Soil and Water Characterization of Terraced Low Land (Jhola Land) in Eastern Ghats Highlands of Odisha: Implications for Sustainable Management

Abstract

The terraced low land in Eastern Ghats highland of Odisha (Jhola land) is the most productive land but needs proper characterization for sustainable management. This study examined the physico-chemical properties of Jhola land soils across seven blocks in Koraput district at two depths (0–20 cm and 20–40 cm). Results indicated significant spatial and vertical variability, with soil pH ranging from 4.3 to 5.2, highlighting acidic conditions. Electrical conductivity (EC) generally decreased with depth, except in Potangi, where it increased. Organic carbon (OC) was highest in Lamtaput (0.7–1.1%), while nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium showed considerable variation. Laxmipur recorded the highest surface nitrogen (293.9 kg ha-1), and Koraput had the highest subsurface nitrogen (291.7 kg ha-1). Phosphorus was most abundant in Lamtaput, while potassium peaked in Koraput. Topography influenced soil properties, with pH, EC, and OC increasing from high (Dongar) to low (Jhola) elevations. Nutrient distribution followed a toposequential pattern, with nitrogen highest in Jhola, phosphorus in Pada, and potassium in mid-elevation areas. The hydro-chemical analysis of Jhola water showed pH values of 3.6–6.7 and EC between 0.02–0.35 dS m-1, indicating low salinity hazards. Essential irrigation indices, such as sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and permeability index (PI), confirmed the suitability of Jhola water for irrigation, though periodic liming is recommended to counteract acidity. Sustainable soil and water management strategies, including targeted fertilization, organic amendments, and conservation measures, are crucial for long-term agricultural productivity. Policy recommendations emphasize soil reclamation using lime, integrated nutrient management, and waterlogging-resistant paddy varieties. Implementing these measures will enhance soil fertility, improve water efficiency, and support climate-resilient farming systems in the region.