The Saharan Desert: Climate, Terrain and Contemporary Perspectives

P. C.  Moharana

doi:10.56093/aaz.v65i1.177234

Authors

P. C. Moharana ICAR-Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur 342003, India

https://doi.org/10.56093/aaz.v65i1.177234

Keywords:

Sahara Desert, aridity, climate variability, agriculture, groundwater, desertification

Abstract

The Sahara Desert, the largest hot desert on earth, represents a complex system shaped by geological evolution, atmospheric circulation and human interactions. This review synthesizes available knowledge on its origin, climate, geomorphology, hydrology, soils, vegetation and socio-economic conditions, with emphasis on recent environmental changes. Geological evidence suggests that aridity in North Africa dates back to the Miocene, with pronounced humid-arid oscillations during the Quaternary driven by orbital forcing and monsoonal variability. The region is characterized by extremely low rainfall, high temperature variability and dominance of aeolian processes. Despite limited water availability, fossil aquifers and external river systems support sparse populations and localized agriculture. Emerging challenges include climate change, desertification, groundwater depletion and socio-economic transitions. Future projections indicate regionally variable responses, highlighting the need for integrated management strategies.

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