Adoption of Climate Change Adaptation Practices and Farm Income among Crop Farmers in Hue city, Vietnam

Nam Le Van; Dung Nguyen Tien; Que Hoang Thi Hong Que; Oanh Dinh Thi Kim; Hung Hoang Gia

doi:10.48165/IJEE.2026.62318

Authors

Le Van Nam Faculty of Rural Development, University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University, Vietnam https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3616-3971
Nguyen Tien Dung Faculty of Rural Development, University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University, Vietnam https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0303-8226
Hoang Thi Hong Que Faculty of Rural Development, University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University, Vietnam
Dinh Thi Kim Oanh Faculty of Rural Development, University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University, Vietnam
Hoang Gia Hung Faculty of Rural Development, University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University, Vietnam https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4379-5355

https://doi.org/10.48165/IJEE.2026.62318

Keywords:

Climate change adaptation, Crop income, Smallholder farmers, Climate knowledge, Adoption behavior, Vietnam

Abstract

Climate change poses significant challenges to crop production and rural livelihoods in developing countries. This study examines the determinants of climate change adaptation and its association with crop income among farming households in Hue City, Vietnam. Primary data were collected from 337 households in 2025. A binary logit model was applied to analyze adaptation decisions, while an Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) model with robust standard errors was applied to examine income outcomes. The results show that 65.9% of households adopted at least one climate change adaptation practice. Climate knowledge, agricultural land size, and age positively influenced adaptation adoption, whereas distance to economic centers reduced the likelihood of adoption. Adaptation adoption was positively associated with crop income per hectare, with adopters tending to achieve higher income than non-adopters. In addition, skilled labor, community participation, and climate knowledge were positively associated with income outcomes, whereas remoteness showed a negative relationship with income. The findings suggest that climate knowledge, resource endowments, and accessibility conditions are important factors shaping both adaptation behavior and economic outcomes among farming households. The study highlights the importance of strengthening knowledge-based agricultural extension and improving access to information and rural services to support effective climate change adaptation.

References

Abate, G. T., Bernard, T., Makhija, S., & Spielman, D. J. (2023). Accelerating technical change through ICT: Evidence from a video-mediated extension experiment in Ethiopia. World Development, 161, 106089.

Acevedo, M., Pixley, K., Zinyengere, N., Meng, S., Tufan, H., Cichy, K., Bizikova, L., Isaacs, K., Ghezzi-Kopel, K., & Porciello, J. (2020). A scoping review of adoption of climate-resilient crops by small-scale producers in low- and middle-income countries. Nature Plants, 6(10), 1231–1241.

Barrett, C. B., Bellemare, M. F., & Hou, J. Y. (2010). Reconsidering conventional explanations of the inverse productivity–size relationship. World Development, 38(1), 88–97.

Bello, L. O., Awotide, B. A., & Sakurai, T. (2024). Climate change adaptation and smallholder farmers welfare: Empirical evidence from the Sahelian region of West Africa. Land Use Policy, 142, 107181.

Bien, V. T., Tien, H. N. D., Son, N. T., Le Vinh, B., Van Quan, N., Hanh, D. T. D., Khanh, P. D., & Phuong, T. T. (2022). Climate change and farmers' adaptation strategies: The case of rice producers in Nghe An province, Vietnam. Vietnam Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 5(1), 1359–1374.

Davis, K. E., Makhija, S., & Spielman, D. J. (2021). Agricultural extension and rural advisory services: What have we learned? What’s next? Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute.

FAO (2017). The future of food and agriculture: Trends and challenges. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

Ferrer, A. J. G., Thanh, L. H., Chuong, P. H., Kiet, N. T., Trang, V. T., Duc, T. C., Hopanda, J. C., Carmelita, B. M., & Bernardo, E. B. (2023). Farming household adoption of climate-smart agricultural technologies: Evidence from North-Central Vietnam. Asia-Pacific Journal of Regional Science, 7(2), 641–663.

