Mushroom Research, the official publication of the Mushroom Society of India is a bi-annual journal. It publishes full papers and short communications reporting original research, basic and applied, which contribute significantly to the knowledge of the mushroom science and industry. Mini-reviews (with prior consent or invitation only) and articles of practical/technical importance will be published. News and views, and book reviews will also be considered. The author (s) should be the members of the Society. Till date 32 volumes, each having two issues have been published. It is peer reviewed Journal and has NAAS rating of 5.33 (2024). S.No 2126. JrnID M120 ISSN 0972-4885. Journal is registered by DOI systems. It is listed in Indian citation Index and UGC care list. The Journal is indexed in UGC care List 2023 at Sr. No. 18026 and journal no. is 37111. The journal is also indexed in CABI, Google scholar, International Society for Research Activity (ISRA), Scientific Journal Impact Factor (SJIF) (USA), Agricola (USA). To publish a paper in Mushroom research Journal, one of the author must be a member of Mushroom Society of India. You can take annual or life membership by paying the membership fee online using QR code given below and sharing the membership form to Dr. Anuradha Srivastava at anuradha.fst@gmail.com. The membership fee is as below Membership Indian Foreign Patron Member INR 25000 USD 1200 Life Member INR 8000 USD 700 Annual Member INR 1000 USD 100 Annual Member (SAARC Countries) USD 50 Library/ Institutional INR 2500 USD 300 After paying the membership fee kindly fill the google form for membership. https://docs.google.com/forms/ d/ 1F8zGkQTZtTpqZsVOuZ6ZUubPNMD0Q cxKwxLulv0NjXk/edit
Mushroom Society of India, ICAR-DMR, Solan
I/We have taken permission from the copyright holder to reproduce the matter not owned by me and acknowledged the source. I/We permit editors to publish the said paper in the journal or in any other means with editorial modification, if any. In case of publication of the article in the journal, I/We hereby assign copyright to the Mushroom Research Journal for its publication in any form/language including all media (print and electronic, or presently unknown), and exclusive right to use the matter for the life of the work (no time restriction on re-use of matter).Â
Breaking the mold: analyzing key constraints faced by mushroomgrowers in Northern India
Mushroom farming is an emerging and profitable agribusiness in India due to its high nutritional value, low land requirement, and increasing consumer demand. It promotes efficient agricultural waste utilization and provides employment opportunities, especially in rural areas. However, despite its potential, mushroom growers face several constraints that hinder productivity and profitability. A study was conducted to identify and prioritize these challenges using Garrett’s ranking method. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire covering production, financial, marketing, labour, institutional, and infrastructure constraints from 50 mushroom growers in major button mushroom producing states Bihar and Haryana. Mushroom farming faces major constraints, with capital-intensive investment, low market prices, and high raw material costs being the most significant. Financial instability arises due to high investment costs, inadequate working capital, difficult loan procedures, and frequent price fluctuations. Labour shortages, high wage rates, and lack of skilled manpower, along with inadequate infrastructure like compost units and post-harvest facilities hinder efficiency of mushroom farms. Production challenges such as disease and pest management, non-availability of quality inputs, and improper spent mushroom substrate (SMS) disposal affect sustainability. Overall major constraints are capital intensive nature of the enterprise, low market price, high cost of raw materials, inadequate market information, and lack of input facilities.
Mushroom farming, agribusiness, constraint analysis, Garrett ranking
Evaluation of antioxidant potential of four cultivated mushroom species of India
Mushroom cultivation has got a boost over the past few years due to their nutrition, biological activities and potential to convert agro-wastes into nutritious food by eco-friendly methods. The present study was conducted with objectives to evaluate the antioxidant potential through DPPH radicle scavenging activity, reducing power, total phenolic contents (TPC), non-protein thiols (NPTs), superoxide dismutase activity and ascorbate peroxidase activity of four cultivated mushrooms in India. Among all studied mushroom species V. volvacea (77.618%±0.378) displayed the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity in aqueous extract (WE) and C. indica (10.10%±0.378) displayed the lowest in methanol extract (ME). The maximum reducing activity was shown by Calocybe indica (0.415±0.002) in WE and minimum by Flammulina velutipes (0.029±0.002) in ME. The highest value of TPC was shown by Volvariella volvacea (2.045±0.047 μg GAE/mg DW) in WE and the minimum by C. indica (0.673±0.03 μg GAE/mg DW) in AE (acetone extract). Non-protein thiols (NPTs) values ranged from 1.061±0.029 to 2.360±0.016 μ moles/g DW. These cultivated mushrooms also showed good Superoxide dismutase activity (8.95±0.27×15.43±0.65 U activity/mg Protein) and Ascorbate peroxidase activity (0.677±0.14×7.07±0.58 μ moles/mg protein min-1). All studied mushrooms displayed high antioxidant activities in vitro, hence, recommended for Indian diets and for further screening for medicinal uses.
