Journal of Soil Salinity and Water Quality
The Journal (JSSWQ) was started in 2009 and since then biannual issues are being published regularly, June and December issues containing approximately 300 printed and online pages. EDITORIAL BOARD Subscription Information for Print Version
Indian Society of Soil Salinity and Water Quality, Karnal (Haryana)
Journal of Soil Salinity and Water Quality serves as an official organ of the Indian Society of Soil Salinity and Water Quality (ISSSWQ) for the publication of research papers, reviews, and short communications as per the constitution and by-laws of the society. Soft and hard copy of the journal are sent free to all its members. All disputes are subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of competent court and forums in Kamal only. The society does not assume any responsibility for opinion by the authors in the articles and no-material in any form can be reproduced without the prior permission of the society. The society is not responsible for any delay, whatsoever, in publication/ delivery of the periodicals to the subscribers due to unforeseen circumstances or postal delay. The society does not vouch for any claims made by the advertisers of products and services. The publisher and the editors shall not be held liable for any consequences in the event of such claim not being honoured by the advertisers.
Effect of STCR-IPNS-Based Fertiliser Recommendation on Yield Attributes and Quality of Cotton Seed in The Coastal Karaikal Region
To assess the influence of IPNS on cotton seed quality an experiment was conducted with ten treatments, blanket recommendations, Soil Test Crop Response (STCR_-NPK alone for 3.1, 3.3 and 3.5 t ha-1 yield targets, STCR-IPNS for 3.1, 3.3 and 3.5 t ha-1 yield targets, farmers’ practice and absolute control in RBD with three replications at farmers' holdings at Varichikudy, Karaikal. The soil of the experimental field was clay in texture, taxonomically Typic Haplusterts. The results of the field experiment showed that the application of STCR+IPNS-35 q ha-1 resulted in higher plant height, LAI, monopodia per plant, and sympodia per plant at all crop growth stages, which was comparable to other STCR+IPNS treatments. A higher number of fruiting points per plant (73.47) was recorded in the STCR+IPNS-3.3 t ha-1, which was on par with other STCR+IPNS treatments. Higher bolls plant-1 (64.32), boll setting percentage (87.66 %), boll weight (4.76 g) and Bartlett’s Earliness Index (BEI) (0.59) were recorded in STCR+IPNS-3.5 t ha-1. The highest seed cotton yield (36.00 q ha-1), stover yield (5930 kg ha-1), ginning per cent (42.52 %), seed index (9.19) and lint index (6.82) were recorded in STCR+IPNS-3.5 t ha-1 treatment. The highest seed cotton yield in STCR-IPNS 3.5 t ha-1 was 40.35 % and 34.63 % higher than the seed cotton yield recorded by farmers’ practice (2.65 t ha-1) and blanket recommendation (2.67 t ha-1), respectively, and 114.9 % higher than control (1.67 t ha-1). and response ratio (7.10).
Cotton, Fertilizer prescription equation, Soil Test Crop Response (STCR), Integrated plant nutrient supply (IPNS)
Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Soil Salinity and Water Quality
Photosynthetic Trait-Based Evaluation of Lentil Genotypes Under Salt Stress
Lentil (Lens culinaris, Medik.), a nutritionally rich pulse crop, is susceptible to soil salinity. At an electrical conductivity (EC) of up to 5 dS m-1 (~50 mM NaCl), the crop experiences a significant reduction in yield of approximately 90%. The current emphasis on identifying lentil germplasm with salinity tolerance is essential for ensuring super-food production. Assessment of diversity panels for their ability to withstand salt stress is a leading approach for developing breeding lines and salt-tolerant varieties. One hundred diverse lentil genotypes were evaluated for photosynthetic traits under non-saline (control) and saline (EC = 5 dS m-1) conditions. This study was conducted at ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, during rabi seasons of 2021-22 and 2022-23. Across genotypes. a significant reduction was noticed under salinity in comparison to control for various parameters viz. photosynthetic rate (36.4%), transpiration rate (34.0%), stomatal conductance (34.0%), instantaneous water use efficiency-iWUE (3.7%), chlorophyll content (27.8%), (relative water content) (30.0%), and MSI (membrane stability index (19.0%). The stepwise regression approach revealed that E (Leaf Transpiration Rate), gsw (Stomatal Conductance to Water Vapor), iWUE, inWUE (intrinsic water use efficiency), Chlorophyll, RWC and MSI contributed critically in combating salt stress. A noteworthy positive correlation was noted between Pn, iWUE as well as inWUE under both control and salinity whereas gsw, Pn (Net Photosynthetic Rate), E, and MSI under salinity. Out of eight PCs, initial three principal components (PCs) showed substantial variation. These principal components accounted for 64.6% and 72.2% of the overall variation under normal and saline conditions, respectively. This study provides the fundamental knowledge about how photosynthetic traits respond to salt stress in lentils. The information obtained here will aid in understanding photosynthetic alterations under salt stress.
Farmers’ Perception Regarding Resilience of Kharchia Wheat Land Race in Saline and Resource-Constrained Agro-Ecosystems of Arid India
The study examines the trend of continued cultivation and conservation of Kharchia wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), a salt-tolerant landrace grown in the saline belt of Pali district, Rajasthan, India. Despite the availability of improved wheat varieties, an overwhelming majority of farmers (over 90%) perceive Kharchia wheat as indispensable under harsh agro-ecological conditions characterized by saline soils, saline groundwater, high temperatures, limited irrigation, good fodder yield, resistance to storage pests and low input requirements. In addition to agronomic resilience, Kharchia wheat is highly valued for its superior flour quality, taste, water-absorption capacity, shelf life of chapatis, and suitability for traditional dishes such as Baati, Churma, and Dalia. The study found little evidence of varietal replacement or genetic erosion in the area. Most farmers reported continued or even expanding cultivation of Kharchia wheat, especially as soil and water salinity increased. Although improved varieties may offer higher yields under favourable irrigated conditions, they often fail in saline and resource-poor environments. Farmers’ continued reliance on Kharchia wheat reflects rational, risk-averse decision-making aimed at ensuring livelihood security, reducing dependence on external seed markets, and minimizing production costs. Beyond its local importance, Kharchia wheat has contributed significantly to formal breeding programs and has been used as donor material to develop salt-tolerant varieties, including Kharchia 65, KRL 1-4, KRL 19, and KRL 39. Its registration with the ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR), New Delhi, further underscores its strategic value. The findings emphasize that effective on-farm conservation policies must incorporate farmers’ perceptions, traditional knowledge and socio-ecological realities. In the face of climate change, strengthening indigenous varieties and biocultural systems is essential for sustaining agricultural resilience, especially in marginal and saline agro-ecosystems.
