Morphological and molecular characterization of some popular cultivated mushrooms of India
Abstract
Morphological and molecular characterization of some popular cultivated mushrooms of India
Sanjeev Kumar1*, Anand Sagar2, Shwet Kamal3 and Jagriti Rana4
1. Associate professor, Govt. College Bilaspur.
2. Dean of Life Sciences, H.P. Univ.. Shimla.
 3. Principal Scientist, DMR Solan.
4. PhD research Scholar, Department of Biosciences, H.P. Univ.Shimla.
* Corresponding author, E-mail: sanjeev5112@gmail.com +919418045021
Â
Abstract
The mushroom cultivation is a highly lucrative agribusiness to produce nutritious food and earn money in short space and time. The present studies were conducted to analyze morphological and molecular characteristics of five cultivated strains of mushrooms Agaricus bisporus (NBS-5), Calocybe indica (DMRO-302), Flammulina velutipes (DMRO-253), Pleurotus florida (DMRP-136) and Volvariella volvacea (DMRO-484). The fruiting bodies were procured from ICAR-Directorate of Mushroom Research, Solan, HP (India) and screened for morphological and molecular details. Macroscopic features like shape, size and colour of stipe and pileus were recorded. Microscopic details were worked out by cutting free hand sections of material and observed under research microscope and scanning electron microscope. Molecular identification was done through internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of ribosomal DNA sequencing. The nucleotide sequences of each sample were analyzed for Basic local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) search program in US National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) for identification. The DNA sequences obtained in this study were submitted in the Gen Bank database at NCBI with accession numbers MW718994.1 (A. bisporus), MW714627.1 (C. indica), MW719474.1 (F. velutipes), MW719254.1 (P. florida) and MW720603.1 (V. volvacea).
Keywords: Mushroom, Molecular identification, ITS, rRNA, Nucleotide sequencing, Gen Bank database
References
References
Ahlawat, O.P. and P. Callac. 2012. ITS, rDNA identification of Volvariella volvacea an isolate from India. Published only in GenBank database.
Ahlawat, O. P., P. Gupta, S. Kamal, and B.L. Dhar. 2010. Variability in intra-specific and monosporous isolates of Volvariella volvacea based on enzyme activity, ITS and RAPD. Indian journal of microbiology, 50(2), 192–198.
Ahlawat, O.P. and J.M. Savoie. 2014. Evaluation of Volvariella volvacea single spore isolates for yield and quality using composted substrate. Intl. J. Medicinal Mushrooms. 16(4): 395-408.
Ahlawat, O. P. and H. Kaur. 2018. Characterization of white strain of Volvariella volvacea and optimization of its fruit body yield. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 56(2): 112-120.
Ali, R.,M. Rava, H. Boro and S. Das. 2017. Studies on growth, anti-oxidant properties, mineral, macro and micro-morphologyical characters of Volvariella volvacea collected from Kokrajhar, (Assam) India. Mushroom Research. 26(2): 165-174.
Atri, N. S. and A. Kaur. 2003. Sinotermitomyces a new genus record from India. Mush. Res., 12: 15-16.
Avin, F.A., S. Bhassu, T.Y. Shin and V. Sabaratnam. 2012. Molecular classification and phylogenetic relationships of selected edible Basidiomycetes species. Mol Biol Rep. 39(7): 7355-64.
Barh, A., S. Kamal, V.P. Sharma, S. Annepu and A. Kumar. 2018. ITS, rDNA identification of Pleurotus florida an isolate from India. Published only in GenBank database.
Bedi, G.K., V. Singh, G.S. Dhingra and R. Shri. 2017. A Study of Taxonomy, Physicochemical Features And Chemical Constituents Of A Few Edible Mushroom Species. RJPBCS. 8(4): 1155-60.
Breitenbach, J. and F. Kranzlin. 1991. Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.44. Agarics 2nd part. Pp. 127-133. Mykologia. Luz
Bruns, T.D., T.J. White and J.W. Taylor. 1991. Fungal molecular systematics. Annual Review of Ecological Systematic 22: 525- 564.
Chang, S and S. Wasser, 2017. The cultivation and environmental impact of mushrooms. New York: Oxford University Press; p. 43.
Chang, S.T. and P.G. Miles. 2004. Mushroom: cultivation, nutritional value, medicinal effects and environmental impact, 2nd edition. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla. pp. 455.
Chang, S.T. and P.G. Miles. 1992. Mushroom Biology: A New Discipline. Mycologist 6: 64-65.