Antioxidant, mushroom, DPPH, TPC, superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase
Comparative Study of growing edible oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus) using different cultivation techniques and organic substrates in Guyana
Mushrooms are vital decomposers in ecosystems, breaking down complex organic matter and lignocellulosic substrates. Growing substrates like wheat straw, vermicompost, wood shavings, and coconut coir vary in their nutrients and moisture retention capacity, which are crucial for mushroom growth and are key for optimizing yield and quality. The bag method supports large-scale production and ease of management, while the bottle method allows for precise control and is ideal for smaller batches or experiments. The study investigated the growth and nutritional content of oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus) using different types of substrates and cultivation techniques. Four treatments were tested: T1 (wheat straw and vermicompost), T2 (coconut coir and vermicompost), T3 (wood shavings and vermicompost), and a control substrate (C - wheat straw). These treatments were applied using two cultivation methods, bags and bottles. Pleurotus ostreatus on wheat straw are lighter in colour, while those on coconut coir are darker due to substrate composition. Ordinal rank analysis indicated that both cultivation methods (bag and bottle) produced similar results across six physical parameters, with the control substrate ranking first in bags and T1 ranking first in bottles. Statistical analysis using the Kruskal-Wallis test indicated no statistically significant differences in Pleurotus ostreatus cap thickness (p = 0.09509), stipe length (p = 1), cap diameter (p = 0.6514), stipe thickness (p = 0.4621), or fresh and dry weights (p = 0.1173) across treatments and cultivation methods. Vermicompost in addition to other substrates boosts mushroom nutrients. Our data showed that wheat straw with vermicompost in bottles is the most effective and sustainable substrate combination for cultivating Pleurotus ostreatus.
Oyster mushrooms, cultivation techniques, elemental analysis, growth parameters, organic substates, yield performance
A perspective on Indian edible mushrooms with traditional knowledge
Wild edible mushrooms hold a unique position in the traditions of ethnic, indigenous, and other tribal cultures in India and other parts of the world. The most popular mushrooms, including button, oyster, shiitake, wood ear, straw, enoki, white jelly, nameko, shimeji, hen of the woods, bolete, conks, saffron milk caps, lion mane, shaggy ink cap, bamboo, and almond portobello mushrooms, are used by various communities around the world for food, trade, and even medicine. The diverse landscape of the Indian subcontinent is a haven for the vibrant emergences of both flora and fauna especially mushroom diversity. There is both unrecorded and documented evidence of the sizeable amount that personal collections consume. In this, treatise an effort has been made to gather reliable data on the edibleness and therapeutic value of the mushrooms utilised by various groups around the nation. As a result of these efforts, more than 100 edible mushrooms that are utilised by diverse populations around the nation have been found. This document includes a list of 55 mushrooms as well as a description of their diagnostic characteristics. Additionally, a list of mushrooms broken down by different states has been supplied, along with their technical and common names and uses. For the sole goal of making this document user-friendly for students, researchers, scientists, and mushroom fans, a section of the most often used mushrooms has also been assembled in this book, together with its ethno-mycological data and images.
Ethno-mycological information, edible, mushrooms.
Impact of different ultraviolet radiation on the ability to accumulate vitamin D2 and the composition of different mushroom strains
Vitamin D deficiency is one of the most common nutritional and medical condition affecting more than 50 per cent of the world’s population. There are very few foods having vitamin D such as fatty fish, liver, eggs and some fortified foods. Mushrooms exposed to UV radiation are an excellent source of dietary vitamin D2. The study was conducted to see the Vitamin D accumulation potential of different strains of button, oyster, milky, shiitake, paddy straw and lion’s mane mushrooms upon UV light treatment for their potential use as vitamin D supplement. Four different UV treatments have been evaluated along with effect of sun light in this study. Post-harvest UV-B (209-310 nm) treatment for a period of two hours has resulted in significant increase of Vitamin D2 content (up to 300%) in all the tested strains of mushrooms with a maximum in Lentinula edodes (shiitake) and Hericium erinaceous (Lion’s Mane) mushroom.
