Assessment of phytochemical constituents, fatty acids profile and in vitro antioxidant activity in soapnut shell powder

S K CHAUDHARY; R BHAR; A B MANDAL; J J ROKADE; M GOPI; S E JADHAV; A KANNAN; G N ADERAO; M SINGH

doi:10.56093/ijans.v88i6.80888

Authors

S K CHAUDHARY PhD Scholar, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243 122 India
R BHAR PS & SIC, Animal Nutrition Lab, ICAR-IVRI, Regional Station, Palampur
A B MANDAL Acting Director, ICAR-CARI, Izatnagar
J J ROKADE Scientist, Division of Avian Genetics and Breeding, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243 122 India
M GOPI Scientist, Division of Avian Physiology and Reproduction, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243 122 India
S E JADHAV Senior Scientist, Animal Nutrition Division, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh 243 122 India
A KANNAN Senior Scientist, Animal Nutrition Division, ICAR-DPR, Hyderabad
G N ADERAO PhD Scholar, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243 122 India
M SINGH Assistant Professor, Department of Animal Nutrition, Apollo College of Veterinary Medicine, Jaipur, Rajasthan

https://doi.org/10.56093/ijans.v88i6.80888

Keywords:

Antioxidant activity, Fatty acids, Phytochemical, Saponins, Soapnut shell powder, Tannins

Abstract

Sapindus mukorossi, commonly called as soapnut, is an extremely valuable medicinal plant which possesses several biological and pharmacological properties. The present study was carried out to determine the phytochemical composition, saponin content, fatty acid profiles and in vitro assessment of antioxidant potential of soapnut shell powder (SSP) as a phytogenic feed additive for livestock and poultry feeding. The DM, CP, EE, CF, TA, Ca and P levels in SSP were 95.16, 5.01, 1.78, 2.21, 7.49, 0.24 and 0.41%, respectively. Total phenol (TP), non tannin phenols (NTP), total tannin (TT), condensed tannin (CT) and hydrolysable tannin (HT) levels in SSP were 1.43, 0.60, 0.83, 0.36 and 0.47%, respectively. The crude saponin extracted from SSP was 28.4% (DMB). SSP was composed of 68.8% saturated and 31.2% unsaturated fatty acids, respectively. The total antioxidant activity at the concentration 250 μg/ml of SSP was 57.16%. Thus, it could be concluded that SSP had high antioxidant activity which may be beneficial for livestock and poultry feeding.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

AOAC. 2000. Official Methods of Analysis. 16th edn. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington, DC, USA.

Azhar I, Usmanghani K, Perveen S, Ali M S and Ahmad V U. 1994. Chemical constituents of Sapindus mukorossi gaertn. (Sapindaceae). Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 7(1): 33–41.

Bangham A D and Horne R W. 1962. Action of saponins on biological cell membranes. Nature 196: 952–53. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/196952a0

Chhetri A B, Tango M S, Budge S M, Watts K C and Islam M R. 2008. Non-edible plant oils as new sources for biodiesel production. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 9: 169–80. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms9020169

Chwalek M, Lalun N, Bobichon H, Ple K and Voutquenne- Nazabadioko L. 2006. Structure-activity relationships of some hederagenin diglycosides: Haemolysis, cytotoxicity and apoptosis induction. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1760: 1418–27. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagen.2006.05.004

Deka D C, Shah M D H and Dutta K. 2014. Fatty acid composition of Sapindus mukorossi seed oil. Advances in Applied Science Research 5(4): 43–50.

Dobhal U, Bisht N S and Bhandari S L. 2007. Traditional values of Sapindus mukorossi Gaerten. vern. Ritha: A review. Plant Arch 7: 485–86.

Du M, Huang S, Zhang J, Wang J, Hu L and Jiang J. 2014. Isolation of total saponins from Sapindus mukorossi Gaerth. Open Journal of Forestry 4: 24–27. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/ojf.2014.41004

Francis G, Kerem Z, Makkar H P S and Becker K. 2002. The biological action of saponins in animal systems: A review. British Journal of Nutrition 88: 587–605. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN2002725

Gaurav A K. 2015. ‘Studies on supplementation of Chlorophytum root and Camellia seed as feed additives in broiler ration.’ M.V.Sc. Thesis, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Deemed University, Izatnagar. pp. 50–61.