Das, B., U. Deb, S. Chatterjee. And S. Datta 2018. ITS, rDNA identification of Pleurotus florida an isolate from India. Published only in GenBank database.
Davis, R., R. Sommer, J.A. Menge. 2012. Field Guide to Mushrooms of Western North America. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 140–141.
Doyle, J.J. and J.L. Doyle. 1987. A rapid DNA isolation procedure for small quantities of fresh leaf tissue. Phytochemical Bulletin, v.19: 11-15.
Dung, T.N., D.T. Khang, T.V.B Nam andN.H. Duc. 2020. ITS, rDNA identification of Volvariella volvacea an isolate from Viet Nam. Published only in GenBank database.
Ge, Z.W., Z.L. Yang, P. Zhang, P.B. Matheny and D.S. Hibbett. 2008. Flammulina species from China inferred by morphological and molecular data. NCBI GenBank database.
Ge, Z.W., Z.L. Yang, P. Zhang, P.B. Matheny and D.S. Hibbett. 2009. Flammulina species from China inferred by morphological and molecular data. Fungal Diversity 32: 59-68.
Gonzalez, P. and J. Labare' re. 2000. Phylogenetic relationships of Pleurotus species according to the sequence and secondary structure of the mitochondrial small-subunit rRNA V4, V6 and V9 domains. Microbiology 146, 209–221.
Gottlieb, A.M., B.O. Saidman and J.E. Wright. 1998. Isoenzymes of Ganoderma species from southern South America. Mycological Res 102: 415-426.
Gulati, A., P. Rahi and R.C. Upadhyay. 2006. ITS, rDNA identification of Flammulina velutipes an isolate from India. Published only in GenBank database.
Guzma´n G., L. Montoya, G. Mata and D. Salmones. 1994. Studies in the genus Pleurotus. III: The varieties of P. ostreatus-complex based in interbreeding strains and in the study of basidiomata obtained in culture. Mycotaxon 50:365–378.
Hall, T.A. 1999. BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids Symposium Series 41: 95–98.
Jonathan, S.G. and I.O. Fasidi. 2003. Antibacterial activities of Nigerian edible macrofungi- Lycoperdon pusilum (Bat.Ex.) and Lycoperdon giganteus (Pers.). Afr J Biomed Res 6: 85-90.
Junang, L., L. Lin, Z. Gouying, W. Hui. 2009. [IEEE 2009 3rd International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering (iCBBE) - Beijing, China (2009.06.11-2009.06.13)] 2009 3rd International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering - Analysis rDNA ITS Sequence of Two High Quality Strains of Agaricus bisporus. 1–4. doi:10.1109/icbbe.2009.5162367
Kamal, S., V. P. Sharma, M. Gupta, A. Barh and M. Singh. 2019. Development, evaluation and characterization of browning-resistant hybrids of white button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus). Indian J. Genet., 79(1): 131-140
Karwa, A. and M.K. Rai. 2010. "Hitherto Unreported Agaricus Species of Central India." Nusantara Bioscience. 2(3): 141-145.
Kerrigan, R.W. 1995. Global genetic resources of Agaricus breeding and cultivation. Can. J. Bot., 73:S973-S979.
Kirk, P.M., P.E. Cannon, D.W. Minter and J.A. Stalpers. 2008. Ainsworth & Bisby’s dictionary of the Fungi 10Th edn. CABI International, Wallingford.
Kornerup, A. and J.H. Wanscher, 1978. Methuen Handbook of Colour (3rd ed.). Eyre Methuen, London.
Krishnapriya, P. J., D. Geetha and R.U. Priya. 2017. Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Oyster Mushrooms of Kerala, Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 5(6): 716-724.
Lallawmsanga, A.K. Passari, V.K. Mishra, V.V. Leo, B.P. Singh, G.V. Meyyappan, V.K. Gupta, S. Uthandi and R.C. Upadhyay. 2016. Antimicrobial potential, identification and phylogenetic affiliation of wild mushrooms from two sub-tropical semi-evergreen Indian Forest ecosystems. PLoS One. 11(11):e0166368.
Lee, J. S., M.O. Lim, K.Y. Cho, J.H. Cho, S.Y. Chang and D.H. Nam. 2006. Identification of medicinal mushroom species based on nuclear large subunit rDNA sequences. J. Microbiol. 44: 29–34.
Li, H. 2019. Molecular identificaton of Flammulina velutipes wild strains. Published only in GenBank database.