Mushrooms, vitamin D, UV radiation, proximate composition
Morphological Study and Distribution of Cyathus subglobisporus sp. nov. from Papanasam, Tirunelveli District, Tamil Nadu
The genus Cyathus, commonly known as bird’s nest fungus, is recognized for its unique peridioles and cup-like fruiting bodies. In a recent mycological survey conducted in the Papanasam region of Tirunelveli District, Tamil Nadu, a novel species, Cyathus subglobisporus sp. nov., was discovered and is described herein based on its distinct morphological characteristics. The study aimed to document and analyze the morphological features and ecological distribution of this new taxon within the region’s forest ecosystems. Specimens were collected from decaying wood and leaf litter in semievergreen forest patches of the Western Ghats. Morphological examination was carried out using both stereo and compound microscopes. The fruiting bodies of C. subglobisporus are gregarious, with a dark brown, tomentose outer surface and a plicate inner wall. Peridioles are lenticular, attached to the peridium via funiculi, and are dark grey to black at maturity. The most distinguishing feature is its subglobose spores, measuring 8–9.5 × 7–8 μm, with a smooth surface—a key trait separating it from closely related species such as Cyathus stercoreus and C. olla. This study marks the first report of C. subglobisporus in the Tirunelveli region and contributes to the expanding fungal biodiversity records of the Southern Western Ghats. The occurrence of this species in undisturbed, moist forest habitats highlights the ecological significance of these microhabitats in supporting rare and novel fungi. Further exploration and conservation efforts are essential to understand the full extent of fungal diversity in the region, especially in light of increasing anthropogenic pressures.
Cyathus subglobisporus, Papanasam, Bird’s nest fungi, Morphological study, Western Ghats, Fungal biodiversity.
Effect of compost compactness, compost depth, bag perforation and reversing the compost bags on yield of white button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus
Agaricus bisporus is one of the most successfully cultivated edible mushrooms in the world. Studies were conducted on the effect of compost compactness, compost depth, bag perforations and compost bag reversal to observe their influence the yield of Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Imbach. Among the treatments used to assess the effect of compost compactness, the treatment with 6’’ loose compost required the minimum number of days for spawn run (11.33 days) while highest yield obtained (16.33 kg/100 kg compost) from 12-inch pressed compost. Among the treatments with different compost depths (inches), the maximum yield (21.23 kg/100 kg compost) was achieved with depth of 18’’. The effect of bag perforations on spawn run and yield showed that the treatment with five holes per bag required the fewest days for complete spawn run, while the maximum yield (18.98 kg/ 100 kg compost) was obtained from bag with twenty holes. The bag reversed after second flush produced the highest yield of 24.62 kg/100 kg compost. This study demonstrated that minor modifications in the cultivation process including, such as changes in compost compression, compost depth, bag perforations and compost bag reversal can significantly affect the yield of mushrooms.
Agaricus bisporus, compost compression, compost depth, bag perforations, compost reversal
Nutraceutical and bioactive potential of Macrocybe gigantea through nutritional, phytochemical and GC-MS characterization
Macrocybe gigantea is a giant edible mushroom traditionally consumed in India, but its bioactive potential remained underexplored. In this study, the species was identified by morphological and ITSbased molecular analysis, and its nutritional, phytochemical, and antimicrobial properties were evaluated. Nutritional analysis revealed appreciable carbohydrate (35.4 gm/100 gm DW) and protein (22.3 gm/100 gm DW) content, while mineral profiling indicated exceptionally high iron levels (196.5 mg/100 gm). Phytochemical screening showed a total phenolic content of 14 mg GAE/gm and flavonoid content of 3 mg QE/gm, which correlated with strong antioxidant activity (78% DPPH radical inhibition at 500 μg/ mL). Antimicrobial assays demonstrated significant antifungal activity, particularly against Curvularia lunata (93.2% inhibition) and Curvularia hominis (93.2% inhibition). GC-MS analysis of the methanolic extract revealed bioactive metabolites, including fatty acid esters and sugar derivatives such as â-Dgalactopyranoside and octadecadienoic acid derivatives, compounds known for antioxidant and antimicrobial effects. Overall, the findings highlight M. gigantea as a nutritionally rich mushroom with strong antioxidant and antifungal potential, supporting its ethnomedicinal use and suggesting promising applications in nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries.
Macrocybe gigantea, ITS sequencing, antioxidant, antibacterial, minerals, GC-MS
Diversity of genus Marasmius sect. Marasmius from North India.
Seven marasmioid fungi belonging to section Marasmius viz. Marasmius aspilocephalus (Singer), Marasmius baumannii (Henn.), Marasmius curreyi (Berk. and Broome), Marasmius griseoviolaceus (Petch), Marasmius guyanensis var. guayarensis (Singer), Marasmius nigrobrunneus (Pat.) Sacc., and Marasmius rotalis (Berk. and Broome) are described in this paper. A comprehensive description with detailed illustrations to aid the identification, comparisons with respect to morphological and anatomical characters and an artificial key to the described species of Marasmius sect. Marasmius are provided. This work serves as a preliminary part of series dealing with macroscopic fungi of North India. All the taxa described here belong to section Marasmius, which is characterized by unique characters like institious stipes and collariate lamelle. These characters distinguish this section from other remaining sections of the genus Marasmius. Five species including Marasmius aspilocephalus (Singer), Marasmius baumannii (Henn.), Marasmius griseoviolaceus (Petch), Marasmius guyanensis var. guayarensis (Singer) and Marasmius nigrobrunneus (Pat.) Sacc. are first reports from India. Marasmius rotalis (Berk. and Broome) is reported for the first time from North India while Marasmius curreyi (Berk.and Broome) is new to Punjab. This research enriches our knowledge of species in the section Marasmius.
