mg ha–1 resulted in a notably higher fruit yield of brinjal (33.71 Mg ha–1) compared to the no manuring treatment (26.86 Mg ha–1). The paddy straw mulch (32.78 Mg ha–1) resulted in a significantly higher brinjal yield than no mulching (28.03 Mg ha–1). Additionally, it was noted that the combination of FYM @ 7.5 Mg ha–1 + vermicompost @ 2.5 Mg ha–1 with paddy straw mulch produced the highest yield (37.25 Mg ha–1), followed by the treatment receiving FYM @ 15 Mg ha–1 under paddy straw mulch (34.32 Mg ha–1). According to the benefit-cost ratio, the combination of paddy straw mulch with FYM at 7.5 Mg ha–1 and vermicompost at 2.5 Mg ha–1 exhibited the highest ratio (1.38) in coastal saline soils of Kankan, Maharashtra.
Salinity, brinjal, manure, mulching, drip irrigation
Exploring the Sodicity Reclamation Efficiency of Coalchar
This study aimed to assess the impact of Coalchar application alone and in combination with gypsum, organic amendments like vermicompost (VC) and pressmud compost (PMC) on soil chemical properties, particularly pH, electrical conductivity (EC) and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) reduction in sodic soil. Here various treatments including: T1- absolute control (no amendment), T2-VC alone @ 2t ha-1, T3- PMC alone @ 3t ha-1, T4-gypsum alone @ 50% gypsum requirement (GR), T5- Coalchar alone @ 3t ha-1, T6- Coalchar +VC (1:1) @ 3t ha-1, T7- Coalchar + PMC (1:1 mixture) @ 3t ha-1, T8- Coalchar + gypsum (1:1mixture) @ 3 t ha-1 amendments were experimented in incubation study. Reclamation efficiency was evaluated based on the reduction in soil exchangeable sodium percent (ESP). Among the different treatments, the Coalchar + Gypsum (1:1) (based on Ca equivalence) combination showed the most significant reduction in ESP from 31.8 to 16.5% and soil pH from 8.92 to 7.92 over 30 days of incubation, and it was on par with the application of coalchar alone @ 3 t ha-1. Coalchar + Gypsum (1:1) treatment differed significantly from other treatments in reclamation parameters, with a reclamation efficiency of 50% ESP reduction over the absolute control (p< 0.05). The results demonstrate that coalchar alone or in combination with gypsum (1:1), can effectively reclaim sodic soils. These results provide that the field scale study be initiative for sodicity reclamation and in the legitimacy to the use of coalchar in sodic soil management as a partially viable and sustainable alternative to gypsum.
Coalchar, Gypsum, Sodic soil, Sodicity reclamation, Exchangeable sodium percent
Appraisal of Ground Water Quality of Sindhari and Siwana (Barmer) Rajasthan and its Suitability for Irrigation
Quality of ground water for irrigation is a crucial factor influencing agricultural productivity and environmental sustainability, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. The chief objective of this study was to characterize the ground water quality of Sindhari and Siwana tehsils of Barmer (Rajasthan). A total of 64 ground water samples were collected and analyzed for various parameters, including pH, EC, cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and K+) and anions (CO32-, HCO3-, Cl-, SO42-, nitrate and fluoride). Furthermore, water quality indices like RSC, SAR, Adj. SAR and SSP were calculated using the analytical data. These parameters were evaluated against water quality standards for irrigation to the prevailing crops. Ground water for irrigation in the studied area were good (39.06%), marginally saline (7.81%), high SAR saline (28.13%) and highly alkali (25.0%) types. These results inferred that a substantial portion of samples showed high salinity and sodicity rendering them unsuitable for irrigation without proper management. Hence, sustainable strategies and soil amendments are recommended to mitigate the negative effects of poor-quality ground water for irrigation.
