Canine Hepatopathology: Clinical Manifestations, Pathophysiology and Diagnostic Considerations - A Review
62 / 38
Authors
-
Jyothi, K.B.
-
M.G.Jayathangaraj
-
G.Poojitha
-
S.Umamageswari
Keywords:
Canine hepatopathology, Vacuolar hepatopathy, HepatotoxicityAbstract
Hepatic diseases in dogs represent a complex group of disorders with diverse etiologies and manifestations. This paper reviews the current understanding of canine hepatopathology, including clinical symptomatology, underlying pathophysiological mechanisms and diagnostic considerations. The liver's remarkable regenerative capacity and its central role in metabolism make hepatic disorders particularly challenging to diagnose and manage in veterinary practice. Various clinical manifestations of hepatic diseases/disorders have also been dealt with in this paper. This review aimed to provide veterinary practitioners with an integrated understanding of canine liver diseases, from cellular injury mechanisms to clinical presentation patterns.
Downloads
References
Anderson, M. and E.Sevelius (1991), Breed, sex and age distribution in dogs with chronic liver diseases: a demographic study, J. Small Anim. Pract., 32: 1–5.
Bashir, A., G.J.Hoilat, P.Sarwal and D.Mehta (2018), Liver toxicity. In: livertox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.
Center, S.A. (1993), Serum bile acids in companion animal medicine, Vet. Clin. North Am. Small Anim. Pract., 23(3): 625–57.
Cornelius, L.M. and D.E.Bjoling (1992), Diseases of the liver and biliary system. In: Morgan, R.V. (ed.), Handbook of Small Animal Practice. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders and Co., pp. 437–58.
Cullen, J.M. and M.J.Stalker (2016), Liver and biliary system. In: Jubb, Kennedy & Palmer's Pathology of Domestic Animals: Volume 2. Elsevier Health Sciences, p. 258.
Decaro, N., M.Campolo, G.Elia, D.Buonavoglia, M.L.Colaianni, A.Lorusso, V.Mari and C.Buonavoglia (2007), Infectious canine hepatitis: An old disease reemerging in Italy, Res. Vet. Sci., 83(2): 269–73.
Dixit, P.L., J.P.Varshney, J.P.Dixit and P.C.Shukla (2010), Liver diseases in dogs - A prospective study, Intas Polivet, 11(II): 360–65.
Dorn, A.R., A.Brower, H.Turner and K.Lapa (2021), Hypoglycemia and seizures associated with canine primary hepatic neuroendocrine carcinoma, J. Vet. Diagn. Invest., 33(4): 749–52.
Fausto, N., J.S.Campbell and K.J.Riehle (2006), Liver regeneration, Hepatology, 43(S1): S45–S53.
Fernandez, N.J., J.Barton and T.Spotswood (2009), Hypoglycemia in a dog, Can. Vet. J., 50(4): 423–26.
Hoda, S.A. and R.S.Hoda (2020), Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease, Elsevier. pp. 45-50.
Jaeschke, H., J.S.Gujral and M.L.Bajt (2004), Apoptosis and necrosis in liver disease, Liver Int., 24(2): 85–89.
Joseph, A., K.Vinodkumar, P.V.Tresamol, K.Vijayakumar and I.S.Sajitha (2023), Aetiopathology of canine hepatitis in Kerala, J. Vet. Anim. Sci., 54(2): 477–85.
Julián, M.T., N.Alonso, I.Ojanguren, E.Pizarro, E.Ballestar and M.Puig-Domingo (2015), Hepatic glycogenosis: an underdiagnosed complication of diabetes mellitus? World J. Diabetes, 6(2): 321-27.
Klaassen, C.D. and M.O.Amdur (2013), Casarett and Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons. 8th ed. New York: mcgraw-Hill, pp. 189–90.
Majo, J., B.M.Klinkhammer, P.Boor and D.Tiniakos (2019), Pathology and natural history of organ fibrosis, Curr. Opin. Pharmacol., 49: 82–89.
