Formerly The Journal of Research, ANGRAU The Journal of Research, PJTSAU is being published in place of Journal of Research, ANGRAU since July, 2014 and the publication of The Journal of Research, PJTSAU is mere continuation of the earlier Journal.
Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University
MAIZE PRICE TRANSMISSION BETWEEN MAJOR MARKETS IN TELANGANA STATE – AN ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS
This study tests long-run spatial market integration between price pairs of maize in five major markets viz., Badepally, Siddipet, Nagarkurnool, Warangal and Nizamabad of the Telangana State by adopting important econometric tools like Johansen’s multivariate co integration approach, Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF), Granger causality test and Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). The study has confirmed the presence of co integration, implying the six years price association among the markets. To get the additional evidence as to whether and in which direction price transmission is occurring between the market pairs, Granger causality test has been used, which has confirmed Nizamabad to be the price-determining market. Nizamabad has been found comparatively more efficient as it has depicted most bidirectional causal relations with other markets. The Vector Error-Correction Model (VECM) shown the selected markets of maize are employed to know the speed of adjustments for the prices of maize among selected markets, for short run and long run equilibrium of prices. The results show that Badepally, Nizamabad and Warangal market influence prices in the other two major markets i.e., Siddipet and Nagarkurnool.
M. MAHESHNATH, R. VIJAYA KUMARI, K. SUHASINI, D. SRINIVASA REDDY and A. MEENA
GROWTH OF SEED INDUSTRY IN INDIA VIS-À-VIS TELANGANA
This paper examines the trends in growth of seed industry in India and Telangana with special focus on rice seed sector. The compound annual growth rate (CAGR) method was used to estimate the growth in distribution of certified seeds of important crops with special focus on certified seed of rice. While, the size of seed business computed for two different points of time 2014 and 2020 to understand the relative importance of Telangana in Indian seed industry. The size of global seed business increased by about 15 per cent between 2012 and 2020. Subsequently, the India’s share in global seed business has increased from about 4 to 6 per cent during the same period. On other hand, the relative share of Telangana in the Indian seed business has declined from about 30 to 19 per cent between 2014 and 2020 respectively. The reason for this change is a sizeable portion of seed industry being shifted to other neighbouring states specially in case of hybrid rice and Bt cotton seed production. The distribution of certified seed of all crops in India and the state of Telangana has shown a positive compound annual growth rate over the past 20 years, with deceleration in growth rates in recent period. The relative shares of seed production area under hybrid rice and BT cotton hybrids to total area under seed production in Telangana declined from about 23.3 to 13.3 per cent and 8 to 4.75 per cent respectively between 2014 and 2020. However, total area under seed production for all crops and seed growers increased substantially in the state between this period. Hence, the seed growers in Telangana state may be provided with the required incentives along with formulation of a comprehensive seed production policy for further promotion of seed industry.
S. KAVI RAJU, A. JANAIAH, R. VIJAYA KUMARI, P. RADHIKA and D. SRINIVASA CHARY
FARMERS’ PERCEPTION ON AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN TELANGANA STATE: SOME REFLECTIONS FROM VILLAGE SURVEY
Farmers in Telangana state expected big changes in agricultural sector after formation of separate state in 2014. Accordingly, government of Telangana initiated series of steps such as Rythu Bandhu, Rythu Bheema, free power for agriculture, etc. This paper made an attempt to assess the farmers perception with respect to change in various indicators of agricultural development after 2014. For this study two largely irrigated districts (progressive districts) and another two primarily rainfed districts (backward districts) were selected for conducting Focused Group Discussions (FGDs) in 40 villages (20 from irrigated districts and 20 from rainfed districts). Data from FGDs were analyzed using various statistical measures of central tendency to understand the changes in key indicators between 2014 and 2021. Results indicated that net area sown and gross area sown has increased by 9.57 and 34.76 per cent at state level between 2014 and 2021. Cropping intensity has also increased by 21 per cent between 2014 to 2021 in the state, implying that an additional 21 per cent of net area was sown more than once in a year primarily due to stabilization of irrigated area under village tanks. Similar findings were also reported during the FGDs in the sample villages. It is also reported that number of agricultural labors declined between two periods primarily due to growing mechanization and also non-farm employment opportunities. Farmers also expressed that the cost of key farm inputs such as fertilizer, farm machinery and labor has been significantly increased by about 60 to 120 per cent, while the increase in output prices was around 70 per cent between 2014 and 2021. The farm level yields were merely stagnant between 2014 and 2021. These farm level trends indicated that there are no major changes in real profitability of major crops.
B. VIJAY KUMAR, ALDAS JANAIAH, K. SUHASINI, SEEMA and A. MEENA
COMPARATIVE ECONOMICS AND CONSTRAINTS ANALYSIS OF COTTON GROWERS UNDER DIFFERENT FARMING SITUATIONS OF TELANGANA STATE
Cotton the ‘King of fibres’ is the important commercial crop of Telangana state occupying an area of 23.48 lakh hectares with 30.42 lakh MT of production during the year 2020-21. The crop is mainly grown under rainfed condition in a wide range of soils like red loamy, deep black, chalka soil and dubba. Considering the different soil types and the irrigation availability, the costs and returns were computed for different farming situations viz., FS-1 (Irrigated red soil), FS-2 (Rainfed red soil), FS-3 (Chalka soil), FS- 4 (Irrigated black soil) and FS-5 (Rainfed black soil). Further, the constraints were analysed based on the primary data collected from 350 cotton growing farmers from 16 villages belonging to eight mandals of districts viz., Nalgonda, Nagarkurnool, Adilabad and Sangareddy during the year 2020-21. The comparison done using tabular analysis inferred that, cotton cultivation was highly profitable in FS-4 with net returns of ( 64773.67) followed by FS-1 ( 48680.16), FS-5 ( 33483.70) and FS-2 ( 24441.86) while, in FS-3 it was a loss with negative net returns ( -1310.70). Economically unviable cotton cultivation in FS-3 recommends for cultivation of other suitable crop viz., millets, pulses and ground nut. Further, constraint analysis inferred that, the crop suffered from pests and diseases infestation, inadequate /excess rainfall, labour scarcity, lack of infrastructure leading to low prices at the time of harvest and poor technical know-how. Hence, the study recommends developing resistant cotton hybrids. Adoption of mulching practices in rainfed cotton, timely and adequate irrigation via water saving techniques in irrigated cotton, better infrastructure and training programmes for dissemination of new technologies is much needed.