Salinity tolerance, On-farm conservation, Sustainable agriculture, Farmers’ perception, Indigenous varieties
Appraisal of Groundwater Quality of Punjab, India for Irrigation
Study on survey, characterization and classification of groundwater quality in the different districts of Punjab was undertaken with a total of 3525 samples from 22 districts. Out of this, 3267 ground water samples from 8 districts of south-west districts of Punjab were collected by AICRP on Management of Saline Water and Associated Salinization in Agriculture (MSW&ASA), Bathinda, while data of remaining 258 ground water samples from 14 districts were acquired from Central Ground Water Board (CGWB), New Delhi. The ground water samples were analyzed in the laboratory for electrical conductivity (EC), pH, concentrations of cation (Na+, Ca2+ + Mg2+) and anions (CO32-, HCO3 - and Cl-). The water samples were categorized into different irrigation water classes as per criterion provided by ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal based on EC, Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) and Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC). The irrigation water classes include good quality, three subclasses for saline water and three subclasses for alkali water. The data indicated that sub-mountain undulating region (agro climatic region-I) contain the maximum (97.4%) good quality ground water followed by 66.7 % in undulating plain region (agro climatic region-II). However, minimum (20.6%) good quality water samples were recorded from central plain region (agro climatic region-III) followed by 23.6% in western region (agro climatic region-V). It was also reported that 27.9% samples were found in good quality water class “A”, 13.7% in marginally saline (B1), 4.7% in saline (B2) and 4.7% in high SAR saline water class (B3), respectively. Among alkali water samples, 8.3% come under marginally alkali (C1), 6.4% in alkali water (C2) and 34.3% in high alkali water class (C3), respectively. In case of anions, HCO3 was dominant ion followed by Cl and CO3 in water samples. These results highlight an increasing issue of declining groundwater quality, which poses threats to crop productivity, soil health, and long-term agricultural sustainability, especially in Punjab central and southwestern districts. In order to ensure sustainable agricultural production and stop further land degradation in Punjab, this study also emphasizes the urgent need for comprehensive water resource management policies.
Microsatellite Markers-Based Genetic Diversity and Population Structure Analysis of Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) Accessions
Lentil is a nutritious, protein-rich winter-season pulse crop acting as a boon for mitigating malnutrition and maintaining global food security. Genetic variation and selection is the basis for any crop improvement programme. To explore the pattern of genetic diversity among lentil accessions under salt stress, microsatellite (SSR) markers were used. The development of long-lasting, stable cultivars requires the utilisation of diverse germplasm. This study was conducted at the ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, using 100 lentil accessions. In this study, 12 SSR (simple sequence repeat) markers were used. Minor allele frequency (MAF) ranged from 0.07 to 0.49, with a mean value of 0.27. Genetic diversity (GD) for SSRs ranged from 0.11 to 0.50. The polymorphic information content (PIC), which ranged from 0 to 1, was 0.12 to 0.38 in the present study. Three sub-groups based on population structure analysis, denoted as the red, green and blue clusters, encompassed of 35, 48 and 17 lentil accessions, respectively. A UPGMA-based phylogenetic tree was also constructed, which grouped all genotypes into three main clusters. The information generated in our study may have significant implications for molecular characterisation, fingerprinting, and documentation of accessions in the lentil improvement programme.
Effect of Different Levels of Nitrogen and Foliar Spray of Super Nano Urea on Soil Properties and Economics of Maize in Typic Haplustepts
The present study was undertaken during the kharif season of 2024 at the Instructional Farm of the Rajasthan College of Agriculture, MPUAT, Udaipur, Rajasthan. The experiment consisted of eleven treatments involving different combinations of fertilizers and Super Nano Urea (SNU). Each treatment was replicated three times and arranged in a Randomized Block Design. The application of treatment T7 (100% N + 3 spray of SNU at 25 DAS, 40 DAS and 55 DAS) recorded highest soil microbial population (bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes) and enzymatic activities viz., dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase activity at harvest which was statistically at par with treatment T6 (100% N + 2 spray of SNU at 25 DAS and 40 DAS) and T5 (100% N + 1 spray of SNU at 55 DAS). Similarly, the maximum available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and DTPA-extractable zinc in post-harvest soil were also recorded under treatment T7 (100% N + 3 sprays of SNU at 25 DAS, 40 DAS, and 55 DAS). Economic analysis revealed that the maximum net returns (Rs. 118813 ha⁻¹) were recorded under T7 (100% N + 3 sprays of SNU at 25, 40 and 55 DAS) which was found at par with T6 (100% N + 2 sprays of SNU at 25 and 40 DAS). However, the highest benefit-cost ratio (3.36) was recorded under T6, indicating better economic efficiency of the treatment.
Super nano urea, Microbial population, Nitrogen, Dehydrogenase activity, BC ratio
Zinc Availability in Reclaimed Sodic Soil under Rice-Wheat Cultivation Following Conservation Agriculture-Based Nutrient Management Practices
The deficiency of available Zn in soil is a major constraint to crop productivity and quality, and has contributed to widespread human malnutrition. To address this issue, the present study examined Zn adsorption and availability in soil under a rice-wheat cropping system following conservation agriculture (CA)-based nutrient management practices. The initial Zn concentration was directly proportional to per cent saturation and the supply parameter, but inversely related to the differential buffering capacity (DBC) of the soil. This relationship indicated greater Zn adsorption with a decreasing rate at higher initial Zn concentrations, along with an increase in the quantity factor (solid phase). Approximately 100% Zn saturation was achieved at an initial Zn concentration of ~150 mg L-1, while the DBC was maximum (646 and 1441 L kg-1 at 25℃ and 40℃, respectively) under full conservation agriculture with inorganic nutrient management. Among the management practices, full conservation agriculture and higher temperature conditions promoted stronger Zn adsorption, thereby restricting its availability in soil. Although the effect of organic manure application on Zn availability was not clearly evident in the present study, the supply parameter was higher under organic manuring than under conventional and full conservation agriculture practices. Overall, partial conservation agriculture practices resulted in greater available Zn concentrations, whereas soils under full conservation agriculture require higher Zn fertilization due to their elevated differential buffering capacity.
