Exploring Global Research Trends on Extension Advisory Services in Climate-Smart Agriculture

PATHIKALAYIL RAJESH ANURANJ; SREERAM VISHNU

doi:10.48165/IJEE.2026.62201

Authors

Pathikalayil Rajesh Anuranj Kerala Agricultural University
Sreeram Vishnu Kerala Agricultural University

https://doi.org/10.48165/IJEE.2026.62201

Keywords:

Extension advisory services, Climate smart agriculture, Bibliometric analysis, Knowledge dissemination, Research collaborations, Sustainable Agriculture

Abstract

The study examines global research trends on the role of Extension Advisory Services (EAS) in advancing Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) from 1984 to 2024. Data retrieved from the Scopus database were analysed using VOS viewer and the R-based Bibliometrix package to map publication trends, citation influence, collaboration networks, and thematic evolution. The results show a sharp rise in research output after 2015, coinciding with global policy momentum following the FAO’s CSA framework and the Paris Agreement. Collaboration networks reveal strong linkages between African and European institutions, reflecting an emphasis on participatory and farmer-oriented approaches. Keyword and thematic analyses indicate a transition from conceptual discussions on extension and adaptation toward applied research focused on capacity building, innovation systems, and behavioural change. The findings highlight the critical role of EAS in enabling sustainable agricultural transformation. Strengthening institutional capacity, digital integration, and regional collaboration remains essential for enhancing the effectiveness of EAS in building climate resilience. Overall, EAS functions as the operational backbone of CSA by translating knowledge into adaptive, farm-level actions.

References

Anuranj, P. R., Visakh, N. U., Berin Pathrose, & Shiela Betsy George. (2024). Exploring chemical composition and insecticidal activities of Alpinia calcarata rhizome essential oil against three major storage insects. Journal of Natural Pesticide Research, 100088–100088. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.napere.2024.100088

Arowosegbe, O. B., Alomaja, O. A., & Tiamiyu, B. B. (2024). The role of agricultural extension workers in transforming agricultural supply chains: enhancing innovation, technology adoption, and ethical practices in Nigeria. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 23(3), 2585–2602. https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2024.23.3.2962

Autio, A., Johansson, T., Motaroki, L., Minoia, P., & Pellikka, P. (2021). Constraints for adopting climate-smart agricultural practices among smallholder farmers in Southeast Kenya. Agricultural Systems, 194, 103284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2021.103284

Barman B. , Singh Rashmi , Padaria R N , Nain M. S. , Quader S. W. & Praveen K. V. (2026). A qualitative synthesis of barriers to agriculture 4.0 adoption: evidence from a systematic literature review. Discover Agriculture (2026) 4:34 https://doi.org/10.1007/s44279-026-00505-7

Bai, X., Huang, Y., Ren, W., Coyne, M., Jacinthe, P., Tao, B., Hui, D., Yang, J., & Matocha, C. (2019). Responses of soil carbon sequestration to climate‐smart agriculture practices: A meta‐analysis. Global Change Biology, 25(8), 2591–2606. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14658

Bajželj, B., Richards, K. S., Allwood, J. M., Smith, P., Dennis, J. S., Curmi, E., & Gilligan, C. A. (2014). Importance of food-demand management for climate mitigation. Nature Climate Change, 4(10), 924–929. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2353

Barman, S., & Neog, P. K. (2024). Farmers’ willingness to pay for climate-smart agriculture in flood vulnerable areas of Assam. Indian Journal of Extension Education, 60(4), 13–18.https://doi.org/10.48165/IJEE.2024.60403

Bhatta, G. D., Ojha, H. R., Aggarwal, P. K., Sulaiman, V. R., Sultana, P., Thapa, D., Mittal, N., Dahal, K., Thomson, P., & Ghimire, L. (2015). Agricultural innovation and adaptation to climate change: empirical evidence from diverse agro-ecologies in South Asia. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 19(2), 497–525. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-015-9743-x

Bretas, V. P. G., & Alon, I. (2021). Franchising research on emerging markets: Bibliometric and content analyses. Journal of Business Research, 133, 51–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.04.067

Brooks, S., & Loevinsohn, M. (2011). Shaping agricultural innovation systems responsive to food insecurity and climate change. Natural Resources Forum, 35(3), 185–200. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-8947.2011.01396.x

Chander, M., & Rathod, P. (2020). Reorienting priorities of extension and advisory services in India during and post COVID-19 pandemic: A review. Indian Journal of Extension Education, 56(3), 1–9. https://iseeiari.org/Journalpdf/IJEE_56_3/IJEE_56_3_1.pdf