Macrofungi, Marasmius, taxonomy, morphology, anatomy
Evaluation and standardization of Zinc and Iron biofortification techniques in Milky mushroom (Calocybe indica)
Micronutrients and mineral deficiencies in the diet continue to pose serious global health challenges, especially in developing regions. The nutrients especially iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn), are often found to be insufficient in a cereal-based diet. This study evaluated the biofortification potential of the edible mushroom Calocybe indica through substrate supplementation with iron sulphate (FeSO4) and zinc sulphate (ZnSO4) under controlled cultivation conditions at Kerala Agricultural University. Substrates composed of coir pith and vermicompost were enriched with FeSO4 and ZnSO4 at concentrations of 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg on a dry weight basis, with a nine-treatment Completely Randomized Design. Iron supplementation at 5 mg/kg FeSO4 significantly enhanced mushroom growth and yield by approximately 18% compared to control and increased iron accumulation in fruiting bodies to 1427 ppm, demonstrating effective bioaccumulation and improved nutritional quality. However, a higher concentration of 20 mg/kg completely inhibited fruiting, indicating toxicity risks at excessive iron levels. Zinc supplementation improved yield notably, with the highest fresh weight at 2.5 mg/kg ZnSO4 (367 g per bag), nearly double to the yield in control, but did not result in statistically significant increases in zinc content within fruiting bodies, likely due to stringent homeostatic regulation and limited zinc translocation under solid-state cultivation. These findings reveal distinct species- and micronutrient specific uptake dynamics in C. indica and highlight the need for tailored biofortification protocols. Substrate-based micronutrient fortification emerges as a cost-effective strategy for producing nutrient enriched mushrooms, with C. indica showing strong potential as a dietary iron source. Future research should focus on alternative zinc formulations, synergistic nutrient interactions, and genetic approaches to optimize zinc bioavailability and accumulation.
From Waste to Resource: Utilizing Chinar Leaf Litter for Oyster Mushroom Cultivation and Pollution Mitigation
Biomass burning of horticultural and plantation waste remains a prevalent practice in many developing countries, contributing significantly to air pollution and public health risks. Sustainable waste management strategies, including reuse, recycling, and resource recovery, have gained global attention as alternatives to such harmful practices. This study evaluates the potential of mycoremediation as an eco-friendly approach to managing dry leaf litter, particularly Chinar (Platanus orientalis) leaves, by cultivating oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus). The efficiency of mushroom production was evaluated, and a theoretical framework was used to examine the potential for air pollution mitigation. Our findings indicate that Chinar leaf litter serves as a viable substrate for Pleurotus ostreatus cultivation. The complete colonization of the substrate (spawn run) occurred within 26 days, followed by the emergence of pinheads on the 33rd day and full development of fruiting bodies by the 36th day. The mushrooms cultivated on Chinar leaves exhibited high nutritional value, with crude protein content of 25.03±1.12% and crude fiber content of 18.55±1.27%. These results demonstrate that Chinar leaf litter, often discarded and burned, can be transformed into a valuable food resource, reducing environmental pollution. This study is the first to explore the potential of Chinar leaves for Pleurotus ostreatus cultivation, providing a novel and sustainable solution to biomass burning.
Chinar, Pleurotus ostreatus, Mushroom, Leaves, Air pollution, Biomass burning
Exploring the potential of Cordyceps militaris cultivation on agricultural waste for sustainability and economic development
Cordyceps militaris is utilized for several medicinal properties and is one of the high-priced mushrooms in the market. Cordycepin, the compound produce by the fungus, has a potent antibacterial action against the majority of bacterial species. The production of Cordyceps militaris is limited and to meet the market demand, the production needs to be increased. The insights into cultivation techniques of the fungus are must to enhance its production. Thus, a study was conducted to evaluate the growth of fungus on seven different mediums and agriculture waste-based substrates. Amongst all the tested media, maximum radial growth was observed after 16 days in CZYA (6.8 cm) and OMA (6.7 cm). Use of Brown rice as a substrate resulted in maximum numbers of fruiting body production, in minimum number of days compared to other substrates.