Available soil Zn, Buffering capacity, Partial conservation agriculture, Per cent saturation, Supply parameter
The Role of the Flag Leaf in Rice for Mitigating Sodicity-Induced Abiotic Stress
Soil sodicity, defined by an exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) > 15% and pH levels between 8.5 and 10.7, represents a critical bottleneck for rice (Oryza sativa L.) productivity globally, particularly in the Indo-Gangetic and Cauvery delta regions. Among plant organs, the flag leaf occupies a position of supreme physiological importance during the reproductive stage, acting as the primary source for the developing panicle sink and contributing 45% to 50% of the total photo assimilates required for grain filling. This review provides a comprehensive evaluation of the flag leaf's role in mitigating the "triple stress" of sodicity: osmotic stress, ionic (Na⁺) toxicity, and high pH-induced nutrient deficiencies. Tolerant genotypes like CSR36 and TRY 3 exhibit superior resilience through specialized sodium exclusion mechanisms, primarily mediated by High-affinity Potassium Transporters (OsHKT1;4 and OsHKT1;5), which protect the flag leaf blade from toxic sodium accumulation. Furthermore, the flag leaf serves as a biochemical fortress, upregulating enzymatic antioxidants such as Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), and Peroxidase (POX) to neutralize reactive oxygen species. The evaluation of the "stay-green" trait and its correlation with sustained photosynthetic rates and spikelet fertility under alkaline conditions. The review highlights the importance of Na⁺/K⁺ homeostasis and micronutrient management specifically Zinc (Zn) and Iron (Fe) in maintaining flag leaf health, offering a framework for future breeding strategies and marker-assisted selection to enhance reproductive stage sodicity tolerance.
Abiotic Stress, Antioxidant Defense, Flag Leaf, Ion Homeostasis, Reproductive Stage, Soil Sodicity
Levels and Sources of Phosphorus Improve Soil OrganicCarbon and Microbiological Properties under Pearl Millet-Mustard Cropping System in Semi–Arid Region
This study aimed to elucidate the impact of varying phosphorus sources and levels on soil organic carbon (SOC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and microbiological properties in semi–arid regions of northwest India. Application of P fertilizers (SSP; single super phosphate, DAP; di-ammonium phosphate, RP; rock phosphate) either alone or in combination with farmyard manure (FYM) improved SOC and DOC content in soil and the highest SOC (0.60%) and DOC (20.30 mg kg–1) was observed with the conjoint application of FYM with SSP. Application of FYM along with P fertilizers significantly increased the alkaline phosphatase and aryl sulphatase activity as compared to sole P fertilizers, however, non–significantly increment was observed for urease activity. Among P fertilizers, higher enzymes activity was observed with DAP (29.25 μg NH+ g-1 hr–1 as urease activity; 321.52 and 260.81 μg PNPg–1hr–1, as alkaline phosphatase and aryl sulphatase, respectively) as compared to SSP and RP. Conjoint application of P fertilizers and FYM significantly increased microbial biomass in soil and the highest microbial biomass carbon (224.42 mg kg–1), nitrogen (26.38 mg kg–1), phosphorus (17.00 mg kg–1) and sulphur (15.15 mg kg–1) was recorded with application of 7.5 t FYM ha–1 along with SSP. The results conclusively indicated that application of FYM along with P fertilizers played a pivotal role in enhancing soil chemical and microbiological properties under pearl millet–mustard cropping system.
Enzymatic activities, farmyard manure, microbial biomass, phosphorus and SOC
Remediation of Cationic Dye from Waste Water using Low Cost Biosorbent :Preparation, Characterization, Adsorption Study
Human and aquatic health is frequently at risk due to dye pollution in aquatic environments. In order to remediate water contaminated with cationic dye namely brilliant green (BG) dye, a chemically modified almond shell adsorbent was developed in the present study. The physico-chemical characteristics of modified almond shell (MAS) were investigated using a variety of characterization techniques, including pHpzc, FTIR, FE-SEM, and EDS. Studies have been conducted on the impacts of different adsorption parameters, including the pH, dye concentrations, adsorbent dose, contact time and temperature. The optimized conditions were pH−8, 0.8 g/L of adsorbent dose, 120 minutes of contact time and temperature 50⁰C. The BG uptake by modified almond shell was explained by the monolayer adsorption onto energetically equivalent sorption sites. The Langmuir model yielded a maximal adsorptive capacity of 121.73 mg BG per g MAS. The kinetic models also showed that the rate depends on the adsorbent's adsorptive capacity. The pseudo-second-order model fits BG adsorption well, with R2 > 0.99. Thermodynamic studies indicated that adsorption is feasible, spontaneous, and endothermic. This work suggests that MAS warrants further investigation as a potential adsorbent for removing BG dye.