Dangles, O., Loirat, J., Freour, C., Serre, S., Vacher, J., & Le Roux, X. (2016). Research on biodiversity and climate change at a distance: Collaboration networks between Europe and Latin America and the Caribbean. PLOS ONE, 11(6), e0157441. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0157441

Das, U., Kameswari, V. L. V., Bhardwaj, N., Shukla, A. K., Ghosh, S., Kushwaha, G. S., & Ansari, M. A. (2022). Contrasting farm livelihoods in climate-sensitive agro-ecosystems in Odisha. Indian Journal of Extension Education, 1–9.https://doi.org/10.48165/ijee.2022.58401

Donthu, N., Kumar, S., Mukherjee, D., Pandey, N., & Lim, W. M. (2021). How to conduct a bibliometric analysis: An overview and guidelines. Journal of Business Research, 133, 285–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.04.070

Dougill, A. J., Hermans, T. D. G., Eze, S., Antwi-Agyei, P., & Sallu, S. M. (2021). Evaluating climate-smart agriculture as route to building climate resilience in African food systems. Sustainability, 13(17), 9909. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13179909

Ghosh, M. (2019). Climate-smart agriculture, productivity and food security in India. Journal of Development Policy and Practice, 4(2), 166–187. https://doi.org/10.1177/2455133319862404

Gugissa, D. A., Abro, Z., & Tefera, T. (2022). Achieving a climate-change resilient farming system through push–pull technology: Evidence from maize farming systems in Ethiopia. Sustainability, 14(5), 2648. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052648

IPBES. (2019). Global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. IPBES. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6417333

Jellason, N. P., Conway, J. S., & Baines, R. N. (2020). Understanding impacts and barriers to adoption of climate-smart agriculture (CSA) practices in North-Western Nigerian drylands. The Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension, 27(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/1389224x.2020.1793787

Kabato, W., Sinore, T., Nemeth, A., Getnet, G. T., & Molnár, Z. (2025). Towards Climate-Smart Agriculture: Strategies for Sustainable Agricultural Production, Food Security, and Greenhouse Gas Reduction. Agronomy, 15(3), 565. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15030565

Kashif Raza Abbasi, & Zhang, Q. (2024). Augmenting agricultural sustainability: Investigating the role of agricultural land, green innovation, and food production in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Sustainable Development. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.3060

Klerkx, L., Schut, M., Leeuwis, C., & Kilelu, C. (2012). Advances in Knowledge Brokering in the Agricultural Sector: Towards Innovation System Facilitation. IDS Bulletin, 43(5), 53–60. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-5436.2012.00363.x

Kumar Y, Fatima K., Raghuvanshi M. S., Namgyal D., Nain M. S., Manhas J. S., Kanwar M. S., Sofi M., Singh M. and Angchuk S.(2021). Impact assessment of weather-based agro-advisory services of Indus plain farming community under Cold Arid Ladakh, MAUSAM, 72(4), 897-904.

Kumar Yogesh, Fatima K., Raghuvanshi M.S., Nain M.S. & Sofi M. (2022).Impact of Meghdoot mobile App - A weather-based agro-advisory service in cold arid Ladakh, Indian Journal of Extension Education, 58(3), 142-146. http://doi.org/10.48165/IJEE.2022.58329

Lipper, L., & Zilberman, D. (2017). A Short History of the Evolution of the Climate-Smart Agriculture Approach and Its Links to Climate Change and Sustainable Agriculture Debates. Climate-Smart Agriculture, 52, 13–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61194-5_2

Longi. (2024). Focus on Climate-Smart Agriculture for A Sustainable Future in Africa-- LONGi Representative Participated the China-Africa-United Nations High-Level Dialogue - LONGi. Longi. https://www.longi.com/en/news/climate-smart-agriculture-in-africa-un-cooperation/

Malik Muhammad Akhtar, Haleem, A., & Javaid, M. (2024). Exploring the advent of Medical 4.0: A bibliometric analysis systematic review and technology adoption insights. Informatics and Health, 1(1), 16–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infoh.2023.10.001

McLaughlin, D., & Kinzelbach, W. (2015). Food security and sustainable resource management. Water Resources Research, 51(7), 4966–4985. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015wr017053

N. Kingiri, A. (2020). Agricultural advisory and extension service approaches and inclusion in reaching out to Kenyan rural farmers. African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/20421338.2020.1823098

Nkiaka, E., Taylor, A., Dougill, A. J., Antwi-Agyei, P., Fournier, N., Bosire, E. N., Konte, O., Lawal, K. A., Mutai, B., Mwangi, E., Ticehurst, H., Toure, A., & Warnaars, T. (2019). Identifying user needs for weather and climate services to enhance resilience to climate shocks in sub-Saharan Africa. Environmental Research Letters, 14(12), 123003. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab4dfe