Ma, F.Y. and X.C. Luo. 2002. PCR-based restriction analysis of internal transcribed spacers of nuclear ribosomal DNA in the genus Pleurotus, Mycosystema 21: 356-362.
Mariselvi, M. and M. Earanna. 2018. ITS, rDNA identification of Macrocybe giganteum an isolate from India. Published only in GenBank database.
Meng, X., H. Liang and L. Luo, 2016. Antitumor polysaccharides from mushrooms: a review on the structural characteristics, antitumor mechanisms and immunomodulating activities. Carbohydrate Research. 424: 30-41.
Miller, R.N.G., M. Holderness, P.D. Bridge, G.F. G.F. Chung andM.H. Zakaria. 1999. Genetic diversity of Ganoderma in oil palm plantings. Plant Pathology 48: 595-603.
Min, G.J., H. Park, E. Lee and C.J. Lee. 2020. Culture Characteristics and Optimal Conditions for Mycelial Growth of Calocybe indica. Kor J Mycol 48(3): 273-284. (In Korean with English abstract)
Mozina, I.A., G.A. Belyakova, M.S. Fireal and Y.A. Dyakov. 1993. Marking of cultivars and wild strains of cultivated mushroom Agaricus bisporus with esterase allozymes. Biol. Nauki 1:131-140. (In Russian with English abstract)
Moncalvo, J.M., H.H. Wang and R.S. Hseu. 1995. Phylogenetic relationships in Ganoderma inferred from the internal transcribed spacers and 25S ribosomal DNA sequences. Mycologia 87: 223-238.
O Donnell, K., E. Cigelnik, and H.I. Nirenberg. 1998. Molecular systematics and Phylogeography of the Gibberella fujikuroi species complex. Mycologia 90: 465- 493.
Okhuoya, J. A., E. O. Akpaja, O. O. Osemwegie, A. O. Ogherekano and C. A. Ihayere. 2010. Nigerian mushrooms: underutilized non-wood forest resource. J of App Sci and Environmental management 14(1): 43-54.
Ooi, V.E.C. and F. Liu, 1999. A Review of pharmacological activities of mushroom polysaccharides. Inter J of Med. Mush. 1: 195- 200.
Palapala, V. A., T. Aimi, S. Inatomi and T. Morinaga. 2002. ITS-PCR-RFLP Method for Distinguishing Commercial Cultivars of Edible Mushroom, Flammulina velutipes J. of Food Sci 67: 2486-90.
Pegler D.N., D.J. Lodge and K.K. Nakasone. 1998. The pantropical genus Macrocybe gen. nov. Mycologia 90: 494–504.
Priyadarshini, A. 2018. Comparative Analysis of Morphology and Taxonomy of Different Pleurotus Species Found In Jharkhand. JETIR. 5(8):752-754
Purkayastha, R.P., and A. Chandra, 1974. A new species of edible mushroom from India. Trans British Mycology Society 62: 415-418.
Pushpa, H. and K.B. Purushothama. 2012. Biodiversity of mushrooms in and around Bangalore (Karnataka), India. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences 12(6):750–759.
Rahi, K. D. and D. Malik. 2016. Diversity of Mushrooms and Their Metabolites of Nutraceutical and Therapeutic Significance. Hindawi Publishing Corporation. Journal of Mycology 2016:1-18.
Rajeshbabu, D., B. Sunilkumar, M. Pandey and G.N. Rao. 2012. Proximate, vitamins and mineral element analysis of cultivated edible mushrooms: Calocybe indica and Hypsizygus ulmarius. Mushroom Res 21(2): 129-135.
Razaq, A., R. Nawaz, and A.N. Khalid. 2016. An Asian edible mushroom, Macrocybe gigantea: its distribution and ITS-rDNA based phylogeny. Mycosphere 7(4): 525–530.
Sagar, A. and K. Thakur. 2018. To study taxonomy and molecular characterization of Lactarius deliciosus (L,Fr.) Lactarius salmonicolor R.Heim & Leclair. Mushroom Research 27(2): 171-184.
Salazar, O., J.H.M. Schneider, M.C. Julian, J. Keijer and V. Rubio. 1999. Phylogenetic subgrouping of Rhizoctonia solani AG2 isolates based on ribosomal ITS sequences. Mycologia 91: 459- 467.
Schoch C.L., K.A. Seifert, S. Huhndorf, V. Robert, J.L. Spouge, C.A. Levesque et al. 2012. Nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region as a universal DNA barcode marker for Fungi. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109(16): 6241–6246.