Almond shell, adsorption, cationic dye, isotherm studies
Multi-Biomarker based Environmental Monitoring of Aquatic Ecosystems using Catla Catla and Cirrhinus Mrigala in Malwa Region of Punjab
Catla catla and Cirrhinus mrigala were collected from three districts in Malwa region of Punjab i.e. Muktsar, Bathinda and Ludhiana. Fulton’s condition factor (K), protein content, qualitative analysis of proteins and genotoxicity was determined in fishes. Fulton’s condition factor was higher in both fishes of Muktsar followed by Bathinda and Ludhiana. The lowest protein content was recorded in all tissues (liver, kidney, gills and muscles) of both fish species of Mukstar followed by Bathinda and Ludhiana with liver of both species and gills of C. catla showing non-significant variation whereas kidney as well as muscles of both species and gills of C. mrigala showing significant variation across three locations (p<0.05). SDS-PAGE analysis of liver revealed appearance of distinct protein bands such as 32 KDa, 38 KDa in C. catla and C. mrigala of both Mukstar and Bathinda as well as 120 KDa, 150 KDa and 200 KDa in C. mrigala of Bathinda only. Genotoxicity studies using the comet assay showed significant differences in tail lengths of liver cells, with Muktsar exhibiting the longest comet tails for both species. These findings suggest that C. catla and C. mrigala present in aquatic ecosystems of Muktsar were having elevated biomarker levels associated with environmental impact followed by Bathinda and Ludhiana which might be due to variations in pollutant load and other environmental stressors influencing aquatic ecosystem health.
Fulton’s condition factor, environment, genotoxicity, protein content, SDS-PAGE
Emerging Perspectives in Cropping System–based Nutrient Management: A Scientometric Analysis
In a world grappling with the dual challenge of feeding a burgeoning global population and safeguarding the environment, nutrient management in agricultural systems has emerged as a critical area of research and innovation. Cropping system-based nutrient management plays a crucial role in sustainable agriculture by optimizing nutrient utilization, enhancing crop productivity, and minimizing environmental impacts. In this context, this study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent advances in cropping system-based nutrient management strategies. It highlights the integration of various techniques, including precision agriculture, cover cropping, crop rotation, site-specific nutrient management and digital technologies, to improve nutrient use efficiency and mitigate nutrient-related challenges. Through an in-depth analysis of current research, this study emphasizes the importance of tailored nutrient management approaches that consider soil conditions, crop requirements, and environmental sustainability. It also emphasizes the urgent need for further research and widespread adoption of these strategies to ensure food security and environmental preservation. This paper presents a meticulous scientometric analysis spanning the past two decades (2003-2023) to comprehensively examine recent advances in cropping systems-based nutrient management. Drawing upon an extensive body of scientific literature, our analysis unveils key trends, influential research, and emerging areas of interest within this field. We identified a paradigm shift towards precision agriculture, integrated nutrient management, and sustainable farming practices as dominant themes. We found that Indian scientists from IARI are publishing many research papers on the given topic. The Indian Journal of Agronomy and Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences are leading publishers for articles on nutrient management and cropping systems. Long-term carbon sequestration, organic manure and nutrient use efficiency are trending topics of research, while soil carbon sequestration and analysis of soil carbon pools under different cropping systems are emerging topics of research. By synthesizing the collective wisdom of the past two decades, the current study informs the strategic allocation of resources and the formulation of research priorities, thereby catalysing innovative solutions to the complex challenges at the intersection of food security and environmental sustainability.
Cover cropping, Crop rotation, Digital agriculture, Site-specific nutrient management, Integrated nutrient management
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Soil Salinity and Water Quality
3D Mapping of Soil Salinity in Sub-surface Drainage Project Site Using Electromagnetic Induction (EMI) and Inversion Modelling
Soil salinity is a significant form of chemical land degradation, impeding crop productivity and sustainability in irrigated and arid regions. Traditional two-dimensional (2D) soil salinity maps are limited in scope, lacking critical vertical salinity distribution data necessary for effective reclamation planning. This study aimed to generate a three-dimensional (3D) soil salinity map using electromagnetic induction (EMI) techniques and inversion modeling at subsurface drainage (SSD) site in Kahni village, Rohtak, Haryana, India. Soil apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) was measured using the EM38MK2 sensor in both vertical and horizontal orientations at two depth responses (0.5 m and 1 m) across two experimental blocks: Block 1 (B1, non-continuous SSD operation) and Block 2 (B2, continuous SSD operation). 3D inversion algorithm (EM4Soil) was applied to estimate true soil conductivity (σ), which was then correlated with electrical conductivity of saturated paste extract (ECe). The developed regression model (ECe = 1.024 + 0.0460 σ, R² = 0.71) showed strong predictive ability (RMSE = 5.03 dS m-¹; Lin’s concordance = 0.84). The resulting 3D salinity maps revealed that continuous SSD operation significantly reduced salinity in B2 across all depths and minimized spatial variability, whereas B1 showed persistent high salinity due to inadequate drainage. Deeper layers in both blocks had higher salinity, indicating salt leaching from surface soils. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of EMI and inversion modeling for 3D salinity assessment, offering a rapid, non-destructive, and cost-effective tool for precision land and drainage management toward achieving Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN).
Application of Modified Walnut Shell for Adsorptive Removal of Anionic Dye (Congo Red) from Simulated Water
Human and aquatic health is frequently at risk due to Congo red (CR) dye pollution in aquatic environments. To remediate water contaminated with CR dye, a chemically modified walnut shell adsorbent was developed in the present study. The physico-chemical characteristics of modified walnut shell were investigated using a variety of characterization techniques, including pHpzc, FTIR, FE-SEM, and EDS. After optimizing the impact of the most important parameters, a maximum removal of 77.5% was noted at pH 4. The CR uptake by chemically modified walnut shell was explained by the monolayer layer adsorption onto energetically equivalent sorption sites. The Langmuir model yielded a maximal adsorptive capacity of 53.3 mg CR per g CMWS. The kinetic models also showed that the rate depends on the adsorbent’s adsorptive capacity. The pseudo-second order model works well for CR adsorption, and its R2 >0.99 adsorption. Thermodynamic studies indicated that adsorption is feasible, spontaneous and endothermic in nature. This work suggests that CMWS can be investigated further as a possible adsorbent for the removal of CR dye.