Ground water quality, Salinity, Sodicity, Alkalinity, Irrigation suitability
Impact of Integrated Plant Nutrient System on Cotton Seed Production in the Coastal Region of Karaikal, Puducherry
To assess the effect of Integrated Plant Nutrient System (IPNS) on cotton seed production, an experiment was conducted with ten treatments, blanket fertilizer recommendation, FYM alone, Soil test crop response (STCR) NPK applications aimed at yield targets of 3.1, 3.3, and 3.5Mg ha{ ¹, corresponding STCR-IPNS treatments for the same targets, one following the farmers’ practice, and an absolute control in RBD with three replications at farmers holding at Varichikudy, Karaikal. The soil in the study area was clay in texture, classified as Typic Haplusterts. The results of field experiment have shown that application of STCR+IPNS-3.5 Mg ha-1 recorded higher plant height, LAI, monopodia plant-1, sympodia plant-1 at all the crop growth stages, which was comparable with other STCR + IPNS treatments. Higher number of fruiting points plant-1 (73.47) was recorded in the STCR+IPNS-3.3 Mg ha-1 which was on par with other STCR+IPNS treatments. Higher bolls plant-1 (64.32), boll setting percentage (87.66 %), boll weight (4.76 g) and Bartlett’s Earliness Index (BEI) (0.59) were recorded in STCR+IPNS-3.5 Mg ha-1. The highest seed cotton yield (3.6 Mg ha-1), stover yield (5930 kg ha-1), ginning per cent (42.52 %), seed index (9.19) and lint index (6.82) were recorded in STCR+IPNS-3.5 Mg ha-1 treatment. The highest seed cotton yield in STCR-IPNS 3.5 Mg ha-1 was 40.35 % and 34.63 % higher than the seed cotton yield recorded by farmers’ practice (2.65 Mg ha-1) and blanket recommendation (2.67 Mg ha-1), respectively and 114.9 % higher than control (1.67Mg ha-1). and response ratio (7.10).
Evaluation of Salinity, Sodicity and Fertility Indices of Soils of South-Eastern Jodhpur (Rajasthan), India
The periodically diagnosis and subsequent management of salinity, sodicity and fertility status of the soils is of vital significance. The detailed systematic information about these aspects is not yet available for this tract which is essential for sustainable natural resource management. Therefore, an urgent need was felt for extensive and well planned study of soils both in the field and laboratory was conducted to evaluate salinity, sodicity and fertility indices of both irrigated and unirrigated cultivated soils of south eastern part of Jodhpur district of Rajasthan during December, 2021. One hundred sixty five composite soil samples (0-15 cm depth) from fields irrigating with tube wells/open wells water and sixty three composite soil samples (0-15 cm depth) from adjacent unirrigated fields were collected. Underground water for irrigation in the study area were good (40.66%), marginally saline (29.67%), saline (1.10%), high SAR saline (26.92%) and highly alkali (1.65%) types. The computed values of salinity and sodicity indices were 1.96, 2.86 and 1.06, 2.49 for irrigated and unirrigated soils of study area, respectively. The calculated values of fertility index for organic carbon, available phosphorus and potassium were 1.08, 1.37 and 2.50 for irrigated and 1.00, 1.17 and 2.16 for unirrigated soils, respectively. On the basis of soil and water characteristics studied it can be inferred that poor fertility, very slight salinity and moderate sodicity of soils and marginally saline, saline, high SAR saline and highly alkali underground water for irrigation were the principle constraints affecting crop production in the study area.
Salinity and sodicity indices, Irrigated and unirrigated soils, Underground water
Effect Of Gypsum and Zinc on Performance and Nutrient Content of Wheat Crop under Sodic Water Irrigation
Irrigation using ground water having high residual sodium carbonate (RSC) is a serious problem as it causes soil sodification adversely affecting crop production. Gypsum application is frequently advised to counteract the negative effects of sodic water on soil. With the intensive cropping of high yielding varieties of rice and wheat in the state, deficiency of zinc in rice and manganese in wheat emerged as threats to sustaining high level of food grain production. Therefore, the present investigation was conducted to evaluate the effect of gypsum and zinc on growth, yield and nutrient content of wheat (Triticum aestivum) under sodic water irrigation. The experiment was conducted under field conditions during Rabi 2021-22 at farmers’ field in Mahendergarh district of Haryana. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with three replications. The treatments comprised four levels of gypsum [0 kg ha-1 (G0), 50 kg ha-1(G50), 75 kg ha-1(G75) and 100 kg ha-1 (G100)] and four levels of zinc (0, 5, 10 and 25 kg Zn ha-1). The results revealed that different levels of gypsum and zinc application had significant effect on growth, yield and nutrient content in grain of wheat. Among different levels of gypsum, application of 100 kg gypsum ha-1recorded the highest yield attributes, grain yield and nutrient content in wheat. The highest value of these parameters was recorded with 25 kg Zn ha-1 among different zinc treatments. From the present study it was concluded that application of gypsum to 100% neutralization of RSC of irrigation water and zinc at 25 kg ha-1 was found optimum in situations where irrigation water is sodic and soil is deficient in zinc.