Panja, A., Gowda, N. S. S., Kusumalatha, D. V., & Jayasingh, D. K. (2022). Role Performance of Agricultural Input Dealers in Agro-advisory Services in West Bengal. Indian Journal of Extension Education, 58(3), 8–13. https://doi.org/10.48165/ijee.2022.58302

Paschen, J.-A., Reichelt, N., King, B., Ayre, M., & Nettle, R. (2017). Enrolling advisers in governing privatised agricultural extension in Australia: challenges and opportunities for the research, development and extension system. The Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension, 23(3), 265–282. https://doi.org/10.1080/1389224x.2017.1320642

Pathak, D. K., Gupta, B. K., Verma, A. P., Mishra, B. P., Mishra, D., Ojha, P. K., Shukla, G., & Kalia, A. (2024). Assessing Farmers’ Awareness of Climate Change Impact: A Case of the Bundelkhand Region, India. Indian Journal of Extension Education, 60(4), 77–82. https://doi.org/10.48165/ijee.2024.60414

Phoong, S. W., Phoong, S. Y., & Khek, S. L. (2022). Systematic Literature Review With Bibliometric Analysis on Markov Switching Model: Methods and Applications. SAGE Open, 12(2), 215824402210930. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440221093062

Prajapati, C. S., N Krishna Priya, Shobhana Bishnoi, Santosh Kumar Vishwakarma, K. Buvaneswari, Shastri, S., Tripathi, S., & Jadhav, A. (2025). The Role of Participatory Approaches in Modern Agricultural Extension: Bridging Knowledge Gaps for Sustainable Farming Practices. Journal of Experimental Agriculture International, 47(2), 204–222. https://doi.org/10.9734/jeai/2025/v47i23281

Raj, S., & Garlapati, S. (2020). Extension and Advisory Services for Climate-Smart Agriculture. Springer EBooks, 273–299. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9856-9_13

Rajesh, C. M., Jadhav, A., N, M. K., Bhat, P. P., Rahul Prasad R, Anil K, & Pavan V. (2024). A Review on Adaptive Strategies for Climate Resilience in Agricultural Extension Services in India. Archives of Current Research International, 24(6), 140–150. https://doi.org/10.9734/acri/2024/v24i6772

Ranjan, A., Lenin, V., Barua, S., Satyapriya, S., Bishnoi, S., Kumar Sharma, D., Abrar, P. N. F., Kanta Roy, S., & Ray, M. (2025). Evaluating the Effect of Extension Advisory Services (EAS) using Economic Index Score in Aspirational Districts. Indian Journal of Extension Education, 61(3), 58–63. https://doi.org/10.48165/ijee.2025.61311

Roy, P., Jirli, B., Nain, M. S., Maji, S., & Singh, P. (2024). Scopus-Indexed Indian Journal of Extension Education: Crafting Improvement Strategy through Altmetric and Bibliometric Analysis. Indian Journal of Extension Education, 60(2), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.48165/ijee.2024.60201

Sharma, P., Sharma, P., & Thakur, N. (2024). Sustainable farming practices and soil health: a pathway to achieving SDGs and future prospects. Discover Sustainability, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s43621-024-00447-4

Silici, L., Rowe, A., Suppiramaniam, N., & Knox, J. W. (2021). Building adaptive capacity of smallholder agriculture to climate change: evidence synthesis on learning outcomes. Environmental Research Communications, 3(12), 122001. https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7620/ac44df

Singh, B., & Kaunert, C. (2023). Harnessing Sustainable Agriculture Through Climate-Smart Technologies. Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies Book Series, 214–239. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-0892-9.ch011

Tambo, J. A., & Wünscher, T. (2017). Building farmers’ capacity for innovation generation: Insights from rural Ghana. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems, 33(2), 116–130. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1742170516000521

United Nations. (2019). World population prospects 2019. United Nations. https://population.un.org/wpp/Publications/Files/WPP2019_Highlights.pdf

Waters-Bayer, A., Kristjanson, P., Wettasinha, C., van Veldhuizen, L., Quiroga, G., Swaans, K., & Douthwaite, B. (2015). Exploring the impact of farmer-led research supported by civil society organisations. Agriculture & Food Security, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-015-0023-7

Yadav, B., Singh Maurya, A., Narain, S., Singh Malik, J., & Bhavesh, B. (2025). Modelling of Farmers’ Preferences towards Climate-Smart Agriculture Using Conjoint Analysis. Indian Journal of Extension Education, 61(4), 106–111. https://doi.org/10.48165/ijee.2025.61418