S. RADHA, K. SUHASINI, MD. ALIBABA, D. SRINIVASA REDDY and D. SRINIVASA CHARY
EVALUATION OF PIGEONPEA GERMPLASM LINES FOR RESISTANCE AGAINST FUSARIUM WILT DISEASE INCITED BY FUSARIUM UDUM
A study was conducted to evaluate one hundred and seventy two pigeonpea germplasm lines against fusarium wilt in wilt sick plot during Kharif 2019-20 and Kharif 2020-21 at Agriculture Research Station, Tandur. This experiment was laid out in randomized block design with two replications, wherein checks of ICP 2376 (Susceptible check) and ICPL 87119 (Resistant check) were planted after every five rows of the germplasm lines to ascertain the uniformity in disease incidence across the sick plot. Significant differences in disease incidence among pigeonpea germplasm lines were observed in both the years of screening. Based on disease reaction, the per cent disease incidence (PDI) was calculated and the germplasm lines were divided into one of three categories i.e., Resistant (R), Moderately Resistant (MR) and Susceptible (S). The pooled analysis of consecutive two years viz., Kharif, 2019-20 and Kharif, 2020-21 revealed that, out of 172 germplasm lines, 21 germplasm lines showed resistant reaction with 0-10% disease incidence, of which six lines were asymptomatic in expression. While, remaining 45 germplasm lines exhibited moderately resistant in reaction, with 11-30 per cent disease incidence. The other 106 germplasm lines showed susceptible reaction with incidence that was greater than 30 per cent.
T. RAJESHWAR REDDY, B. VIDYASAGAR, S. SANDEEP, G. UMA DEVI, S.N.C.V.L. PUSHPAVALLI, G. SRIDEVI, C. SUDHAKAR and C. SUDHA RANI
PRODUCTIVITY AND PROFITABILITY OF HDPS COTTON INFLUENCED BY GENOTYPES AND INM PRACTICES
A field experiment was conducted at College Farm, Agricultural College, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, during kharif, 2019-20 and 2020-21 to study effect of genotypes and integrated nutrient management practices on profitability of HDPS cotton. Experiment was laid out in Split plot design, with two genotypes as main plots (M) and nine Integrated Nutrient Management practices as sub plots (S). Among genotypes, higher lint yield (919; 836 kg ha-1), seed yield (1604; 1468 kg ha-1), stalk yield (6412; 6110 kg ha-1), net returns (93929; 88387 ¹ ha-1) and B: C ratio (2.74; 2.72) were obtained by Bt variety (KCH-14 K59 BG II) compared Non-Bt variety (ADB-542) during kharif, 2019-20 and 2020-21, respectively. While, among integrated nutrient management practices, significantly higher lint yield (1157; 1047 kg ha-1), seed yield (1983; 1807 kg ha-1) and stalk yield (7190; 6853 kg ha-1) and net returns (123795; 115397) were observed with 100% RDF + soil application Jeevamrutha @ 500 L ha-1 at 15 days interval up to harvest (S5) during both years and was comparable with 100 % RDF + Foliar spray of Jeevamrutha @ 5% at 15 days interval up to harvest (S7) and 100 % RDF (S3), respectively. However, higher B: C ratio (3.46; 3.49) was obtained with 100% RDF (S3) during both seasons.
G. VINAY, K. P. VANI, B. PADMAJA, G. JAYASREE, S. TRIVENI and M. YAKADRI
IMPACT OF TILLAGE AND RESIDUE MANAGEMENT ON ACID AND ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE ACTIVITIES OF RABI MAIZE
A field experiment was conducted in college farm, College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar, PJTSAU, Hyderabad, to study different rice residue management options in conservation tillage and conventional tillage in rice-maize cropping system, during rabi 2020-21 and 2021-22. There were eight residue management options in each tillage system viz., T1- Total removal of residue and RDN (33:33:33), T2 - Residue incorporation/retention + RDN (33:33:33), T3- Residue incorporation/retention + RDN (33:33:33) + Microbial Consortium (2% Spray), T4 - Residue burning + RDN (33:33:33), T5- Residue incorporation/retention + RDN (43:23:33), T6 - Residue incorporation/retention + RDN (43:33:23), T7 - Residue incorporation/retention + 10 % extra RDN (43:23:33), T8 -Residue incorporation/retention + 10 % extra RDN (33:43:23). There were a total of 16 treatments, replicated thrice and laid in strip plot design. The results indicated that tillage and residue management options significantly affected acid and alkaline phosphatase activity as well as available P status in soil. Conservation tillage practice resulted in an increase of acid phosphatase activity by 9 % in rabi 2020-2021 and 16 % in rabi 2021-2022 over conventional tillage. The increase in the phosphatases activity with residue retention and incorporation led to increase in the available P status of soil during crop growth period till tasseling stage.
