ISVIB Journal Veterinary Immunology & Biotechnology
ISVIB Journal Veterinary Immunology & Biotechnology (VIB) is the official publication of Indian Society for Veterinary Immunology & Biotechnology (ISVIB).
Indian Society for Veterinary Immunology & Biotechnology (ISVIB)
The copyright of the articles published in Veterinary Immunology & Biotechnology vests with the Indian Society for Veterinary Immunology & Biotechnology (ISVIB), who has the right to enter into any agreement with any organization in India or abroad engaged in reprography, photocopying, storage and dissemination of information contained in these journals. The ISVIB has no objection in using the material, provided the information is being utilized for academic purpose but not for commercial use. Submission of a manuscript to VIB implies that if and when the manuscript is accepted for publication, the authors agree to automatic transfer of the copyright to the publisher.
Expression of Cathelicidins in Bovine Tissues
Anti microbial proteins (AMPs) are host defense molecules that constitute anÂ important part of the innate immunity in animals. This study was carried out to investigate the expression of some related AMPs belonging toÂ cathelicidins family; namely cathelicidins 1, cathelicidins 2, cathelicidins 3 and cathelicidins 4 in seven milk samples with varying somatic cell counts, udder and liverÂ tissues of Jersey Red Sindhi crossbred cows. For this, milk samples were collected and evaluated for somatic cell counts. Liver and udder tissue were also collected for studying the expression of these AMPs. The gDNA was isolated from liver tissues. Pairs of primers viz CathL1, CathL2, CathL3 and CathL4 were designed and tested initially on gDNA. Total RNA was isolated from the tissues and the milk samples followed by cDNAs preparation. Expression of cathelicidins coding genes vizcathelicidins1, cathelicidins 2 and cathelicidins 3 was found in liver tissue but not of cathelicidins 4 gene. Expression of cathelicidins 2 gene was found in udder tissue but not of cathelicidins 1, cathelicidins 3 and cathelicidins 4 genes, respectively. Expression of cathelicidins1, cathelicidins 2, cathelicidins 3 and cathelicidins 4 genes, respectively was not found in the selected milk samples of Jersey Red Sindhi crossbred cows.
Copyright (c) 2019 Veterinary Immunology & Biotechnology
Genotypic and Phenotypic Correlation of Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacterial Isolates from Mastitic Milk
In the present study, milk samples from mastitic animals were collected and screened for the isolation and identification of bacterial etiological agents. Out of a total of 102 milk samples, 50 samples yielded bacterial growth. The bacteria identified were Staphylococcus (43), Streptococcus (15), E. coli (26) and Klebsiella (19). All the bacterial isolates were subjected to antibiotic sensitivity testing. Further, DNA from these bacterial isolates was isolated and subjected to PCR using genus specific primers which revealed that all the isolates were conforming to their respective genus. Also, DNA was subjected to Â PCR to detect the presence of aac (3)-iv, blaSHV, aadA and tetB, tetM, erm A, mec A and blaZ, tetM, ermB, blaZ and mefA antibiotic resistance genes revealed that there was an absolute correlation between the genotypic and phenotypic results of the antibiotic resistance.
Role of Immunology in Veterinary Profession
Although the way ahead for immunology is full of pitfalls and difficulties, this is indeed an exhilarating prospect. There is no danger of a shortage of forthcoming excitement in the subject. Yet, as always, the highlights of tomorrow are the unpredictabilities of today- Cesar Milstein
Immunogenicity Testing in the Era of Reverse and Systems Vaccinology
Immunogenicity testing is an essential step in the preclinical phase of vaccine development and the quality control of commercial vaccines. This often employs protection of the host against pathogen challenge. Alternatively, ex vivo or in vitro measurement of immune parameters that correlate with protection may be done. Immune markers of infection, disease and vaccine-induced protection are being searched by employing modern approaches, including immunomics, computational immunology and systems vaccinology. Various humoral and cellular immune parameters are suggested as potential correlates or surrogates of protection induced by human and animal vaccines. Ex vivo and in vitro assays that measure immune cell proliferation, phenotypes, signaling, cytotoxicity, production of cytokines, antibodies, etc. provide an early and/or ethically improved readout of vaccine immunogenicity, thereby saving costs, time and animal suffering. Whole blood, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) or monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs)-co-cultured with PBMCs or T cell subsets can be used in these assays to examine primary or recall immune responses. In vitro antigen-primed MoDC: T cell co-culture models and artificial immune systems are being standardized and validated for evaluation of vaccine immunogens. The usefulness of immunogenicity testing â€˜outside animalsâ€™ is likely to increase in future, with its focus on measuring the correlates of protection or surrogates of B and T cell immunity, which are being established for increasing number of current and future vaccines in the era of â€˜reverseâ€™ and â€˜systemsâ€™ vaccinology.