Grain yield, Gypsum, Nutrient content, Residual sodium carbonate, Sodification, Zinc
Effect of Leaf Color Chart (LCC)-based Nitrogen Application in Wheat on Available Nutrients and Enzyme Activity in Soil
Nitrogen management in wheat is becoming important to counteract the adverse effect of excess application of N on environment as well as on economics of the farmers. We examined the effect of different N recommendation approaches on available N fraction in the soil, urease activity at different growth stages of wheat and nutrient use efficiencies in South-West Haryana. Results showed that the available N content varied significantly during the different crop growth stages of wheat. The highest N content was reported in treatment where N was applied on the basis of STCR approach. However, the available N content in leaf color chart (LCC) based treatment was equivalent to RDN treatment at the harvest of the crop, showing 30% N fertilizer saving without sacrificing the grain yield. The trend of urease enzyme activity was followed the N availability. The activity of urease was found significantly maximum in the treatment where N was applied on the basis of STCR equation in all growth stages except at 20 and 40 days after sowing (DAS). Urease activity in LCC based treatment noticed almost equivalent as observed under RDN application after harvest of the wheat. The significantly highest amount of available P and K was recorded in the treatment where LCC guided one split of N was applied.
Leaf Color Chart, Soil Test Crop Response (STCR), Soil Test based Recommended dose of Nitrogen (RDN), Urease activity, N management
Effect of Different Nutrient Sources Including Sewage Sludge on Growth Performance and Carbon Sequestration Potential of Melia azedarach and Eucalyptus tereticornis Plantations
The present study evaluates the impact of different nutrient source including sewage sludge on the growth performance, productivity and carbon sequestration by Melia azedarach (dek) and Eucalyptus tereticornis (eucalyptus) plantations. The trees were planted at a spacing of 4 x 3 m i.e., 833 trees ha-1 in randomized block design (RBD) in three replications with a net plot size of 4 plants plot-1. The treatments viz. T1: recommended dose of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) through inorganic fertilizers (urea and DAP), T2:100% N through farmyard manure (FYM), T3:100% N through sewage sludge, T4: 50% N through sewage sludge and T5:150% N through sewage sludge were applied. Growth measurements, including diameter at breast height (DBH) and height, were recorded annually and timber volume was estimated using species-specific regression equations. At six years of age, total biomass production, carbon stock and carbon dioxide (CO₂) assimilation potential were also quantified. Statistically significant variations were observed among treatments for both species across the years. In dek, DBH, height and timber volume were 10.7, 14.4 and 33.2% higher, respectively in T2 over T4 with recorded ranges of 17.17–19.01 cm, 16.71–19.12 m, and 188.8–251.4 m³ ha⁻¹, respectively. Similarly, in eucalyptus, T2 had 8.7, 6.7 and 34.8% higher DBH, height and volume, respectively over T4 with corresponding ranges of 18.87–20.50 cm, 23.02–24.56 m, and 182.6–246.1 m³ ha-1, respectively. Consequently, T2 also resulted in the highest total biomass (270.6 and 242.8 Mg ha-1), total carbon stock (123.5 and 110.8 Mg C ha⁻¹) and CO₂ assimilation potential (453.1 and 369.2 Mg CO₂ ha⁻¹) in dek and eucalyptus, respectively. The findings demonstrate that the growth and productivity of both species under T2 and T3 were statistically better compared to other treatments. Therefore, sewage sludge can be effectively utilized as an alternative organic nutrient source for enhancing the productivity and carbon sequestration potential of Melia and Eucalyptus plantations instead of inorganic fertilizers.
