Clay Mineralogy and Solution Chemistry of Waterlogged Saline Soil Undergone Subsurface Drainage: Study from North-Western India-Western India
Waterlogged saline soil of North-Western India
96 / 77
Authors
-
Raj Mukhopadhyay
ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal-132001, Haryana, India
-
Diksha Saroha
ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal-132001, Haryana, India
-
Ranjan Paul
Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125004, Haryana, India
-
Bhaskar Narjary
ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal-132001, Haryana, India
-
Devendra Bundela
ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal-132001, Haryana, India
-
Satyendra Kumar
ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal-132001, Haryana, India
-
Arijit Barman
ICAR-National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre: Jorhat-785004, Assam, India
Keywords:
Clay mineralogy, Soil properties, Subsurface drainage, Waterlogged saline soilsAbstract
Subsurface drainage (SSD) is an effective technique to reclaim waterlogged saline soils and improving agricultural production with added economic returns. In 2019, Sampla (Rohtak, Haryana, India) SSD site was revisited to study the identification and characterization of clay minerals and their transformation in relation to soil solution chemistry under prevailing conditions. The soil was clay loam to clay in texture with high ECe (3.48-4.67 dSm-1) and pHs (8.03-8.06). The 30-60cm soil-depth showed the highest cation exchange capacity (16.25 meq/100g) and exchangeable sodium percentage (8.04%) followed by the surface soils (14.17 meq/100g and 7.65% respectively). The exchangeable calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+) varied between 7.92-9.19 and 3.04-4.20 meq/100g, respectively, the highest being in 30-60cm soil-depth. The soluble cations followed the order Na+ (17.73–24.79 meqL-1) > Ca2++Mg2+ (7.77–11.02 meqL-1) > K+ (5.93–7.61 meqL-1) up to 90cm soil-depth. The soil structural stability ratios, namely, SAR, PAR, MCAR and CROSS, were found maximum (12.37, 3.80, 10.02 and 22.06 respectively) in 30-60 cm soil-depth highlighting greater dispersion, poor soil structure and aggregate stability in the sub-surface. The clay minerals including hydroxy interlayered vermiculite, chlorite and mica were dominant at 0-60 cm, followed by kaolin, quartz, rutile and K Feldspar at deeper soil layer (60-90cm). The soil chemical analysis showed the redevelopment of salinity with the dominance of Na+ ions throughout the profile due to stoppage of SSD operation for a long time. The relative similarities in soil clay mineralogical composition within the profile suggested the inheritance of minerals from parent material, having no significant in-situ transformation under the prevailing conditions.
Downloads
References
Andrade GRP, Furquim SAC, do Nascimento TTV, Brito AC, Camargo GR and de Souza GC (2020) Transformation of clay minerals in salt-affected soils, Pantanal wetland, Brazil. Geoderma 371: 114380.
Bahçeci İ, Nacar AS, Topalhasan L, Tari AF and Ritzema HP (2018) A new drainpipe‐envelope concept for subsurface drainage systems in irrigated agriculture. Irrigation and Drainage 67: 40-50.
Bai Y, Qin Y and Lu X (2020) Fractal dimension of particle-size distribution and their relationships with alkalinity properties of soils in the western Songnen Plain, China. Scientific Reports 10: 20603.
Barman A, Sheoran P, Yadav RK, Abhishek R, Sharma R, Prajapat K, Singh RK and Kumar S (2021) Soil spatial variability characterization: Delineating index-based management zones in salt-affected agroecosystem of India. Journal of Environmental Management 296: 113243.
Barzegar AR, Rengasamy P and Oades JM (1995) Effects of clay type and rate of wetting on the mellowing of compacted soils. Geoderma 68(1-2): 39-49.
Bhattacharyya T, Pal DK and Deshpande SB (1993) Genesis and transformation of minerals in the formation of red (Alfisols) and black (Inceptisols and Vertisols) soils on Deccan basalt in the Western Ghats, India. Journal of Soil Science 44(1): 159-171.
Boonstra J, Ritzema HP, Wolters W, Oosterbaan RJ and van Lieshout AM (2002) Research on the control of waterlogging and salinization in irrigated agricultural lands: recommendations on waterlogging and salinity control based on pilot area drainage research. CSSRI/Alterra-ILRI.
Bos MG (2001) Selecting the drainage method for agricultural land. Irrigation and Drainage Systems 15: 269–279.
Bouyoucos GJ (1962) Hydrometer method improved for making particle size analysis of soils. Agronomy Journal 54: 464–465.
Chandran P, Ray SK, Bhattacharyya T, Srivastava P, Krishnan P and Pal DK (2005) Lateritic soils of Kerala, India: their mineralogy, genesis, and taxonomy. Australian Journal of Soil Research 43(7): 839-852.
Chizhikova NP and Khitrov NB (2016) Diversity of clay minerals in soils of solonetzic complexes in the southeast of Western Siberia. Eurasian Soil Science 49: 1419–1431.
Dixon JB and Weed SB (Eds.) (1989). Minerals in Soil Environments, second ed. SSSA Book Series, vol. 1. SSSA,
Madison USA. FAO (2021) GSASmap GLOBAL MAP soils of salt-affected soils, pp. 1–20.
