Evaluation of physiological indices and grain yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum)cultivars under different sowing schedules

NAJMEH ZIAEI  GHOHNOUEH; FOROUD  BAZRAFSHAN; DAVOOD AMIN  AZRAM; OMID  ALIZADEH; MAHDI  ZARE

doi:10.56093/ijas.v96i9.169851

Authors

NAJMEH ZIAEI GHOHNOUEH Islamic Azad University, Firuzabad, Iran
FOROUD BAZRAFSHAN Islamic Azad University, Firuzabad, Iran
DAVOOD AMIN AZRAM Isfahan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Isfahan, Iran
OMID ALIZADEH Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran
MAHDI ZARE Islamic Azad University, Firuzabad, Iran

https://doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v96i9.169851

Keywords:

Chlorophyll content, Growth type, Harvest index, Seed yield

Abstract

Environmental variations significantly impact crop productivity, highlighting the need for optimised planting dates and cultivar selection. This study, conducted during 2020–22 in Mobarakeh, Iran, aimed to assess the effects of planting dates and cultivars on physiological indices and grain yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The experiment followed a split-plot design (SPD) with three replications having planting dates (early: October 20, normal: November 20, late: December 20) as a main factor and six wheat cultivars [Zare and Heydari (winter type), Pishgam and Alvand (intermediate type) and Sirvan and Pishtaz (spring type)] were considered as the sub-factor. The results indicated that delayed planting (December 20) significantly decreased leaf nitrogen (by 12% approx.) and phosphorus content. Physiological assessments, including leaf relative water content (RWC) measured by the standard fresh/turgid/ dry weight method, revealed that delayed planting significantly decreased RWC (from about 77% to 69%) and radiation use efficiency (by 25–27%), while increasing ion leakage (up to 38.8% in winter types) and light extinction coefficient. Photosynthetic rates were highest in winter cultivars when sown early (up to 7.22 μmol/m²/sec) but spring cultivars (Sirvan and Pishtaz) performed better under late sowing (up to 6.10 μmol/m²/sec). As a result, grain yield was significantly reduced by late sowing. Winter and intermediate cultivars had the highest yields when sown early (up to 6,535 kg/ha), while spring types showed more adaptability to late planting, maintaining relatively stable yields. Therefore, early sowing (October 20) is recommended for maximising grain yield, particularly for winter and intermediate wheat cultivars. For scenarios where late planting is unavoidable, the use of spring-type cultivars (Sirvan and Pishtaz) is suggested as a practical strategy to mitigate yield losses and enhance the resilience of wheat production systems under variable climatic conditions.

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