Biomass, Carbon-stock, Productivity, Sewage sludge, Tree volume
Soil Salinity Levels Caused by Saltwater Intrusion in Coastal Paddy Areas of Sri Lanka
Rice is the staple food and main agricultural crop in Sri Lanka. Rice production is primarily concentrated in the dry zone of Sri Lanka, though it is also cultivated in the wet zone. The productivity of most of the paddy lands in the coastal zone of Sri Lanka has declined over the years due to salinization caused by tidal waves and sea water intrusion, both of which are linked to climate change-induced sea level rise. This study primarily focused on salinity-related issues in the coastal paddy fields due to saltwater intrusion. It was conducted in seven selected coastal districts of Sri Lanka, encompassing both the dry zone and wet zone of Sri Lanka. The dry zone districts included Jaffna and Mannar, which are located in the north of Sri Lanka, and the wet zone districts included Gampaha, Colombo, and Kalutara districts, located in the west of Sri Lanka, and Galle and Matara districts, located in the south of Sri Lanka. The soil samples were collected periodically during the dry season, between August to October in the year 2019 and checked for salinity levels using electrical conductivity measurements of 1:5 soil to water extract (EC 1:5). As per the results, the salinity levels within the study areas ranged from 0.105 dS m-1 (non-saline) to 4.002 dS m-1 (highly saline with significant impacts on paddy growth and yields). Over 70 percent of the sites in the wet zone districts and all the sites in the dry zone districts are found to be highly saline. According to the study, more than 50% of the land extent along the coastline of the study districts is severely affected by salinity. Due to prevailing high salinity conditions, the productivity of these lands is heavily affected, with the high salinity stress in their early growth stages severely affecting the survival rate. Therefore, it is recommended that urgent, long-term precautionary action be taken for the optimal control of salinity in the coastal paddy fields before it gets worse with time.
Saltwater intrusion, Soil salinity, Paddy Cultivation, Electrical conductivity
Managing Salt Ratios in Saline Water Irrigated Cotton-Wheat Cropping System by Farm Yard Manure and Sewage Sludge
A field experiment was conducted during 2021–22 at Hisar using two irrigation treatments, viz. canal water (I1: 0.30 dS m-1) and saline water (I2: 8 dS m-1) and eight fertilizer/manure treatments, viz. T1: control, T2: farm yard manure (FYM) 10 Mg ha-1, T3: sewage sludge (SS) 5 Mg ha-1, T4: 100% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF), T5: 75% RDF+10 Mg ha-1 FYM+ST-3 (Azotobacter), T6: 75% RDF+5 Mg ha-1 SS+ST-3, T7: 100% recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN)+75% P&K+10 Mg ha-1 FYM+ST-3, T8: 100% RDN+75% P & K+5 Mg ha-1 SS+ST-3. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the impact of integrated nutrient management and saline water irrigation on salt ratios in cotton-wheat crop rotation. The FYM and SS were applied in the Kharif season only. Na+/K+ and Cl-/SO42- ratio were significantly increased with increased irrigation water salinity in cotton and wheat crops. However, RDF, organic manures and integrated nutrient management treatments resulted in lower Na+/K+ and Cl-/SO42- ratio in cotton and wheat as compared with control. The Na+/K+ ratio was reported lowest with T7 in seed and stalk of cotton, while it was lowest with T4 in wheat grain and straw as compared to control. Similarly, the Cl-/SO42- ratio was reported lowest with T7 in cotton seed, stalk and wheat straw compared to control. It may be concluded that combined application of FYM, SS and inorganic fertilizers increases the potential of agricultural crops to withstand salt stress by decreasing Na+ and Cl- besides increasing the K+ and SO42- in the plants.
Na+/K+ and Cl-/SO42- ratio, Cotton-wheat cropping system, Saline water, Sewage sludge