CH. RAVALI, G. JAYASREE, S. TRIVENI, K. SAMMI REDDY and G. PRATIBHA
SOIL FERTILITY STATUS OF PADDY GROWING RED SOILS OF CENTRAL TELANGANA ZONE DISTRICTS OF TELANGANA STATE, INDIA
Soil fertility evaluation of an area is an important aspect in context of sustainable agriculture production. The macronutrients regulate soil fertility and control crop growth and yields. In this inquiry, the Central Telangana Zone (CTZ) in the State of Telangana was chosen, and the availability of macronutrients and their relationship to physico-chemical characteristics in red soils were explored. Forty five red soil predominated mandals were chosen and 59 surface soil (0-15 cm) samples collected from red soil predominated mandals and analyzed for physico-chemical properties and available N, P and K status using standard laboratory procedures. The value of pH, electrical conductivity, and organic carbon was ranged from 6.65 to 7.78, 0.02 to 0.72 dS m-1 and 0.19 to 0.51% respectively. The available N, P2O5 and K2O was ranged from 50 to 314, 17 to 147 and 72 to 627 kg ha-1, respectively. The available nitrogen was in low, phosphorus and potassium contents were in high. Available micronutrients iron and zinc was ranged from 0.58 to 5.92 and 0.06 to 4.81 mg kg-1, respectively. Out of 59 collected soil samples, 97% were low in available nitrogen, 90% and 47% were high in available phosphorus and potassium respectively.
D. RAJASHEKHAR, A. MADHAVI, P. SURENDRA BABU, T RAMPRAKASH, K. P. VANI and D. SRINIVASA CHARY
CHARACTERISATION OF CALCAREOUS SOILS IN RANGAREDDY DISTRICT OF TELANGANA STATE
A survey was conducted in the year 2019-20 in old Rangareddy district of Telangana state to study the characters of calcareous soils, based on effervescence with dil.HCL the samples were collected and were analysed for its characters. Majority of soils collected were medium to high in CaCO3 status. All the soils collected were alkaline to highly alkaline in reaction. Soils were low to medium in available nitrogen and phosphorus content. The average pH, available N, available P2O5, available K2O value recorded in these soils were 8.49, 77.19 Kg ha-1, 6.215 Kg ha-1, 72.88 Kg ha-1 respectively. Correlation study reported that there is significant positive relationship is seen between CaCO3 content and pH and significant negative relationship is seen between CaCO3 content and available N and P2O5 in soil. No significant relationship is seen between CaCO3 content and EC and OC values and significant positive relationship is seen with available K.
Calcareous Soil, characterization, CaCO3 Content, Correlation.
MERAJ SIDDIQUA, S. HARISH KUMAR SHARMA, M. SHANKARIAH, S. TRIVENI and D. SRINIVASA CHARY
SEED HANDLING TECHNOLOGY AND STORAGE BEHAVIOUR OF SALES RETURN SEED UNDER COLD STORAGE CONDITIONS IN MAIZE (Zea mays L.)
An experiment to know effect of handling technology on storage behaviour of sales return maize seed after 2 months of cold storage was conducted during 2020 and 2021 in cold storage unit of Kaveri Seed Company Limited. Maize seed of 218+ and Profit each with three different lots, Fresh seed, one time and two times sales returned seeds (Q3) were packed in 4 different packing materials, transported and stored at retailer stores for different months (one, two & three months) under ambient conditions. After completion of predetermined interval seed was brought back, stored for 2 months under cold storage and its effect on seed moisture content (SMC) and seed germination (SG) were recorded. Fresh and One time sales returned seed of 218+ showed significantly low SMC (11.3 and 11.3%). But two times sales returned seed of 218+ and Profit hybrids showed significantly high SMC (11.5 and 11.8 %). Seed of 218+ and Profit packed in Savegrain (P2), Polypouch (P1) and Triple layer bag (P3) recorded significantly lower pooled mean SMC (11.2, 11.3 and 11.3 %) when compared to Recyclable (P4) bag (11.6 and 11.4 %, respectively). Fresh and One time sales returned seed of 218+ hybrid showed significantly high seed germination (95 and 95%) compared to two times sales returned seed (53%). Seed of 218+ packed in Savegrain (P2), Polypouch (P1) and Triple layer bag (P3) recorded significantly higher pooled mean seed germination (82, 81 and 81 %) when compared to Recyclable bag (80%). Profit seed recorded significantly high seed germination (92%) even after 3 months of storage at retailer. Whereas 218+, recorded higher SG (83 %) only for one month at retailer.
A. AKHIL REDDY1, P. SUJATHA, P. JAGAN MOHAN RAO, A. NOOKA RAJU , K. RAGHAVENDRA and S.N.C.V.L. PUSHPAVALLI
INFLUENCE OF ESTABLISHMENT METHODS, WATER REGIMES AND INTEGRATED NITROGEN MANAGEMENT ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF RABI RICE
Traditional rice cultivation with huge water consumption and judicious fertilizer application had a gloomy effect on environment. Rice although being an important staple crop, its cultivation has become difficult in light of climate change. Sustainable strategies for rice cultivation under climate change scenario is gaining importance and factors which improve the economic yield and reduce the inputs has gained much importance. To identify the best sustainable method in rice cultivation, the present study was conducted at College farm, College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University during rabi 2020-21 and 2021-22 to study the effect of establishment methods and water management practices on growth and yield of rabi rice. The experiment consisted of establishment methods with water management as Vertical plots viz. M1: Normal Transplanting; M2: Direct seeded rice with drum seeder; M3: Normal Transplanting with alternate wetting and drying water management at depletion of 5 cm; M4: Direct seeded rice with alternate wetting and drying water management at depletion of 5 cm, and five nitrogen management practices as Horizontal plots viz. N1:100% RDF; N2:75% RDN+25% N through biogas slurry; N3 :75% RDN+25% N through Azolla compost ; N4:75% RDN+25% N through vermicompost; N5:75% RDN+ 25%N through poultry manure. The results revealed that among the main plots, rice established by direct seeded rice with alternate wetting and drying water management at depletion of 5 cm and application of 75% RDN+ 25%N through poultry manure among the sub treatments performed better over other treatments by recording higher plant height, dry matter accumulation, LAI and no. of tillers per m2. Significantly higher grain and straw yield of rice was obtained with the combination of direct seeded rice with alternate wetting and drying water management at depletion of 5 cm and 75% RDN+ 25%N through poultry manure.