Galán E and Ferrel RE (2006) Genesis of Clay Minerals. In: Bergaya F and Lagaly G (eds). Handbook of Clay Science. Part A: Fundamentals. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2nd Ed., p. 83-126.
Greene RS, Eggleton RA and Rengasamy P (2002) Relationships between clay mineralogy and the hardsetting properties of soils in the Carnarvon horticultural district of Western Australia. Applied Clay Science 20(4-5): 211-223.
Heng T, Liao R, Wang Z, Wu W, Li W and Zhang J (2018) Effects of combined drip irrigation and sub-surface pipe drainage on water and salt transport of saline-alkali soil in Xinjiang, China. Journal of Arid Land 10: 932-945.
Hillel D (2004) Introduction to Environmental Soil Physics. Elsevier Academic Press, p. 44.
Jackson ML (1973) Soil Chemical Analysis. Prentice Hall of India Private Ltd., New Delhi, pp. 56–70.
Jackson ML (1979) Soil Chemical Analysis - Advanced Course. Published by the author, Wisconsin, USA.
James J, Littke K, Bonassi T and Harrison R (2016) Exchangeable cations in deep forest soils: Separating climate and chemical controls on spatial and vertical distribution and cycling. Geoderma 279:109-121.
Jassal HS, Singh J, Sawhney JS and Sharma BD (2004) Geochemical environment and clay mineral formation of some salt affected soils of Punjab. International conference on sustainable management of sodic lands held at Lucknow. pp. 156-158.
Kamra SK (2015) An overview of subsurface drainage for management of waterlogged saline soils of India. Water and Energy International 58(6): 46-53.
Kamra SK, Kumar S, Kumar N and Dagar JC (2019) Engineering and biological approaches for drainage of irrigated lands. Research Developments in Saline Agriculture: 537-577.
Kapoor BS, Singh HB, Goswami SC, Abrol IP, Bhargava GP and Pal DK (1981) Weathering of micaceous minerals in some salt-affected soils. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science 29(4):486-92.
Kome GK, Enang RK, Tabi FO and Yerima BPK (2019) Influence of clay minerals on some soil fertility attributes: A Review. Open Journal of Soil Science 9: 155-188.
Ma D, He Z, Zhao W, Li R, Sun W, Wang W, Lin P, Wei L and Ju W (2024) Long-term effects of conventional cultivation on soil cation exchange capacity and base saturation in an arid desert region. Science of The Total Environment: 175075.
Mandal S, Raju R, Kumar A, Kumar P and Sharma PC (2018) Current status of research, technology response and policy needs of salt-affected soils in India–a review. Journal of the Indian Society of Coastal Agricultural Research 36: 40-53.
Marchuk AG and Rengasamy P (2010) Cation ratio of soil structural stability (CROSS). In Proceedings 19th World Congress of Soil Science 2010 (Vol. 1, pp. 5981-5983). CSIRO Publishing.
Marchuk A and Rengasamy P (2011) Clay behaviour in suspension is related to the ionicity of clay-cation bonds. Applied Clay Science 53:754–759.
Marchuk A, Rengasamy P, McNeill A and Kumar A (2013a) Nature of the clay–cation bond affects soil structure as verified by X-ray computed tomography. Soil Research 50(8): 638-644.
Marchuk A, Rengasamy P and McNeill A (2013b) Influence of organic matter, clay mineralogy, and pH on the effects of CROSS on soil structure is related to the zeta potential of the dispersed clay. Soil Research 51(1): 34-40.
Mehra OP and Jackson ML (1960) In: Iron Oxide Removal from Soils and Clays by Dithionite-Citrate Systems Buffered with Sodium Bicarbonate. Pergaman Press, London, pp. 317–327.
Mohindra R and Parkash B (1990) Clay mineralogy of the Gandak megafan and adjoining areas, Middle Gangetic Plains, India/Minéralogie des argiles du" mégafan" de Gandak et des régions avoisinantes, Moyennes Plaines du Gange, Inde. Sciences Géologiques, bulletins et mémoires 43(2): 203-12.
Mukhopadhyay R, Sarkar B, Jat HS, Sharma PC and Bolan N (2021) Soil salinity under climate change: challenges for sustainable agriculture and food security. Journal of Environmental Management 280(6): 111736.
Mukhopadhyay R, Fagodiya RK, Narjary B, Barman A, Prajapat K, Kumar S, Bundela DS and Sharma PC (2023) Restoring soil quality and carbon sequestration potential of waterlogged saline land using subsurface drainage technology to achieve land degradation neutrality in India. Science of The Total Environment 885: 163959.
NBSS & LUP (2016) India: Agro-ecological Region. Revised edition. Publication no. 170.
Qadir M, Sposito G, Smith CJ and Oster JD (2021) Reassessing irrigation water quality guidelines for sodicity hazard. Agricultural Water Management 255: 107054.
Pal DK and Deshpande SB (1987) Parent material, mineralogy and genesis of two benchmark soils of Kashmir valley. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science 35(4):690-8.
