Farmers' varieties to increase nutritional security, eco-system resiliency and farmers' income
560 / 527
Authors
-
R P SINGH
Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, Jharkhand 834 006, India
-
R C AGRAWAL
Indian Council of Agricultural Research, KAB-II, New Delhi
Keywords:
Crop improvement, Ecosystem services, Farmers varieties, Geographical indications, Specific adaptationAbstract
The successful development and deployment of widely adapted, photo-thermo insensitive and input responsive high yielding varieties (HYVs) in cereals along with required inputs and favorable policy reforms heralded green revolution (GR) in the country which changed India's status from food unsecured food secured and food surplus nation. However, HYVs displaced the locally adapted, climate resilient and resource efficient, but low yielding farmer’s varieties (FVs) initially from the irrigated areas and later on from the risk prone, low input, marginal and rainfed areas but the HYVs/ hybrids could not replace FVs completely and FVs still occupy significant areas in different low input marginal areas and still providing valuable ecosystem's provisioning, regulating and cultural services. India being member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) adopted and implemented Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) in the form of Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers' Rights (PPV&FR) Act (2001) and Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act (1999) known GIs to protect even FVs by providing PVP certificates and registered as Goods respectively by these legislations. FVs are also known to have special nutritional/medicinal/ therapeutic value in addition to adaptive traits have been protected either through PPV&FR Act or through GIs as Goods. Moreover, under GIs registration and protection FVs being having the heritage varietal status supposed to have high commercial values for trade like several kinds of Rice. Interestingly, in both legislative protections, Rice FVs dominate the scene. Virtually, the economical produce of FVs as Goods under GIs have domestic as well as international market and receive the premium prices. The FVs with special nutritional/aroma/medicinal traits with distinct identity and protected under PPV&FR Act, should also get higher economic returns if there is policy support by the Government. Currently, to mitigate the adverse effects due to climate change, breeding new varieties with specific instead of wide adaptation is advocated and the FVs by virtue of having specific adaptive traits as well as increased resource efficiency present themselves as ideal candidates for using as donors. The FVs can also be used for enhanced nutritional security as well as promoting agricultural trade to increase farmers' income.
Downloads
References
Annicchiarico P. 2006. Diversity, genetic structure, distinctness and agronomic value of Italian lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) landraces. Euphytica 148(3): 269–82. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-005-9024-0
Baranski M R. 2015. Wide adaptation of Green Revolution wheat: International roots and the Indian context of a new plant breeding ideal, 1960–70. Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 50: 41–50. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsc.2015.01.004
Brocke K V, Trouche G, Weltzien E, Kondombo-Barro C P, Sidibe A, Zougmore R and Goze E. 2014. Helping farmers adapt to climate and cropping system change through increased access to sorghum genetic resources adapted to prevalent sorghum cropping systems in Burkina Faso. Experimental Agriculture 50: 284–305. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0014479713000616
Chaudhary R C, Mishra S B, Yadav S K and Ali J. 2012. Extinction to distinction: Current status of Kalanamak, the heritage rice of eastern Uttar Pradesh and its likely role in farmers’ prosperity. LMA Convention Journal 8(1): 7–14.
Davis K F, Chhatre A, Rao N D, Singh D and DeFries R. 2019. Sensitivity of grain yields to historical climate variability in India. Environmental Research Letters 14(6): 064013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab22db
Deb D, Sengupta S and Pradeep T. 2015. A profile of heavy metals in rice (Oryza sativa ssp. indica) landraces. Current Science 109(3): 407–09.
Dwivedi S L, Ceccarelli S, Blair M W, Upadhyaya H D, Are A K and Ortiz R. 2016. Landrace germplasm for improving yield and abiotic stress adaptation. Trends in Plant Science 21(1): 31–42. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2015.10.012
Dwivedi S, Goldman I and Ortiz R. 2019. Pursuing the potential of heirloom cultivars to improve adaptation, nutritional, and culinary features of food crops. Agronomy 9(8): 441. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9080441
Economic Survey 2015–16. Agriculture: More from less-Chapter 04. 68–85 pp.
Economic Survey 2017–18. Climate, Climate Change, and Agriculture, Vol (1). Chapter 6, pp 82–101.
