Evidence and Predisposing Factors of Peste des Petits Ruminants in Nineveh Governorate, Iraq
235 / 88
Authors
-
Abdul-Hakeem A. Sheet
Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq
-
S.Y. AL-Baroodi
Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq
-
Mohammad O. Dahl
Department of Internal and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq
Keywords:
PPR, Nineveh, IraqAbstract
The objective of the epidemiological investigation here was to explore the evidence of Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR)and model the factors associated with the disease in sheep and goats in Nineveh governorate, Iraq. A total of 400 animals, including 335 sheep and 65 goats from different regions in Nineveh governorate, Iraq were used in this investigation. The PPR was considered evident in study animals when their serum samples tested positive using the sheep PPR ELISA kit. Results indicated that 49% of sheep exhibited anti-PPR seropositivity, whereas 12% of goats were positive. Anti-PPR seropositivity was 38% and 81% in the east and west sides of the governorate, respectively. The odds of anti-PPR seropositivity were 2.00 and 6.11 greater in ages 6-12 and >12 months, respectively, compared with those <6 months. The odds of anti-PPR seropositivity were 4.46 times greater in females compared to males, and about two times higher in flocks with <50 or 50-100 heads compared to those with >100 heads. In conclusion, PPR is considerably evident in sheep and goats in Nineveh governorate, Iraq, with evidence that age, sex, and flock size are potential predisposing factors for the infection.
Downloads
References
Al-Afaleq, A.I., Abu-Elzein, E.M., Al-Naeem, A., and Amin, M. (2004). Serosurveillance for peste des petits ruminants (PPR) and rinderpest antibodies in naturally exposed Saudi sheep and goats. VeterinarskiArhiv, 74(6) : 459-465.
Al-Baroodi,S.Y, D.A. Moosa and M.Y. Al-Attar.(2022). Detection of Maedi-visna virus in sheep in Nineveh province. Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 36(1) (61-64).Doi:10.33899/ijvs.2021.129075.1622, ©
Alcigir G., AtalayVural S., and Toplu N. (1996). First Pathological and Immunohistological Description of Pest of Small Ruminants Virus Infection in Lambs in Turkey. VeterinerFakultesiDergisi, Ankara Universitesi; 43:181–189.
Al-Majali, A. M., Hussain, N. O., Amarin, N. M., and Majok, A. A. (2008). Seroprevalence of, and risk factors for, peste des petits ruminants in sheep and goats in Northern Jordan. Preventive veterinary medicine, 85(1-2) : 1–8.
Alwan, Gh. F., and Al-Saad, K. M. Peste Des Petits Ruminants (PPR) of small ruminants in Iraq (A review). IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, 15(7) : 20-23.
Asmar, J.A., Radwan, A.I., AbiAssi, H., and Rasheid, A.A., (1980). A PPR-Like Disease of Sheep in Central Saudi Arabia: Evidence of Its Immunologic Relation to Rinderpest; Prospects for a Control Method. University of Riyadh, Riyadh, pp. 325–337.
Balamurugan, V., Singh, R. P., Saravanan, P., Sen, A., Sarkar, J., Sahay, B., Rasool, T. J., and Singh, R. K. (2007). Development of an indirect ELISA for the detection of antibodies against Peste-des-petits-ruminants virus in small ruminants. Veterinary research communications, 31(3) : 355–364.
Bazarghani, T.T., Charkhkar, S., Doroudi, J., and Bani Hassan, E. (2006). A review on peste des petits ruminants (PPR) with special reference to PPR in Iran. Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Series B. 53(Suppl 1):17–8.
Benfield, C. T. O., Legnardi, M., Mayen, F., Almajali, A., Cinardi, G., Wisser, D., Chaka, H., and Njeumi, F. (2023). Peste Des Petits Ruminants in the Middle East: Epidemiological Situation and Status of Control and Eradication Activities after the First Phase of the PPR Global Eradication Program (2017-2021). Animals, 13(7) : 1196.
Coles, E. H. (1986). Veterinary clinical pathology. 4th ed. Philadelphia, London, Toronto: WB Saunders Co., pp:25-100.