Walnut shell, adsorption, anionic dye, isotherm
Effect of Dominant Cropping Systems on the Soil Properties in Sirsa District, Haryana
Lack of information about site-specific nutrients for various cropping systems has been a major challenge in addressing declining soil fertility and improving crop productivity in the Sirsa district, Haryana, India. Therefore, the study was aimed to evaluate and quantify soil properties across cropping systems (CS), including cotton-wheat (C-W), rice-wheat (R-W), groundnut mustard (GN-M), pearl millet-wheat (PM-W), Guar-Mustard (G-W), mungbean-wheat (MB-W), guava orchard, and cotton-mustard (C-M). A total of 140 georeferenced soil samples were collected using a random survey approach, and the samples were analyzed for soil texture, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic carbon (OC), available nitrogen percentage (AvN), phosphorus (AvP) and extractable potassium (ExK). The Sulfur Availability Index (SAI) and Soil Nutrient Index (SNI) were also developed. Guava orchard showed the maximum mean value of EC (0.60 dS/m), organic carbon (0.71%), available N (161.70 kg ha-1), AvP (33.91 kg ha-1), available K (325 kg ha-1), and available S (48.52 kg ha-1). Nutrient index values of the all the cropping systems for available N were low, medium for OC except cotton-wheat (low) and available K except guava (high), high for available P except cotton-mustard and guar-mustard (medium) and S except cotton-wheat (medium). Highest SAI was observed in guarva orchard (3.00) whereas minimum was observed in cotton-wheat (2.15). Our findings indicate that cropping systems have huge impact on soil properties.
Cropping system, Soil properties, Nutrient index, Sulfur Availability Index.
Agro – Physiological Traits, Nutrient Uptake, Quality and Economics of Oat under Saline Water Irrigation and Cutting Management Practices
During rabi season of 2022-23 and 2023-24, An experiment was conducted at Research Farm, Agronomy Department, CCS HAU, Hisar to study agro – physiological traits, nutrient uptake, quality and economics of oat cultivation under saline water irrigation and cutting management practices on sandy loam soil. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with irrigation sources (canal and tubewell) and irrigation levels (two irrigation 30 and 60 days after sowing (DAS); three irrigation 30, 60 and 90 DAS) assisted in main plots and cutting management practices {one cut at 50% flowering, two cuts for fodder (60 DAS and at flowering), cut + seed (one cut fodder at 60 DAS and second for seed) and seed (No cut for fodder)} in subplots and was replicated thrice. Irrigation through canal water produced significantly higher grain yield over tube well water irrigation. Similarly, significantly higher yield attributes, yield, nutrient uptake, protein content was recorded under three irrigations over two irrigations. Among cutting management practices, higher monetary benefit was achieved when either the crop was harvested at 50% flowering as fodder crop or harvested as seed crop over rest of the treatment.
Cutting management, Economics, Irrigation, Oat, Yield
Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Soil Salinity and Water Quality
Morphometry based Sub-watershed Prioritization Using MCDMs in Non-Fuzzy and Fuzzy Dividends
Prioritization of sub-drainage systems is quintessential in regard to preparing a layout prior to the implementation of any soil and water conservation program. Most of the sub-watershed prioritization approaches find their linkages with the morphometric indices, nevertheless, a frugal and nimble approach for this prioritization exercise using the morphometry is still impending. The conferred study is an attempt towards filling this gap via the use of a statistical cum Mutli-Criteria Decision Making approach for the upper reaches of the Saryu watershed in the Bageshwar district of Uttarakhand Western Himalaya. The study area is a sixth-order drainage system with a geographical extent of 779.05 sq. km and is subdivided into 14 sub-watersheds using SWAT 2012. For the developed watersheds, 14 morphometric parameters, which primarily affect runoff and sediment response are computed and are dispensed as CRITIC inputs towards setting up relative priorities within them. The results from CRITIC were then used to assign ratings for AHP and FAHP, with the latter technique being solved via two methods, namely, geometric mean and extent analysis. A comparison of results suggested that AHP and the geometric mean method for FAHP engendered identical prioritization, while, the extent analysis nullified the effect of seven of the relatively low-rated morphometric parameters, thus producing different results. The study also advocated the use of the deliberated method in the context of managing a larger number of input morphometric parameters, along with their selection for auxiliary prioritization.
Impact of Salinity Stress on the Physiological Properties of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum L.): Insights for Sustainable Cultivation Practices
Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) is widely recognized for its medicinal and pharmaceutical value. However, salinity stress is a major abiotic factor that negatively impacts plant growth and development. This study aimed to examine the effects of different salinity concentrations (50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 mM NaCl) on the physiological and biochemical parameters of fenugreek. Fenugreek is highly regarded for its medicinal and pharmaceutical benefits, yet salinity stress poses a significant challenge to its growth and productivity. This study explored the effects of varying salinity levels on the physiological and biochemical responses of fenugreek. Salinity stress was found to inhibit seed germination, reduce plant biomass, and adversely impact moisture content and chlorophyll levels. While fenugreek demonstrated some tolerance to moderate salinity levels, higher concentrations severely affected its growth and physiological traits. These findings highlight the importance of managing salinity to enhance fenugreek's agricultural performance and productivity.
Seed germination percentage, chlorophyll content, plant biomass, salinity stress, Trigonella foenum graecum
Enhancing Productivity of Saline-Sodic Soils through Conservation Agriculture: An On-Farm Study in Rice-Wheat System
Salinity and sodicity severely limit the productivity of the rice-wheat system (RWS) in the Indo-Gangetic Plains. Conservation Agriculture (CA) practices offer potential to restore soil health and sustain yields under such constraints. A five-year (2015–2020) on-farm study was conducted at four sites in Haryana, namely Geong, Sambhli, Bhaupur and Kaith, under varying saline and sodic environments. Four management scenarios (SCs) combining tillage, residue, and irrigation were evaluated namely: (Sc-1) puddled transplanted rice – conventional tillage wheat (conventional farmer’s practice; PTR–CTW), (Sc-2) PTR + wheat residue incorporation – CTW + rice residue mulch, ((Sc-3) reduce tillage direct seeded rice (RTDSR) + wheat residue incorporation – zero-tillage wheat (ZTW) + rice residue mulch under surface irrigation, and (Sc-3) RTDSR + wheat residue incorporation – ZTW + rice residue mulch under sprinkler irrigation. The salt-tolerant basmati varieties CSR 30 (rice) and KRL 210 (wheat) were used as test crop. Pooled analysis revealed that sprinkler-based RTDSR–ZTW with residue retention achieved the highest system productivity (9.6 Mg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹), outperforming the conventional practice by 15–18%. Rice and wheat yields increased by 11 and 17.8%, respectively. The findings suggest that CA-based irrigation and residue management strategies can be up-scaled through national soil health and land degradation neutrality programmes to ensure the sustainability of RWS. However, the study was limited by the absence of detailed measurements on exchangeable sodium percentage and hydraulic conductivity, which warrant future investigation.