Evenson R E and Gollin D. 2003. Assessing the Impact of the Green Revolution, 1960 to 2000. Science 300(5620): 758–62. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1078710
Evenson R E, Gollin D and Santaniello V. 1998. Introduction and overview: Agricultural values of plant genetic resources. (In) Agricultural Values of Plant Genetic Resources, R E Evenson, D Gollin and V Santaniello (Eds). CAB International. pp 1-25. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1079/9780851992952.0000
Ficiciyan A, Loos J, Sievers-Glotzbach S and Tscharntke T. 2018. More than yield; Ecosystem services of traditional versus modern crop varieties revisited. Sustainability 10(8): 2834. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su10082834
Foster-Powell K, Holt S H A and Brand-Miller J C. 2002. International table of glycemic index and glycemic load values. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 76(1):5–56. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/76.1.5
Gept P. 2006. Plant genetic resources conservation and utilization: The accomplishments and future of a societal insurance policy. Crop Science 46(5): 2278–92. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2006.03.0169gas
Gregorio G B. 2002. Progress in breeding for trace minerals in staple crops symposium: plant breeding: a new tool for fighting micronutrient malnutrition. Journal of Nutrition 132(3): 5005–25. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/132.3.500S
Hazell P B R. 2009. The Asian Green Revolution: IFPRI Discussion Paper 00911, IFPRI, p 40.
Jacques P J and Jacques J R. 2012. Monocropping cultures into ruin: The loss of food varieties and cultural diversity. Sustainability 4: 2970–97. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su4112970
Kearns C A, Inouye D W and Waser N M. 1998. Endangered mutualisms: the conservation of plant–pollinator interactions. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 29(1): 83–112. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.29.1.83
Kishore K. 2018. Geographical Indications. An Indian prospective. Journal of Intellectual Property Rights 23(4-5): 159–66.
Li J, van Bueren E T L, Jiggins J and Leeuwis C. 2012. Farmers’ adoption of maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids and the persistence of landraces in Southwest China: Implications for policy and breeding. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 59: 1147–60. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-011-9750-1
Maggs-Kolling G L and Christiansen J L. 2003. Variability in Namibian landraces of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus). Euphytica 132: 251–58. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025053331528
Mazvimbakupa F, Modi A T and Mabhaudhi T. 2015. Seed quality and water use characteristics of maize landraces compared with selected commercial hybrids. Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research 75(1): 13–20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-58392015000100002
Montes-Hernandez S, Merrick L C and Eguiarte L E. 2005. Maintenance of squash (Cucurbita spp.) landrace diversity by farmers’ activities in Mexico. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 52: 697–07. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-003-6018-4
Moreno L L, Tuxill J, Moo E Y, Reyes L A, Alejo J C and Jarvis D I. 2006. Traditional maize storage methods of mayan farmers in Yucatan, Mexico: Implications for seed selection and crop diversity. Biodiversity Conservation 15: 1771–95. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-004-6679-0
Munoz-Perea C G, Allen R G, Westermann D T, Wright J L and Singh S P. 2007. Water use efficiency among dry bean landraces and cultivars in drought-stressed and non-stressed environments. Euphytica 155(3): 393–402. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-006-9340-z
Newton A C, Akar T and Baresel J P. 2010. Cereal landraces for sustainable agriculture. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development 30(2): 237–69. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/agro/2009032
Olson M B, Morris K S and Mendez V E. 2012. Cultivation of maize landraces by small-scale shade coffee farmers in western El Salvador. Agricultural Systems 111: 63–74. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2012.05.005
Patil J V, Reddy P S, Prabhakar; Umakanth A V, Gomashe S and Ganapathy K N. 2014. History of post-rainy season sorghum research in India and strategies for breaking the yield plateau. Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 74(3): 271–85. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5958/0975-6906.2014.00845.1
Pender J. 2008. Agricultural technology choices for poor farmers in less-favoured Areas of South and East Asia. Occasional Papers, Knowledge for development effectiveness by the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), 82 p.
Peroni N and Hanazaki N. 2002. Current and lost diversity of cultivated varieties, especially cassava, under swidden cultivation systems in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 92(2/3): 171–83. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8809(01)00298-5
Potts S G, Biesmeijer J C and Kremen C. 2010. Global pollinator declines: trends, impacts and drivers. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 25(6): 345–53. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2010.01.007
Rahman S, Sharma M P and Sahai S. 2006. Nutritional and medicinal values of some indigenous rice varieties. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 5(4): 454–58.