Cordyceps militaris, agricultural wastes, substrate, biopesticide
Expression profiling of laccase and peroxidase genes in Schizophyllum commune during differentdevelopment stages
Schizophyllum commune is a white-rot fungus that can efficiently degrade lignin into low-molecular weight compounds by producing various extracellular lignolytic enzymes, such as laccase and peroxidase. In a previous study, S. commune strain DMRX-2160 was identified as the best S. commune strain in terms of maximum extracellular enzyme activities during both submerged cultivation and solid-state fermentation. The changes in lignolytic activities across different growth stages, from mycelial run to sporophore formation, was analyzed through gene expression studies of DMRX-2160 cultivated in paddy straw using real-time PCR. Laccase and peroxidase genes were found maximally expressed in the mycelium of DMRX-2160 (42.52 fold for laccase and 4.86 fold for peroxidase than young fruiting body stage). The expression of these genes showed downregulation over the subsequent developmental stages with its lowest expression in young fruiting body stage. The maximum expression of the lignolytic enzyme during the mycelial stage decreased during the fruiting body stage, indicating its increased ability to utilize more nutrients from the substrate degradation.
Effect of carbon sources on radial growth and biomass of Auricularia cornea
The present study evaluated the effect of different carbon sources on radial growth and biomass production of Auricularia cornea under in vitro conditions. Eight carbon sources, including sucrose, glucose, fructose, maltose, mannitol, sorbitol, lactose, and a control (without supplemental carbon), were tested for their influence on mycelial development. Sucrose supported the highest radial growth (85.7 ± 0.12 mm), fresh weight (6.12 ± 0.01 g), and dry weight (1.14 ± 0.01 g), followed by maltose and glucose. Glucose, though promoting moderate radial growth, yielded higher biomass than fructose and sorbitol. Lactose and the control recorded the least growth and biomass, indicating poor carbon utilization. The superior performance of disaccharides such as sucrose and maltose aligns with previous findings on A. polytricha and A. auricula-judae, highlighting their efficacy in enhancing fungal biomass. These results underscore the critical role of carbon source optimization in maximizing mycelial yield in Auricularia cornea cultivation.
Development and evaluation of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) incorporated mayonnaise
Despite of numerous health benefits, Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) demand is low, due to shorter shelf life and limited storage technology. This study aimed at development of oyster mushroom incorporated mayonnaise as a value-added product to meet the enhance demand of food industries for convenient as well as a healthier mayonnaise choice. Different gums were used as substitute of egg for the preparation of vegan mayonnaise. Xanthan gum (1% w/v) based variants with 10% oyster mushroom powder was preferred to prepare vegan oyster mushroom mayonnaise and kept under both room temperature and refrigerated temperatures for further studies. Viscosity of mayonnaise samples increased significantly with addition of oyster mushroom powder. During storage, moisture content, pH, emulsion stability, anti-oxidant activity got decreased and titratable acidity, acid value, peroxide value, viscosity of mayonnaise got increased. Addition of preservatives and storage at refrigerated temperature supported the safety and quality of vegan mushroom incorporated mayonnaise.
Evaluating efficacy of lignocellulolytic bacterial consortia for decomposition of different spent mushroom substrate under laboratory conditions
In the present study, bacterial consortia are developed to facilitate quick composting process for mushroom SMS decomposition. In total 9 treatments were developed and tested for composting. In vitro setups indicated that treatments with bacterial consortia, T7 (SMS of paddy straw inoculated with AAU PG 23) and T6 (SMS of paddy and wheat straw [1:1] + ABBC 2), exhibited significant improvements in decomposition efficiency and compost quality. These treatments resulted in rapid SMS degradation, substantial reductions in dry weight and notable chemical enhancements, including decreased C:N ratio. Furthermore, both treatments displayed a substantial increase in pH and a decrease in EC, indicating improved compost quality.
Mushroom, spent mushroom substrate, lignocellulolytic bacteria, decomposition, weight loss
Taxonomic studies on two Interesting species of Auricularia (Wood Ear Mushroom) from Arunachal Pradesh, India
Auricularia, a genus of macrofungi with broad geographical distribution, is highly valued for its edible and medicinal properties. It ranks as the third most extensively cultivated mushroom worldwide due to its remarkable nutritional and bioactive attributes. This article provides detailed descriptions and colour illustrations of two notable Auricularia species. Specifically, Auricularia australica has been newly documented for the Indian mycobiota.
Arunachal Pradesh, Auricularia, India, Macrofungi, Taxonomy
Impact of Pleurotus eryngii spent mushroom substrate on yield potentialand enzymatic activity in Pleurotus florida cultivation
This study investigated the effects of Pleurotus eryngii spent substrate (PESS) supplementation on the growth performance, yield, and enzymatic activity of Pleurotus florida. Wheat straw (WS) as a control (Control-2) demonstrated the fastest spawn run (18.25 days) and pinhead formation (22.38 days), while PESS alone (Control-1) showed the longest durations (28 days and 33.13 days, respectively). WS also produced the highest number of sporocarps (25.50) and achieved the highest yield (321.75 g/kg) and biological efficiency (107.25%). The combination of PESS, WS, wheat bran (WB), and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) (50:40:9.5:0.5) yielded 292 g/kg with 97.33% biological efficiency, while PESS alone resulted in the lowest yield (83.75 g/kg) and biological efficiency (27.91%). Enzymatic analysis revealed that laccase activity in WS was lowest during spawn run (0.09±0.03 and 0.35±0.00) but increased during pinhead initiation (0.83±0.00 and 1.16±0.00), peaking at fruit body maturation (2.05±0.00 and 3.47±0.00). A similar trend was observed in the PESS+WS+WB+CaCO3 combination. Xylanase activity followed a parallel pattern, with the lowest levels during the spawn run and the highest post-harvest. These findings emphasize the significant role of substrate composition and enzymatic activity in optimizing Pleurotus florida cultivation.