Constable, P.D., Hinchcliff, K.W., Done, S.H., and Gruenberg, W. (2017). Veterinary Medicine: A Textbook of the Diseases of Cattle, Horses, Sheep, Pigs, and Goats. 11th ed. USA: Elsevier.
Dahl, M.O., Hamdoon, O.K., and Abdulmonem, O.N., (2021). Epidemiological analysis for medical re¬cords of veterinary teaching hospital, University of Mosul during 2017 to 2019. Iraqi J Vet Sci. 35:541-548.
Dhar, P., Sreenivasa, B. P., Barrett, T., Corteyn, M., Singh, R. P., and Bandyopadhyay, S. K. (2002). Recent epidemiology of peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV). Veterinary microbiology, 88(2) : 153–159.
Dechamma, H. J., Dighe, V., Kumar, C. A., Singh, R. P., Jagadish, M., and Kumar, S. (2006). Identification of T-helper and linear B epitope in the hypervariable region of nucleocapsid protein of PPRV and its use in the development of specific antibodies to detect viral antigen. Veterinary microbiology, 118(3-4) : 201–211.
Hosmer, D.W, and Lemeshow, S., (2000). Applied Logistic Regression. Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics. 2nd ed. John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY.
Hussain, Kh. J. (2021). Seo-prevalence with risk factors for peste des petitsruminants (PPR) in sheep and goats using competitiveELISA in Mosul, Iraq. Bas. J. Vet. Res., 20(1) : 2021.
Jones, B. A., Mahapatra, M., Chubwa, C., Clarke, B., Batten, C., Hicks, H., Henstock, M., Keyyu, J., Kock, R., and Parida, S. (2020). Characterisation of Peste Des Petits Ruminants Disease in Pastoralist Flocks in Ngorongoro District of Northern Tanzania and Bluetongue Virus Co-Infection. Viruses, 12(4) : 389.
Lefe`vre, P.C., Diallo, A., Schenkel, F., Hussein, S., Staak, G., (1991). Serological evidence of peste des petits ruminants in Jordan. Vet. Rec. 128 : 110–1110.
Munir, M.(2015). Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
Ozkul, A., Akca, Y., Alkan, F., Barrett, T., Karaoglu, T., Dagalp, S. B., Anderson, J., Yesilbag, K., Cokcaliskan, C., Gencay, A., and Burgu, I. (2002). Prevalence, distribution, and host range of Peste des petits ruminants virus, Turkey. Emerging infectious diseases, 8(7) : 708–712.
Parida, S., Muniraju, M., Mahapatra, M., Muthuchelvan, D., Buczkowski, H., and Banyard, A. C. (2015). Peste des petits ruminants. Veterinary microbiology, 181(1-2) : 90–106.
Pope, R. A., Parida, S., Bailey, D., Brownlie, J., Barrett, T., and Banyard, A. C. (2013). Early events following experimental infection with Peste-Des-Petits ruminants virus suggest immune cell targeting. PloS one, 8(2) : e55830.
Renukaradhya, G. J., Sinnathamby, G., Seth, S., Rajasekhar, M., and Shaila, M. S. (2002). Mapping of B-cell epitopic sites and delineation of functional domains on the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein of peste des petits ruminants virus. Virus research, 90(1-2) : 171–185.
Saoud, H. (1997). Epidemiological and diagnostic study on some mixed infections of ruminants. PhD Thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Baghdad, Iraq.
Singh, R. P., Sreenivasa, B. P., Dhar, P., Shah, L. C., and Bandyopadhyay, S. K. (2004a). Development of a monoclonal antibody based competitive-ELISA for detection and titration of antibodies to peste des petits ruminants (PPR) virus. Veterinary microbiology, 98(1) : 3–15.
Singh, R. P., Sreenivasa, B. P., Dhar, P., and Bandyopadhyay, S. K. (2004b). A sandwich-ELISA for the diagnosis of Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) infection in small ruminants using anti-nucleocapsid protein monoclonal antibody. Archives of virology, 149(11) : 2155–2170.
Szklo, M., and Nieto, F.J., (2007). Epidemiology Beyond the Basics. 2nd ed. Sudbury, MA Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Inc.