Drum seeder, Transplanting, Flooding, AWD and Poultry manure
D. MADHURYA, A. MADHAVI LATA, T. L. NEELIMA, R. MAHENDER KUMAR, A. MADHAVI, A. MEENA and M. YAKADRI
DELINEATION OF NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT ZONES IN MAIZE TRACTS OF TELANGANA USING MAXIMUM CURVATURE METHOD
To maximize financial gain, minimize environmental impact, and improve soil and crop management, soil fertility must be maintained uniformly. Delineation of management zones (MZs) is the one option to divide soil variability in to different soil fertility classes. MZs with uniform production potential might offer a useful strategy for nutrient application. The present study was conducted in the Molligipalem village of Karimnagar district, Northern Telangana zone during 2020 to delineate management zones in maize for N, P and K. One hundred of surfaces georeferenced soil samples were collected and analyzed for pH, EC, SOC, available N, P, K, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu. Soil properties variations were discussed with descriptive statistics and delineation of management zones was done with maximum curvature method. The descriptive statistics revealed that soil is neutral to slightly alkaline in reaction, with the lowest variability. The SOC content and available N was low in soil having less than 20 % variation. Available P and K was medium to high in soil with 20-30 % variation. The available micronutrient status (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) in the soil was sufficient with 58 to 75 % variation. Maximum curvature method was found to show wide variation in soil properties and the unit used for distance in m2. In present study, the size of homogeneous zone for pH, EC, SOC, available N, P2O5, K2O, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu were 3200 m2, 1600 m2, 2400 m2, 1600 m2,1600 m2,2000 m2, 3200 m2, 2400 m2, 4800 m2 and 3600 m2 respectively. As micronutrient content was sufficient in the soil, hence it is not considered delineation of soil management zone. For site specific nutrient management, three soil management zone was estimated using N, P, and K data.
V. B. PANDIT, T. ANJAIAH, M. UMA DEVI, T. L. NEELIMA and D. SRINIVASA CHARY
EVALUATION OF RICE GENOTYPES FOR SEED VIGOUR AND ASSOCIATED TRAITS
The study was conducted to investigate the variation in seed vigour for seven rice genotypes. The experiment was conducted at Department of Seed Science and Technology, PJTSAU using Completely Randomized Design with three replications during the year 2020-2021. For all the genotypes, data pertaining to seed quality parameters were recorded. Highest seed germination (94 %), dry weight (11.77 mg), seedling vigour index II (1770) and field emergence (91 %) were recorded in Moroberekan. Highest seedling length (28.90 cm), seedling vigour index I (2553), electrical conductivity (14.94 μS/cm/g) were recorded in AUS 276. Highest speed of germination (13.04) and alpha amylase activity (428.50 mg/g) were recorded in IR 64. Lowest seed germination (84 %), seedling length (20.96 cm), seedling vigour index I (1770) and field emergence (83 %) were recorded in N-22. Lowest dry weight, seedling vigour index II, speed of germination, alpha amylase activity and electrical conductivity were recorded in RNR 15048 (4.60 mg, 391 mg), AUS (9.38, 255.95 mg/g) and Dular (6.78 μS/cm/g) respectively. The results indicate that among all the genotypes, Moroberekan recorded highest vigour, Vandana and IR 64 have medium vigour and N-22 and AUS 276 have lower vigour compared to other genotypes. High vigour contributes to their performance in early seedling vigour in field conditions especially in direct seeded conditions. Planting low vigour seeds causes reduced plant height, delayed panicle exsertion and anthesis, less tillering capacity and reduced yield which can be avoided by selecting genotypes with high seed vigour.
P. MOUNIKA, K. JHANSI RANI, P. SENGUTTUVEL, P. SUJATHA and D. SANJEEVA RAO
PRECISION WATER AND NITROGEN MANAGEMENT FOR ENHANCING GROWTH AND YIELD OF AEROBIC RICE UNDER DRIP SYSTEM
A Field experiment was conducted at Indian Institute of Rice research (IIRR) during rabi season of 2020 and 2021, with an objective to study the effect of precision water and nitrogen management on growth and yield of aerobic rice under drip system. Treatments included three irrigation management methods- {I1 (Drip irrigation 1.5 Epan in Flat bed system); I2 (Drip irrigation 1.5 Epan in Raised bed system) and I3 {Surface irrigation (up to saturation)}} and four precision nitrogen management practices- N1 {Recommended practice (RDF)-(120:60:40 N P K kg ha-1)}; N2 {Green seeker (Optical sensor) based N application}; {N3 (LCC based N application) and N4(No Nitrogen)} replicated thrice. Results of experiment revealed that, among all the treatments, surface irrigation with LCC based nitrogen management was more beneficial in enhancing the growth and yield of aerobic rice. Among irrigation methods, higher values of growth parameters (mean of 2020 and 2021) at harvest such as, plant height (82.4 cm), leaf area index (3.98), dry matter accumulation (8344 kg ha-1), tillers m-2 (239), grain yield (4171 kg ha-1) and straw yield (4791 kg ha-1) were observed in surface irrigation which was on par with drip irrigation under raised beds (76.8 cm, 3.66, 7852 kg ha-1, 221, 3738 kg ha-1 and 4209 kg ha-1). Higher values of plant height (85.5 cm), leaf area index (4.46), dry matter accumulation (8802 kg ha-1), tillers m-2 (233), grain yield (4230 kg ha-1) and straw yield (4885 kg ha-1) were recorded under LCC based N application followed by recommended practice among nitrogen management practices. The results of the study implied that, cultivating rice by adopting aerobic system under drip irrigation along with precision nitrogen management with LCC and greenseeker provides an opportunity to save the resources like water and nutrients to produce optimal yields.
B. BHAVANA, P. LAXMINARAYANA, R. MAHENDER KUMAR, K. SUREKHA, S. NARENDER REDDY and M. YAKADRI
CONSTRAINTS IN ADOPTION OF SCIENTIFIC FISH FARMING IN TELANGANA STATE
Fishery in India is a very important economic activity and a flourishing sector with varied resources and potentials. India is the 3rd largest fish producing and 2nd largest aquaculture nation in the world after China. Fisheries and aquaculture remain an important source of food, nutrition, employment and income for millions, especially the rural populations. In fact, the sector provides livelihood to about 25 million fishers and fish farmers at the primary level and twice the number along the value chain.
