Climate-Driven Transformations in Insect Pest Biology and Ecology in India: A Comprehensive Review
32
Authors
Shubham Anand
Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab 141 004, India
Keywords:
Climate change, Weather variability, Insect pest outbreak, Emerging insect pest, Pest distributionAbstract
Climate change is profoundly reshaping insect pest dynamics, driving frequent outbreaks and elevating the status of several species from minor to major pests across India. Rising temperatures, elevated CO2 levels, and increased variability in rainfall patterns have collectively created favourable conditions for rapid pest multiplication, extended activity periods, and range expansion. India has already witnessed significant climate extremes-including record-breaking heat waves, erratic rainfall, droughts, floods, and cyclones-that have not only reduced crop productivity but also triggered severe pest infestations. Notable examples include outbreaks of sugarcane woolly aphid, brown and white-backed planthoppers, cotton mealybug, fall armyworm, and the recent emergence of Southern Rice Black Streaked Dwarf Virus transmitted by white backed planthopper. These events highlight the tight coupling between abnormal weather and pest proliferation. Elevated temperatures accelerate insect development, increase the number of generations per season, enhance overwintering survival, and disproportionately alter predator-prey interactions. Likewise, shifts in humidity, rainfall patterns, and extreme events influence insect dispersal, mating behaviour, and host availability. As climate-induced stresses intensify, Indian agriculture faces escalating risks of yield loss, particularly in major crops such as rice, wheat, maize, cotton, and sugarcane. Understanding the climate–pest interface is, therefore, critical for forecasting future outbreaks and developing climate-resilient pest management strategies. This review synthesizes recent evidence on how climate variability drives emerging pest outbreaks in India and highlights the urgent need for adaptive interventions to safeguard agricultural productivity under a changing climate.
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