Climate resilience in livestock species of hot arid climatic regions of India

Abstract

Climate change poses a significant threat to livestock systems, leading to unstable productivity, crop failures, and emerging diseases. With rising global temperatures and increased frequency of extreme weather events, livestock face new challenges, particularly in drought-prone regions like India. India’s hot arid zones, covering 12% of its land, experience erratic rainfall and extreme temperatures, conditions under which livestock must adapt to survive. Resilience in livestock, defined as the ability to withstand and recover from environmental disturbances, is crucial for ensuring sustainable animal production. Indigenous breeds in these regions have evolved to thrive under such harsh conditions through genetic, physiological, and behavioral adaptations. For example, Zebu cattle exhibit heat tolerance, while sheep and goats possess thermo-regulatory traits that enable them to survive in high thermal stress environments. Climate-resilient livestock not only withstand environmental stressors but also support productivity with fewer health issues. Research into the genetic markers and breeding strategies for resilience is essential to address the impacts of climate change on livestock systems. By focusing on climate-smart livestock management and selecting thermotolerant breeds, the livestock sector can mitigate the challenges of global warming, ensuring food security and the sustainability of livestock production in the future.