The Applicability of Remote Sensing and Geospatial Technologies for Mapping the Damaged Wheat Crop due to Waterlogging
Accurate assessment of crop acreage and damage at the field level is essential for agricultural planning, crop insurance, and disaster management. The present study evaluates the applicability of remote sensing and geospatial technologies for wheat crop mapping and waterlogging assessment at the cadastral (Khasra) level. The LISS-III satellite imagery with a spatial resolution of 23.5 m was utilised to delineate wheat-sown areas in five villages. Revenue cadastral maps containing Khasra boundaries were georeferenced and integrated with the satellite imagery to facilitate field-level crop identification and ownership-based assessment. The results demonstrated a high degree of spatial correspondence between satellite-derived village boundaries and official revenue records. For example, the geographical area of Bagga Kalan village estimated from satellite imagery was 365.76 ha, which closely matched the officially recorded area of 367 ha. An accuracy assessment conducted through extensive field verification revealed an overall wheat-mapping accuracy of approximately 96% in Bagga Kalan village. Furthermore, integrating satellite imagery with cadastral maps enabled the precise identification of waterlogged agricultural fields in Lohgarh village that were affected by canal breaches. Thus, the study demonstrates that remote sensing can accurately identify wheat-sown fields at the Khasra level and detect waterlogging, thereby supporting crop insurance agencies in assessing damage and facilitating compensation to affected farmers.
Crop damage, GIS, Remote Sensing, Satellite, Wheat, Waterlogging
Characterizing Vertical Nutrient Heterogeneity and Soil Property Interactions in Agricultural Soils
A study was conducted during 2020-21 at experimental farms of the Department of Soil Science, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, where nine pedons were excavated from Typic Haplustepts/Ustochrepts to assess nutrient stratification. Soil samples were collected from distinct horizons and analyzed using standard laboratory methods. The soils were characterized as alluvial, deep, neutral to alkaline, non-saline, with textures ranging from sandy loam to sandy clay loam. Soil organic carbon content ranged from low to medium (0.15 to 0.64%), available nitrogen was low (56.00 to 144.00 kg ha-1), phosphorus was low to medium (4.00 to 12.00 kg ha-1) and potassium varied from medium to high (240.00 to 480.00 kg ha-1). DTPA-extractable micronutrients, zinc, manganese, iron and copper ranged from 0.20 to 1.80 mg kg-1, 0.64 to 3.27 mg kg-1, 0.56 to 4.21 mg kg-1 and 0.23 to 0.97 mg kg-1, respectively. A clear decreasing trend in soil organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus with depth was observed, whereas potassium and micronutrients displayed irregular vertical patterns, reflecting the influence of soil texture, mineralogy and organic matter. Significant positive correlations among soil organic carbon, macronutrients and selected micronutrients suggested synergistic interactions that enhance nutrient retention and cycling. Principal component analysis revealed five components explaining 77.04% of the total variance, highlighting the key soil properties driving nutrient variability.
Vertical distribution, Typic Haplustepts, Soil organic carbon, Micronutrients, Principal component analysis
Optimization of Organic Manure-based Technology to Enhance Soil Quality, Growth, Yield, and Fruit Quality of Ber (Ziziphus mauritiana) in Arid Regions
The present study conducted in 2022-23 to 2023-24 to evaluate the effects of organic manures on growth, yield, fruit quality of ber (Ziziphus mauritiana) cv. Gola, enzymatic activities, and microbial populations in soil under arid conditions. The combined application of vermicompost (20 kg plant-1) with biofertilizers (consortium biofertilizer) emerged as the most effective, significantly enhanced fruit physical traits, with the highest fruit diameter (3.59 cm), fruit volume (24.68 ml), pulp fresh weight (23.36 g), and stone weight (1.25 g) compared to the control. The superior fruit size and pulp weight were attributed to improved nutrient availability, stimulated root growth, and enhanced microbial activity in the rhizosphere, which facilitated efficient nutrient uptake and translocation. Quality attributes, including total soluble solids (22.86%), vitamin C content (111.57 mg 100 g-1), and acidity (0.33%), were also maximized under this treatment, reflecting increased availability and elevated soil enzymatic activity. Activities of dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, and urease were significantly higher (10.99 µg TPF g-1 h-1, 11.13 µg p-NP g-1 h-1, 532.81 µg NH3 g-1 h-1, respectively), indicating enhanced nutrient mineralization. Soil microbial populations including bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes progressively increased from October to December, with the highest counts observed under vermicompost + biofertilizers (consortium biofertilizer) demonstrating the synergistic effect of organic matter and beneficial microbes on soil biological health. Overall, the study highlights that the combined application of vermicompost with biofertilizers improved growth, yield, fruit quality, and soil biological activity in soil under arid conditions, the supporting sustainable fruit production.
Ber (Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.), organic manures, yield, arid region.