Comparative Efficacy of Gamma Interferon Assay with Comparative Intradermal Tuberculin Skin Test in Diagnosing Tuberculosis in Dairy Animals
Comparative merits of Comparative intradermal test (CITT) and Gamma interferon assay (IFN-Î³) were assessed in detecting bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in dairy cows and buffaloes (n=201) having clinical symptoms and history suggestive of TB. Out of the 201 animals tested, 19.4%, 10% and 14.4% were positive for TB by CITT only, IFN-Î³ assay only and by both the tests, respectively. This clearly demonstrated that these tests, if performed individually, would not be enough to accurately detect TB in dairy animals. Instead, these would complement each other for efficient diagnosis of TB. Amplification of IS900 gene sequence specific for Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis revealed 229 bp band in DNA extracted from the fecal samples of 120 animals. The percentage of Johneâ€™s disease was 12.5%.
Comparison of Nested and Real-Time PCR for Detection of Latent Equine Herpesvirus 1 Infection
Equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV1) is one of the most important equine viral pathogen. Following acute infection, recovered animals develop lifelong latent infection, with periodic reactivation. The objective of this study was to compare nested and real-time PCR targeting glycoprotein B (gB) gene for detection of latent EHV1 infection. The real-time PCR (gB-qPCR) assays detected 41 gene copies/ reaction while nested PCR (gB-nPCR) assays could detect 4100 gene copies/ reaction. For assessing diagnostic sensitivity of both the assays, an abortion outbreak was followed for 6 months. After 6 months, none of the aborting (24) mares was shedding virus in nasal and vaginal swabs. However, latent EHV1 infection was detected in 7 and 15 mares by nested and real-time PCR respectively, by demonstration of viral DNA in peripheral blood mono-nuclear cells (PBMCs) in the absence of detectable late structural gene mRNA using gB-based real-time PCR. The sensitivity of gB-nPCR was only 46.66% as compared to gB-qPCR for detection of EHV1 latent infection. The real-time PCR is a sensitive and specific assay for ante-mortem detection of EHV1 latency in equine population.
A Mini-Review on Immunosuppressive Viral Diseases and their Containment Methods at Commercial Poultry Farms
Poultry diseases are one of the major issues of poultry farmers which cause severe economic loss in farming sector all over the world. Many of these diseases are due to viruses which can cause immunosuppression in birds. Also, these agents make birds susceptible to secondary bacterial infection and diseases. Some of these viral agents like Marekâ€™s Disease Virus (MDV), Chicken infectious anemia virus (CIAV), Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (IBDV), Reticuloendotheliosis Virus, Lymphoid Leukosis (LL) are silent killers which can cause detrimental and sometimes negative effects on the profitability of poultry farming. All possible attempts should be made to avoid sudden fluctuations in micro-climate of the poultry shed during seasonal changes using improved ventilation strategies, anti-stress nutritional supplementation, optimum stocking densities and strict biosecurity measures. These measures can help in preventing immunosuppression, and maintaining health and welfare of birds.
Determination of Immune Related Haemato-biochemical Parameters of Native Chicken of Himachal Pradesh and Comparison with Dahlem Red Breed
Native chickens are the important part of the free range and scavenging poultry production of rural areas of the Himachal Pradesh. The knowledge of baseline values of immune related haemato-biochemical parameters under local conditions is essential. Thus, haematological parameters such as heterophil, lymphocyte, basophil, eosinophil and monocyte counts and biochemical parameters such as plasma total proteins, albumin and globulin for native chicken of Himachal Pradesh were estimated and compared with the exotic breed Dahlem Red. In native chicken; heterophil, lymphocyte, basophil, eosinophil and monocyte counts were not found to be significantly (p>0.05) different from the exotic breed, Dahlem Red. Plasma total proteins and albumin were found to be significantly (p<0.05) different but, no significant difference (p>0.05) for globulin was observed between the native and exotic breed, respectively.
Neglected Causes of Canine Viral Enteritis: An overview
Acute viral gastroenteritis has attained the status of a global problem affecting both animals and humans. The situation is quite worse in the developing world countries. With advancing knowledge several new viral agents showing zoonotic-origin have been identified. The role of companion animals in sharing pathogens to humans cannot be ignored. Like humans, the dogs are also prone to various infections. Although information is scanty, gastroenteritis is a primary menace to dogs. Till now, more commonly rotavirus and coronavirus are being reported as the cause of diarrhea. In-depth molecular epidemiological studies using state-of-art tools have shown emergence and spread of new viruses to larger geographical areas and in new animal host species. Nonetheless, viruses like astrovirus, picobirnavirus, kobuvirus, circovirus, etc. being reported in dogs, their epidemiological profile, and impact remains under-estimated and underreported. Here, we have discussed the neglected gastroenteritis viruses of dogs which could pose a threat for zoonotic transfer.
