Mineral Profile of Himalayan Pink and Black Salts and Their Efficacy as on in-vitro Fermentation as Compared to Conventional Salt
234 / 34
Authors
-
Jaswinder Singh
Guru Angad dev veterinary and animal sciences university,ludhiana,punjab
-
Amit Sharma
Guru Angad Dev Veterinary & Animal Sciences University,Ludhiana,Punjab
-
Arunbeer Singh
Guru Angad Dev Veterinary & Animal Sciences University,Ludhiana,Punjab
-
Jaspal Singh Hundal
Guru Angad Dev Veterinary & Animal Sciences University,Ludhiana,Punjab
-
Akshita Chadda
Guru Angad Dev Veterinary & Animal Sciences University,Ludhiana,Punjab
Keywords:
Black himalayan salts, Dairy animals, Pink himalayan salts, Minerals, In-Vitro studyAbstract
Salt is an essential component, required for different physiological functions of the animal body. Dairy farmers in northern India are using the Himalayan rock salt since the time of yore by placing it in the manager for animal and presume that it will aid in digestions and keeping the animal healthy. Henceforth, this study was undertaken to evalaute the mineral composition of pink and black Himalayan salts and their effect on in- vitro rumen fermentation. Three concentrate mixtures viz. CSCM (Conventional salt concentrate mixture); PSCM (Pink salt concentrate mixture); BSCM (Black salt concentrate mixture) were prepared by supplementing conventional common salt, Himalayan pink and black salts at 1 % respectively. Concentrate mixture and maize silage were used in 60:40 ratio to prepare three different total mixed rations (TMR). Results revealed that sodium and chloride levels were 39.36 and 60.16; 27.8 and 42.85; 12.54 and 19.33 %, respectively in conventional, pink and black salts. Additionally, in pink and black salts, the level of iron, sulphur, magnesium and calcium were 1.10 and 5.38; 126.08 and 263.12; 66.25 and 0.88; 93.97 and 7.89 mg/100 g, respectively. Further, among heavy metal, the only Cd (0.1 ppm) was traced in the pink salt. In-vitro trials reported that there was no effect of replacing conventional salt with either pink or black on net gas production, in-vitro dry matter and organic matter digestibility, partitioning factor and microbial biomass production on substrate having either concentrate mixture or TMR. Therefore, it can be concluded that Himalayan pink and black salts could be beneficial in meeting the mineral requirement of dairy animals in economical way. However, a comprehensive in- vivo study is required to evaluate the effect of Himalayan rock salt (pink and black) on rumen fermentation and productive performance of dairy animals before drawing final recommendations.
References
AOAC. 2005. Official Methods of Analysis, 18thedn. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, Verginia.
Arelovich, H.M., Owens, F.N., Horn, G.W. and Vizcarra, J.A. 2000. Effects of Supplemental Zinc and Manganese on Ruminal Fermentation, Forage Intake, and Digestion by Cattle Fed Prairie Hay and Urea. Journal of Animal Science. 78: 2972-2979.
Blummel, M., Makkar, H.P.S. and Becker, K. 1997. In vitro gas production: a technique revisited. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal. Nutrition. 77: 24-34.
Blummel, M., Mgomezulu, R., Chen, X.B., Makkar, H.P.S., Becker, K. and Orskov, E.R. 1999. The modification of an in vitro gas production test to detect roughage related differences in in vivo microbial protein synthesis as estimated by the excretion of purine derivatives. Journal of Agriultural Science. 133: 335-340
Chander, V., Tewari, D., Negi, V., Singh, R., Upadhyaya, K., & Aleya, L. 2020. Structural characterization of Himalayan black rock salt by SEM, XRD and in-vitro antioxidant activity. Science of the Total Environment. 748: 141269.
Cheraghali, A.M., Kobarfard, F., Faeizy, N. 2010. Heavy metals contamination of table salt consumed in Iran. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 9: 129-132.
Drake, S. L., & Drake, M. A. 2011. Comparison of salty taste and time intensity of sea and land salts from around the world. Journal of Sensory Studies. 26(1): 25-34.
Duggal, H., Bhalla, A., Kumar, S., Shani, J.S., Mehta, D., 2015. Elemental analysis of condiments, food additives and edible salts using X -ray fluorescence technique. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research. 35: 126 –133.
Durand, M. and Kawashima, R. 1980. Influence of minerals in rumen microbial digestion. In: Digestive Physiology and Metabolism in Ruminants (Ruckebusch, Y. & Thivend, P., eds) pp. 375-408, MTP, Lancaster, England.
Durand, M. and Komisarczuk, S. 1988. Influence of major minerals on rumen microbiota. The Journal of Nutrition. 118: 249-260.
Fayet-Moore, F., Wibisono, C., Carr, P., Duve, E., Petocz, P., Lancaster, G., McMillan, J., Kuhn, T., Chytry, P., Souza, G. M. S., Bauer, D. V., Amaral, L., & Dias, J. F. 2020. Signature of the Himalayan salt. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, 477, 150-153.
Martinez, A. and Church, D.C. 1970. Effect of Various Mineral Elements on in Vitro Ru-men Cellulose Digestion. Journal of Animal Science. 31: 982-990.
Menke, K.H. and Steingass, H. 1988. Estimation of the energetic feed value obtained from chemical analysis and gas production using rumen fluid. Animal Research Development. 28: 7-55.
Phillips, C. J. C., Youssef, M. Y. I., Chiy. P. C. and Arney, D. R. 1999. Sodium chloride supplements increase the salt appetite and reduce stereotypies in confined cattle. Animal Science. 68: 741- 748.
Pittarello, M., Probo, M., Lonati, M., Bailey, D. W., & Lombardi, G. 2016. Effects of traditional salt placement and strategically placed mineral mix supplements on cattle distribution in the Western Italian Alps. Grass and Forage Science. 71(4): 529-539.
Prasad, C.S and Gowda, N.K.S. 2005. Importance of trace minerals and relevance of their supplementation in tropical animal feeding system: A review. Indian Journal of Animal Science. 75: 92-100.
Preston, T. R., and Leng, R. A. .1987. Matching ruminant production systems with available resources in the tropics and sub-tropics. Penambul Books.
Sharif, Q.M., Hussain, M., Hussain, M.T., Ahmad, V.U., Raza Shah, M. 2007. Chemical evaluation of major salt deposits of Pakistan. Journal of Chemical Society of Pakistan. 29: 570-571.
Smith, S. E., Lengemann, E. W., & Reid, J. T. 1953. Block vs. loose salt consumption by dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science. 36: 762-765.
Titler, R. V., & Curry, P. (2011). Chemical analysis of major constituents and trace contaminants of rock salt. Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection.
U l Hassan, A., Din, A.M.U. and Ali, S. 2017. Chemical characterization of Himalayan rock salt. Pakistan Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research. 60: 67–71.
Ul Hassan, A., Ali, S., Din, A. M. U., & Muhsen, S. 2016. Chemical Characterization of Unrefined Rock Salt Deposits of Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research Series A: Physical Sciences. 59(3): 126-129.
Zuha, SB., Saha, ML., Mumtaz, T., Haque, S., Khan, MR., 2011. Mineral composition and microbial association of a local condiment-'Beat Laban' (Black salt). International Journal of Microbiology Research. 2: 93-100.
Downloads
Submitted
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright remains with the society and author jointly. However, material can be used for research, teaching and to achieve goals of the society.