Evaluating the Spacing in Free and Controlled Subsurface Drainage Systems in Saline Vertisols of the Tungabhadra Project Command Area, Karnataka, India
Performance of subsurface drainage (SSD) systems mainly depends on free movement of drainage effluent to the surface drain through the gravity outlets as it influences the rate of reclamation of waterlogged saline soils. Farmers at the tail end of the Tungabhadra project (TBP) command who often face scarcity of water especially at the later part of the crop growth period are in practice of blocking the outlets so as to retain water in the field for the crop. This practice has led to the inefficient SSD network in the command. To overcome this practice, Controlled Drainage (CD) system wherein a slight modification to the existing Free Drainage (FD) system was designed at Agricultural Research Station, Gangavathi, Karnataka, India. A comparative field study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of FD and CD systems with 50 and 60 m spacing in waterlogged saline Vertisols within the TBP command area. The FD and CD treatments have been applied since the installation of the SSD system. The data of seven seasons revealed that in both the spacing, rate of reclamation was faster under FD system. However, CD system saved irrigation water by 28% to 35% and also reduced drainage water volume by 39% to 70%. Apart from this, the CD system also reduced the movement of nitrate by 42% to 70% with maintaining shallow water depth as compared to FD system. The B: C ratio under FD system for 60 and 50 m spacing was 1.66 and 1.73, respectively, whereas slightly less effective CD system in terms of reclamation by leaching has reasonably good B: C ratio of 1.55 and 1.56 for 60 and 50 m spacing, respectively. The study revealed that 60 m drain spacing with CD system could be a viable option to address water shortage by reducing drainage discharge, seasonal salt and water balance and nutrient loss in the tail-end areas of the TBP command.
Controlled drainage, Depth to watertable, Salt removal, Salt and water balance, Nitrogen loss
Bibliometric Insights into Pearl Millet-based Cropping Systems and Soil Health Research: A Comprehensive Analysis (2000–2023)
This article presents a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of studies conducted on pearl millet–based cropping systems and soil health from 2000 to 2023, utilizing the Scopus database. Pearl millet, a significant cereal crop globally, is known for its resilience in arid and semi–arid conditions. The cultivation of pearl millet spans over 30 million hectares worldwide, with India contributing significantly to its acreage. The study examines the impact of pearl millet production in rainfed and arid regions on soil health under conservation agriculture (CA) practices. The bibliometric analysis employs rigorous methodologies, including Bradford’s Law, fractionalized articles, and thematic mapping. It reveals the evolution of scientific output, citation patterns, and collaborative networks. Findings indicate a steady growth in scientific production related to pearl millet research, with a notable surge in recent years. The average citations per year exhibit fluctuating trends, emphasizing the need for continued exploration. We found that there is limited research in the area of pearl millet–based cropping system in relation with soil health. Brazil, USA and India are the top three countries conducting research on this area. CA under degraded soils with pearl millet is still unexplored area of research. It also found that in last one decade (2011–2022), scientists are working in this area has been increased as per number of documents published as citations received during this period on the given topic. Pearl millet-based cropping systems, integrated with CA practices such as zero tillage, residue incorporation, and deficit irrigation, offer a sustainable and climate-resilient solution for addressing soil salinity challenges while enhancing soil health, water use efficiency, and nutritional security in arid and semi-arid regions. The study concludes by identifying research gaps, emphasizing the need for further investigations into the advantages of pearl millet–based cropping systems, their impact on soil health, and the development of production systems for degraded soils. Despite limitations related to the temporal scope, database constraints, and language bias, the study contributes valuable insights into the dynamic field of pearl millet research, guiding future endeavours and fostering collaboration among researchers, policymakers, and practitioners.
Pearl millet-based cropping systems, bibliometric analysis, soil health, thematic mapping
Bioamelioration of Salt-Affected Soils: Restoring Soil Health to Safeguard Community Well-being
Soil salinity is a global challenge that threatens agricultural productivity, food security, and human health. Salt-affected soils (SASs) currently cover millions of hectares worldwide, with the affected area expected to increase due to primary and secondary salinization, climate change, unsustainable irrigation, and industrial activities. Salinity not only reduces crop yields but also enhances the mobility of heavy metals, increasing their uptake by plants and subsequent entry into the food chain and drinking water, ultimately affecting human beings. Elevated soil and water salinity have been directly associated with hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, pregnancy complications, gastrointestinal issues, and increased vulnerability to infectious diseases. Bioamelioration involves the use of halophytes, plant growth–promoting microbes, organic amendments, biochar, mycorrhizal fungi, and vermiremediation, and appears as an eco-friendly and sustainable alternative to physical and chemical methods of soil reclamation. These biological approaches improve soil structure, nutrient cycling, and stress tolerance in plants, while reducing toxic metal mobility and safeguarding ecosystem health. Integrating bioamelioration with nanotechnology, precision agriculture, and one health approaches presents a promising pathway toward sustainable soil management. This review highlights the interconnectedness between soil quality of salt-affected soils and human well-being and underscores the urgent need for scalable, nature-based reclamation strategies to restore degraded soils and secure food and human health security for an ever-increasing population.
Harnessing Agro-chemicals for Resilient Green Gram: Strategies to Alleviate Moisture Stress in Rainfed Ecosystems
A field experiment was conducted during the 2021 Kharif season to assess the effectiveness of agro-chemicals in mitigating moisture stress in green gram (Vigna radiata L.) under rainfed conditions. The study was executed in a Randomized Block Design with ten treatments, including a control, soil application of the herbal hydrogel Tragacanth katira, foliar sprays of salicylic acid (SA), potassium nitrate (KNO3) and their various combinations. The primary objective was to evaluate the impact of these treatments on physiological traits, yield parameters, nutrient uptake and water use efficiency of green gram under rainfed conditions. Results consistently showed that the combined application of Tragacanth katira @ 5.0 kg ha-1 along with a 1% foliar spray of KNO3 at flowering and pod initiation (T10) stages proved to be the most effective treatment. While the treatments showed non-significant effects on root-shoot ratio and harvest index, T10 significantly enhanced the number of grains pod-1 (11.3, representing a 61.4% increase compared with the control) and extended the duration to physiological maturity (64.7 days, corresponding to a 8.19% increase over the control). This led to a substantial increase in grain yield (1178 kg ha-1) and straw yield (2551 kg ha-1), representing a 26.1 and 16.6% increase, respectively, over the control. Furthermore, T10 maximized N, P and K uptake and significantly improved both water use efficiency and water productivity. The findings underscore the synergistic benefits of integrating soil moisture conservation with foliar nutrient supply, demonstrating a viable and profitable strategy for enhancing green gram productivity in water-scarce environments.
