CHARACTERISATION OF SEMI-FERAL PERIYAR CATTLE OF KERALA

Abstract

Periyar cattle, a semi-feral breed native to the banks of the Periyar river in Kerala, primarily in the Thrissur and Ernakulam districts, were studied for breed characterization based on data from 992 animals. These cattle are mainly raised in a silvopastoral system with a herd size of  8-13 animals . Coat colors include red, black, brown, and grey, with distinct sexual dimorphism. A straight forehead is a distinguishing feature, and the muzzle is typically black, though some individuals show grey pigmentation. Ears are medium-sized and oriented horizontally. Males have larger, black horns, while females have smaller, more varied horns in both size and color.  Males also exhibit prominent humps, whereas females have smaller, less pronounced humps. The tail is long, almost touching the ground, with a black switch. Adult males have an mean body length of 108 ± 10.8 cm, chest girth of 138 ± 12.0 cm, and height at the withers of 112 ± 11.10 cm, while females measure 98.44 ± 5.39 cm, 132 ± 5.07 cm, and 100.19 ± 4.07 cm, respectively. Calves had weight of  12.50 ± 0.3 kg at birth. The average adult body weight of males are 193.50 ± 6.8 kg, and females  153.6 ± 3.70 kg. The inter-calving period ranges from 338 - 366 days,  with mean service period of 86.0 ± 9.0 days. Periyar cattle had an average daily milk yield of 1.95 ± 0.39 kg, peak milk yield of 3.25 ± 0.53 kg, and a lactation length of 180.0 ± 10.0 days. The total lactation yield ranges from 310-390 kg, with a fat percentage of 4.09 ± 0.59. Periyar catlle known for their disease resistance, stress tolerance, and efficient foraging, are well-suited for smallholder farmers in resource-constrained environments.