Influence of plant morphology on microclimate dynamics and resource optimization in multitier Agroforestry systems

Abstract

Agroforestry systems offer a sustainable approach to enhance microclimate regulation, yet the role of plant morphology in this process remains inadequately explored. The present study aimed to assess the influence of tree morphology on microclimatic modifications under a multitier agroforestry system (AFS) comprising Teak (Tectona grandis) and Karanj (Pongamia pinnata) with intercrops like Pigeon pea and Chickpea. Significant variations were observed in tree height, canopy spread, and basal girth across different treatments, which directly influenced microclimatic parameters such as Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR), temperature, and relative humidity (RH). A positive correlation was recorded between tree height and PAR, similarly between canopy spread and PAR. Maximum RH improvement (10.90%) was observed under Karanj in the Teak+Karanj system, highlighting the role of canopy structure in moisture retention. However, there were significant decreases (maximum by 9.68%) in air temperature under multitier AFS over control. The findings emphasize that appropriate tree selection and spatial arrangement can optimize light availability, air temperature moderation, and humidity regulation, thereby improving the overall microclimatic conditions. It is recommended to promote agroforestry models with species exhibiting suitable morphological traits to maximize ecological and production benefits, particularly in regions prone to climatic stress.