Impact of climate-smart agricultural practices on growth and crop yields of rice (Oryza sativa)-wheat (Triticum aestivum) system in north-western Indo-Gangetic Plains

S K KAKRALIYA; ISHWAR SINGH; R S DADARWAL; L K SINGH; R D JAT; H S JAT; M L JAT

doi:10.56093/ijas.v88i10.84221

Authors

S K KAKRALIYA Ph D Scholar, Division of Agronomy, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University (CCSHAU), Hisar
ISHWAR SINGH Professor, Division of Agronomy, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University (CCSHAU), Hisar
R S DADARWAL Assistant Scientist, Division of Agronomy, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University (CCSHAU), Hisar
L K SINGH Research Associate, Borlaug Institute for South Asia (BISA), CIMMYT, Ludhiana, Punjab
R D JAT Scientist, Division of Agronomy, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University
H S JAT Senior Agronomist, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT)- NASC Complex, New Delhi
M L JAT Senior Agronomist, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT)- NASC Complex, New Delhi

https://doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v88i10.84221

Keywords:

Best management practices, Climatic variability, Conservation tillage, Growth, Yields

Abstract

Rice (Oryza sativa L.)-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production systems are the major contributor to national food security, which became unsustainable with passing of time due to inappropriate management and use of natural resources, inputs and technologies and is further aggravate with climate change induced risks. And if the business as usual in production approaches may not be able to cope up with the projected climate changes effects. Therefore, a multi-location farmer’s participatory strategic research was conducted to evaluate the effects of layering of key technologies, practices and services in varied combinations and compared with business as usual (farmer’s practice) for sustainability of rice and wheat productivity. In our present study, six scenarios: Farmer's practice (FP); Improved FP (IFP) with low intensity of adaptive measures; IFP with high intensity of adaptive measures (IFP-AM); Climatesmart agriculture (CSA) with low intensity of adaptive measures (CSA-L); CSA with medium intensity of adaptive measures (CSA-M); CSA with high intensity of adaptive measures (CSA-H) were compared. The results revealed that CSAPs (CSA-L, CSA-M, and CSA-H) recorded higher plant height, panicles per sq m and biomass accumulation but lesser grains per panicle and 1000-grain weight compared to FP (transplanted rice; TPR). Rice yield was not much influenced under different management scenarios. The unfilled grains per panicle under IFP-AM, CSA-L, CSA-M, and CSA-H were 17, 18, 15 and 14% higher compared to FP. Growth and yield parameters of wheat were recorded higher under CSAPs during all the years. Three years mean, CSA-H, CSA-M and CSA-L recorded 16,14 and 11% higher grain yield compared to that of FP (5.06 q/ha), respectively. Improved farmer’s practices (mean of IFP and IFP-AM) recorded 4% higher yield over FP in all the years. Intensive tillage-based scenarios (FP) showed water stagnation for long period (6 days) due to untimely rainfall (on 2 March 2015 with the amount 98.8 mm) which ultimately turned into lower grain yield but such factors did not influence grain yield under CSAPs. Therefore, our study results suggest that CSA practices should be promoted in dominated RW production region for increasing productivity and climate change mitigation.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Akhgari H and Kaviani B. 2011.Assessment of direct seeded and transplanting methods of rice cultivars in the northern part of Iran. African Journal of Agricultural Research 6: 6492–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR11.973

Bhattacharyya R, Ghosh B, Mishra P, Mandal B, Rao C, Sarkar D, Das K, Anil K S, Lalitha M, Hati K M and Franzluebbers A J. 2015. Soil degradation in India: challenges and potential solutions. Sustainability 7(4): 3528–70. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su7043528

Bhushan L and Sharma P K. 1999. Effect of depth, bulk density and aeration status of root zone on productivity of wheat. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science 47: 29–34.

Chauhan B S. 2012. Weed ecology and weed management strategies for dry-seeded rice in Asia. Weed Technology 26: 1–13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1614/WT-D-11-00105.1

Choudhary K M. 2016. ‘Diversification with sustainable intensification options for cereal systems of Western Indo- Gangetic plains through conservation agriculture and water management’. Ph D thesis, Department of Agronomy, CCS HAU, Hisar, India.

Dinesh D, Frid-Nielsen S, Norman J, Multamba M, Loboguearero Rodriguez A and Cambell B. 2015. Is climate smart agriculture effective? A review of selected cases CCAFS working paper No. 129.