McCallum, K.E., F.C.Casas, J.M.Cullen, J.H.Warland, H.Swales, N.Linghley, A.J.Kortum, A.J.Sterritt, T.Cogan and P.J.Watson (2018), Hepatic leptospiral infections in dogs without obvious renal involvement, J. Vet. Intern. Med., 33(1): 141–50.
Nyland, T.G. and J.S.Mattoon (2015), Small Animal Diagnostic Ultrasound. 3rd ed. Elsevier Saunders, St. Louis. pp. 400–437.
Patel, T. (2000), Apoptosis in hepatic pathophysiology, Clin. Liver Dis., 4(2): 295–317.
Peyron, C., P.Lecoindre, M.Chevallier, S.Guerret and A.Pagnon (2015), Vacuolar hepatopathy in 43 French Scottish Terriers: a morphological study, Rev. Méd. Vét., 166(7–8): 176–84.
Pinzani, M. (2015), Pathophysiology of liver fibrosis, Dig. Dis,. 33(4): 492–97.
Richter, K.P. (2001), Laparoscopy in dogs and cats, Vet. Clin. North Am. Small Anim. Pract., 31(4): 707–27.
Rothuizen, J. (2009), Important clinical syndromes associated with liver disease, Vet. Clin. North Am. Small Anim. Pract., 39(3): 419–37.
Rothuizen, J. and D.C.Twedt (2009), Liver biopsy techniques, Vet. Clin. North Am. Small Anim. Pract., 39(3): 469–80.
Sato, K., M.Marzioni, F.Meng, H.Francis, S.Glaser and G.Alpini (2019), Ductular reaction in liver diseases: pathological mechanisms and translational significances, Hepatology, 69(1): 420–30.
Sumathi, D., S.Prathaban, P.Selvaraj, P.Dhanapalan, B.Murali Manohar and K.Kumanan (2017), 2D and 3D ultrasonographic study of hepatobiliary disorders in dogs and their etiological pattern, Ind. J. Vet. Med., 37(1&2): 1–8.
Suriawinata, A.A. and S.N.Thung (2006), Acute and chronic hepatitis, Semin. Diagn. Pathol., 23(3–4): 132–48.
Trepanier, L.A. (2004), Idiosyncratic toxicity associated with potentiated sulfonamides in the dog, Vet. Pharmacol. Ther., 27(3): 129-38.
Trigo, F.J., H.Thompson, R.G.Breeze and A.S.Nash (1982), The pathology of liver tumours in the dog, J. Comp. Pathol., 92(1): 21–39.
Van den Ingh, T.S., T.Van Winkle, J.M.Cullen, J.A.Charles and V.J.Desmet (2006), Morphological classification of parenchymal disorders of the canine and feline liver, WSAVA Standards for Clinical and Histological Diagnosis of Canine and Feline Liver Disease, pp. 85–101.
Verma, P., N.Arora, M.Mrigesh, A.K.Singh, J.C.Kalita and A.Prasad (2023), Prevalence, clinical manifestations and etiology of canine hepatic dysfunction in and around Pantnagar, Indian J. Anim. Health, 62(1): 88–94.
Wang, K. (2014), Molecular mechanisms of hepatic apoptosis, Cell Death Dis., 5: e996–e1006.
Watson, P.J. (2004), Chronic hepatitis in dogs: a review of current understanding of the aetiology, progression, and treatment, Vet. J., 167(3): 228–41.
Xia, F., L.Zeng, X.R.Yao and B.J.Zhou (2017), Hepatic apoptosis and necrosis: mechanisms and clinical relevance. In: Liver Pathophysiology. Academic Press, pp. 47–60.
Zachary, J.F. and M.D.McGavin (2012), Pathologic Basis of Veterinary Disease. 5th ed. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 410-15.
Zeiss, C.J. (2003), The apoptosis-necrosis continuum: insights from genetically altered mice, Vet. Pathol., 40(5): 481–95.