Gauthier C, Legault J, Girard-Lalancette K, Mshvildadze V and Pichette A. 2009. Hemolytic activity, cytotoxicity and membrane cell permeabilization of semisynthetic and natural lupane- and oleanane-type saponins. Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry 17: 2002–08. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2009.01.022

Glauert A M, Dingle J T and Lucy J A. 1962. Action of saponin on biological membranes. Nature 196: 953–55. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/196953a0

Guclu-Ustundag O and Mazza G. 2007. Saponins: Properties, applications and processing. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 47: 231–58. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10408390600698197

Heng W, Ling Z, Na W, Youzhi G, Zhen W, Zhiyong S, Deping X, Yunfei X and Weirong Y. 2015. Extraction and fermentationbased purification of saponins from Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn. Journal of Surfactants and Detergents 18: 429–38. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11743-015-1668-8

Kamra D N, Agarwal N and Chaudhary L C. 2006. Inhibition of ruminal methanogenesis by tropical plants containing secondary compounds. International Congress Series 1293: 156–63. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ics.2006.02.002

Kaur M and Handa S. 2015. Physicochemical, phytochemical studies and haemolytic activity of different extracts of Sapindus mukorossi. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Research 3(3): 173–82.

Kerem Z, German-Shashoua H and Yarden O. 2005. Microwaveassisted extraction of bioactive saponins from chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 85: 406–12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.1989

Kumar M, Kannan A, Bhar R, Gulati A, Gaurav A and Sharma V K. 2017. Nutrient intake, digestibility and performance of Gaddi kids supplemented with tea seed or tea seed saponin extract. Asian Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 30: 486–94. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.16.0451

Makkar H P S. 2003. Effects and fate of tannins in ruminant animals, adaptation to tannins, and strategies to overcome detrimental effects of feeding tannin-rich feeds. Small Ruminant Research 49: 241–56. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-4488(03)00142-1

Muetzel S, Hoffmann E M and Becker K. 2003. Supplementation of barley straw with Sesbania pachycarpa leaves in vitro: Effects on fermentation variables and rumen microbial population structure quantified by ribosomal RNA-targeted probes. British Journal of Nutrition 89: 445–53. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN2002813

O’fallon J V, Busboom J R, Nelson M L and Gaskins C T. 2007. A direct method for fatty acid methyl ester synthesis: application to wet meat tissues, oils, and feedstuffs. Journal of Animal Science 85(6): 1511–21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2006-491

Oleszek W, Sitek M, Stochmal A, Piacente S, Pizza C and Cheeke P. 2001. Steroidal saponins of Yucca schidigera Roezl. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 49(9): 4392–96. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/jf010598+

Patra A K and Saxena J. 2010. A new perspective on the use of plant secondary metabolites to inhibit methanogensis in the rumen. Phytochemistry 71: 1198–222. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2010.05.010

Porter L J, Harstich L N and Chan B G. 1986. The conversion of procanide and prodelphidins to cyanidins and didelphinidin. Phytochemistry 25: 223–30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)94533-3

Poudel K L. 2011. Trade potentiality and ecological analysis of NTFPs in Himalayan Kingdom of Nepal. Himalayan Research Papers Archives.

San Martin R and Briones R. 1999. Industrial uses and sustainable supply of Quillaja saponaria (Rosaceae) saponins. Economic Botany 53(3): 302–11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02866642

Sharma O P and Bhat T K. 2009. DPPH antioxidant assay revisited. Food Chemistry 113: 1202–05. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.08.008

Sharma O P, Kumar K, Singh B and Bhat T K. 2012. An improved method for thin layer chromatographic analysis of saponins. Food Chemistry 132: 671–74. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.10.069

Sonawane S M and Sonawane H. 2015. A review of recent and current research studies on the biological and pharmalogical activities of Sapindus mukorossi. International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovations 3(4): 85–95.

Stahl E. 1969. Thin layer chromatography-A laboratory handbook. Springer Verlag, Berlin. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-88488-7

Talapatra S K, Ray S C and Sen K C. 1940. The analysis of mineral constituents in biological materials. Indian Journal of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry 10: 243–46.

Tanaka O, Tamura Y, Masuda H and Mizutani K. 1996. Application of saponins in food and cosmetics: saponins of Mohova yucca and Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn, saponins used in food and agriculture. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 405: 1–11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0413-5_1

Vincken J P, Heng L, de Groot A and Gruppen H. 2007. Saponins, classification and occurrence in the plant kingdom. Phytochemistry 68: 275–97. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2006.10.008

Yang C H, Huang Y C, Chen Y F and Chang M H. 2010. Foam properties, detergent abilities and long-term preservative efficacy of the saponins from Sapindus mukorossi. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis 18: 155–60. DOI: https://doi.org/10.38212/2224-6614.2270

Zhang X, Wana X, Caoa H, Dewilb R, Denga L, Wang F, Tana T and Niea K. 2017. Chemo-enzymatic epoxidation of Sapindus mukurossi fatty acids catalyzed with Candida sp. 99–125 lipase in a solvent-free system. Industrial Crops and Products 98: 10–18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.01.013