Erenstein O and Laxmi V. 2008. Zero tillage impacts in India’s rice-wheat systems: A review. Soil and Tillage Research 100: 1–14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2008.05.001

Garrity D P, Oldeman L R and Morris R A. 1986.Rainfed lowland rice ecosystem: characterization and distribution. (In) Progress in Rainfed Lowland Rice, pp 3-23. International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Philippines.

Gathala M K, Kumar V, Sharma P C, Saharawat Y S, Jat H S, Singh M, Kumar A, Jat M L, Humphreys E, Sharma D K, Sharma S and Ladha J K. 2014. Optimizing intensive cereal based cropping systems addressing current and future drivers of agricultural change in the Northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plains of India. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 187: 33–46. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2013.12.011

Gathala M K, Ladha J K, Saharawat Y S, Kumar V, Kumar V and Sharma P K. 2011. Effect of tillage and crop establishment methods on physical properties of a medium-textured soil under a seven-year rice-wheat rotation. Soil Science Society of America Journal 75: 1851–62. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2010.0362

Gupta R and Seth A. 2007.A review of resource conserving technologies for sustainable management of the rice-wheat cropping systems of the Indo-Gangetic plains (IGP). Crop Protection 26: 436–47. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2006.04.030

Gupta R K, Hobbs P R, Jiaguo J, Ladha J K. 2003. Sustainability of post-green revolution agriculture. (In) Improving the Productivity and Sustainability of Rice-Wheat Systems: Issues and Impacts, pp 1-25. J K Ladha et al. (Eds.), ASA Spec. Publ. 65, ASA, CSSA, and SSSA, Madison, WI.

Hobbs P, Sayre K. and Gupta R. 2008.The role of conservation agriculture in sustainable agriculture. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 363: 543–55. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2169

IPCC. 2014. Summary for policymakers. Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp 1–32.

Jat H S, Jat R K, Singh Y, Parihar C M, Jat S L, Tetarwal J P, Sidhu H S and Jat M L. 2016. Nitrogen management under conservation agriculture in cereal-based systems. Indian Journal of Fertilisers 12: 76–91.

Jat M L and Aggarwal P K. 2014. Climate smart village in Haryana, India. CGIAR Research program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS), CIMMYT. http:// wwww.cimmyt.org. pp 1-12.

Jat M L, Dagar J C, Sapkota T B, Singh Y, Govaerts B, Ridaura S L, Saharawat Y S, Sharma R K, Tetarwal J P, Jat R K, Hobbs H and Stirling C. 2016a. Climate change and agriculture: adaptation strategies and mitigation opportunities for food security in South Asia and Latin America. Advances in Agronomy 137: 127–236. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.agron.2015.12.005

Jat M L, Saharawat Y S and Gupta R. 2011. Conservation agriculture in cereal systems of south Asia: Nutrient management perspectives. Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences 24(1): 100–10.

Jat R K, Sapkota T B, Singh R G, Jat M L, Kumar M and Gupta R K. 2014. Seven years of conservation agriculture in a rice-wheat rotation of Eastern Gangetic Plains of South Asia: Yield trends and economic profitability. Field Crops Research 164(1): 199–210. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2014.04.015

Javaid T, Awan I U, Baloch M S, Shah I H, Nadim M A, Khan E A, Khakwani A A and Abuzar M R. 2012. Effect of planting methods on the growth and yield of coarse rice. Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences 22(2): 358–62.

Kakraliya S K, Jat H S, Singh I, Sapkota T B, Singh L K, Sutaliya J M, Sharma P C, Jat R D, Ridaura S L and Jat M L. 2018. Performance of portfolios of climate smart agriculture practices in a rice-wheat system of western Indo-Gangetic plains. Agricultural Water Management 202: 122–33. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2018.02.020

Kakraliya S K, Yadav D D, Singh L K, Choudhary R, Choudhary K K, Kumar P, Kakraliya S S, Choudhary V, Prakash J, Dahiya S and Jat R D. 2016. Organic and inorganic fertilizers influence soil fertility, productivity and profitability of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Ecology, Environment and Conservation 22: 137–43.

Kumar V and Ladha J K. 2011. Direct seeding of rice : recent developments and future research needs. Advances in Agronomy 111(6): 299–360.