Sánchez-Martín J, Rispail N, Flores F, Emeran A A, Sillero J C, Rubiales D and Prats E. 2017. Higher rust resistance and similar yield of oat landraces versus cultivars under high temperature and drought. Agronomy for Sustainable Development 37(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-016-0407-5
Sandhu N and Kumar A. 2017. Bridging the Rice Yield Gaps under Drought: QTLs, Genes, and their use in breeding programs. Agronomy 7: 27. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy7020027
Sangabriel-Conde W, Negrete-Yankelevich S, Eduardo Maldonado- Mendoza I and Trejo-Aguilar D. 2014. Native maize landraces from Los Tuxtlas, Mexico show varying mycorrhizal dependency for P uptake. Biology and Fertility of Soils 50: 405–14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-013-0847-x
Siddiq E A, Vemireddy L R and Nagaraju J. 2012. Basmati Rices: Genetics, Breeding and Trade. Agricultural Research 1(1): 25–36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40003-011-0011-5
Singh R P, Prasad P V V, Sharma A K and Reddy K R. 2011. Impacts of high-temperature stress and potential opportunities for breeding. In: Crops Adaptation to Climate Change, pp. 166-185. Shyam Singh Yadav, Robert Redden, Jerry Hatfield, and Hermann Lotze – Campen (Eds). Wiley – Blackwell, USA, ISBN: 978-0-8138-2016-3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470960929.ch13
Singh R P. 2012. Enhancing food and seed security through participatory approach in the Eastern region to mitigate the climate change impact. Journal of Research. (BAU): 24(1): 1–12.
Singh R P. 2013. Issues and strategies to correct missing links in seed sector of India. Journal of Research (BAU): 25(1): 1–15.
Singh R P and Reddy K R 2013. Impact of climate change and farm management. Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability 1(1): 53–72. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5958/j.2320-6411.1.1.006
Singh R P, Prasad P V V and Reddy K R. 2013. Impacts of changing climate and climate variability on seed production and seed industry. Advances in Agronomy 118: 49–110. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-405942-9.00002-5
Singh R P. 2014. Effect of heat and drought in crops under rainfed/marginal environments and mitigation strategies through breeding for tolerance: A Review. Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability 2(1): 10–29. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5958/j.2320-642X.2.1.002
Singh R P. 2015. Varietal replacement rates among field crops: current status, constraints, impact, challenges and opportunities for the Indian seed industry. Seed Times 7(3&4): 71–89.
Singh R P, Prasad P V V and Reddy K R. 2015 . Climate change: Implications for stakeholders in genetic resources and seed sector. Advances in Agronomy 129: 117–80. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.agron.2014.09.002
Singh R P. 2016. Local seed system strengthening in marginal environments to mitigate climate change effects vis-a-vis ensuring food security in India. Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability 4(2): 158–177. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5958/2320-642X.2016.00017.X
Singh R P and Singh S. 2016. Optimizing seed replacement ratesin Jharkhand: Present scenario, challenges and opportunities. Jharkhand Journal of Development and Management Studies 14(2): 6987–7007.
Singh R P, Kumar A and Pal S K. 2016. The prevalence, productivity and protection of traditional varieties vis-à-vis modern varieties in Eastern India: An appraisal. Special Issue - Seed biotechnology and Eastern India’s “New Green Revolution”: Issues and Challenges. Jharkhand Journal of Development and Management Studies 14(2): 6955–70.
Singh R P. 2017. Seed: An ambassador of science, technology, trade and agrarian revolution. Invited paper for the thematic issue on Journey of seed. Seed Times 10(2): 16–23.
Singh R P. 2017a. Improving seed systems resiliency at local level through participatory approach for adaptation to climate change. Adv Plants Agric Res (USA) 6(1):15-16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15406/apar.2017.06.00200
Singh R P, Agarwal D K, Prasad R S V, Kumar S K and Jeevan S P. 2017. Varietal and seed replacement in the era of climate change. ICAR-IISS, Mau, Uttar Pradesh, India. pp 156 ISBN: 978-81-925128-2-6
Singh R P. 2018. Integration and commercialization of local varieties under sub-optimal environments for food security, promoting sustainable agriculture and agro-biodiversity conservation. MOJ Ecology and Environmental Science 3(2):65–67. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15406/mojes.2018.03.00068
Singh R P and Agrawal R C. 2018. Improving efficiency of seed system by appropriating farmer’s rights in India through adoption and implementation of policy of quality declared seed schemes in parallel. MOJ Ecology and Environmental Science 3(6): 387‒91. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15406/mojes.2018.03.00118
Singh R P, Singh S and Lal S K. 2018a. Channelizing protected farmer's varieties through semi-formal seed systems for effective utilization and conservation of agro-biodiversity: An Overview. Seed Research 46(2): 87–97.