D. UTTEJ, A. SAILAJA, B. SAVITHA, G. E. CH. VIDYA SAGAR, A. MEENA and V. RAJANI
PHYTOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION IN Moringa oleifera
Moringa oleifera, known as drumstick tree is widely cultivated throughout India. It is widely used as a nutritive herb and possess valuable pharmacological activities. Due to its amazing abilities for various ailments and even some chronic diseases, it is also named as “the miracle tree”. Phytochemicals are chemical compounds that are naturally found in plant. Phytochemicals could be available as a dietary supplement, but the potential health benefits of phytochemicals are derived from consumption of the whole plant. Non-nutritive plant compounds with disease preventive or protective characteristics are known as phytochemicals. Seasonal variability of primary and secondary metabolites in moringa leaves evaluated in the month of July-August through LC-MS/MS (non-volatile) and GC-MS/MS (volatile) technique. Non-volatile toxic compounds identified were adenosine, oligomycin C, euphormin and umbelliferone present in the month of July-August. Volatile compounds identified during this period were morphinan and dihydromorphine. The compounds hematoporphyrin, euphormin and umbeliferone are intermediates in cyanide pathway during July-August and it effects the human health causing nausea, vomiting and gastrointestinal disturbances.
K. A. ATHIRA, SEEJA THOMACHAN, E. R. ANEENA, C. L. SHARON, K. SURENDRA GOPAL and BERIN PATHROSE
FARMERS’ AWARENESS AND ITS DETERMINANTS OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES IN AGRICULTURE-EVIDENCE FROM RURAL TELANGANA
Digital technologies in agriculture are expected to play an important role in dissemination of new knowledge timely and quickly, as well as in providing solution to growing labour shortage in agriculture. This study was carried out in three districts representing three agricultural zones in Telangana state to assess farmers’ level of awareness about digital technologies in agriculture. A sample of 180 farmers, 90 from progressive regions and another 90 from backward regions in selected districts were interviewed during the year 2020-21 using a pre structured schedule. Farmers’ responses (Yes or No) to a set of twelve questions were elicited to assess farmers’ awareness of five selected digital technologies. Farmers’ Digital Awareness Index (FDAI) was developed using farmers’ responses and its determinants were examined through a multiple linear regression analysis. Results indicated that average FDAI in progressive regions was comparatively higher than backward regions. Nearly two third of sample farmers have the FDAI of 40 per cent and above. FDAI was positively and significantly associated with education and farm size, while age was negatively associated.
P. ASHWINI, ALDAS JANAIAH, G. P. SUNANDINI, P. RADHIKA and A. MEENA
CUSTOM HIRING CENTER MODELS FOR ENHANCED FARM MECHANIZATION IN TELANGANA STATE
Farm mechanization has become unavoidable in order to boost agricultural production and keep agriculture growing in lockstep with population expansion. A growing shortage of agricultural labour needs the timely delivery of agricultural machinery at a reasonable cost to farmers. Furthermore, through improving input use efficiency and judicious use of inputs, the use of appropriate farm machinery lowers the unit cost of output. Farm mechanization demands a significant investment in farm power sources and equipment, which is neither necessary nor viable for India’s small and marginal farmers, who account for more than 80% of all farm holdings. In this context, the most rational and acceptable institutional action proposed in recent years appears to be custom hiring of agricultural machinery.
S. YUGENDER REDDY, V. SUDHA RANI, V. RAVINDER NAIK, M. MALLA REDDY and A. MEENA
CHALLENGES FACED BY THE MEMBERS OF THE FARMER PRODUCER ORGANISATIONS IN TELANGANA STATE
Present study was conducted to know the challenges associated with the performance of Farmers’ Producers Organisation (FPO). Present study was conducted in Telangana state, random sampling techniques were followed in case of selecting the area and the respondents of the present study. Data collection was done by structured interview schedule after pre-testing with the help of personal interview method. Henry Garett ranking technique was used to analyse the data and draw conclusion. Results showed that majority of the members were facing problems with respect to irregular procurement of produce (61.29) followed by inadequate infrastructure facilities (59.92) and credit facilities are not available to the members (54.64).
D. NAVYA, K. MADHU BABU, V. RAVINDER NAIK, G. E. CH. VIDYASAGAR and A. MEENA
AN EVALUATION OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE AND PERCEPTION OF PERI-URBAN FARMERS: A STUDY IN THE PERIPHERY OF HYDERABAD METROPOLITAN REGION
Farm diversification is emerging as an adaptive strategy among the farmers especially those near to the city centers, as availability of land for cultivation is under question with the expanse of developmental activities. The present study was conducted in the peripheries of Hyderabad Metropolitan Region in the year 2021 to assess the socio-economic profile of farm households. A multistage random sampling method was chosen for sampling by which a total of eight mandals were surveyed using a pre-tested structured interview schedule totaling the sample size to 330. The study purely depends on primary data and relevant descriptive statistics were employed for analysis. The socio-economic variables selected for the study include age, education, experience in farming, operational land holding, crop diversity index and income only from agriculture. It was observed that diversified farmers were younger than non-diversified group while level of education was more or less same for both the groups. Farmers with more experience tend to specialize their farmland as against those who diversify even when farming experience is low. In addition, with the increase in landholding size, farmers tend to diversify their farm activities more. While considering the variable only farm as source of income, it was observed that majority of diversified farmers depend on farm alone than non-diversified farmers. Additionally, the perception of peri-urban inhabitants on the social and economic impacts of urban sprawl on their locations was also assessed using Garrett Ranking Technique. Policies should be formulated to support smallholders to pool their land so that they could take up diversification activities profitably.