Kumar V, Jai S K, Singh Y, Kumar V, Jain S K and Singh Y. 2016. Analysis of long-term rainfall trends in India. Hydrological Sciences Journal 55(4): 484–96. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2010.481373

Kumar V, Saharawat Y S, Gathala M K, Singh Jat A, Singh S K, Chaudhary N and Jat M L. 2013. Effect of different tillage and seeding methods on energy use efficiency and productivity of wheat in the Indo-GangeticPlains. Field Crops Research 142: 1–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2012.11.013

Ladha J K, Dawe D, Pathak H, Padre A T, Yadav R L, Singh B and Hobbs P R. 2003. How extensive are yield declines in long-term rice-wheat experiments in Asia? Field Crops Research 81: 159–180. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4290(02)00219-8

Laik R, Sharma S, Idris M, Singh A K, Singh S S, Bhatt B P, Saharawat Y, Humphreys E and Ladha J K. 2014. Integration of conservation agriculture with best management practices for improving system performance of the rice-wheat rotation in the Eastern Indo-Gangetic Plains of India. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 195: 68–82. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2014.06.001

Lal R. 2016. Feeding 11 billion on 0.5 billion hectare of area under cereal crops. Food and Energy Security 5(4): 239–51. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/fes3.99

Lalonde S, Beebe D, and Saini H S. 1997. Early signs of disruption of wheat anther development associated with the induction of male sterility by meiotic-stage water deficit. Sex Plant Reproduction 10: 40–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s004970050066

Lobell D B, Sibley A and Ortiz-Monasterio J I. 2012. Extreme heat effects on wheat senescence in India. Nature Climate Change 2: 186–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1356

Nawaz A, Farooqa M, Lal R, Rehman A and Rehman H. 2017. Comparison of conventional and conservation rice-wheat systems in Punjab, Pakistan. Soil and Tillage Research 169: 35–43. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2017.01.012

Ortiz R, Sayre K, Govaerts B, Gupta R, Subbarao G, Ban T,Hodson T, Dixon J, Ivanortizmonasterio J and Reynolds M. 2008. Climate change: Can wheat beat the heat? Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment 126: 46–58. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2008.01.019

Pampolino M, Majumdar K, Jat M L, Satyanarayana T, Kumar A, Shahi V B, Gupta N and Singh V. 2012. Development and evaluation of nutrient expert for wheat in South Asia. Better Crops 96(3): 29–31.

Pathak H, Prasad S, Bhatia A, Singh S, Kumar S, Singh J and Jain M C. 2003. Methane emission from rice-wheat cropping system in the Indo-Gangetic plain in relation to irrigation, farmyard manure and dicyandiamide application. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 97: 309–16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8809(03)00033-1

Reddy A S and Bhardwaj R B L. 1982. Water use studies in wheat as influenced by levels of nitrogen and phosphorus under limited and adequate irrigation. Indian Journal of Agronomy 27: 22–7.

Saharawat Y S, Ladha J K, Pathak H, Gathala M, Chaudhary N and Jat, M L. 2012. Simulation of resource-conserving technologies on productivity, income and greenhouse gas GHG emission in rice-wheat system. Journal of Soil Science and Environmental Management 3(1): 9–22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ghg.27

Saharawat Y S, Singh B, Malik R K, Ladha J K, Gathala M, Jat M L and Kumar V. 2010. Evaluation of alternative tillage and crop establishment methods in a rice-wheat rotation in North Western IGP. Field Crops Research 116(3): 260–7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2010.01.003

Sapkota T B, Majumdar K, Jat M L, Kumara A, Bishnoi D K, McDonaldd A J and Pampolino M. 2014. Precision nutrient management in conservation agriculture based wheat production of Northwest India: Profitability, nutrient use efficiency and environmental footprint. Field Crops Research 155: 233–44. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2013.09.001

Sidhu H S, Singh M, Humphreys E, Singh Y, Singh B, Dhillon S S, Blackwel J, Bector V, Singh M and Singh S. 2007. The Happy seeder enables direct drilling of wheat into rice stubble. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 47: 844–54. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1071/EA06225

Sidhu H S, Singh M, Singh Y, Blackwell J,Lohan S K, Humphreys E, Jat M L, Singh Vand Singh S. 2015. Development and evaluation of the Turbo Happy Seeder for sowing wheat into heavy rice residues in NW India. Field Crops Research 184: 201–12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2015.07.025

Singh B, Singh V, Purba J, Sharma, R K, Jat M L, Singh Y and Gupta R. 2015. Site-specific fertilizer nitrogen management in irrigated transplanted rice (Oryza sativa) using an optical sensor. Precision Agriculture 16(4): 455–75. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11119-015-9389-6

Timsina J and Connor D J. 2001. Productivity and management of rice- wheat cropping systems : issues and challenges. Field Crops Research 69: 93–132. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4290(00)00143-X