Copyright (c) 2018 Veterinary Immunology & Biotechnology
An Overview on Dog Circovirus- A New Canine Pathogen
Dog circovirus (DogCV) is a newly discovered mammalian circovirus (CV), and is the cause of various gastro-intestinal syndromes like diarrhea, vomiting and hemorrhagic enteritis/gastroenteritis in canines. DogCV was detected in various internal organs of domestic dogs and wild canids, indicating that DogCV prevalence is not only restricted to dogs but is also wide spread in wild canines. Recent DogCV might acts on alimentary canal as a co-factor in disease outcome in canines with multiple infections and may not be detected alone but with other key enteric pathogens like canine parvovirus-2(CPV-2) and canine distemper virus (CDV). In spite of the prevalence of DogCV infection, its pathogenic role is still undetermined in domestic and wild canids. This review article aims to provide information about DogCV morphology, genomic organization, replication, pathogenesis, epidemiology and application of various diagnostic methods.
NANOTECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS AND POTENTIAL IN PARASITOLOGY: AN OVERVIEW
Nanotechnology is an emerging field of science, which deals with synthesis, strategy and manipulation of particleâ€™s size and structure for a variety of applications. Therapeutic application of nanomedicine involves use of molecular tools in the development of various types of drug-carrier nano-devices as targeted delivering for control of infectious diseases of various etiologies. Among other applications, improved means of diagnosis and development of adjuvants for vaccination are also relevant. The use of nanotechnology in parasitic diseases is expected to open new opportunities by overcoming the increasing problem of drug resistance in several parasites by providing more effective and safer alternatives to traditional therapy. Researchers have indicated that among various nano-materials, oxidized metals particularly silver and gold have growth inhibitory or cytotoxic effect on several protozoans like Plasmodium, Leishmania and Toxoplasma and helminth parasites including Echinococcus, Fasciola and Schistosoma. Nanoparticles (NPs) in combination with current drugs have been used as anti-protozoan and anthelmintic activates. In green synthesis, some bio-active plant extracts have shown good potential for effective and safe control of arthropod vectors of disease and other parasites. In diagnosis of parasitic disease, the concept of NPs conjugation with the parasite biomarkers, has been shown sensitive in the early detection of especially important protozoan diseases. NPs have been shown to act as vaccine candidates against toxoplasmosis and malaria, as adjuvant to improve immune response against schistosomiasis, visceral leishmaniasis and coccidiosis. Their utility as a vaccine delivery system in parasitic diseases is also being investigated.
Therapeutic application of lytic bacteriophages in mastitis caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Mastitis by Pseudomonas aeruginosa is opportunistic and environmental in nature. The treatment often fails due to higher antibiotic resistance and many a times end with recurrence or chemical treatment of affected quarter. Hence lytic bacteriophages were studied as an alternative therapeutic approach to antibiotics. For this purpose lytic bacteriophages were isolated using double agar over lay method using prophage free culture of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Five lytic phages showing collective 100% host range were further characterized biophysically. The phages resisted pH 4,7,9 and temperatures of 16Â°C, 37Â°C and 42Â°C . On in vivo therapeutic study in mice the lytic phage mixture at MOI 101 has decreased the inflammation of mammary gland effectively. The study revealed the application of lytic bacteriophages is worth as therapeutic agent and need further evaluation.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa â€“ mastitis â€“ lytic bacteriophages â€“ therapy â€“ mice
Differential expression study of DRB1 gene transcripts in Haranali sheep exposed to Haemonchus contortus
The Major Histocompatibility class II complex plays an extremely important role in disease resistance and susceptibility of Haemonchus contortus in sheep. Gastrointestinal nematodes constitute a major cause of morbidity and mortality in grazing ruminants. This study was designed to carry out the differential expression of DRB1 gene transcript in low and high fecal egg count animals by real time PCR. Animals were selected on the basis of fecal egg count (FEC). Blood was collected from jugular vein and mRNA was extracted by trizol method. Further, RT-qPCR was done to analyze the differential expression of DRB 1 exon 2 in Low FEC and high FEC animals. The expression level of DRB1 gene transcript was found to be higher in low FEC animals as compare to high FEC animals. Sheep showing resistance to Haemonchus contortus that is having Low FEC had lower (P < 0.05) DRB1*1101 expression than susceptible animals having high FEC.
FOLLICULAR DYNAMICS THEORY IN PROGRAMMED BREEDING AND SUPERSTIMULATION OF CATTLE
Our expanding knowledge of ovarian function during the bovine oestrous cycle has given us new approaches for the precise synchronization and control of ovulation. Recent protocols, designed to control both luteal and follicular function, permit fprogrammed breeding with high pregnancy rates, and the initiation of superstimulatory treatments at a self-appointed time, and provide opportunities to do FTAI in donors and fixed-time embryo transfer in recipients. This review deals with development in oestrus synchronization programmes over years based on the understanding of follicular dynamics.