JUDY THOMAS, R. VIJAYAKUMARI, S. NEDUMARAN, T. LAVANYA, SEEMA and K. SUPRIYA
YIELD AND PROFITABILITY OF DRUM SEEDED RABI RICE AS INFLUENCED BY NITROGEN LEVELS AND WEED MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
A field experiment was conducted at College Farm, Agricultural College, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad during Rabi 2020-21 and 2021-22 to study effect of nitrogen levels and weed management practices of drum seeded rice. Field trial consisted of 16 treatments having four weed management practices and four nitrogen levels laid out in factorial randomized block design. Pretilachlor 6 % + Pyrazosulfuron-ethyl 0.15 % GR 615 g ha-1 as PE fb mechanical weeding at 25 and 50 DAS (W4) has yielded significantly higher grain and straw yield followed by Pretilachlor 6 % + Pyrazosulfuron-ethyl 0.15 % GR 615 g ha-1 as PE fb Penoxsulam 1.02 % + Cyhalofop butyl 5.1 % OD 120 g ha-1 as POE (W2). Regarding economics, W2 had resulted in higher B C ratio followed by W4. Among the nitrogen levels, 125 % RDN (N4) had higher yield and B.C.R statistically comparable with 100 % RDN (N3). Interaction of W4N4 had attained higher yield while the economics gained was highest with W2N4.
K. PREETHIKA, K. P. VANI, M. MADHAVI, G. JAYASREE, D. SAIDA NAIK and M. YAKADRI
REACTION OF RICE VARIETIES TO YELLOW STEM BORER, Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker) POPULATIONS
The effect of two rice yellow stem borer (YSB), S. incertulas populations collected from Rangareddy (RGD) and Medak (MDK)on damage in three varieties of rice viz., PB1, W1263 and TN1 were tested during kharif (wet season) of 2019. Infestation was created by releasing the neonate YSB larvae @ two larvae per tiller onto the plants grown in pots under greenhouse conditions at both maximum tillering stage for dead heart damage and booting stage for white ear damage. The dead heart damage by Rangareddy population of yellow stem borer ranged from 19.61 to 35.15 percent, in which PB1 variety showed maximum damage. The yellow stem borer population from Medak caused 27.25 to 35.67 per cent dead hearts with maximum damage to PB1 variety. Infestation by neonate larvae of both the populations resulted in maximum White ear damage in PB1, which was significantly different from TN1 and W1263. However, all the three varieties recorded Damage Score 9 on SES scale for white ear damage. Based on the results of the current study, it can be concluded that there is no significant difference in the infestation level of S. incertulas populations collected from Rangareddy and Medak on PB1, W1263 and TN1.
R. ATHULYA, T. UMA MAHESWARI, A. P PADMAKUMARI, M. SHESHU MADHAV and G. UMA DEVI
GENETIC PARAMETERS, CHARACTER ASSOCIATION AND PATH COEFFICIENT ANALYSIS IN POST-RAINY SORGHUM LANDRACES
Field experiment involving 97 post-rainy (rabi) sorghum landraces was conducted at the Indian Institute of Millets Research (ICAR-IIMR), Hyderabad (Telangana) during 2020-21 to estimate genetic parameters, character association and path coefficients for grain yield, its component traits, and other agronomic traits. Significant variation between genotypes was noticed for all the 12 traits studied. Estimates of heritability varied from 25% (number secondary branches on central primary branch of panicle) to 94% (panicle length). Grain yield per plant, test weight, panicle weight, panicle length and number of grains on central primary branch of panicle have shown high estimates of heritability and genetic advance. Genotypic correlation analysis of grain yield showed positive significant association with all the traits except number of grains on central primary branch of panicle. Panicle weight and number of grains per panicle are strongly correlated with grain yield genotypically. Further, path coefficient analysis revealed that test weight, plant height, panicle weight, and seed hardness were the traits showing positive direct effect on grain yield at both phenotypic and genotypic level. CSV-216R (114g), Malegaon local (104g), CSV-29R (97g), IC345199 (92g) are the genotypes which yielded highest among all the genotypes in terms of grain yield per plant. Selection of tall plants with more green leaves and medium length panicles holding a greater number of primary branches with bold seeds could be fetching for improvement of grain yield in post-rainy sorghum.
A. ANISHA, V. HEMALATHA, R. MADHUSUDHANA, P. RAJENDRA KUMAR and D. SAIDA NAIK
SURFACE AND SUBSURFACE WEED SEED EMERGENCE STUDIES IN PUDDLED RICE AS INFLUENCED BY IRRIGATION AND WEED MANAGEMENT OPTIONS
An experiment was conducted to study the effect of irrigation and weed management practices on the emergence of weed seed bank at college farm situated in College of Agriculture, PJTSAU, Hyderabad, during kharif 2019 and 2020. The experiment consisted of two main plot treatments and nine subplot treatments laid out in Split plot design replicated thrice. Two irrigation practices (Alternate wetting and drying irrigation and continuous submergence) and nine weed management practices. Pretilachloar 50 EC 660 g ha-1(PE) fb mechanical weeding twice, pyrazosulfuron ethyl + pretilachloar 6.15 GR 615 g ha-1 (PE) fb penoxsulam + cyhalofop p butyl 6.12 OD 125 g ha-1 (POE), orthosulfamuron + pretilachloar 6.6 GR 600 g ha-1 (PE) fb mechanical weeding twice, penoxsulam + butachloar 39.77 SE 820 g ha-1 (PE) fb mechanical weeding, flucetosulfuron 10 % WG 25 g ha-1 (Early PoE) fb mechanical weeding, bispyribac sodium + 2, 4-D sodium salt 56.3 SP 703.75 g ha-1 (PoE) fb mechanical weeding once, florpyrauxifen benzyl + cyhalofop p butyl 12 EC 150 g ha-1 (PoE) fb mechanical weeding once, hand weeding twice and unweeded control. The irrigation practices not influenced the emergence of different species of weeds at surface and subsurface soil as well as total number of weeds. With respect to weed managements, significantly lowest in emergence of different species of weeds recorded in hand weeding treatment, whereas higher emergence of weeds was recorded in unweeded control.