Effect of Organic and Chemical Fertilizer Application on Soil Properties Under Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea L.) in Inceptisols of Gird Region of Central India
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of organic [FYM, vermicompost, and PSB (seed treatment)] and inorganic (urea, DAP, and MOP) nutrient applications on soil properties and economic returns under Indian mustard in the Inceptisols of the Gird Region, Central India. The experiment comprised eight treatments, each replicated three times, arranged in a randomized block design (RBD). Results indicated that the soil was slightly saline, and soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and soil organic carbon (SOC) were not significantly affected by the treatments. In contrast, the availability of N, P, K, and S improved significantly with different fertilizer combinations, with the highest values observed under T4 - 75% RDF + FYM @ 4 Mg ha-1 + vermicompost @ 1 Mg ha-1 + PSB (seed treatment) — compared to initial soil levels. Economic analysis revealed that the maximum net returns (Rs. 74,438 ha-1) were achieved under T4, followed closely by T1 (100% RDF), both of which were significantly higher than the other treatments. However, the highest benefit-to-cost (B:C) ratio (3.92) was recorded under T1, surpassing all other treatments. Overall, the study demonstrated that integrated application of organic and inorganic fertilizers significantly improved soil properties, crop growth, yield attributes, yield, quality, and economic returns of mustard.
Characterisation and Mapping of Salt-affected soil in Tungabhadra Project (TBP) Command, Karnataka
The deviation from the recommended cropping pattern in the command area, particularly through the large-scale adoption of water-intensive paddy cultivation, has led to widespread waterlogging and soil salinity. Against this backdrop, a systematic assessment and spatial mapping of soil salinity in the command area were carried out by the All India Coordinated Research Project (AICRP) on Management of Saline Water and Associated Salinisation in Agriculture, Gangavathi, Karnataka. A total of 407, 391, 306, and 207 soil samples were collected from depths of 0-15, 15-30, 30-60, and 60-90 cm, respectively, using GPS-based grid sampling at 5 km × 5 km intervals. Spatial mapping was performed using geostatistical kriging techniques, and the generated maps were geo-referenced and visually interpreted to delineate salt-affected soils using standard image interpretation elements such as tone, texture, shape, size, pattern, and association. The survey results indicated that surface soil salinity (ECe, 0-15 cm) ranged from 2-4, 4-8, and >8 dS m⁻¹ over approximately 23.62% (85,692 ha), 14.40% (52,097 ha), and 12.40% (44,986 ha) of the command area, respectively. With respect to sodicity, about 22.3% (80,904 ha) of the command area exhibited a Sodium Adsorption Ratio of soil extract (SARe) greater than 13, indicating the presence of sodic soils. Among the districts within the command, Bellary recorded the highest proportion of salt-affected area, with 62.83% (74,400 ha) and 54.26% (64,251 ha) having EC >4 dS m⁻¹, SARe >13, followed by Koppal (Gangavathi) with 30.19% (10,465.6 ha) and 35.12% (12,174 ha), and Raichur with 23.00% (47,707 ha) and 15.60% (32,308 ha), respectively. The soils of these districts had dominant cations viz. sodium followed by calcium, magnesium and potassium where anions viz. chloride followed by carbonate, bicarbonate and sulphate. The continued use of poor-quality Nala (drain) water and groundwater for irrigation further aggravated the development of salt-affected soils, particularly in the tail-end regions of the command.
Waterlogging, Soluble cations, Electrical conductivity, GPS, Soluble anions
Assessing the Role of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers on Growth, Yield and Nutrient Uptake of Indian Mustard in Central India
A field study was carried out during the Rabi season of 2022–2023 at the Research Farm, Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, RVSKVV, Gwalior (M.P.), to assess the impact of organic and inorganic nutrient sources on growth performance, yield parameters, nutrient assimilation, and quality traits of Indian mustard under Central Indian conditions. The experiment consisted of eight nutrient management treatments arranged in a randomized block design (RBD) with three replications. Findings indicated that growth parameters such as plant height, number of siliquae per plant, and plant population at harvest exhibited significant improvement under different nutrient management strategies. The maximum values of these growth indicators were recorded with the treatment comprising 75% RDF + FYM @ 4 Mg ha-1 + vermicompost @ 1 Mg ha-1 + PSB (seed treatment) (T4), outperforming the remaining treatments. Likewise, the same treatment (T4) produced the highest seed yield (2411 kg ha-1) and straw yield (5532 kg ha-1), followed closely by T1 and proved superior to the other nutrient combinations. Nutrient analysis revealed that T4 also recorded the greatest nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and sulphur concentrations and their uptake in both seed and stover, which was statistically at par with T1. The study emphasizes that integrating organic amendments with chemical fertilizers, rather than relying solely on chemical inputs, can substantially improve crop growth, nutrient use efficiency, and sustainable mustard production.
Determinants of Farmers’ Adaptation Strategies Towards Climate-resilient Agriculture in Haryana, India
Climate change poses a significant challenge to agriculture, particularly in regions where farming is the primary livelihood. Haryana, a key agrarian state in northern India, is highly vulnerable to climate-induced risks such as temperature fluctuations, erratic rainfall, and resource depletion. This study examines farmers’ adaptation mechanisms and the factors influencing their adoption of climate-resilient strategies in Hisar and Sonipat districts. Primary data were collected from 120 farmers through a structured interview schedule using a multi-stage random sampling technique. Descriptive statistics and a probit regression model were employed to analyse adaptation mechanisms and the determinants influencing their adoption. The findings reveal that the most frequently adopted adaptation measures include increased irrigation (65.8%), enhanced fertilizer application (63.3%), and adjustments in crop sowing time (60.8%). Other strategies, such as crop insurance (58.3%), soil and water conservation techniques (38.3%), and intercropping (36.7%), were also observed. Probit regression analysis identified key determinants influencing adaptation decisions. Age exhibited a negative impact, suggesting that older farmers are less likely to adopt adaptation strategies. Conversely, landholding size, education level, income level, and access to climate change information positively influenced adaptation decisions. However, family type and occupation type did not significantly impact adaptation choices. The study highlights the need for targeted policies to enhance climate adaptation, particularly through improved access to climate-related information, education, and financial resources. Strengthening extension services and promoting sustainable adaptation mechanisms can improve farmers’ resilience and ensure agricultural sustainability in Haryana.