Sensor based sustainable wastewater management in chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) under climate change for enhanced productivity
83 / 10
Authors
-
ANKIT
ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012, India
Author
-
DEACHEN DOLMA
ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012, India
Author
-
D S GURJAR
ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012, India
Author
-
RITU JAIN
ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012, India
Author
Keywords:
Climate change, chrysanthemum, maximum allowable depletion, sensor, sustainable development, wastewaterAbstract
Water is well-thought-out as the most precarious resource for sustainable development. Diversion of high volume of freshwater to other commercial and industrial sectors due to rapid increase in industrial activities resulted into generation of huge quantity of wastewater. Crops like cut flowers having un-edible economic parts is proposed to be the most feasible and remunerative option with wastewater irrigation. Sensor based wastewater application in cut flowers has the potential to enhance both water use efficiency and water use. Keeping with this objective, a field study was conducted with four replications and six treatments viz. T1: Irrigation with groundwater scheduled at 25% MAD, T2: Irrigation with groundwater scheduled at 50% MAD, T3: Irrigation with groundwater scheduled at 75% MAD, T4: Irrigation with wastewater scheduled at 25% MAD, T5: Irrigation with wastewater scheduled at 50% MAD, T6: Irrigation with wastewater scheduled at 75% MAD in randomized block design (RBD). A soil indicator based approach (MAD) is used as a criteria for scheduling irrigation. Three levels of MAD (25, 50 and 75%) values were quantified by Frequency Domain Reflectrometry (FDR) soil moisture sensor. For each plot (2.25 m2) the amount of water to be applied at each depletion point was calculated by area of plot and irrigation water depth/ Refill amount. The study compared different flowering, yield and biochemical attributes of chrysanthemum. Results from the above statistically analyzed data found that all the flowering, yields and biochemical attributes were found significantly higher in T5 i.e. Irrigation with wastewater scheduled at 50% MAD compared to other groundwater and wastewater irrigated treatment. Generally chrysanthemum crop is responsive to application of nutrients at optimum soil moisture levels. At last it can be concluded that sensor based wastewater application in chrysanthemum at 50% MAD significantly increased flowering, yield and biochemical characteristics. Hence in chrysanthemum 50% MAD value is optimum for irrigation.
Downloads
References
Abrol, A. 2014. Effect of integrated nutrient management studies and planting dates on commercial flower production in China aster (Callistephus chinensis (l.) Nees). Trends Biosci, 7: 1217-1221.
Bouyoucos, G.J. 1962. Hydrometer method improved for making particle size analyses of soils. Agronomy Journal, 54(5): 464-465.
Ganesh, S., Kannan, M. and Jawaharlal, M. 2011. Optimization of fertigation schedule for cut chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelev). Hort Flora Res. Spectr, 3: 344-348.
Ganesh, S., Kannan, M., Jawaharlal, M., Arulmozhiyan, R. and Jeyakumar, P. 2013. Enhancement of physiological response in spray chrysanthemum through fertigation. J. Ornam. Hortic, 16: 108-116
Gomez, K. A. and Gomez, A.A. 1983. Statistical Procedure for Agricultural Research, John Wiley and Sons, New York, United States of America,
pp. 20-8
Gopinath, G. and Chandrashekar, S. Y. 2009. Yield of carnation as influenced by levels of fertigation and sources of nutrients of growing standard carnation cv. Trendy under cost greenhouse. J. Ornam. Hortic, 12: 251-255.
Gurjar, D.S. and Kaur, R. 2018. Impact of wastewater irrigations and planting methods on leaf firing, colour, quality and traffic tolerance of turfgrass. Journal of Environmental Biology, 39(1): 117-21.
Gurjar, D.S., Singh, R., Kaur, R. and Singh, K.P. 2019. Physical and microbiological health of soil as influenced under wastewater irrigation in tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L.), Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 89(2): 344-347.
Hanway, J. J. and Heidel, H. 1952. Soil analysis methods as used in Iowa state college soil testing laboratory. Iowa Agriculture, 57: 1-31.
Haque, I. and Jakhro, A. 2001. Soil and fertilizer potassium In: Soil Science. Islamabad, Pakistan: Soil Science National Book Foundation, 2001: 261- 263.
Hillel, D. 1982. Introduction to soil phusics.Academic press, New York.
Hiscox, J.D. and Israelstam, G.F. 1979. A method for the extraction of chlorophyll from leaf tissue without maceration. Can. J. Bot, 57: 1332-1334.