KESHAVAMURTHY, M. MADHAVI, G. PRATHIBA, T. RAMPRAKASH and S. NARENDER REDDY
EVALUATION OF TRICHODERMA SPP. AGAINST SEED AND SOIL BORNE DISEASES OF GROUNDNUT, SOYBEAN AND SESAMUM UNDER IN VITRO CONDITIONS
The present study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of biocontrol agents against stem rot disease in groundnut, charcoal rot disease in soybean and stem and root rot disease of sesame by employing dual culture technique with six isolates of Trichoderma spp. obtained from ICAR-IIOR during the year 2020. The results indicated that T. harzianum (Th4d) was found effective in inhibiting the mycelial growth of S. rolfsii in groundnut (71.9%), M. phaseolina in soybean (67%) and M. phaseolina in sesamum (66%) followed by T. asperellum (TaDOR 7316) isolate inhibited mycelial growth against three test pathogens to an extent of 61.9 per cent, 61.9 per cent and 55.9 per cent, respectively. Least mycelial inhibition was recorded by T. asperellum (Ta10) against groundnut stem rot (42.8%) and soybean charcoal rot (53.7%) followed by T. asperellum (Ta11) in sesamum stem and root rot with 43.3 per cent inhibition. The antagonists T. harzianum (Th4d) showing its efficacy of more than 50 per cent can be utilized as an effective biocontrol agent against test pathogens in three important oilseed crops under field conditions.
S. VIJAYKUMAR, B. RAJESWARI, R. D. PRASAD, K. V. S. P. CHANDRIKA, P. RAJANIKANTH and SRINIVASA CHARY
ASSESSMENT OF GENETIC VARIABILITY, CHARACTER ASSOCIATION AND PATH ANALYSIS IN MAIZE (Zea mays L.)
The present investigation was conducted to estimate the genetic parameters and character association of 62 maize genotypes for eleven characters at Maize Research Centre, Rajendranagar during Rabi, 2020-21. Analysis of variance revealed the existence of significant variability among the genotypes. Among the traits studied, plant height, ear height, number of kernels per row and 100 seed weight showed moderate GCV with high heritability and high genetic advance as percent of mean. The grain yield showed a significant positive genotypic correlation coefficient with all the characters except with days to 50 % tasseling, days to 50 % silking and days to maturity. The path coefficient analysis revealed that days to 50 % tasseling, days to 50 % silking, plant height, ear height, ear length, number of kernels rows per ear, number of kernels per row and 100 seed weight exhibited positive direct effects on grain yield whereas days to maturity and ear girth showed a negative direct effect on grain yield. The selection of characters with moderate to high GCV with high heritability, high genetic advance as percent of mean and characters which shows significant positive genotypic correlation coefficient along with positive direct effect contributing towards yield plays an important role in increasing the grain yield.
G. ANUSHA, D. BHADRU, S. VANISRI, G. USHA RANI, B. MALLAIAH, V. SRIDHAR
EFFECT OF ALTERNATE WETTING AND DRYING IRRIGATION REGIMES AND WEED MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF WET SEEDED RICE
A field experiment was carried out at College Farm, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad during rabi 2020-21 and 2021-22. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with two factors i.e., irrigation regimes (I1: Farmers practice (continuous flooding of 2-5 cm from 3-4 DAS), I2: AWDI at 5 cm depletion of ponded water, I3: AWDI at 10 cm depletion of ponded water and I4: AWDI at 15 cm depletion of ponded water) and weed management practices viz., W1: Control (Unweeded check), W2: Pyrazosulfuron ethyl (10% WP) 20 g ha-1 PE fb penoxsulam (1.02%) + cyhalofop butyl (5.1%) 120 g ha-1 PoE, W3: Pyrazosulfuron ethyl (10% WP) 20 g ha-1 PE fb penoxsulam (1.02%) + cyhalofop butyl (5.1%) 120 g ha-1 PoE + mechanical weeding at 45 DAS and W4: Weed free (mechanical weeding at 15, 35 and 55 DAS with line weeding). Among the irrigation regimes significantly higher plant height, leaf area, dry matter production, no.tillers m-2, grain and straw yields were recorded with Farmers practice (continuous flooding of 2-5 cm from 3-4 DAS) and it was on par with AWDI at 5 cm depletion of ponded water during both years of the study respectively. With respect to weed management practices Weed free (mechanical weeding at 15, 35 and 55 DAS with line weeding) resulted in significantly highest plant height, leaf area, dry matter production, no.tillers m-2, grain and straw yield and it was on par with Pyrazosulfuron ethyl (10% WP) 20 g ha -1 PE fb penoxsulam (1.02%) + cyhalofop butyl (5.1%) 120 g ha-1 PoE + mechanical weeding at 45 DAS) during 2020-21 and 2021-22.
N. PRATHAP REDDY, G. E. CH. VIDYA SAGAR, M. YAKADRI, M. MALLA REDDY, A. MADHAVI and S. NARENDER REDDY
ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF POTENTIAL ENDOPHYTIC BACTERIA FROM RICE
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a key staple food for the world’s growing population and is widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical locations, where it is affected by many biotic diseases of which bacterial infections are also causing losses. Bacterial endophytes are known to confer tolerance or resistance to the host plant from various biotic and abiotic stresses. Endophytes influence the physiology and developmental processes of the host plant, by releasing antimicrobial metabolites, synthesising phytohormones, siderophore, competing with pathogens for space and nutrients, and modulating the plant resistance response. Because of the crop’s economic importance, endophytic bacteria have received a lot of attention as biocontrol agents and are the most common, most efficient, environmentally sustainable, and cost-effective. The serial dilution technique was used to isolate 52 endophytic bacterial isolates from rice roots, stems, and leaves. Colony characteristics were recorded after the isolates were purified. Rice varieties like BPT 5204, JGL, and KNM genotypes had significantly greater mean endophytic bacterial populations. By using the cross-streak method, all the isolates were tested for antagonistic activity against bacterial leaf blight. Disease inhibition zones were found in fifteen isolates. For these fifteen isolates, biochemical characterizations such as siderophore, HCN, IAA, catalase, citrate, oxidase, hydrogen sulphide, indole, voges prausker’s, casein, gelatin, pectinase, and cellulose tests were performed. IAA, HCN, Siderophore, Ammonia, Phosphate, Nitrogen, Potassium, and Zinc Solubilization were investigated as growth promoters. Four isolates were chosen for development of bacterial consortium as a biocontrol agent based on antagonistic, biochemical, growth promoting, and nutrient solubilization properties.
