Second Generation Bio-Ethanol Production from Agroforestry Practices in Salt-affected Landscapes in India: A Review
Ligno-cellulosic biomass for second generation bio-ethanol production
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Authors
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R Banyal
Department of Soil and Crop Management, ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India-132 001
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Manish Kumar
Department of Soil and Crop Management, ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India-132 001
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Raj Kumar
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Arvind Kumar Rai
Department of Soil and Crop Management, ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India-132 001
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Gajender Yadav
Department of Soil and Crop Management, ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India-132 001
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Rajkumar
Department of Social Science Research, ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India-132 001
Keywords:
Agroforestry, Salt-affected soils, Bio-ethanol, Biomass, Ligno-cellulose, Bio-energy, EmissionAbstract
World's dependency on fossil fuels have caused adverse effects on the environment and their availability is under threat. This has prompted significant interest in sustainable and environmental friendly bio-fuels to cater the energy demand. It is obtained from diverse renewable materials enriched with carbohydrate that can be hydrolysed to fermentable sugars and altered into ethanol. Second generation bio-ethanol production shows its betterness over first generation because it sourced from non-edible feedstock from forestryand agriculture wastes. This paper critically and analytically reviews the current status of second generation bio-ethanol significance, production methodologies, and agroforestry options in salt-affected landscapes in production of lingo-cellulosic biomass. Bio-ethanol production from ligno-cellulosic biomass is exceedingly challenging and due focus was given on technological, energy balance and efficiency, economic viability, environmental impacts, logistic and supply chain issues and government policies and subsidies for generating the understanding for their solutions. The discussions in this paper are also oriented towards the point that no direct information of the biomass obtained from the agroforestry practices put to direct use for second generation bio-ethanol production exacting to salt affected landscapes but the eventual possibilities are there in the future. Area under agroforestry in salt-affected soils is 7.02 m ha, accounts for 27.7 per cent coverage out of the total 25.3 m ha in the country. Possible viable agroforestry models (silvo-pastoral, agri-horticulture, agri-silviculture, and specialized models-multipurpose woodlots and energy forestry) are also discussed in length with its components and possible combinations for production of ligno-cellulosic biomass from marginal landscapes (salt-affected soils) which are not so fit to produce the food crops, directly.
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