Seed Development in Groundnut - Floral Biology and Peg Development
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Authors
-
PC NAUTIYAL
Department of Seed Science and Technology, HNB GU, Srinagar Garhwal, Chauras Campus
Author
Keywords:
Groundnut, Floral biology, Peg developmentAbstract
Groundnut (Arachis hypogeae L.) is a semi-determinate plant in which flowering continues for a long
period depending on the habit group or botanical types. The inflorescence varies among different types, whereas,
flower is typically papilionaceous, zygomorphic and self-pollinating (clestogamous). Since, groundnut possesses
a geocarpicovary, understanding the physiology of flowering, peg and pod development are important for planning
seed production. The inheritance of flower on main stem inflorescence is regulated by two sets of duplicate loci
with epistatic action, while sequential flowering is regulated by duplicate pair of recessive genes (i.e., monogenicrecessive to alternate). In Spanish type, flower appears relatively early and has a broader first flowering peak,
whereas, in Virginia type flowering is delayed with multiple peaks. Floral induction is controlled by both external as
well as internal stimuli and regulates the development of reproductive primordia. The most sensitive stage for
induction of flowering is reported to be around three days prior to bloom. Further, the onset of flowering including
peg/pod development is controlled by intricate genetic network in response to extrinsic factors, i.e., day length,
temperature and intrinsic factors, i.e., hormones, and cross-talks between them, including involvement of
endogenous signaling molecules. In addition, groundnut peg has the ability to suspend its development during
the period of soil moisture-deficit and resume pod development after the relief of stress. The geotropic nature of
peg has a peculiar physiology to fulfill the requirement of darkness for the development of fertilized ovule into pod
and seed. For this purpose the peg, along with the fertilized ovary carried at the tip, penetrates the soil under
optimum moisture condition. In addition, variation in pod number in groundnut is mainly associated with timing of
flowering and the initial rate of flower production. It is a well- established fact that extended exposure to high
temperature and water-deficit conditions could reduce flowering and peg numbers as well as pod formation, thus
limiting the reproductive efficiency. Such flowering behavior in groundnut results variations in maturity of pod/seed
leading to seeds of different size and weight at the final harvest, and resulting in poor quality. Hence, understanding
the environmental influence on floral biology and peg development is important for quality seed production in
groundnut.
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