C. SWATHI, BHARATI N. BHAT, G. UMA DEVI, S. TRIVENI and S.N.C.V.L. PUSHPAVALLI
BENEFICIAL EFFECT OF LIMING TO GREEN GRAM AND SPINACH IN ACID SOILS OF ZAHEERABAD DIVISION IN SANGAREDDY DISTRICT OF TELANGANA
An investigation entitled “Beneficial effect of liming to green gram and spinach in acid soil of Zaheerabad division in Sangareddy district of Telangana” was carried out at Agricultural Research Institute (ARI), Rajendranagar to study the beneficial effect of liming and FYM as well as suitable combination of nutrients with and without lime and FYM in acid soils and it’s beneficial effect to green gram and spinach. Incubation of acid soils with lime and FYM for 15 days, 30 days, 45 days and 60 days influenced soil pH and nutrient availability. It was observed that soil pH increases with increasing a period of incubation from 15 to 60 days, where highest (pH 7.01) in 60 days of incubation with T3 -lime. Available nitrogen increases with a period of incubation, available phosphorus increases with a period of incubation and gradually decrease in 45 days, available potassium increased till 30 days and gradually decreased at 45 days of incubation with application of lime and FYM. Exchangeable calcium is highly at 15 days of incubation and gradually decreased with increasing a period of incubation, and the highest is observed in 15 days (2.30 cmol kg-1) with application of lime.A pot culture experiment was conducted employing six treatments, T1- RDF, T2 - FYM @10 t ha-1, T3 - Lime, T4 - RDF+FYM, T5 - RDF+ lime and T6 - RDF + FYM+ lime. Applications of RDF+ FYM+ lime resulted in highest grain yield of green gram (5.11 g pot-1) and dry matter of spinach (12.23 g pot-1). Acid soils treated with lime and FYM alone observed to significantly increased yield of green gram and spinach. The best results were obtained in combined application of lime along with FYM @10 t ha-1 and RDF. Application of lime and FYM resulted in significant increase in nutrient content as well as uptake in both green gram and spinach. Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium content and uptake increases with applications of lime and FYM. The highest content and uptake were resulted in RDF + FYM@ 10 t ha-1+ lime. Among the micronutrients, manganese content and its uptake by green gram and spinach decreased where zinc and copper gradually increase with applications of lime and FYM, respectively. Applications of lime increased the soil pH in acid soils, with the highest from 4.98 to 7.01 and 5.32 to 6.93. It was observed that acid soil treated with lime significantly effect the nutrients availability. A vailable nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulphur and exchangeable calcium & magnesium increased whereas, available manganese and iron decreased with application of lime in acid soils. Application of lime significantly increased exchangeable calcium from 0.87 to 2.15 cmol kg-1 and exchangeable magnesium from 0.12 to 1.61 cmol kg-1. Available manganese decreased from 26.6 to 22.7 mg kg-1 and available iron from 11.76 to 8.05 mg kg-1, respectively. From the results obtained, it is concluded that liming and FYM significantly increased yield of green gram and spinach in acid soils. Application of lime along with FYM and RDF increased the availability of essential nutrients.
EVELYN LALPARMAWII, M. SHANKARAIAH, M. CHANDINI PATNAIK and K. P. VANI
EFFECT OF ZINC FERTILIZATION ON GROWTH, YIELD AND QUALITY OF FODDER MAIZE (Zea mays L.)
A field experiment was conducted on sandy clay loam soil at College farm, College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad during rabi, 2019-20 and 2020-21 on “Effect of zinc fertilization on growth, yield and quality of fodder maize (Zea mays L.)”. The treatment comprised of soil and foliar applications of zinc viz., Recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) alone (120 kg N - 50 kg P 2 O5 - 40 kg K 2 O ha-1) without zinc application (T1), Soil application of 15 kg ZnSO 4 ha-1 (T2), Soil application of 25 kg ZnSO4 ha-1 (T3), Foliar spray of 1% ZnSO4 at 20 and 45 days (T4) and Foliar spray of 1% ZnSO4 at 20, 45 and 60 days (T5). The five treatments were laid out in randomized block design with four replications. A fodder maize variety, African tall was used by adopting a spacing of 30×10 cm. The recommended dose of fertilizers was applied to all the treatments. The experimental soil was moderately alkaline in reaction, low in organic carbon, available nitrogen (N) as well as low in available zinc (Zn), medium in available phosphorous (P2O5) and high in available potassium (K2O). It is concluded that among different zinc fertilization treatments studied in fodder maize, Foliar spray of 1% ZnSO4 at 20, 45 and 60 days with RDF (T5) recorded significantly higher plant height, leaf to stem ratio, dry matter, green fodder yield, crude protein and other quality parameters proved better in registering higher zinc concentration in green fodder and was found economically viable with higher net returns, followed by T 4. Lowest was recorded with no Zn application (T1) in both the years of study. Overall, our study suggest that zinc fertilization of maize through soil and/or foliar spray can enhance not only fodder productivity and also improve quality of fodder maize in Southern Telangana zone elsewhere under similar agro-climatic conditions.
CH. RAMAKRISHNA, A. MADHAVI LATA, B. MURALI, A. MADHAVI and M. VENKATESWARLU