Plant Pigments: Science of Exploring the Spectrum

Abstract

Plant pigments are vital molecules, responsible for the various colours in the plant kingdom, mainly chlorophyll, carotenoids, anthocyanins and betalains. Chlorophyll, being green in colour, is a principal pigment, as it is directly involved in photosynthesis by capturing light energy, whereas carotenoids, ranging from yellow to red in colour, are considered accessory pigments and also aid in light harvesting and energy transfer; thus, both are crucial for photosynthesis. Anthocyanins contribute to red, purple and blue colour, which depend on pH, molecular structure and presence of metal ions. These vibrant colours attract pollinators, important for the reproduction and dispersal of plant seeds and are beneficial in scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS). Pigments are not only
vital for plants, but also for humans, as they possess anti-inflammatory, antiobesity, anti-allergic and anti-cancerous properties and reduce skin pigmentation. Also, they are precursor for vitamin synthesis; thus, pigments are very important. Moreover, plant pigments are also gaining interest in technological aspects, predominantly in dye-sensitised solar cells, where they offer an environment
friendly alternative to conventional solar cells. Diverse applications of plant pigments highlight their enormous potential to boost creativity and environmental responsibility across multiple sectors, including agriculture, food, nutraceuticals, textiles, animal feeds and technology.