Pleurotus florida, enzymatic activity, Pleurotus eryngii spent mushroom substrate, cultivation
An annotated checklist of Holotype specimens deposited in Mycological section of Central National Herbarium (CAL), Howrah
A checklist of holotype specimens deposited in the mycological section of the Central National Herbarium (CAL), Howrah, is provided. The list is mainly based on the accession records of the CAL herbarium . A unique accession number for each sample, as per the accession records of CAL, is provided along with the publication details of each species. The list is arranged alphabetically and by family. Locality for the every species is also provided.
Checklist, CAL, Holotype, India, Specimens
Mapping the Status of Mushroom Cultivation: Global vis-à-vis India
Mushroom cultivation in India has transitioned from a niche activity to an emerging agricultural enterprise with significant growth potential. Globally, Asia dominates mushroom production, contributing 96% of the total output, with China leading due to advanced cultivation techniques and high domestic demand. India, while still a smaller player, has shown remarkable growth in production, driven by urbanization, consumer awareness of mushrooms’ nutritional value, and government support. However, challenges such as limited awareness, inadequate infrastructure, high operational cost, and constrained market linkages persist. The Indian mushroom industry also shows promise in international trade, particularly in dried mushroom exports. Despite fluctuations in export values, India remains a significant exporter, leveraging its diverse agro-climatic conditions and low-cost manpower. Small-scale farmers, in particular, benefit from mushroom farming’s low land and capital requirements. With continued investment in infrastructure, research, and market development, mushroom cultivation in India holds the potential to boost rural livelihoods, enhance agricultural diversification, and meet rising global demand, positioning India as a key player in the global mushroom market.
Situational analysis of mushroom success story in Bihar: From humble beginning to India’s leader
India ranks fourth worldwide in mushroom production, recording a total output of 351.08 thousand MT during 2023–24. Since 2021–22, Bihar has emerged as the frontrunner in this sector, witnessing remarkable growth in mushroom production from merely 0.06 thousand MT in 2013–14 to 42.19 thousand MT in 2023–24, reflecting an exceptional CAGR of 92.62%. This rapid expansion has positioned Bihar as the leading mushroom-producing state in the country, contributing 12.02% of India’s total mushroom production. The Cuddy–Della Valle Index indicated a high level of instability in Bihar’s mushroom production, with an index value of 84.03%, which reflects the rapid and exponential nature of its growth. Further, exponential growth analysis demonstrated a close correspondence between actual and estimated production values, as the predicted production of 42.65 thousand MT closely aligned with the observed output of 42.19 thousand MT in 2023–24. The substantial growth in mushroom production has been supported by various government initiatives, including the Integrated Development of Horticulture and Mushroom Kit Vitaran Scheme, along with the efforts of institutions such as Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University in promoting mushroom cultivation through training and extension activities. Continued governmental support under the upcoming Bihar Krishi Roadmap, coupled with sustained training programmes for landless and marginal farmers by the University and other extension agencies, is expected to maintain the current exponential growth trajectory in mushroom production.
Cuddy-Della Valle Index, Exponential growth, Integrated Development of Horticulture, Landless farmers, Mushroom cultivation, Mushroom Kit Vitaran Scheme
Taxonomic characterization and GC-MS analysis of two edible mushrooms
Mushroom specimens were collected during August 2024 from Mantha tahsil of Jalna district of Maharashtra. Based on taxonomic characterization, the specimens were identified as Calocybe indica Purkay & A. Chandra and Volvariella volvocea (Bull.) Singer. For analysis of their biochemical analysis, methanolic extract were prepared and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis showed the presence of biotic compounds such as Dimethyl sulfide, Dodecane, Tetradecane, Diethyl Phthalate, Tetradecanal, 2-Pentadecanone, Pentadecanal, 1-Nonadecene, 2-Nonadecanone, Methyl 13-methyltetradecanoate, 7-Hexadecenal, (Z)-Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester, Hexadecanoic acid, 15-methyl-, methyl ester, 9-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester, (E)- 2(3H)-Furanone, 5-dodecyldihydro-, Hexadecanoic acid, pentyl ester, etc in both mushrooms. The identified compounds reportedly show diverse bioactivities such as insecticide, antiviral, anticancer, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antitubercular hypocholesterolemic, anti-inflammatory and antiandrogenic. The presented results may provide baseline information about bioactive constituents of above-mentioned mushrooms in providing valuable compounds for medicinal and agricultural importance.
