Turtle excluder device (TED) in trawl nets: applicability in Indian trawl fishery

Abstract

Turtle fishing was banned in India from 1977 as turtles were declared as protected animals under Schedule I of the Indian
Wildlife (protection) Act 1972 as per the amendments made to the schedule in September 1977. Similar restrictions were
observed in many other countries. In spite of these restrictions, there is illegal fishing for turtles in some countries. Apart
from these illegal activities, there is considerable amount of incidental mortality of turtles due to fishing activities like
trawling and gill netting. India, Australia and the USA are the major contributors to the mortality of turtles due to fishing
activities, particularly the prawn fishing operations. In 1980, a unique separator trawl design called the Turtle Excluder
Device (TED) was developed by the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) of USA to reduce the incidental capture of
endangered sea turtles by shrimp trawls. The NMFS developed a number of TED designs to improve their functioning. From
1993 shrimp season onwards, USA implemented revised federal TED regulations which are more effective in reducing turtle
mortality. India also started testing different types of imported TEDs in view of the US embargo on imports from countries
not implementing TEDs. Central Institute of Fisheries Technology (CIFT), Fishery Survey of India (FSI) and Central Institute
of Fisheries Navigation and Engineering Training (CIFNET) conducted experiments with imported TEDs. These experiments
could not impress the fishermen as there are no comparable data from the traditional trawl nets and trawl nets with TEDs
simultaneously. Field trials of the CIFT-TED have been carried out off Cochin, Visakhapatnam and Paradeep. CIFT-TED is
now being popularized in maritime states in collaboration with MPEDA and respective state fisheries departments. In spite
of all the assurances of the government agencies in India, the USA, Australia and other shrimp trawling countries, fishermen
still feel that there is considerable escapement of shrimp with TEDs attached trawl nets which is the major bottleneck
affecting implementation of TEDs in India and elsewhere.