Finizola e Silva, M., Van Schoubroeck, S., Cools, J., & Van Passel, S. (2024). A systematic review identifying the drivers and barriers to the adoption of climate-smart agriculture by smallholder farmers in Africa. Frontiers in Environmental Economics, 3, 1356335.

Gashure, S. (2024). Adaptation strategies of smallholder farmers to climate variability and change in Konso, Ethiopia. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 19203.

Ghanghas B.S., Shehrawat P.S., & Nain M.S. (2015). Knowledge of extension professionals regarding impact of climate change in agriculture. Indian Journal of Extension Education, 51(3&4), 125-129.

Grigorieva, E., Livenets, A., & Stelmakh, E. (2023). Adaptation of agriculture to climate change: A scoping review. Climate, 11(10), 202.

Incoom, A. B. M., Adjei, K. A., Odai, S. N., Siabi, E. K., Donkor, P., & Frimpong, K. (2025). Adaptation strategies by smallholder farmers to climate change and variability: The case of the savannah zone of Ghana. Sustainable Futures, 9, 100543.

Islam, M. K., & Farjana, F. (2024). Impact of climate-smart agriculture practices on multidimensional poverty among coastal farmers in Bangladesh. Communications Earth & Environment, 5(1), 417.

Lamichhane, P., Hadjikakou, M., Miller, K. K., & Bryan, B. A. (2022). Climate change adaptation in smallholder agriculture: Adoption, barriers, determinants, and policy implications. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 27(5), 32.

Larson, D. F., Otsuka, K., Matsumoto, T., & Kilic, T. (2014). Should African rural development strategies depend on smallholder farms? An exploration of the inverse‐productivity hypothesis. Agricultural Economics, 45(3), 355–367.

Ma, W., & Rahut, D. B. (2024). Climate-smart agriculture: Adoption, impacts, and implications for sustainable development. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 29(5), 44.

McFadden, D. (1972). Conditional logit analysis of qualitative choice behavior. In P. Zarembka (Ed.), Frontiers in Econometrics. New York: Academic Press.

Mishra, J. S., Doharey, R., Meena, N., Sonu, K., & Deekshith, B. (2025). Adoption of climate-smart agriculture in flood-affected regions of Darbhanga. Indian Journal of Extension Education, 61(3), 64–68.

Nhuong, B. H., Truong, D. D., Huan, L. H., Lan, B. T. H., Hang, N. D., & Tam, D. D. (2025). Factors influencing farming households’ climate change adaptation strategies in Central Vietnam. PLOS ONE, 20(7), e0328058.

Patra, N. K., Chophi, V. S., & Das, S. (2023). Knowledge level and adoption behaviour of maize growers in selected districts of Nagaland, India. Indian Journal of Extension Education, 59, 1–7.

Putnam, R. D., Nanetti, R. Y., & Leonardi, R. (1994). Making democracy work: Civic traditions in modern Italy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Rogers, E. M. (2003). Diffusion of Innovations (5th ed.). New York: Free Press.

Sen, A. K. (1966). Peasants and dualism with or without surplus labor. Journal of Political Economy, 74(5), 425–450.

Shitu A.G. & Nain M.S. (2024). Benefits of precision conservation agriculture practices as perceived by Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) community for climate-smart agriculture, SKUAST Journal of Research 26(2): 219-226, https://doi.org/10.5958/2349-297X.2024.00029.2

World Bank. (2019). World Development report 2020: Trading for development in the age of global value chains. Washington, DC: World Bank.

Xian-Kang, L., Xing-Xing, H., & Hong-Song, L. (2024). Impact of climate adaptation technology adoption on farm households’ agricultural income. Advances in Climate Change Research, 20(2), 193–202.

Yamane, T. (1967). Statistics, an introductory analysis, 1967. New York Harper and Row CO. USA, 213, 25.