Biosolids: An Unappealing but Valuable and Potentially Renewable Resource for Agriculture in India

Abstract

Biosolid or treated (i.e., composted) sewage sludge, represents one of the final products derived from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and is recognized as a highly promising waste material for efficient and environmentally friendly utilization. It is estimated that India generates around 22 million tons of biosolid annually. Biosolid can be considered a renewable resource due to its rich organic and inorganic constituents, which can be beneficially utilized in multiple sectors, including agriculture, energy recovery, construction engineering, and metallurgy. In agriculture, biosolid can be used as a carbon and nutrient source to improve soil health and agricultural productivity. However, there have been challenges in the beneficial utilization of biosolid in agriculture that include the presence of pathogens, and organic and inorganic contaminants. Therefore, this review article provides a comprehensive overview on state-wise generation of biosolids in India. Further, this review examines the challenges in the beneficial utilization of this unattractive but utmost resource for agriculture in India. By synthesizing recent advancements and opportunities, this review provides insights into effective utilization of biosolid and highlights its implications for sustainable agriculture practices in India.