Calocybe indica Purkay & A. Chandra and Volvariella volvocea (Bull.) Singer, bioactive compounds, GCMS
Physico-chemical characterization of different casing soil combinations for button mushroom and their evaluation for crop production
Casing soil is one of the pre-requisites for the cultivation of button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus). Covering spawn run compost with casing soil helps to get primordia, transportation of nutrition from compost to fruit body, acts as water reservoir, prevents mushroom mycelium from water loss and physically support growing fruit bodies. Thus, a good casing soil helps to get a good crop of button mushroom by the farmers. In western countries, normally sphagnum peat is in common use as casing soil in button mushroom farming. In the present investigation, we have analyzed a total of six casing soil raw materials i.e. 2-year-old farm yard manure (FYM), 2-year-old spent mushroom substrate (SMS), loam soil, burnt rice husk (BRH), paddy straw digest and decomposed coir pith (CP) along with a control (casing used by ICAR-DMR, Solan). A total of 25 combinations of the raw material were developed based on the physico-chemical properties of different casing soil raw materials to reach to the near perfect physico-chemical properties of the peat-based casing soil. After the initial yield trials, a total of eight combinations were selected for further evaluation. The eight casing soil combinations were evaluated for yield and quality of button mushroom on a larger scale. The results indicated that coir pith is one of the most suitable material for casing soil. Although coir pith having very good water holding capacity but very low bulk density, allows frequent water drainage in to the substrate which is not desirable for the casing soil. Thus, combining coir pith along with some other material, which can increase the bulk density and not affecting the water holding capacity can be a better casing soil. In the present study also, coir pith along with Lime powder, FYM, loam soil and SMS proved to be better casing material than other tested combinations.
Effect of different concentrations of growth regulators, trace elements and vitamins on the vegetative growth of local indigenous strain of Pleurotus cystidiosus
The physiological studies are important for understanding the requirement of different factors in the growth of mushroom mycelium and subsequently on the fruiting process. During the present study, the experiments were carried out to observe the effect of different growth regulators, trace elements and vitamins on the vegetative growth of Pleurotus cystidiosus O. K. Miller at variable concentrations. Amongst these three parameters evaluated maximum dry weight of mycelium was obtained at 5 ppm concentration of Kinetin (6.36 mg/mL), 1 ppm of Manganese (6.51 mg/mL) and 45 ppm of Riboflavin (6.93 mg/mL).
Key words: Vegetative growth, growth regulators, trace elements, vitamins
Mushroom-enriched millet pasta: exploring nutritional value, antioxidant activity, and sensory acceptability
The growing demand for functional and nutritious foods has prompted the development of alternative food products that can be easily incorporated into daily diets. This study investigates the impact of mushroom supplementation on the nutritional profile of millet pasta, focusing on protein, fiber, vitamin D, and antioxidant content. Three types of mushrooms—oyster, button, and shiitake—were incorporated at varying concentrations (0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%) into millet pasta formulations. Results showed a significant increase in protein content, with button mushrooms providing the highest enrichment (13.86 g/100 g). Dietary fiber content also increased substantially, particularly with oyster mushrooms (8.45 g/100 g), while carbohydrate and fat content remained largely unaffected. Vitamin D levels were significantly enhanced, with button mushrooms showing the highest content (6373 IU). Antioxidant activity, as measured by DPPH scavenging, was highest in shiitake mushrooms. Sensory evaluation revealed that while all mushroom types improved the nutritional value, oyster and button mushrooms were the most acceptable in terms of color, taste, and texture, with shiitake mushrooms receiving lower acceptability due to their strong flavor and aroma. These findings highlight the potential of mushroom-fortified millet pasta as a nutritious, functional food product with enhanced health benefits.
Unlocking prosperity: economic potential of Cordyceps mushroom cultivation as a promising agri-enterprise in India
Modern agribusiness in India is beholding a major shift, driven by the need to address nutritional security, mitigate the risks of traditional agriculture, and provide viable opportunities for resource-constrained farmers. Cordyceps mushroom, also known as “soft gold”, renowned for its exceptional medicinal and nutraceutical properties, offers immense potential as a lucrative enterprise in the country. It is important to analyse the economics of Cordyceps mushroom to boost its adoption among next-gen mushroom growers. Present paper helps in effective financial planning and provides acumens into the minimum viable scale required to establish a successful Cordyceps mushroom enterprise. The return over variable cost (ROVC) for small, medium, and large growers was Rs. 12000, Rs. 16000, and Rs. 22000 per Kg per crop cycle of Cordyceps mushroom. The BC Ratio is viable only for medium and larger units opposed to small units. The Break Even Point (BEP) for small, medium, and large units above which they should produce to earn positive returns were 7 kg, 15 Kg, and 12 Kg per cycle, respectively.