Jackson, M. T. 1967. Soil Chemical Analysis, Printic Hall of India. Pivate, New York. USA.
Jangir, R.P., Jat, B.L. and Rathore, M.S. 2007. Comparative efficacy of sprinkler and surface methods of irrigation in cumin (Cuminum cyminum)
under arid western Rajasthan conditions. Indian J. Agron, 52: 83-85.
Joshi, N.S., Varu, D.K., Barad, A.V. and Pathak, D.M. 2013. Performance of varieties and chemical fertilizers on growth and flowering in chrysanthemum. Int. J. Agric. Sci, 9: 182-188.
Kaur, R., Wani, S.P., Singh, A.K. and Lal, K. 2012. Wastewater production, treatment and use in India, Presented at the Second Regional Workshop of the Project 'Safe Use of Wastewater in Agriculture, New Delhi. http://www.ais.unwater.org (accessed 21.12.12).
Lal, K., Yadav, R.K., Kaur, R., Bundela, D.S., Khan, I.M., Chaudhary, M., Meena, R.L., Dar. S.R. and Singh, Gurbachan. 2013. Productivity, essential oil yield, and heavy metal accumulation in lemon grass (Cymbopogon flexuosus) under varied wastewater- groundwater irrigation regimes. Industrial Crops and Products, 45: 270-8.
Loganathan, V. and Latha, K.R. 2016. Effect of drip fertigation on nutrient uptake and seed yield of pigeonpea [Cajanus Cajan (L.) Millsp.] under westeren agroclimatic zones of Tamil Nadu. Legume Res. Int. J, 39: 780-785.
Mozafariyan, M., Saghafi, K., Bayat, A.E. and Bakhtiari, S. 2013. The effects of different sodium chloride concentrations on the growth and photosynthesis parameters of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum cv. Foria). Int. J. Agric. Crop Sci., 6: 203.
Munoth, P., Rohit Goyal, Kuldeep, Tiwar. 2016. Sensor based Irrigation System: A Review. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology., 4(23): 86-90.
Olsen, S.R. 1954. Estimation of available phosphorus in soils by extraction with sodium bicarbonate (No. 939). US Department of Agriculture.
Patel, A.P. 2004. Effect of nitrogen through urea and castor cake on growth, flowering and yield of chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ram.) cv. IIHR-6, Thesis submitted to Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh.
Phene, C.J., and Beale, O.W. 1976. High-frequency irrigation for water nutrient management in humid regions. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 40: 430-436.
Richards, L.A. 1954. Diagnosis and improvement of saline alkali soils. USDA Handbook No. 60, Washington, p. 160.
Rolaniya, M.K., Khandelwal, S.K., Choudhary, A. and Jat, P.K. 2017. Response of African marigold to NPK, biofertilizers and spacings. J. Appl. Nat. Sci., 9: 593-597.
Sabbaghi, M.A., Nazari, M., Araghinejad, S. and Soufizadeh, S. 2020. Economic impacts of climate change on water resources and agriculture in Zayandehroud river basin in Iran. Agric. Water Manag., 241: 106323.
Sharma, A.K., Chaudhary, S.V.S. and Gupta, Y.C. 2010. Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus on flowering and yield of African marigold (Tagetes erecta Linn.). Prog. Agric., 10: 158-160.
Shayanmehr, S., Rastegari Henneberry, S., Sabouhi Sabouni, M. and Shahnoushi Foroushani, N. 2020. Climate Change and Sustainability of Crop Yield in Dry Regions Food Insecurity. Sustainability, 12: 9890.
Sheela, V.L. 2008. Flowers for Trade; New India Publishing: Delhi, India, 10.
Subbiah, B., and Asija, G. L. 1956. Alkaline permanganate method of available nitrogen determination. Current Science, 25: 259.
Sundar, S.T.B., Kannan, M. and Jawaharlal, M. 2014. Off season flower induction through fertigation and biostimulant spray in Jasminum sambac Ait. Asian J. Hortic., 9: 32-35.
Walkley, A. and Black, I. A. 1934. An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter, and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science, 37(1): 29-38.
Yadav, P.K. 1999. Effect of N and FYM on chlorophyll and nutrient content in leaf of African marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) at flower bud initiation stage. Environ. Ecol., 17: 188-190.
Yoder, R. E. 1936. A Direct Method of Aggregate Analysis of Soils and A Study of the Physical Nature of Erosion Losses (1). Soil Science Society of America Journal, 17(2001): 165-165.
Downloads
Submitted
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Ornamental Horticulture
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.