Singh R P and Agarwal R C. 2019. Farmer's Varieties in India- Factors affecting their preferential prevalence and the current status of their legal protection. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 89(9): 1371–82.
Singh R P. 2020. Ensuring food security by good seed governance: A case study from Jharkhand. (Chapter 21) (In) Ecological and Practical Applications for Sustainable Agriculture. Bauddh K, Kumar S, Singh R, Korstad J (Eds), pp 445–70. Springer, Singapore. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3372-3_21
Singh R P and Agarwal R C. 2020a. Local varieties in India- New insights into adaptation patterns, performance and preferences over modern varieties of selected cereals among different seasons and regions. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 90(3): 470–76.
Singh R P and Agrawal R C. 2020b. Farmers’ varieties and ecosystem services with reference to eastern India (Chapter, 20). (In) Ecological and Practical Applications for Sustainable Agriculture. Bauddh K, Kumar S, Singh R, Korstad J (eds), pp. 421–44. Springer, Singapore. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3372-3_20
Singh R P and Agrawal R C. 2020c. Role of Indian seed industry in promoting food and nutritional security and agricultural sustainability (Chapter, 19). (In) Ecological and Practical Applications for Sustainable Agriculture, Bauddh K, Kumar S, Singh R, Korstad J (Eds), pp 411–20. Springer, Singapore. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3372-3_19
Singh R P, Chintagunta A D, Agarwal D K, Kureel R S and Jeevan Kumar S P. 2020. Varietal replacement rate: Prospects and challenges for global food security. Global Food Security 25: 100324. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2019.100324
Singh V P, Pratik S, Gopala Krishnan S and Singh A K. 2004. Roleof Indian Agricultural Research Institute in genetic improvement of rice varieties in India. (In) Genetic improvement of rice varieties in India, Sharma S D, Rao P (eds), pp. 141–87. Today and Tomorrow’s printers and publications, India.
Singh V P, Singh A K, Mohapatra T, Krishnan G and Ellur R K. 2018b. Pusa Basmati 1121 – a rice variety with exceptional kernel elongation and volume expansion after cooking. Rice 11: (19). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12284-018-0213-6
Smale M. 1997. The Green Revolution and wheat genetic diversity: dome unfounded assumptions. World Development 25(8): 1257–69. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(97)00038-7
Tamiru A, Bruce T J A, Woodcock C M, Caulfield J C, Midega C A O, Ogol C K P O, Mayon P, Birkett M A, Pickett J A and Khan Z R 2011. Maize landraces recruit egg and larval parasitoids in response to egg deposition by a herbivore. Ecology Letters 14(11): 1075–83. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01674.x
Tsegaye B and Berg T. 2007. Utilization of durum wheat landraces in East Shewa, central Ethiopia: Are home uses an incentive for on-farm conservation? Agriculture and Human Values 24: 219–30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-006-9055-8
Vanbergen A J. 2013. Threats to an ecosystem service: pressures on pollinators. Frontiers in ecology and environment 11(5): 251–59. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1890/120126
Vinayan S. 2015. Willingness to pay for GI products in India: The case of Darjeeling tea and Pochampally Ikat. Hyderabad Social Development Papers 3(1-3): 1–21.
Vinayan S. 2017. Geographical indications in India: Issues and challenges—An overview. Journal of World Intellect Property 20(3-4): 119–32 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jwip.12076
Yadav O P. 2010. Drought response of pearl millet landrace-based populations and their crosses with elite composites. Field Crops Research 118(1): 51–56. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2010.04.005
Downloads
Submitted
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 The Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The copyright of the articles published in The Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences is vested with the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, which reserves the right to enter into any agreement with any organization in India or abroad, for reprography, photocopying, storage and dissemination of information. The Council has no objection to using the material, provided the information is not being utilized for commercial purposes and wherever the information is being used, proper credit is given to ICAR.
How to Cite