Pal DK and Durge SL (1989). Release and adsorption of potassium in some benchmark alluvial soils of India in relation to their mineralogy. Pedologie (Ghent) 39:235-48.
Pal DK, Bhattacharyya T, Deshpande SB, Sharma VAK and Velayutham M (2000) Significance of minerals in soil environments of India. NBSS Review Series 1, ISBN: 81-85460-57-4.
Pal DK, Bhattacharyya T, Srivastava P, Chandran P and Ray SK (2009) Soils of the Indo-Gangetic Plains: their historical perspective and management. Current Science 10:1193-202.
Pal DK, Bhattacharyya T, Sinha R, Srivastava P, Dasgupta AS, Chandran P, Ray SK and Nimje A (2012) Clay minerals record from Late Quaternary drill cores of the Ganga Plains and their implications for provenance and climate change in the Himalayan foreland. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 356:27-37.
Rao KVGK and Leeds-Harrison PB (1991) Desalinization with subsurface drainage. Agricultural Water Management 19: 303-311.
Rengasamy P (2010) Soil processes affecting crop production in salt-affected soils. Functional Plant Biology 37(7): 613–620.
Rengasamy P and Marchuk A (2011) Cation ratio of soil structural stability (CROSS). Soil Research 49(3): 280-285.
Ritzema H, Satyanarayana T, Raman S and Boonstra J (2008) Subsurface drainage to combat waterlogging and salinity in irrigated lands in India: Lessons learned in farmers' fields. Agricultural Water Management 95: 179-189.
Sahab S, Suhani I, Srivastava V, Chauhan PS, Singh RP and Prasad V (2021) Potential risk assessment of soil salinity to agroecosystem sustainability: Current status and management strategies. Science of the Total Environment 764: 144164.
Saqib M, Akhtar J and Qureshi RH (2004) Pot study on wheat growth in saline and waterlogged compacted soil. Soil and Tillage Research 77 (2): 169–177.
Sehgal JL (1974) Nature and geographic distribution of clay minerals in soils of different moisture regimes in Punjab, Haryana and Himachal Pradesh. Proc. Indian National Science Academy 40: 151-159.
Sharma DK, Singh R, Singh A and Bhardwaj AK (2015) CSSRI Annual Report 2014-15.
Singh J and Sawhney JS (2006) Clay mineralogy of the salt-affected soils of south-west Punjab. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science 54(4): 461-464.
Sposito G (2016) Soil salinity. In: The chemistry of soils (3rd ed., pp. 273). Oxford University Press, Incorporated.
Sposito G, Skipper NT, Sutton R, Park S, Soper AK and Greathouse JA (1999) Surface geochemistry of the clay minerals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 96: 3358–3364.
Srivastava P, Parkash B and Pal DK (1998) Clay minerals in soils as evidence of Holocene climatic change, central Indo-Gangetic Plains, north-central India. Quaternary Research 50(3): 230-239.
Tavakkoli E, Uddin S, Rengasamy P and McDonald GK (2022) Field applications of gypsum reduce pH and improve soil C in highly alkaline soils in southern Australia's dryland cropping region. Soil Use and Management 38(1): 466-477.
US Salinity Laboratory Staff (1954) Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkali soils. Agricultural Handbook 60. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC.
Valzano FP, Greene RSB, Murphy BW, Rengasamy P and Jarwal SD (2001) Effects of gypsum and stubble retention on the chemical and physical properties of a sodic grey Vertosol in western Victoria. Soil Research 39(6): 1333-1347.
Verma AK, Gupta SK and Isaac RK (2014) Application of soil–water–atmosphere–plant model to assess performance of subsurface drainage system under semi‐arid monsoon climate. Irrigation and Drainage 63(1): 93-101.
Vishnu PS, Sandeep S and Anil-Kumar KS (2022) Soil Taxonomy and Mineralogy of Varying Geological Parent Material in Moist Deciduous Forests in Southern Western Ghats, Kerala. Clay Research 41(2): 102-112.
Wang ZH, Heng T, Li WH, Zhang JZ, Yang BL and Jiang YS (2017) Effects of drainage pipe drainage on soil salinity leaching under drip irrigation. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery 48: 253–261.
Yan S, Zhang T, Zhang B, Feng H and Siddique KH (2024) Calibration of saline water quality assessment standard based on EC and CROSS considering soil water-salt transport and crack formation. Journal of Hydrology: 130975.
Downloads
Submitted
Published
Issue
Section
License
Journal of Soil Salinity and Water Quality serves as an official organ of the Indian Society of Soil Salinity and Water Quality (ISSSWQ) for the publication of research papers, reviews, and short communications as per the constitution and by-laws of the society. Soft and hard copy of the journal are sent free to all its members. All disputes are subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of competent court and forums in Kamal only. The society does not assume any responsibility for opinion by the authors in the articles and no-material in any form can be reproduced without the prior permission of the society. The society is not responsible for any delay, whatsoever, in publication/ delivery of the periodicals to the subscribers due to unforeseen circumstances or postal delay. The society does not vouch for any claims made by the advertisers of products and services. The publisher and the editors shall not be held liable for any consequences in the event of such claim not being honoured by the advertisers.