Comparative genome wide analysis of the EF-hand containing calcium binding proteins in five edible mushrooms
The current scenario required urgent attention for the nutritional security and environmental deterioration due to the agricultural wastes. Beneficial fungi are well known for the nutrient recycling, plant growth, soil health and degradation of the plant wastes. Notably, mushrooms, an edible fungus, are an excellent source of the proteins (essential amino acids); vitamins, medicinal properties and can be utilized as food and tonic. Though, several mushroom genomes sequenced in last decade, but the knowledge of the mushroom developmental biology is still meagre. Moreover, calcium is ubiquitous signaling agent in all the eukaryotes, which binds with different calcium binding proteins. The present study reports the genome wide comparative analysis of the EF-hand containing calcium binding proteins of five edible mushrooms viz. Agaricus bisporous var. bisporous H97and Agaricus bisporous var. burnettii JB137-S8; Pleurotus ostreatus strain PC15 ; Lentinula edodes strain NBRC 111202 ; Schizophyllum commune strain H4-8; Coprinopsis cinerea strain okayama7#130. The results demonstrated that EF-hand number ranges from two to five, while EF-hand containing proteins ranges from fourteen to seventeen in all the analysed mushroom genomes. Phylogenetic analysis showed that, EF-hand containing proteins fall into four groups. In general, Group I contain all the CaM and CMLs while Group II includes the CBL and NCS. Group III having all the PEF proteins and Group IV contains remaining proteins in which other functional domain was also present. The comparative information generated in this study could be helpful for functional characterization of the genes of five edible mushrooms and their relationship with important agronomic traits.
Edible mushrooms; Calcium; EF-hand; Calcium binding proteins
Exploring overlooked farm forest treasures: Unveiling macrofungaldiversity of eastern Nepal
Farm forests are the privately-owned forest patches, which forms an integral part of farmer’s livelihood. However, study of biodiversity of these forests has been largely neglected, where macrofungi are also one of the important treasures of these forests. The study was aimed to explore macrofungal diversity in the farm forests in Sandakpur-3, Koshi Province, Eastern Nepal. An opportunistic sampling method was used to explore the macrofungal diversity and ecology. Findings revealed fifty-seven macrofungal species, with fifty-one belonging to Basidiomycota and six to Ascomycota. Agaricales (32 species) was the dominant order followed by Polyporales (8 species), Russulales (4 species) while the less diverse orders were Cantharellales, Geastrales, Helotiales, Hypocreales and Thelephorales with single macrofungal species. Physalacriaceae and Polyporaceae were most frequent family representing four species. Macrofungal species were classified based on ecology, with saprophytic fungi (forty-three species) being the most abundant, followed by mycorrhizal (twelve), parasitic (one), and entomophilous (one) species. Edibility assessment revealed twenty-five edible species, eighteen inedible species, two poisonous species and twelve species of undetermined status. These findings emphasize the significant role of privately-owned farm forests in supporting fungal diversity and recommends further research in farm forests for sustainable management of forest products and to promote biodiversity conservation.
Morphological and molecular characterization of native isolates of Jew’s ear mushroom (Auricularia auricula-judae) in Southern Kerala and its suitability in different culture media
Auricularia auricula-judae (Jew's ear mushroom), an edible and medicinal mushroom, is widely distributed in Kerala, but is not cultivated or used by the common people. Surveys were conducted in 3 different Agro Ecological Units of southern Kerala to explore the native isolates of Jew’s ear mushroom and to study their morphological, microscopic and phylogenetic characters. The suitability of different media for their in-vitro culture was also studied. Nucleotide-level sequencing of the isolates using LSU primers confirmed all the collections to be A. auricula. All the sequences were deposited in the NCBI gene bank and accession numbers of each culture were obtained. Cultural studies showed that carrot agar medium was the best suited medium for the mycelial growth of Jew’s ear mushroom.
Evaluation of culture conditions for the mycelial growth of Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler
Shiitake mushroom (Lentinula edodes) holds global significance for its culinary and medicinal value, particularly due to its health benefits and nutrient profile, including polysaccharides, vitamins, and bioactive compounds. This study investigates the influence of different liquid media, pH levels, carbon and nitrogen sources on the mycelial growth and biomass production of L. edodes . Five liquid media were tested, with potato sucrose broth (PSB) yielding the highest biomass. Varying pH conditions showed optimal mycelial growth at pH 6.0, while alkaline conditions hindered growth. Among carbon sources, sucrose was most effective for mycelial biomass, followed closely by dextrose. For nitrogen sources, peptone significantly enhanced mycelial growth surpassing other organic and inorganic nitrogen options. These findings highlight the importance of substrate optimization in promoting effective growth conditions for L. edodes, providing valuable insights for commercial shiitake mushroom cultivation.