Sharma, V.P., S. Kumar and R.P. Tewari. 2008. Flammulina velutipes, the culinary medicinal winter mushroom. Technical Bulletin. NRCM Silver Jubilee (1983-2008) Chambaghat, Solan- 173213 (HP) India.
Sharma,V.P., S.K. Annepu, Y. Gautam, M. Singh and S. Kamal. 2017. Stastus of mushroom production in India. Mushroom Research, 26 (2), 111-120.
Sharma, V.P., S. Kumar and S. Sharma. 2020. Technologies Developed by ICAR-DMR for Commercial Use. ICAR- Directorate of Mushroom Research, Chambaghat, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India.
Shukla, S. and A. K. Jaitly. 2011. Morphological and Biochemical Characterization of Different Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus spp.). Journal of Phytology 3(8): 18-20.
Siddiqui, W.N., H. Bashir and A.N. Khalid. 2020. Cultivation of wild indigenous Agaricus bisporus and Agaricus subrufescens from Pakistan. Current Research in Environmental & Applied Mycology (J of Fungal Biol) 10(1): 466–474.
Singer, R. 1986. The Agaricales in modern taxonomy, 4th edn. Koeltz. Koenigstein, Germany.
Singh, M. 2011. Mushroom Production: An Agribusiness Activity, Mushrooms cultivation, Marketing and Consumption. (eds. Manjit Singh, Bhuvnesh Vijay, Shwet Kamal and G.C. Wakchaure) DMR (ICAR), Solan (HP) India.
Singh, M., S. Kamal and V.P. Sharma. 2017. Status and trends in world mushroom production-I. Mushroom Research 26(1): 1-20.
Singh, S.K., M.C. Yadav, R.C. Upadhyay, S. Kamal, R.D. Rai and R.P. Tewari. 2003. Molecular characterization of specialty mushroom germplasm of the National Mushroom repository. Mushroom Res. 12(2): 67-78.
Sonnenberg, A.S., W. Gao, B. Lavrijssen, P. Hendrickx, N. Sedaghat-Tellgerd, M. Foulongne-Oriol, W.S. Kong, E.G. Schijlen, J.J. Baars and R.G. Visser. 2016. A detailed analysis of the recombination landscape of the button mushroom Agaricus bisporus var. bisporus. Fungal Genet Biol 93:35-45.
Tamrakar , S., M. Nishida, S. Kaifuchi, H. Suhara and K. Shimizu. 2016. ITS, rDNA identification of Pleurotus ostreatus an isolate from India. Published only in GenBank database.
Upadhyay RC and Kaur A 2004 Taxonomic studies on light spored Agarics new to India. Mushroom Research 13(1)1-6.
Wani, B.A., R.H. Bodha and A.H. Wani,. 2010. Nutritional and medicinal importance of mushrooms. J. Med. Plants Res., 4(24): 2598-2604.
Wasser, S.P. 2000. A contribution to the taxonomy and species diversity of the Agariceae tribe (Higher Basidiomycetes) of Israel mycobiota. Flora Mediterranea 10: 191-221
Wasser, S.P. 2002. Review of medicinal mushrooms advances: Good news from old allies. Herbal Gram, 56: 28–33.
Wasser, S. P. and A. L. Weis. 1999. Medicinal properties of substances occurring in higher Basidomycetes mushrooms: Current perspectives. Int J of Medicinal Mushrooms, 1: 31–62.
White, T. J., T. Bruns, S. Lee and J. Taylor. 1990. Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics, in PCR Protocols. Academic Press, New York. pp. 315–322.
Yadav, M.C., M.P. Challen, S.K. Singh and T.J. Elliott. 2007. DNA analysis reveals genomic homogeneity and single nucleotide polymorphism in 5.8S ribosomal RNA gene spacer region among commercial cultivars of the button mushroom Agaricus bisporus in India. Curr Sci 93: 1383–1389.
Yang, Q.Y. and S.C. Jong. 1989. Medicinal mushrooms in China. Mushroom Science XII (1): 631 - 643.
Zhang,P. 2014. A novel form of Flammulina velutipes and the ITS sequence analysis on it. Published only in GenBank database.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
I/We have taken permission from the copyright holder to reproduce the matter not owned by me and acknowledged the source.
I/We permit editors to publish the said paper in the journal or in any other means with editorial modification, if any.
In case of publication of the article in the journal,
I/We hereby assign copyright to the Mushroom Research Journal for its publication in any form/language including all media (print and electronic, or presently unknown), and exclusive right to use the matter for the life of the work (no time restriction on re-use of matter).Â
